CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cordyline australis - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c6fddd60-07a9-4190-9d7d-da3acbcb1cdc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cordyline_australis","wgTitle":"Cordyline australis","wgCurRevisionId":1262355497,"wgRevisionId":1262355497,"wgArticleId":444182,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use New Zealand English from July 2024","All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English","Good articles","Use dmy dates from November 2021","Articles with 'species' microformats","Articles containing Māori-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs","Cordyline","Endemic flora of New Zealand", "Trees of New Zealand","Ornamental trees","Trees of mild maritime climate","Root vegetables","Taxa named by Stephan Endlicher","Plants described in 1786","Austronesian agriculture"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cordyline_australis","wgRelevantArticleId":444182,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2379130","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg/1200px-CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg/800px-CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg/640px-CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cordyline australis - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cordyline_australis rootpage-Cordyline_australis skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cordyline+australis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cordyline+australis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cordyline+australis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cordyline+australis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Regional diversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_and_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Taxonomy and names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Habitat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Response to fire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats,_pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats,_pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Threats, pests and diseases </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Threats,_pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Threats, pests and diseases subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Threats,_pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sudden_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudden_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Sudden decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudden_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Rural decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Māori_cultural_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māori_cultural_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Māori cultural uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Māori_cultural_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Māori cultural uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Māori_cultural_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fibre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fibre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Fibre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fibre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cultivation today </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation today subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cultivars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AGM_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AGM_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 AGM cultivars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AGM_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cordyline australis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="كورديل جنوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كورديل جنوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nub_kordilinas%C4%B1" title="Cənub kordilinası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənub kordilinası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilina_de_Nova_Zelanda" title="Cordilina de Nova Zelanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cordilina de Nova Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C4%8Dinka_ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD" title="Dračinka jižní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dračinka jižní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C" title="درخت کلمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درخت کلمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan_bali" title="Pandan bali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pandan bali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9li_bunk%C3%B3liliom" title="Déli bunkóliliom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Déli bunkóliliom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Новозеландско зелкино дрво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Новозеландско зелкино дрво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="كورديل جنوبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كورديل جنوبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ニオイシュロラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニオイシュロラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australdrakelilje" title="Australdrakelilje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Australdrakelilje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australdrakelilje" title="Australdrakelilje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Australdrakelilje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordylina_australijska" title="Kordylina australijska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kordylina australijska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Кордилина южная – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кордилина южная" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cordyline australis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E8%91%89%E6%9C%B1%E8%95%89" title="劍葉朱蕉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劍葉朱蕉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2379130#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cordyline_australis" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cordyline_australis">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cordyline_australis">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cordyline_australis" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cordyline_australis" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&oldid=1262355497" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cordyline_australis&id=1262355497&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCordyline_australis">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCordyline_australis">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cordyline_australis&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2379130" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of tree</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Cordyline australis </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tall tree on a green hillside. The tree has a bare trunk and a round head with spiky leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg/220px-CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg/330px-CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg/440px-CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Cabbage tree on farmland, South Island, New Zealand </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Cordyline" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lomandroideae" title="Lomandroideae">Lomandroideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cordyline" title="Cordyline">Cordyline</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">C. australis</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Cordyline australis <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/G.Forst." class="mw-redirect" title="G.Forst.">G.Forst.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Endlicher" title="Stephan Endlicher">Endl.</a><a href="#cite_note-apni-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-endl-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordyline-australis-ecotype.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of New Zealand divided into multicoloured areas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cordyline-australis-ecotype.png/220px-Cordyline-australis-ecotype.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cordyline-australis-ecotype.png/330px-Cordyline-australis-ecotype.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cordyline-australis-ecotype.png/440px-Cordyline-australis-ecotype.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2523" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">C. australis varies by region in its natural range. Some variants have Māori names. <table style="white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  pumilio hybrids</td><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  obtecta hybrids</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  tītī </td><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  tī manu</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  tarariki</td><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  densely branched </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  wharanui</td><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  robust</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  lax leaves</td><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  naturally absent</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Cordyline australis, commonly known as the cabbage tree,<a href="#cite_note-BSBI07-3">[3]</a> or by its <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> name of tī or tī kōuka, is a widely branched <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocot</a> tree <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to New Zealand. It grows up to 20 metres (66 feet) tall<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a> with a stout trunk and sword-like leaves, which are clustered at the tips of the branches and can be up to 1 metre (3 feet 3 inches) long. With its tall, straight trunk and dense, rounded heads, it is a characteristic feature of the New Zealand landscape. Its fruit is a favourite food source for the <a href="/wiki/Kerer%C5%AB" title="Kererū">kererū</a> and other native birds. It is common over a wide latitudinal range from the far north of the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> at 34° 25′S to the south of the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> at 46° 30′S. Absent from much of <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>, it was probably introduced by <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> at 44° 00′S and to <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a> at 46° 50′S.<a href="#cite_note-S52-5">[5]</a> It grows in a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitats</a>, including forest margins, river banks and open places, and is abundant near swamps.<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a> The largest known tree with a single trunk is growing at <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%81kawau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pākawau (page does not exist)">Pākawau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bay_/_Mohua" title="Golden Bay / Mohua">Golden Bay / Mohua</a>. It is estimated to be 400 or 500 years old, and stands 17 metres (56 feet) tall with a circumference of 9 metres (30 feet) at the base.<a href="#cite_note-S96-6">[6]</a> Known to Māori as tī kōuka,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> the tree was used as a source of food, particularly in the South Island, where it was cultivated in areas where other crops would not grow. It provided durable <a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">fibre</a> for <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles" title="Māori traditional textiles">textiles</a>, anchor ropes, fishing lines, baskets, waterproof rain capes and cloaks, and sandals. Hardy and fast growing, it is widely planted in New Zealand gardens, parks and streets, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> are available. The tree can also be found in large numbers in <a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">island restoration</a> projects such as <a href="/wiki/Tiritiri_Matangi_Island" title="Tiritiri Matangi Island">Tiritiri Matangi Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-STM-8">[8]</a> where it was among the first seedling trees to be planted.<a href="#cite_note-STP-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-2019-04-21_Abbey_Park,_Torbay_Road,_Torquay,_Devon_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/-2019-04-21_Abbey_Park%2C_Torbay_Road%2C_Torquay%2C_Devon_%281%29.JPG/220px--2019-04-21_Abbey_Park%2C_Torbay_Road%2C_Torquay%2C_Devon_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/-2019-04-21_Abbey_Park%2C_Torbay_Road%2C_Torquay%2C_Devon_%281%29.JPG/330px--2019-04-21_Abbey_Park%2C_Torbay_Road%2C_Torquay%2C_Devon_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/-2019-04-21_Abbey_Park%2C_Torbay_Road%2C_Torquay%2C_Devon_%281%29.JPG/440px--2019-04-21_Abbey_Park%2C_Torbay_Road%2C_Torquay%2C_Devon_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Cabbage trees in <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a></figcaption></figure> It is also grown as an ornamental tree in higher latitude <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> countries with <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime climates</a>, including parts of the upper West Coast of the United States, Canada and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, where its common names include Cornish palm,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> cabbage palm, Torbay palm<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and Torquay palm.<a href="#cite_note-G-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordyline_australis_(III).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close-up of three flowers growing from a thin stem, plus some unopened buds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cordyline_australis_%28III%29.jpg/220px-Cordyline_australis_%28III%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cordyline_australis_%28III%29.jpg/330px-Cordyline_australis_%28III%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cordyline_australis_%28III%29.jpg/440px-Cordyline_australis_%28III%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption> Magnified view of flowers of C. australis. Each flower has a style tipped by a short <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trifid" class="extiw" title="wikt:trifid">trifid</a> <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Anthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthers">anthers</a> with pollen, and nectar around the base of the ovary. In a good flowering season, a large tree may produce 1 million seeds.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordyline_australis_PB230008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cordyline_australis_PB230008.jpg/220px-Cordyline_australis_PB230008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cordyline_australis_PB230008.jpg/330px-Cordyline_australis_PB230008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cordyline_australis_PB230008.jpg/440px-Cordyline_australis_PB230008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Immature seedhead</figcaption></figure> Cordyline australis grows up to 20 metres (66 feet) tall with a stout trunk 1.5 to 2 m (4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in) in diameter. Before it flowers, it has a slender unbranched stem. The first flowers typically appear at 6 to 10 years old, in spring.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> The right conditions can reduce the first flowering age to 3 years (Havelock North, 2015 mast year). After the first flowering, it divides to form a much-branched crown with tufts of leaves at the tips of the branches. Each branch may fork after producing a flowering stem. The pale to dark grey bark is corky, persistent and fissured, and feels spongy to the touch.<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-STP-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FNZ-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAL-16">[16]</a> The long narrow leaves are sword-shaped, erect, dark to light green, 40 to 100 cm (16 to 39 in) long and 3 to 7 cm (1 to 3 in) wide at the base, with numerous parallel veins.<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FNZ-15">[15]</a> The leaves grow in crowded clusters at the ends of the branches, and may droop slightly at the tips and bend down from the bases when old. They are thick and have an indistinct <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">midrib</a>. The fine nerves are more or less equal and parallel. The upper and lower leaf surfaces are similar.<a href="#cite_note-SAL-16">[16]</a> In spring and early summer, sweetly perfumed flowers are produced in large, dense <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicles</a> (flower spikes) 60 to 100 cm (24 to 39 in) long, bearing well-spaced to somewhat crowded, almost <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">sessile</a> to sessile flowers and axes. The flowers are crowded along the ultimate branches of the panicles. The <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> which protect the developing flowers often have a distinct pink tinge before the flowers open. In south <a href="/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Otago" title="North Otago">North Otago</a> the bracts are green.<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FNZ-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-S76-17">[17]</a> The individual flowers are <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5 to 6 mm (3⁄16 to 1⁄4 in) in diameter, the <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepals</a> are free almost to the base, and reflexed. The <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> are about the same length as the tepals. The stigmas are short and trifid.<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FNZ-15">[15]</a> The fruit is a white berry <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">5 to 7 mm (3⁄16 to 9⁄32 in) in diameter<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a> which is greedily eaten by birds.<a href="#cite_note-STP-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-P-18">[18]</a> The flowers have a "strong and sweet scent",<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> and the nectar attracts great numbers of insects to the flowers.<a href="#cite_note-SAL-16">[16]</a> Large, peg-like <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, covered with soft, purplish bark, up to 3 metres (10 feet) long in old plants, grow vertically down beneath the ground. They serve to anchor the plant and to store <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">fructan</a>. When young, the rhizomes are mostly fleshy and are made up of thin-walled storage cells. They grow from a layer called the secondary thickening <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-S98-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_diversity">Regional diversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regional diversity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabbage_Tree_Flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large branched flower spikes coming out of the top of a tree. Spikes are covered in hundreds of tiny flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cabbage_Tree_Flowers.jpg/220px-Cabbage_Tree_Flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cabbage_Tree_Flowers.jpg/330px-Cabbage_Tree_Flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cabbage_Tree_Flowers.jpg/440px-Cabbage_Tree_Flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>In spring and early summer, C. australis produces large dense flowering spikes (<a href="/wiki/Inflorescences" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflorescences">inflorescences</a>) up to 1 metre (3.3 feet) long. Each inflorescence bears 5,000 to 10,000 sweetly perfumed flowers and may produce up to 40,000 seeds.</figcaption></figure> New Zealand's native Cordyline species are relics of an influx of tropical plants that arrived from the north 15 million years ago in the warm <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-S41-20">[20]</a> Because it has evolved in response to the local climate, geology and other factors, C. australis varies in appearance from place to place. This variation can alter the overall appearance of the tree, canopy shape and branch size, the relative shape and size of the leaves, and their colour and stiffness. There may also be invisible adaptations for resistance to disease or insect attack.<a href="#cite_note-S68-21">[21]</a> Some of these regional provenances are different enough to have been named by North Island Māori: tītī in the north, tī manu in the central uplands, tarariki in the east and wharanui in the west.<a href="#cite_note-S71-22">[22]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland</a>, C. australis shows a great deal of genetic diversity—suggesting it is where old genetic lines have endured.<a href="#cite_note-S58-23">[23]</a> Some trees in the far north have floppy, narrow leaves, which botanist Philip Simpson attributes to hybridisation with <a href="/wiki/Cordyline_pumilio" title="Cordyline pumilio">C. pumilio</a>, the dwarf cabbage tree.<a href="#cite_note-S69-24">[24]</a> In eastern Northland, C. australis generally has narrow, straight dark green leaves, but some trees have much broader leaves than normal and may have hybridised with the Three Kings cabbage tree, C. obtecta, which grows at <a href="/wiki/North_Cape,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="North Cape, New Zealand">North Cape</a> and on nearby islands. These obtecta-like characteristics appear in populations of C. australis along parts of the eastern coastline from the <a href="/wiki/Karikari_Peninsula" title="Karikari Peninsula">Karikari Peninsula</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Peninsula" title="Coromandel Peninsula">Coromandel Peninsula</a>. In western Northland and <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a>, a form often called tītī grows. When young, tītī are generally very spindly, and are common in young <a href="/wiki/Agathis_australis" title="Agathis australis">kauri</a> forests.<a href="#cite_note-S70-71-25">[25]</a> When growing in the open, tītī can become massive trees with numerous, long thin branches and relatively short, broad leaves.<a href="#cite_note-S70-26">[26]</a> In the central Volcanic Plateau, cabbage trees are tall, with stout, relatively unbranched stems and large stiff straight leaves. Fine specimens are found along the upper <a href="/wiki/Whanganui_River" title="Whanganui River">Whanganui River</a>. On old trees, the leaves tend to be relatively broad. The leaves radiate strongly, suggesting that tī manu is adapted to the cold winters of the upland central plateau. It may have originated in the open country created by <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>. Trees of the tī manu type are also found in northern <a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_Country" title="King Country">King Country</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a> lowlands.<a href="#cite_note-S70-71-25">[25]</a> Tarariki are found in the east of the North Island from <a href="/wiki/East_Cape" title="East Cape">East Cape</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Wairarapa" title="Wairarapa">Wairarapa</a>. Māori valued the narrow spiky leaves as a source of particularly tough, durable fibre. Tarariki's strong leaf fibres may be an adaptation to the region's hot, dry summers. In parts of the Wairarapa, the trees are particularly spiky, with stiff leaves and partially rolled leaf-blades. The trees near East Cape, by contrast, have leaves that hang laxly on the tree. In <a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a>, some trees have greener, broader leaves, and this may be because of wharanui characteristics brought in across the main divide through the <a href="/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB_Gorge" title="Manawatū Gorge">Manawatū Gorge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-S69,_71-27">[27]</a> Wharanui grow to the west of the North Island's main divide. They have long, broad flaccid leaves, which may be an adaptation to persistent westerly winds. The wharanui type occurs in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horowhenua" class="mw-redirect" title="Horowhenua">Horowhenua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a>, and extends with some modifications to the southern <a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a> coast.<a href="#cite_note-S69,_71-27">[27]</a> In Taranaki, cabbage trees generally have a compact canopy with broad straight leaves.<a href="#cite_note-S72-28">[28]</a> In the South Island, wharanui is the most common form, but it is variable. The typical form grows, with little variation, from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Campbell" title="Cape Campbell">Cape Campbell</a> to the northern <a href="/wiki/Catlins" class="mw-redirect" title="Catlins">Catlins</a>, and from the eastern coast to the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wairau_Valley" title="Wairau Valley">Wairau Valley</a>, cabbage trees tend to retain their old, dead leaves, lending them an untidy appearance. The climate there is an extreme one, with hot, dry summers and cold winters.<a href="#cite_note-S70-26">[26]</a> In north-west <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasman Region">Nelson</a>, there are three <a href="/wiki/Ecotype" title="Ecotype">ecotypes</a> defined by soil and exposure. Trees growing on limestone bluffs have stiff, blue-green leaves. On the river flats, the trees are tall with narrow, lax, dark green leaves, and an uneven canopy. They resemble the cabbage trees of the North Island's East Cape. Along the coast to the far west, the trees are robust with broad, bluish leaves. The latter two forms extend down the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a>, with the lax-leaved forms growing in moist, fertile, sheltered river valleys while the bluish-leaved forms prefer rocky slopes exposed to the full force of the salt-laden coastal winds.<a href="#cite_note-S70-71-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Futuro_house_Warrington.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Futuro_house_Warrington.JPG/220px-Futuro_house_Warrington.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Futuro_house_Warrington.JPG/330px-Futuro_house_Warrington.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Futuro_house_Warrington.JPG/440px-Futuro_house_Warrington.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Cabbage trees surround a <a href="/wiki/Futuro" title="Futuro">Futuro</a> house in <a href="/wiki/Warrington,_New_Zealand" title="Warrington, New Zealand">Warrington</a>, Otago.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a>, cabbage trees gradually become less common towards the south until they come to an end in the northern Catlins.<a href="#cite_note-S66-29">[29]</a> They reappear on the south coast at <a href="/wiki/Waikawa,_Southland" title="Waikawa, Southland">Waikawa, Southland</a>, but they are not the wharanui type. Rather they are vigorous trees with broad, green leaves and broad canopies. They extend along the coast towards <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>, and inland to the margins of some of the <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>-fed lakes. Very vigorous when they are young, these trees seem well adapted to the very cold winters of the south.<a href="#cite_note-S71-22">[22]</a> A study of seedlings grown from seed collected in 28 areas showed a north-south change in leaf shape and dimensions. Seedling leaves get longer and narrower southwards. Seedlings often have leaves with red-brown pigmentation which disappears in older plants, and this colouration becomes increasingly common towards the south. The changes in shape—leaves getting narrower and more robust from north to south and from lowland to <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a>—suggest adaptations to colder weather.<a href="#cite_note-S73-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_names">Taxonomy and names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and names">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabbage-tree-inflorescence-branching-order.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing a large branch, numbered 1, with a secondary branch numbered 2, which in turn produces tertiary branches numbered 3 smaller sub-branches numbered 4, one of which in turn produces a side branch numbered 5. Flowers appear at the ends of branches numbered 3, 4, and 5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cabbage-tree-inflorescence-branching-order.png/220px-Cabbage-tree-inflorescence-branching-order.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cabbage-tree-inflorescence-branching-order.png/330px-Cabbage-tree-inflorescence-branching-order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cabbage-tree-inflorescence-branching-order.png/440px-Cabbage-tree-inflorescence-branching-order.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption> The inflorescence of C. australis usually has four levels of branching: 1: the main stem; 2: the side branches (10 to 50); 3: flower-bearing branches (100 to 500); 4: the single flowers themselves (thousands); 5: sometimes the largest side branches have a fifth level of branching</figcaption></figure> Cordyline australis was collected in 1769 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Sir Joseph Banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Dr Daniel Solander</a>, naturalists on the <a href="/wiki/HM_Bark_Endeavour" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Bark Endeavour">Endeavour</a> during Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">first voyage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MNZ-31">[31]</a> The type locality is <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Sound_/_T%C5%8Dtaranui" title="Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui">Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FNZ-15">[15]</a> It was named Dracaena australis by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">Georg Forster</a> who published it as entry 151 in his Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus of 1786.<a href="#cite_note-IPN-32">[32]</a> It is sometimes still sold as a <a href="/wiki/Dracaena_(plant)" title="Dracaena (plant)">Dracaena</a>, particularly for the house plant market in Northern Hemisphere countries. In 1833, <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Endlicher" title="Stephan Endlicher">Stephan Endlicher</a> reassigned the species to the genus <a href="/wiki/Cordyline" title="Cordyline">Cordyline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apni-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-endl-2">[2]</a> The genus name Cordyline derives from an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word for a club (kordyle), a reference to the enlarged underground stems or <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ANB-33">[33]</a> while the species name australis is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "southern". The common name cabbage tree is attributed by some sources to early settlers having used the young leaves as a substitute for cabbage.<a href="#cite_note-P-18">[18]</a> However, the name probably predates the settlement of New Zealand — Georg Forster, writing in his <a href="/wiki/A_Voyage_Round_the_World" title="A Voyage Round the World">Voyage round the World</a> of 1777 about the events of Friday, April 23, 1773, refers on page 114 to the discovery of a related species in <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a> as "not the true cabbage palm" and says "the central shoot, when quite tender, tastes something like an almond's kernel, with a little of the flavour of cabbage."<a href="#cite_note-F-34">[34]</a> Forster may have been referring to the <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_palmetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabbage palmetto">cabbage palmetto</a> (Sabal palmetto) of Florida, which resembles the Cordyline somewhat, and was named for the cabbage-like appearance of its terminal bud. Cordyline australis is the tallest of New Zealand's five native Cordyline species. Of these, the commonest are <a href="/wiki/Cordyline_banksii" title="Cordyline banksii">C. banksii</a>, which has a slender, sweeping trunk, and <a href="/wiki/Cordyline_indivisa" title="Cordyline indivisa">C. indivisa</a>, a handsome plant with a trunk up to 8 metres (26 feet) tall bearing a massive head of broad leaves up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long.<a href="#cite_note-P-18">[18]</a> In the far north of New Zealand, C. australis can be distinguished by its larger heavily branched tree form, narrower leaves and smaller seeds from <a href="/wiki/Cordyline_obtecta" title="Cordyline obtecta">C. obtecta</a>, the Three Kings cabbage tree,<a href="#cite_note-S77-35">[35]</a> its closest relative.<a href="#cite_note-S95-36">[36]</a> C. australis is rather variable, and forms from the northern offshore islands may be hybrids with C. obtecta.<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a> Hybrids with <a href="/wiki/Cordyline_pumilio" title="Cordyline pumilio">C. pumilio</a> and C. banksii also occur often where the plants are in close vicinity, because they flower at about the same time and share the <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome number">chromosome number</a> 2n=38, with C. australis.<a href="#cite_note-S77-35">[35]</a> The tree was well known to <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> before its scientific discovery. The generic <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> term for plants in the genus Cordyline is tī, cognate with <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> sī and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> kī (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a> *siRi, <a href="/wiki/Cordyline_fruticosa" title="Cordyline fruticosa">C. fruticosa or C. terminalis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Names recorded as specific to C. australis include tī kōuka, tī kāuka, tī rākau, tī awe, tī pua, and tī whanake.<a href="#cite_note-FNZ-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-WIL-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-41">[41]</a> Each tribe had names for the tree depending on its local uses and characteristics. Simpson reports that the names highlight the characteristics of the tree that were important to Māori.<a href="#cite_note-S143-42">[42]</a> These include what the plant looked like—whether it was a large tree (tī rākau, tī pua), the whiteness of its flowers (tī puatea), whether its leaves were broad (tī wharanui), twisted along the edges (tī tahanui), or spiky (tī tarariki). Other names refer to its uses—whether its fruit attracted birds (tī manu), or the leaves were particularly suitable for making ropes (tī whanake) and nets (tī kupenga). The most widely used name, tī kōuka, refers to the use of the leaf hearts as food.<a href="#cite_note-S143-145-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redcrown_in_Cabbage_Tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A parakeet eating small white flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Redcrown_in_Cabbage_Tree.jpg/220px-Redcrown_in_Cabbage_Tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Redcrown_in_Cabbage_Tree.jpg/330px-Redcrown_in_Cabbage_Tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Redcrown_in_Cabbage_Tree.jpg/440px-Redcrown_in_Cabbage_Tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81riki" title="Kākāriki">kākāriki</a> feeding on flowers of Cordyline australis on <a href="/wiki/Tiritiri_Matangi_Island" title="Tiritiri Matangi Island">Tiritiri Matangi Island</a>. The parakeets are often seen foraging in cabbage trees on the island.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Habitat">edit</a>]</div> A quote from Philip Simpson sums up the wide range of habitats the cabbage tree occupied in early New Zealand, and how much its abundance and distinctive form shaped the impression travellers received of the country: <blockquote>"In primeval New Zealand cabbage trees occupied a range of habitats, anywhere open, moist, fertile and warm enough for them to establish and mature: with forest; around the rocky coast; in lowland swamps, around the lakes and along the lower rivers; and perched on isolated rocks. Approaching the land from the sea would have reminded a Polynesian traveller of home, and for a European traveller, conjured up images of the tropical Pacific".<a href="#cite_note-S57-44">[44]</a></blockquote> Cordyline australis occurs from North Cape to the very south of the South Island, where it becomes less and less common,<a href="#cite_note-S67-45">[45]</a> until it reaches its southernmost natural limits at Sandy Point (46° 30' S), west of <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> near <a href="/wiki/Oreti_Beach" title="Oreti Beach">Oreti Beach</a>. It is absent from much of Fiordland, probably because there is no suitable habitat, and is unknown on the subantarctic islands to the south of New Zealand, probably because it is too cold. It occurs on some offshore islands—<a href="/wiki/Poor_Knights_Islands" title="Poor Knights Islands">Poor Knights</a>, Stewart and the Chathams—but was probably introduced by Māori. In the Stewart Island region, it is rare,<a href="#cite_note-DCF-46">[46]</a> growing only on certain islands, headlands and former settlement sites where it may have been introduced by <a href="/wiki/Sooty_shearwater" title="Sooty shearwater">muttonbird</a> collectors,<a href="#cite_note-S67,_142-47">[47]</a> while on the Chatham Islands it is also largely "a notable absentee".<a href="#cite_note-DAW-48">[48]</a> Generally a lowland species, it grows from sea level to about 1,000 metres (3,300 feet), reaching its upper limits on the volcanoes of the central North Island, where eruptions have created open spaces for it to exploit, and in the foothills of the Southern Alps in the South Island, where deforestation may have played a part in giving it room to grow. In the central North Island, it has evolved a much sturdier form (with the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> name tī manu, meaning "with branches bearing broad, straight upright leaves").<a href="#cite_note-S52-53-49">[49]</a> This form resembles that found in the far south of the South Island, suggesting that they are both adapted to cold conditions.<a href="#cite_note-S67-45">[45]</a> Cordyline australis is a light-demanding pioneer species, and seedlings die when overtopped by other trees. To grow well, young plants require open space so they are not shaded out by other vegetation. Another requirement is water during the seedling stage. Although adult trees can store water and are drought resistant, seedlings need a good supply of water to survive. This stops the species from growing in sand dunes unless there are wet depressions present, and from hillsides unless there is a seepage area. The fertility of the soil is another factor—settlers in Canterbury used the presence of the species to situate their homesteads and gardens. The fallen leaves of the tree also help to raise the fertility of the soil when they break down. Another factor is temperature, especially the degree of frost. Young trees are killed by frost, and even old trees can be cut back. This is why C. australis is absent from upland areas and from very frosty inland areas.<a href="#cite_note-S53-54-50">[50]</a> Early European explorers of New Zealand described "jungles of cabbage trees" along the banks of streams and rivers, in huge swamps and lowland valleys. Few examples of this former abundance survive today—such areas were the first to be cleared by farmers looking for flat land and fertile soil.<a href="#cite_note-S54-55-51">[51]</a> In modern New Zealand, cabbage trees usually grow as isolated individuals rather than as parts of a healthy ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-S68-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kereru_(New_Zealand_Wood_Pigeon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A kererū stands on the fruiting spike of a cabbage tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kereru_%28New_Zealand_Wood_Pigeon%29.jpg/220px-Kereru_%28New_Zealand_Wood_Pigeon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kereru_%28New_Zealand_Wood_Pigeon%29.jpg/330px-Kereru_%28New_Zealand_Wood_Pigeon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kereru_%28New_Zealand_Wood_Pigeon%29.jpg/440px-Kereru_%28New_Zealand_Wood_Pigeon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kerer%C5%AB" title="Kererū">kererū</a> feeds on the small white fruit of a cabbage tree, <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>, August 2009. Native pigeons were once the major dispersers of the tree's seeds, which they eat in autumn and winter. Note also the notches cut out of the leaves by larvae of <a href="/wiki/Epiphryne_verriculata" title="Epiphryne verriculata">Epiphryne verriculata</a>, the cabbage tree moth.</figcaption></figure> The cabbage tree's year begins in autumn among the tight spike of unopened leaves projecting from the centre of each tuft of leaves. Some of the growing tips have changed from making leaves to producing <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescences</a> for the coming spring, and around these, two or three buds begin to produce leaves. The inflorescence and the leaf buds pass the winter protected by the enveloping spike of unopened leaves.<a href="#cite_note-S89-52">[52]</a> Months later in spring or early summer, it bears its flowers on the outside of the tree, exposed to insects and birds.<a href="#cite_note-S108-53">[53]</a> Flowering takes place over a period of four to six weeks, giving maximum exposure to pollinating insects.<a href="#cite_note-S109-54">[54]</a> The flowers produce a sweet perfume which attracts large numbers of insects. The nectar produced by the flowers contains aromatic compounds, mainly <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>, which are particularly attractive to moths. Bees use the nectar to produce a light honey to feed their young and increase the size of the hive in the early summer.<a href="#cite_note-S110-55">[55]</a> It takes about two months for the fruit to ripen, and by the end of summer a cabbage tree can have thousands of small fruits available for birds to eat and disperse. The strong framework of the inflorescence can easily bear the weight of heavy birds like the New Zealand pigeon, which was formerly the major disperser of the seeds. Each fruit contains three to six shiny, black seeds which are coated in a charcoal-like substance called <a href="/wiki/Phytomelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytomelan">phytomelan</a>. The latter may serve to protect the seeds from the digestive process in the gut of a bird. The seeds are also rich in <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> as a food source for the developing embryo plant, a compound which is also important in the egg-laying cycle of birds.<a href="#cite_note-S112-56">[56]</a> Because it takes about two years for a particular stem to produce an inflorescence, cabbage trees tend to flower heavily in alternative years, with a bumper flowering every three to five years.<a href="#cite_note-S111-57">[57]</a> Each inflorescence bears 5,000 to 10,000 flowers, so a large inflorescence may carry about 40,000 seeds, or one million seeds for the whole tree in a good flowering year—hundreds of millions for a healthy grove of trees.<a href="#cite_note-S108,_112-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_fire">Response to fire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Response to fire">edit</a>]</div> Cordyline australis is one of the few New Zealand forest trees that can recover from fire. It can renew its trunk from buds on the protected rhizomes under the ground. This gives the tree an advantage because it can regenerate itself quickly and the fire has eliminated competing plants. Cabbage tree leaves contain oils which make them burn readily. The same oils may also slow down the decay of fallen leaves, so that they build up a dense mat that prevents the seeds of other plants from germinating. When the leaves do break down, they form a fertile soil around the tree. Cabbage tree seed also has a store of oil, which means it remains viable for several years. When a bushfire has cleared the land of vegetation, cabbage tree seeds germinate in great numbers to make the most of the light and space opened up by the flames.<a href="#cite_note-S67-45">[45]</a> Older trees sometimes grow <a href="/wiki/Epicormic_shoot" title="Epicormic shoot">epicormic shoots</a> directly from their trunks after storm or fire damage. Aerial rhizomes can also be produced from the trunk if it sustains damage or has become hollow and grow down into the soil to regenerate the plant. Such regeneration can lead to trees of great age with multiple trunks.<a href="#cite_note-S98-100-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabbagetreebark2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close-up of a tree trunk covered with rough bark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cabbagetreebark2.jpg/220px-Cabbagetreebark2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cabbagetreebark2.jpg/330px-Cabbagetreebark2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cabbagetreebark2.jpg/440px-Cabbagetreebark2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption>The corky, fissured bark of C. australis feels spongy to the touch.</figcaption></figure> Many plants and animals are associated with C. australis in healthy ecosystems. The most common <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a> are ferns, astelias and orchids. Old trees often carry large clumps of the climbing fern <a href="/wiki/Asplenium" title="Asplenium">Asplenium</a>, and in moist places, filmy ferns and kidney ferns cling to the branches. <a href="/wiki/Astelia" title="Astelia">Astelia</a> species and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collospermum_hastatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collospermum hastatum (page does not exist)">Collospermum</a> often establish in the main fork of the tree, and one tree can host several species of native orchid. Other common epiphytes include <a href="/wiki/Griselinia_lucida" title="Griselinia lucida">Griselinia lucida</a>, as well as a range of mosses, liverworts, lichens and fungi. Two fungus species which infect living tissue—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phanaerochaeta_cordylines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phanaerochaeta cordylines (page does not exist)">Phanaerochaeta cordylines</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphaeropsis_cordylines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphaeropsis cordylines (page does not exist)">Sphaeropsis cordylines</a>—occur almost exclusively on C. australis.<a href="#cite_note-S80-82-60">[60]</a> Animals and birds associated with C. australis include lizards which forage among the flowers, including the <a href="/wiki/Gold-striped_gecko" title="Gold-striped gecko">gold-striped gecko</a> which is well camouflaged for life among the leaves of the tree.<a href="#cite_note-S82-83-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_bellbird" title="New Zealand bellbird">New Zealand bellbirds</a> like to nest under the dead leaves or among the flower stalks, and <a href="/wiki/Paradise_shelduck" title="Paradise shelduck">paradise shelducks</a> commonly build their nests in the base of an old cabbage tree standing in the middle of a field. <a href="/wiki/Red-crowned_parakeet" title="Red-crowned parakeet">Red-crowned parakeets</a> are often seen foraging in cabbage trees.<a href="#cite_note-CAT-62">[62]</a> In South Canterbury, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_long-tailed_bat" title="New Zealand long-tailed bat">long-tailed bats</a> shelter during the day in the hollow branches, which would once have provided nesting holes for many birds.<a href="#cite_note-S82-83-61">[61]</a> The berries of C. australis are enjoyed by bellbirds, <a href="/wiki/T%C5%AB%C4%AB" title="Tūī">tūī</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kerer%C5%AB" title="Kererū">kererū</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M-63">[63]</a> Māori sometimes planted groves of cabbage trees (pā tī) to attract kererū which could be snared when they came to eat the berries.<a href="#cite_note-S150-64">[64]</a> Reminiscing in 1903 about life in New Zealand sixty or more years earlier, George Clarke describes how such a <a href="/wiki/Tapu_(Polynesian_culture)" title="Tapu (Polynesian culture)">tapu</a> grove of cabbage trees would attract huge numbers of pigeons: "About four miles from our house, there was a great preserve of wood pigeons, that was made as tapu as the native chiefs could devise. At a certain season, the pigeons came in vast flocks to feed on the white berries of the Ti tree (bracœna) [sic] and got so heavy with fat that they could hardly fly from one tree to another. No gun was allowed in the place. The Māoris, with a long slender rod and a slip noose at the end, squatted under the leaves and noiselessly slipped the noose over the necks of the stupid pigeons as they were feeding."<a href="#cite_note-CLK-65">[65]</a> As the native birds have vanished from much of New Zealand with the clearing of forests, it is now flocks of <a href="/wiki/European_starling" class="mw-redirect" title="European starling">starlings</a> which descend upon the fruit.<a href="#cite_note-S82-83-61">[61]</a> The nectar of the flowers is sought after by insects, bellbirds, tūī, and <a href="/wiki/Stitchbird" title="Stitchbird">stitchbirds</a>. The leaves and the rough bark provide excellent homes for insects such as caterpillars and moths, small beetles, fly larvae, <a href="/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81" title="Wētā">wētā</a>, snails and slugs. Many of these are then eaten by birds such as <a href="/wiki/Saddleback_(bird)" title="Saddleback (bird)">saddlebacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Island_robin" title="North Island robin">robins</a>. The rough bark also provides opportunities for epiphytes to cling and grow, and lizards hide amongst the dead leaves, coming out to drink the nectar and to eat the insects.<a href="#cite_note-STP-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAL-16">[16]</a> Good flowering seasons occur every few years only. While it is said that they foretell dry summers, it has been observed that they tend to follow dry seasons.<a href="#cite_note-P-18">[18]</a> Insects, including beetles, moths, wasps and flies, use the bark, leaves and flowers of the tree in various ways. Some feed or hide camouflaged in the skirt of dead leaves, a favourite dry place for wētā to hide in winter. Many of the insect companions of the tree have followed it into the domesticated surroundings of parks and home gardens.<a href="#cite_note-S83-84-66">[66]</a> If the leaves are left to decay, the soil underneath cabbage trees becomes a black humus that supports a rich array of amphipods, earthworms and millipedes.<a href="#cite_note-S86-67">[67]</a> There are nine species of insect only found on C. australis, of which the best known is <a href="/wiki/Epiphryne_verriculata" title="Epiphryne verriculata">Epiphryne verriculata</a>, the cabbage tree moth, which is perfectly adapted to hide on a dead leaf. Its caterpillars eat large holes and wedges in the leaves. The moth lays its eggs at the base of the central spike of unopened leaves. The caterpillars eat holes in the surface of the leaves and leave characteristic notches in the leaf margins. They can infest young trees but seldom damage older trees, which lack the skirt of dead leaves where the parent moths like to hide.<a href="#cite_note-S84-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats,_pests_and_diseases">Threats, pests and diseases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Threats, pests and diseases">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudden_decline">Sudden decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sudden decline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudden_Decline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dead tree standing in a rural field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sudden_Decline.jpg/220px-Sudden_Decline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sudden_Decline.jpg/330px-Sudden_Decline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sudden_Decline.jpg/440px-Sudden_Decline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Sudden Decline has decimated populations of C. australis in some parts of New Zealand.</figcaption></figure> Cases of sick and dying trees of C. australis were first reported in the northern part of the North Island in 1987. The syndrome, eventually called Sudden Decline, soon reached epidemic proportions in Northland and Auckland. Affected trees usually suffer total defoliation within 2 to 12 months. The foliage turns yellow, and the oldest leaves wither and fall off. Growth of leaves ceases, and eventually all the leaves fall, leaving dead branches, often with the dried-out flowering panicles still attached. At the same time, the bark on the trunk becomes loose and detaches easily. The greatest number of dead trees (18 to 26 percent) was recorded around Auckland.<a href="#cite_note-RG-69">[69]</a> For some years, the cause of the disease was unknown, and hypotheses included tree ageing, fungi, viruses, and environmental factors such as an increase in ultra-violet light.<a href="#cite_note-DCF-46">[46]</a> Another hypothesis was that a genetic problem may have been induced in Northland and Auckland by the thousands of cabbage trees brought into the area from elsewhere and planted in gardens and parks.<a href="#cite_note-S68-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Survey_and_Land_Information" title="Department of Survey and Land Information">Lands and Survey Department</a> had a native plant nursery at <a href="/wiki/Taup%C5%8D" title="Taupō">Taupō</a> in the central North Island, which was used to grow plants for use in parks, reserves and carparks. In many Northland parks, cabbage trees from the central North Island were growing and flowering within metres of natural forms. Any offspring produced might have been poorly adapted to local conditions.<a href="#cite_note-S69-24">[24]</a> After nearly five years of work, scientists found the cause was a bacterium <a href="/wiki/Phytoplasma" title="Phytoplasma">Phytoplasma australiense</a>, which may be spread from tree to tree by a tiny sap-sucking insect, the introduced <a href="/wiki/Scolypopa_australis" title="Scolypopa australis">passion vine hopper</a>. Populations of C. australis were decimated in some parts of New Zealand because of Sudden Decline. In some areas, particularly in the north, no big trees are left. Although Sudden Decline often affects cabbage trees in farmland and open areas, trees in natural forest patches continue to do well. Trees in the southern North Island and northern South Island are generally unaffected with few dead branches and no symptoms of Sudden Decline. By 2010, there was evidence to suggest the severity of the disease was lessening.<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-DCF-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-RG-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_decline">Rural decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rural decline">edit</a>]</div> The plight of Cordyline australis in the Sudden Decline epidemic drew attention to another widespread threat to the tree in rural areas throughout New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-S10-70">[70]</a> Rural Decline was the name proposed by botanists to refer to a decline in health of older trees in pasture and grazed shrubland, leading over many years to the loss of upper branches and eventual death. Often farmers would leave a solitary cabbage tree—or even groves of trees—standing after the swamps were drained. Most of these trees will slowly die out because livestock eat the seedlings and damage the trunks and roots of adult trees.<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-S80-86-71">[71]</a> When a cabbage tree is the only shade in a field, stock will shelter underneath it, damaging the bark by rubbing against it, and compacting the soil around the tree. Cows, sheep, goats, and deer eat the nutritious tissue under the bark of cabbage trees.<a href="#cite_note-S87,_267-72">[72]</a> Once the trunk has been damaged by animals, it seldom heals and the wounds get bigger over time. Eventually the tissue in the centre of the stem rots away and a cavity forms along its entire length. The trunk becomes misshapen or completely ring-barked for a metre above the ground. Often the growth layer dies and the injuries may lead to bacterial or fungal infections that spread into the branches until the canopy too begins to die.<a href="#cite_note-S267-73">[73]</a> Other factors thought to contribute to Rural Decline include wood-rotting fungi like Phanerochaete cordylines, micro-organisms which cause <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">saprobic decay</a> and leaf-feeding caterpillars.<a href="#cite_note-BEE65-74">[74]</a> Other mammals can be destructive. <a href="/wiki/Common_brushtail_possum_in_New_Zealand" title="Common brushtail possum in New Zealand">Possums</a> tend not to eat the leaves of the tree but are very fond of eating the sugar-rich flowering stalks as they emerge. They also like using the tree as a sleeping place. Rabbits can be more destructive, especially during periods of drought, when they have been seen to eat through the base until a tree falls, and then eating the fallen tree completely. Horses can also fell a tree by eating through the trunk.<a href="#cite_note-S87,_267-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Māori_cultural_uses">Māori cultural uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Māori cultural uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SwingAngas1847.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Early 19th century coloured drawing showing Māori children swinging from long ropes coming from the top of a high pole while a group of adults watches them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SwingAngas1847.JPG/220px-SwingAngas1847.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SwingAngas1847.JPG/330px-SwingAngas1847.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SwingAngas1847.JPG/440px-SwingAngas1847.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Morere swings provided a source of amusement for Māori children. The ropes had to be strong, so they were often made from leaves or fibre of C. australis, which were much tougher than the fibres of New Zealand flax.</figcaption></figure> In traditional times, Māori had a rich knowledge of the cabbage tree, including spiritual, ecological and many practical aspects of its use. While much of that specialised knowledge was lost after the European settlement of New Zealand, the use of the tree as food and medicine has persisted, and the use of its fibres for weaving is becoming more common.<a href="#cite_note-S143-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> The stems and fleshy rhizomes of C. australis are high in natural sugars and were steam-cooked in <a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">earth ovens</a> (umu tī, a large type of <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81ng%C4%AB" title="Hāngī">hāngī</a>) to produce kāuru, a carbohydrate-rich food used to sweeten other foods. The growing tips or leaf hearts were stripped of leaves and eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable, when they were called kōuka—the origin of the Māori name of the tree.<a href="#cite_note-STP-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-O-75">[75]</a> The southern limit of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">kūmara</a> (sweet potato) cultivation was at <a href="/wiki/Banks_Peninsula" title="Banks Peninsula">Banks Peninsula</a> at 43°S, and south of there a culture developed around C. australis. Natural and planted groves of the cabbage tree were harvested.<a href="#cite_note-S66-29">[29]</a> Large parties trimmed the cut stems and left them to dry for days or weeks.<a href="#cite_note-O-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-H-76">[76]</a> As well as stems, the rhizomes—extensions of the trunk below the surface of the ground shaped like enormous carrots—were also dug up to be cooked. In the early 1840s, Edward Shortland said Māori preferred rhizomes from trees growing in deep rich soil. They dug them in spring or early summer just before the flowering of the plant, when they were at their sweetest.<a href="#cite_note-P-18">[18]</a> November was the favourite month for preparing kāuru in the South Island.<a href="#cite_note-C174-175-77">[77]</a> After drying, the harvested stems or rhizomes were steamed for 24 hours or more in the umu tī pit. Steaming converted the carbohydrate <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">fructan</a> in the stems to very sweet <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>. The cooked stems or rhizomes were then flattened by beating and carried back to villages for storage. Kāuru could be stored dry until the time came to add it to fern root and other foods to improve their palatability. The sugar in the stems or rhizomes would be partially crystallised, and could be found mixed in a sugary pulp with other matter between the fibres of the root, which were easily separated by tearing them apart. Kāuru could also be dipped in water and chewed and was said to smell and taste like <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-P-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-O-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-H-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCH12-78">[78]</a> Evidence of large cooking pits (umu tī) can still be found in the hills of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">South Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Otago" title="North Otago">North Otago</a>, where large groves of cabbage trees still stand.<a href="#cite_note-S66-29">[29]</a> Europeans used the plant to make alcohol, and the often alcoholically potent brews were relished by whalers and sealers.<a href="#cite_note-SCH12-78">[78]</a> The kōata, the growing tip of the plant, was eaten raw as medicine. When cooked, it was called the kōuka.<a href="#cite_note-S146,_150-79">[79]</a> If the spike of unopened leaves and a few outer leaves is gripped firmly at the base and bent, it will snap off. The leaves can be removed, and what remains is like a small artichoke heart that can be steamed, roasted or boiled to make kōuka, a bitter vegetable available at any time of the year. Kōuka is delicious as a relish with fatty foods like eel, <a href="/wiki/Sooty_shearwater" title="Sooty shearwater">muttonbirds</a>, or pigeons, or in modern times, pork, mutton and beef. Different trees were selected for their degree of bitterness, which should be strong for medicinal use, but less so when used as a vegetable.<a href="#cite_note-S150-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fibre">Fibre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fibre">edit</a>]</div> A tough fibre was extracted from the leaves of C. australis, and was valued for its strength and durability especially in seawater.<a href="#cite_note-Mckendry-raranga-80">[80]</a> The leaves are suitable for weaving in its raw state, without any need to further process the fibres.<a href="#cite_note-Mckendry-raranga-80">[80]</a> The leaves were used for making anchor ropes and fishing lines, cooking mats, baskets, sandals and leggings for protection when travelling in the South Island high country, home of the prickly speargrasses (<a href="/wiki/Aciphylla" title="Aciphylla">Aciphylla</a>) and tūmatakuru or matagouri (<a href="/wiki/Discaria_toumatou" title="Discaria toumatou">Discaria toumatou</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SCH11-81">[81]</a> Because of the water-resistant properties of the plant, the leaves were traditionally used for cooking baskets.<a href="#cite_note-Mckendry-raranga-80">[80]</a> Mōrere swings provided a source of amusement for Māori children. The ropes had to be strong, so they were often made from the leaves or fibre of C. australis, which were much tougher than the fibres of <a href="/wiki/Phormium_tenax" title="Phormium tenax">New Zealand flax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-S160-82">[82]</a> The leaves were also used for rain capes, although the mountain cabbage tree C. indivisa, was preferred.<a href="#cite_note-SCH11-81">[81]</a> The fibre made from cabbage tree leaves is stronger than that made from <a href="/wiki/Phormium_tenax" title="Phormium tenax">New Zealand flax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-STP-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-O-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medicine">edit</a>]</div> The Māori used various parts of Cordyline australis to treat injuries and illnesses, either boiled up into a drink or pounded into a paste.<a href="#cite_note-STP-9">[9]</a> The kōata, the growing tip of the plant, was eaten raw as a blood tonic or cleanser.<a href="#cite_note-S150-64">[64]</a> Juice from the leaves was used for cuts, cracks and sores. An infusion of the leaves was taken internally for diarrhoea and used externally for bathing cuts. The leaves were rubbed until soft and applied either directly or as an ointment to cuts, skin cracks and cracked or sore hands. The young shoot was eaten by nursing mothers and given to children for colic. The liquid from boiled shoots was taken for other stomach pains.<a href="#cite_note-MUP-83">[83]</a> The seeds of Cordyline australis are high in <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a>, one of the essential fatty acids.<a href="#cite_note-MUP-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation_today">Cultivation today</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cultivation today">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palms_in_Alderney.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A grove of trees with lots of long strap-like leaves, through which the sea and a boat can be seen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Palms_in_Alderney.JPG/220px-Palms_in_Alderney.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Palms_in_Alderney.JPG/330px-Palms_in_Alderney.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Palms_in_Alderney.JPG/440px-Palms_in_Alderney.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2561" data-file-height="1921" /></a><figcaption>C. australis is widely cultivated outside New Zealand. Here it grows on <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>.</figcaption></figure> Cordyline australis is one of the most widely cultivated New Zealand native trees. In Northwest Europe and other cool <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climates</a>, it is very popular as an ornamental tree because it looks like a palm tree.<a href="#cite_note-S70-74-84">[84]</a> Hardy forms from the coldest areas of the southern or inland South Island tolerate Northern Hemisphere conditions best, while North Island forms are much more tender.<a href="#cite_note-HBS-85">[85]</a> It can also be grown successfully in <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> It is easily grown from fresh seed — seedlings often spontaneously appear in gardens from bird-dispersed seed — and can be grown very easily from shoot, stem and even trunk cuttings. It does well in pots and tubs.<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-P-18">[18]</a> It grows well as far north as the eastern coast of Scotland, including the village of <a href="/wiki/Portgower" title="Portgower">Portgower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-G-13">[13]</a> It is more common in Southern England and in Ireland where it is grown all over the island. Although not a palm, it is locally named Cornish palm, Manx palm or Torbay palm. The last name is due to its extensive use in Torbay, it being the official symbol of that area, used in tourist posters promoting South Devon as the English Riviera. It also grows in southern Europe, California and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-G-13">[13]</a> Even though its natural distribution ranges from 34° S to 46°S, and despite its ultimately subtropical origins, it also grows at about five degrees from the Arctic Circle in Masfjorden, Norway, latitude 61ºN, in a microclimate protected from arctic winds and moderated by the Gulf Stream.<a href="#cite_note-GFC-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultivars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordyline_australis_%27Red_Star%27_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A potted plant with lots of red strap-like leaves growing in a pebble-covered garden bed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cordyline_australis_%27Red_Star%27_01.jpg/220px-Cordyline_australis_%27Red_Star%27_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cordyline_australis_%27Red_Star%27_01.jpg/330px-Cordyline_australis_%27Red_Star%27_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cordyline_australis_%27Red_Star%27_01.jpg/440px-Cordyline_australis_%27Red_Star%27_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The cultivar Cordyline "Red Star" has dark reddish bronze leaves.</figcaption></figure> In the North Island,<a href="#cite_note-W-88">[88]</a> Māori cultivated selected forms of C. australis for food.<a href="#cite_note-S145-89">[89]</a> One of these, called tī para or tī tāwhiti, was grown because it suckers readily and forms multiple fleshy rhizomes. A dwarf non-flowering selection of C. australis, it has a rubbery, pulpy stem, and thick green leaves. Although it was recorded by the early naturalists, botanists only rediscovered it in the 1990s, being grown by gardeners as the cultivar Cordyline 'Thomas Kirk'.<a href="#cite_note-S145-89">[89]</a> Recent and unpublished DNA work suggests it derives from C. australis of the central North Island.<a href="#cite_note-SCH12-13-90">[90]</a> Cordyline 'Tī Tawhiti' was "the subject of an intense discussion amongst the leading botanists of New Zealand at a meeting of the Royal Society ... in Wellington 100 years ago. It was saved from extinction because its dwarf form found favour with gardeners and it came to be known as Cordyline 'Kirkii' recording the interest Thomas Kirk had in the plant. Its origin as a Māori selection was forgotten until rediscovered in 1991. The name 'Tawhiti' is equivalent to 'Hawaiki' and indicates the traditional belief that the plant was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a> by the ancestral canoes of Māori. However, it is more probable that the name arose from it being moved around its native land as a domesticated plant."<a href="#cite_note-H-76">[76]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a> of C. australis are sold within New Zealand and around the world.<a href="#cite_note-PCN-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-P-18">[18]</a> Like other Cordyline species, C. australis can produce <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">sports</a> which have very attractive colouration, including pink stripes and leaves in various shades of green, yellow or red. An early cultivar was published in France and England in 1870: Cordyline australis 'Lentiginosa' was described as having tinted leaves with brownish red spots. Other early cultivars included 'Veitchii' (1871) with crimson midribs, 'Atrosanguinea' (1882) with bronze leaves infused with red, 'Atropurpurea' (1886) and 'Purpurea' (1890) with purple leaves, and a range of variegated forms: 'Doucetiana' (1878), 'Argento-striata' (1888) and 'Dalleriana' (1890). In New Zealand and overseas, hybrids with other Cordyline species feature prominently in the range of cultivars available. <a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a> plant breeders Duncan and Davies included hybrids of C. australis and C. banksii in their 1925 catalogue and have produced many new cultivars since. In New Zealand, some of the coloured forms and hybrids seem to be more susceptible to attacks from the cabbage tree moth.<a href="#cite_note-G-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-S250-251-91">[91]</a> Immature forms have become a popular annual house or ornamental plant under the name 'Spikes', or <a href="/wiki/Dracaena_(plant)" title="Dracaena (plant)">Dracaena</a> 'Spikes'. <a href="#cite_note-fg-92">[92]</a> To add to the confusion, these may be misidentified as <a href="/wiki/Cordyline_indivisa" title="Cordyline indivisa">Cordyline indivisa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">syn.</a> Dracaena indivisa).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> C. australis is hardy to <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">USDA zones</a> 8–11.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AGM_cultivars">AGM cultivars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: AGM cultivars">edit</a>]</div> In cultivation in the United Kingdom, the following have received the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>: <ul><li>C. australis<a href="#cite_note-RHSPF-95">[95]</a></li> <li>'Albertii'<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li>'Sundance'<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li>'Torbay Dazzler',<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li>'Torbay Red'<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> (confirmed 2017)<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_L._Frankhauser" title="Barry L. Frankhauser">Barry L. Frankhauser</a>, an archaeologist and anthropologist, whose Ph.D. thesis (published 1986) was a study of historical uses of the cabbage tree</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-apni-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apni_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apni_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/79522">"Cordyline australis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">Australian Plant Name Index</a>, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Plant+Name+Index%2C+IBIS+database&rft.atitle=Cordyline+australis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversity.org.au%2Fnsl%2Fservices%2Frest%2Fname%2Fapni%2F79522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-endl-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endl_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endl_2-1">b</a> Endlicher, S.F.L. (1833), Prodromus Florae Norfolkicae: 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-BSBI07-3"><a href="#cite_ref-BSBI07_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBSBI2007" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls">BSBI List 2007</a> (xls). <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland">Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsbi.org/download/3542/">the original</a> (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BSBI+List+2007&rft.pub=Botanical+Society+of+Britain+and+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbsbi.org%2Fdownload%2F3542%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCN-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCN_4-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.asp?ID=1744">"Cordyline australis"</a>. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119004157/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.asp?ID=1744">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Plant+Conservation+Network&rft.atitle=Cordyline+australis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzpcn.org.nz%2Fflora_details.asp%3FID%3D1744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S52-5"><a href="#cite_ref-S52_5-0">^</a> Simpson, p.52 </li> <li id="cite_note-S96-6"><a href="#cite_ref-S96_6-0">^</a> Simpson, p.96 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwin2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Orwin, Joanna (19 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/shrubs-and-small-trees-of-the-forest/page-6">"Story: Shrubs and small trees of the forest – Cabbage trees"</a>. Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019054111/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/shrubs-and-small-trees-of-the-forest/page-6">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Story%3A+Shrubs+and+small+trees+of+the+forest+%E2%80%93+Cabbage+trees&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft.aulast=Orwin&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fshrubs-and-small-trees-of-the-forest%2Fpage-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-STM-8"><a href="#cite_ref-STM_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120023445/http://www.tiritirimatangi.org.nz/Flora/TiKouka.htm">"Ti Kouka"</a>. Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiritirimatangi.org.nz/Flora/TiKouka.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supporters+of+Tiritiri+Matangi+Inc&rft.atitle=Ti+Kouka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiritirimatangi.org.nz%2FFlora%2FTiKouka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-STP-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STP_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-STP_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-STP_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-STP_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-STP_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-STP_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-STP_9-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/getting-involved/students-and-teachers/field-trips-by-region/auckland/13-some-tiri-plants-cont.pdf">"Ti Kouka"</a> (PDF). Some Tiri Plants, continued, Department of Conservation. pp. 163–164. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606224105/http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/getting-involved/students-and-teachers/field-trips-by-region/auckland/13-some-tiri-plants-cont.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Some+Tiri+Plants%2C+continued%2C+Department+of+Conservation&rft.atitle=Ti+Kouka&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fupload%2Fdocuments%2Fgetting-involved%2Fstudents-and-teachers%2Ffield-trips-by-region%2Fauckland%2F13-some-tiri-plants-cont.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thestreettree.com/2011/11/18/the-cabbage-tree-imagined-palm-of-the-english-seaside/">"The Cabbage tree: imagined palm of the English seaside"</a>. The Street Tree. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Street+Tree&rft.atitle=The+Cabbage+tree%3A+imagined+palm+of+the+English+seaside&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthestreettree.com%2F2011%2F11%2F18%2Fthe-cabbage-tree-imagined-palm-of-the-english-seaside%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cordyline-australis/">"Cordyline australis"</a>. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. N.C. Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 18 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Extension+Gardener+Plant+Toolbox&rft.atitle=Cordyline+australis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.ces.ncsu.edu%2Fplants%2Fcordyline-australis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616225742/http://www.torbay.gov.uk/torbaylca1.pdf">"Landscape Character Assessment of Torbay"</a> (PDF). torbay.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torbay.gov.uk/torbaylca1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landscape+Character+Assessment+of+Torbay&rft.pub=torbay.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torbay.gov.uk%2Ftorbaylca1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Galbreath" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ross Galbreath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-species-overseas/2">"New Zealand species overseas – Plants overseas"</a>. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100302143725/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-species-overseas/2">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+species+overseas+%E2%80%93+Plants+overseas&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.au=Ross+Galbreath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fnew-zealand-species-overseas%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Harris,_2006" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Warwick; <a href="/wiki/Ross_Beever" title="Ross Beever">Beever, Ross</a>; Parkes, Stephanie; Smallfield, Bruce; Anderson, Ruth‐Anne; Scheele, Sue (2006). "Genotypic variation of the flowering phenology of Cordyline australis (Laxmanniaceae) grown at three locations in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 44 (1): 23–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825X.2006.9513003">10.1080/0028825X.2006.9513003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86550523">86550523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Genotypic+variation+of+the+flowering+phenology+of+Cordyline+australis+%28Laxmanniaceae%29+grown+at+three+locations+in+New+Zealand&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0028825X.2006.9513003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86550523%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft.au=Beever%2C+Ross&rft.au=Parkes%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Smallfield%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Ruth%E2%80%90Anne&rft.au=Scheele%2C+Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FNZ-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FNZ_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FNZ_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FNZ_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FNZ_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FNZ_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FNZ_15-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_8b6d1867-83ba-4bd5-a92e-148f498aae0d&fileName=Flora%202.xml">"2. C australis (Forst. f.) Endl. Prodr. Fl. norf. 1833, 29"</a>. Flora of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014165035/http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_8b6d1867-83ba-4bd5-a92e-148f498aae0d&fileName=Flora%202.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=2.+C+australis+%28Forst.+f.%29+Endl.+Prodr.+Fl.+norf.+1833%2C+29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffloraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz%2Fpages%2FTaxon.aspx%3Fid%3D_8b6d1867-83ba-4bd5-a92e-148f498aae0d%26fileName%3DFlora%25202.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAL-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAL_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAL_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAL_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAL_16-3">d</a> Salmon J. T. (1973). The Native Trees of New Zealand. Wellington. AH & AW Reed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-589-01340-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-589-01340-8">0-589-01340-8</a>, pp. 348–349. </li> <li id="cite_note-S76-17"><a href="#cite_ref-S76_17-0">^</a> Simpson, p.76 </li> <li id="cite_note-P-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_18-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._L._Poole1966" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">A. L. Poole (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/C/CabbageTreeTi/CabbageTreeTi/en">"Cabbage Tree – Ti"</a>. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Editor: A. H. McLintock. Originally published in 1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025233613/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/cabbage-tree-ti/1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cabbage+Tree+%E2%80%93+Ti&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Editor%3A+A.+H.+McLintock.+Originally+published+in+1966&rft.date=1966&rft.au=A.+L.+Poole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2F1966%2FC%2FCabbageTreeTi%2FCabbageTreeTi%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S98-19"><a href="#cite_ref-S98_19-0">^</a> Simpson, p.98 </li> <li id="cite_note-S41-20"><a href="#cite_ref-S41_20-0">^</a> Simpson, p.41 </li> <li id="cite_note-S68-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S68_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S68_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S68_21-2">c</a> Simpson, p.68 </li> <li id="cite_note-S71-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S71_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S71_22-1">b</a> Simpson, p.71 </li> <li id="cite_note-S58-23"><a href="#cite_ref-S58_23-0">^</a> Simpson, p.58 </li> <li id="cite_note-S69-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S69_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S69_24-1">b</a> Simpson, p.69 </li> <li id="cite_note-S70-71-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S70-71_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S70-71_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S70-71_25-2">c</a> Simpson, pp.70–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-S70-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S70_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S70_26-1">b</a> Simpson, p.70 </li> <li id="cite_note-S69,_71-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S69,_71_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S69,_71_27-1">b</a> Simpson, pp.69,71 </li> <li id="cite_note-S72-28"><a href="#cite_ref-S72_28-0">^</a> Simpson, p.72 </li> <li id="cite_note-S66-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S66_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S66_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S66_29-2">c</a> Simpson, p.66 </li> <li id="cite_note-S73-30"><a href="#cite_ref-S73_30-0">^</a> Simpson, p.73 </li> <li id="cite_note-MNZ-31"><a href="#cite_ref-MNZ_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=731640&page=4&term=G">"Cordyline australis (G.Forst.) Endl.; syntype"</a>. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024103623/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=731640&page=4&term=G">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+New+Zealand+Te+Papa+Tongarewa&rft.atitle=Cordyline+australis+%28G.Forst.%29+Endl.%3B+syntype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.tepapa.govt.nz%2Fobjectdetails.aspx%3Foid%3D731640%26page%3D4%26term%3DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPN-32"><a href="#cite_ref-IPN_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/index.html">"Dracaena australis"</a>. The International Plant Names Index. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310185644/http://www.ipni.org/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Plant+Names+Index&rft.atitle=Dracaena+australis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANB-33"><a href="#cite_ref-ANB_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBok-mun_Ho2006" class="citation web cs1">Bok-mun Ho (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpbr.gov.au/gnp/interns-2006/cordyline-obtecta.html">"Cordyline obtecta"</a>. Australian National Botanic Gardens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230164955/http://www.cpbr.gov.au/gnp/interns-2006/cordyline-obtecta.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cordyline+obtecta&rft.pub=Australian+National+Botanic+Gardens&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Bok-mun+Ho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpbr.gov.au%2Fgnp%2Finterns-2006%2Fcordyline-obtecta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-F-34"><a href="#cite_ref-F_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster1777" class="citation book cs1">Forster, G. (1777). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30413849_0002">A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4, and 5</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+round+the+World+in+His+Britannic+Majesty%27s+Sloop+Resolution%2C+Commanded+by+Capt.+James+Cook%2C+during+the+Years+1772%2C+3%2C+4%2C+and+5&rft.place=London&rft.date=1777&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb30413849_0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S77-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S77_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S77_35-1">b</a> Simpson, p.77 </li> <li id="cite_note-S95-36"><a href="#cite_ref-S95_36-0">^</a> Simpson, p.95 </li> <li id="cite_note-blusttrusell-37"><a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlustTrussel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265931196">"The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress"</a>. Oceanic Linguistics. 52 (2): 493–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2013.0016">10.1353/ol.2013.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146739541">146739541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+Comparative+Dictionary%3A+A+Work+in+Progress&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E493-%3C%2Fspan%3E523&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2013.0016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146739541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Trussel%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265931196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Tii.html">"*Tï (*Tii) Cordyline spp., "Cabbage trees" (Asparagaceae)"</a>. Te Māra Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C4%81ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=%2AT%C3%AF+%28%2ATii%29+Cordyline+spp.%2C+%22Cabbage+trees%22+%28Asparagaceae%29.&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Tii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlustTrussel2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Blust, Robert</a>; Trussel, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/28264#2/-0.8/169.5">"*siRi: a shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena"</a>. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 9 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Austronesian+Comparative+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%2AsiRi%3A+a+shrub%3A+Cordyline%2C+Dracaena&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Trussel%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facd.clld.org%2Fcognatesets%2F28264%232%2F-0.8%2F169.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIL-40"><a href="#cite_ref-WIL_40-0">^</a> Williams, H. W. (1971). A dictionary of the Maori language (7th ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer. </li> <li id="cite_note-B-41"><a href="#cite_ref-B_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest1931" class="citation journal cs1">Best, Elsdon (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_40_1931/Volume_40,_No._157/Maori_agriculture,_by_Elsdon_Best,_p_1-22">"Maori agriculture"</a>. Journal of the Polynesian Society. 40: 1–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206112850/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_40_1931/Volume_40,_No._157/Maori_agriculture,_by_Elsdon_Best,_p_1-22">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Maori+agriculture&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Elsdon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_40_1931%2FVolume_40%2C_No._157%2FMaori_agriculture%2C_by_Elsdon_Best%2C_p_1-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S143-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S143_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S143_42-1">b</a> Simpson, p.143 </li> <li id="cite_note-S143-145-43"><a href="#cite_ref-S143-145_43-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.143–145 </li> <li id="cite_note-S57-44"><a href="#cite_ref-S57_44-0">^</a> Simpson, p.57 </li> <li id="cite_note-S67-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S67_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S67_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S67_45-2">c</a> Simpson, p.67 </li> <li id="cite_note-DCF-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCF_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCF_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCF_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100518174948/http://doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/about-doc/concessions-and-permits/conservation-revealed/cabbage-tree-ti-kouka-lowres.pdf">"Cabbage tree/tī kōuka"</a> (PDF). Department of Conservation Factsheet. Department of Conservation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/about-doc/concessions-and-permits/conservation-revealed/cabbage-tree-ti-kouka-lowres.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 May 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Conservation+Factsheet&rft.atitle=Cabbage+tree%2Ft%C4%AB+k%C5%8Duka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fupload%2Fdocuments%2Fabout-doc%2Fconcessions-and-permits%2Fconservation-revealed%2Fcabbage-tree-ti-kouka-lowres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S67,_142-47"><a href="#cite_ref-S67,_142_47-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.67,142 </li> <li id="cite_note-DAW-48"><a href="#cite_ref-DAW_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1988" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, John (1988). Forest Vines to Snow Tussocks: The Story of New Zealand Plants. Wellington: Victoria University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86473-047-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86473-047-0"><bdi>0-86473-047-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forest+Vines+to+Snow+Tussocks%3A+The+Story+of+New+Zealand+Plants&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-86473-047-0&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S52-53-49"><a href="#cite_ref-S52-53_49-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.52–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-S53-54-50"><a href="#cite_ref-S53-54_50-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.53–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-S54-55-51"><a href="#cite_ref-S54-55_51-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.54–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-S89-52"><a href="#cite_ref-S89_52-0">^</a> Simpson, p.89 </li> <li id="cite_note-S108-53"><a href="#cite_ref-S108_53-0">^</a> Simpson, p.108 </li> <li id="cite_note-S109-54"><a href="#cite_ref-S109_54-0">^</a> Simpson, p.109 </li> <li id="cite_note-S110-55"><a href="#cite_ref-S110_55-0">^</a> Simpson, p.110 </li> <li id="cite_note-S112-56"><a href="#cite_ref-S112_56-0">^</a> Simpson, p.112 </li> <li id="cite_note-S111-57"><a href="#cite_ref-S111_57-0">^</a> Simpson, p.111 </li> <li id="cite_note-S108,_112-58"><a href="#cite_ref-S108,_112_58-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.108,112 </li> <li id="cite_note-S98-100-59"><a href="#cite_ref-S98-100_59-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.98–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-S80-82-60"><a href="#cite_ref-S80-82_60-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.80–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-S82-83-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S82-83_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S82-83_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S82-83_61-2">c</a> Simpson, pp.82–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-CAT-62"><a href="#cite_ref-CAT_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatedralBrunton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Catedral, Luis Ortiz; Brunton, Dianne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607123209/http://www.massey.ac.nz/~dhbrunto/pictures/news/luisNdianne_PsittaSceneFeb2006.pdf">"Advancing the knowledge of New Zealand's Red-crowned Kakariki"</a> (PDF). PsittaScene. 18 (1): 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massey.ac.nz/~dhbrunto/pictures/news/luisNdianne_PsittaSceneFeb2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PsittaScene&rft.atitle=Advancing+the+knowledge+of+New+Zealand%27s+Red-crowned+Kakariki&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Catedral&rft.aufirst=Luis+Ortiz&rft.au=Brunton%2C+Dianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massey.ac.nz%2F~dhbrunto%2Fpictures%2Fnews%2FluisNdianne_PsittaSceneFeb2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-63"><a href="#cite_ref-M_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwen1978" class="citation journal cs1">McEwen, W. M. (1978). "The food of the New Zealand pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae)". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 1: 99–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+food+of+the+New+Zealand+pigeon+%28Hemiphaga+novaeseelandiae%29&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=McEwen&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S150-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S150_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S150_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S150_64-2">c</a> Simpson, p.150 </li> <li id="cite_note-CLK-65"><a href="#cite_ref-CLK_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1903" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, George (1903). Notes on Early Life in New Zealand. Hobart: <a href="/wiki/J._Walch_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Walch & Sons">J. Walch & Sons</a>. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Early+Life+in+New+Zealand&rft.place=Hobart&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=J.+Walch+%26+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S83-84-66"><a href="#cite_ref-S83-84_66-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.83–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-S86-67"><a href="#cite_ref-S86_67-0">^</a> Simpson, p.86 </li> <li id="cite_note-S84-68"><a href="#cite_ref-S84_68-0">^</a> Simpson, p.84 </li> <li id="cite_note-RG-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RG_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RG_69-1">b</a> Rees-George, J., Robertson, G. I., & Hawthorne, B.T. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol20_1_53.pdf">Sudden decline of cabbage trees (Cordyline australis) in New Zealand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527063230/http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol20_1_53.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1990, Vol. 28: 363–366. </li> <li id="cite_note-S10-70"><a href="#cite_ref-S10_70-0">^</a> Simpson, p.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-S80-86-71"><a href="#cite_ref-S80-86_71-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.80–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-S87,_267-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S87,_267_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S87,_267_72-1">b</a> Simpson, pp.87,267 </li> <li id="cite_note-S267-73"><a href="#cite_ref-S267_73-0">^</a> Simpson, p.267 </li> <li id="cite_note-BEE65-74"><a href="#cite_ref-BEE65_74-0">^</a> Beever, p.65 </li> <li id="cite_note-O-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O_75-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwin2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Orwin, Joanna (1 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/shrubs-and-small-trees-of-the-forest/6">"Shrubs and small trees of the forest – Cabbage trees"</a>. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101024730/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/shrubs-and-small-trees-of-the-forest/6">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shrubs+and+small+trees+of+the+forest+%E2%80%93+Cabbage+trees&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft.aulast=Orwin&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.TeAra.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fshrubs-and-small-trees-of-the-forest%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1999" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Warwick (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzih.org.nz/pages/NZ-Plants-and-their-Story-59-69.pdf">"The domestication of New Zealand plants"</a> (PDF). New Zealand Plants and their Story: Proceedings of a conference held in Wellington, 1–3 October 1999. Wellington: Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture. pp. 59–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525151325/http://www.rnzih.org.nz/pages/NZ-Plants-and-their-Story-59-69.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Plants+and+their+Story%3A+Proceedings+of+a+conference+held+in+Wellington%2C+1%E2%80%933+October+1999&rft.atitle=The+domestication+of+New+Zealand+plants&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzih.org.nz%2Fpages%2FNZ-Plants-and-their-Story-59-69.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C174-175-77"><a href="#cite_ref-C174-175_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Cowan1930" class="citation web cs1">James Cowan (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121228181619/http://130.195.86.216/tm/scholarly/tei-CowYest-t1-body-d1-d13-d4.html">"The Maori: Yesterday and To-day"</a>. New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. Originally published by Whitcombe and Tombs Limited, Christchurch. pp. 174–175. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://130.195.86.216/tm/scholarly/tei-CowYest-t1-body-d1-d13-d4.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Electronic+Text+Centre&rft.atitle=The+Maori%3A+Yesterday+and+To-day&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=1930&rft.au=James+Cowan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F130.195.86.216%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-CowYest-t1-body-d1-d13-d4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCH12-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCH12_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCH12_78-1">b</a> Scheele, p.12 </li> <li id="cite_note-S146,_150-79"><a href="#cite_ref-S146,_150_79-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.146,150 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mckendry-raranga-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mckendry-raranga_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mckendry-raranga_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mckendry-raranga_80-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMckendry,_Lisa2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mckendry, Lisa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/discover/research/publications/records/vol55/raranga">"Māori archaeological textiles: a structural analysis of Māori raranga 'woven' basketry from the Waitakere Ranges in Auckland Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Papahou:_Records_of_the_Auckland_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Papahou: Records of the Auckland Museum">Papahou: Records of the Auckland Museum</a>. 55: 19–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32912%2FRAM.2020.55.2">10.32912/RAM.2020.55.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1174-9202">1174-9202</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27008990">27008990</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229659991">229659991</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106827316" class="extiw" title="d:Q106827316">Q106827316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papahou%3A+Records+of+the+Auckland+Museum&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+archaeological+textiles%3A+a+structural+analysis+of+M%C4%81ori+raranga+%26%2339%3Bwoven%26%2339%3B+basketry+from+the+Waitakere+Ranges+in+Auckland+Museum&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1174-9202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229659991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27008990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32912%2FRAM.2020.55.2&rft.au=Mckendry%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aucklandmuseum.com%2Fdiscover%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Frecords%2Fvol55%2Fraranga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCH11-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCH11_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCH11_81-1">b</a> Scheele, p.11 </li> <li id="cite_note-S160-82"><a href="#cite_ref-S160_82-0">^</a> Simpson, p.160 </li> <li id="cite_note-MUP-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MUP_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MUP_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=507f9308-4a3b-413f-8cbd-bc3398bdb9cc&theSearchString=cordyline~australis&SearchType=1&SearchPage=0&SearchDB=1&SearchGroup=&FieldSearch1=&FieldSearch2=&FieldSearch3=&Field1=1&Field2=1&Field3=1&FromSearch=true">"Cordyline australis. Tī kōuka"</a>. Maori Uses of Plants Database. Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724192813/http://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=507f9308-4a3b-413f-8cbd-bc3398bdb9cc&theSearchString=cordyline~australis&SearchType=1&SearchPage=0&SearchDB=1&SearchGroup=&FieldSearch1=&FieldSearch2=&FieldSearch3=&Field1=1&Field2=1&Field3=1&FromSearch=true">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maori+Uses+of+Plants+Database&rft.atitle=Cordyline+australis.+T%C4%AB+k%C5%8Duka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz%2FWebForms%2FPeoplePlantsDetails.aspx%3Ffirstcome%3Dfirstcome%26PKey%3D507f9308-4a3b-413f-8cbd-bc3398bdb9cc%26theSearchString%3Dcordyline~australis%26SearchType%3D1%26SearchPage%3D0%26SearchDB%3D1%26SearchGroup%3D%26FieldSearch1%3D%26FieldSearch2%3D%26FieldSearch3%3D%26Field1%3D1%26Field2%3D1%26Field3%3D1%26FromSearch%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S70-74-84"><a href="#cite_ref-S70-74_84-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.70–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-HBS-85"><a href="#cite_ref-HBS_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisBeever,_Ross_E.Smallfield,_Bruce2001" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Warwick; Beever, Ross E.; Smallfield, Bruce (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825X.2001.9512723">"Variation in response to cold damage by populations of Cordyline australis and of some other species of Cordyline (Lomandraceae)"</a>. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 39 (1): 147–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825X.2001.9512723">10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Variation+in+response+to+cold+damage+by+populations+of+Cordyline+australis+and+of+some+other+species+of+Cordyline+%28Lomandraceae%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0028825X.2001.9512723&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft.au=Beever%2C+Ross+E.&rft.au=Smallfield%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0028825X.2001.9512723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultaplantas.com/index.php/en/care-plants-from-a-to-c/1909-cordyline-australis-or-cabbage-tree-care-and-growing">Cordyline australis or Cabbage tree | Care and Growing</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFC-87"><a href="#cite_ref-GFC_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618152258/http://www.git-forestry.com/EucalyptusInScandinavia.htm">"Cabbage tree in Norway"</a>. GIT Forestry Consulting. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.git-forestry.com/EucalyptusInScandinavia.htm">the original</a> on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cabbage+tree+in+Norway&rft.pub=GIT+Forestry+Consulting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.git-forestry.com%2FEucalyptusInScandinavia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-W-88"><a href="#cite_ref-W_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggy_Wassilieff" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maggy Wassilieff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/gardens/1">"Gardens — Māori gardens"</a>. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522094907/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/gardens/1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gardens+%E2%80%94+M%C4%81ori+gardens&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.au=Maggy+Wassilieff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.TeAra.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fgardens%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S145-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S145_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S145_89-1">b</a> Simpson, p.145 </li> <li id="cite_note-SCH12-13-90"><a href="#cite_ref-SCH12-13_90-0">^</a> Scheele, pp.12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-S250-251-91"><a href="#cite_ref-S250-251_91-0">^</a> Simpson, pp.250–251 </li> <li id="cite_note-fg-92"><a href="#cite_ref-fg_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finegardening.com/plantguide/cordyline-australis-purple-tower-giant-dracaena.aspx">"Fine Gardening: Cordyline australis 'Purple Tower' (Giant dracaena, New Zealand cabbage palm)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104043013/http://www.finegardening.com/plantguide/cordyline-australis-purple-tower-giant-dracaena.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fine+Gardening%3A+Cordyline+australis+%27Purple+Tower%27+%28Giant+dracaena%2C+New+Zealand+cabbage+palm%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finegardening.com%2Fplantguide%2Fcordyline-australis-purple-tower-giant-dracaena.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverplants.com/annual/html/drace_ind.htm">"Denver Plants: Dracaena indivisa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115111952/http://denverplants.com/annual/html/drace_ind.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denver+Plants%3A+Dracaena+indivisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverplants.com%2Fannual%2Fhtml%2Fdrace_ind.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Dave's Garden – Cabbage Palm, Cabbage Tree, Ti Kouka, Torbay Palm, Dracaena Spike Cordyline australis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2237/">http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2237/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701221618/http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2237/">Archived</a> 2015-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHSPF-95"><a href="#cite_ref-RHSPF_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/4361/Cordyline-australis/Details">"Cordyline australis"</a>. www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101074655/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/4361/Cordyline-australis/Details">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rhs.org&rft.atitle=Cordyline+australis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F4361%2FCordyline-australis%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/79167/Cordyline-australis-Albertii-(v)/Details">"Cordyline australis 'Albertii'"</a>. RHS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030151427/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/79167/cordyline-australis-albertii-(v)/details">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cordyline+australis+%27Albertii%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F79167%2FCordyline-australis-Albertii-%28v%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124688/Cordyline-Sundance/Details">"RHS Plant Selector – Cordyline australis 'Sundance'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030151501/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/124688/cordyline-sundance/details">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RHS+Plant+Selector+%E2%80%93+Cordyline+australis+%27Sundance%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F124688%2FCordyline-Sundance%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/61447/Cordyline-australis-Torbay-Dazzler-(v)/Details">"RHS Plant Selector – Cordyline australis 'Torbay Dazzler'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030151413/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/61447/cordyline-australis-torbay-dazzler-(v)/details">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RHS+Plant+Selector+%E2%80%93+Cordyline+australis+%27Torbay+Dazzler%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F61447%2FCordyline-australis-Torbay-Dazzler-%28v%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/30608/Cordyline-Torbay-Red/Details">"Cordyline australis 'Torbay Red'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030151401/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/30608/cordyline-torbay-red/details">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cordyline+australis+%27Torbay+Red%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F30608%2FCordyline-Torbay-Red%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf">"AGM Plants – Ornamental"</a> (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180412/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AGM+Plants+%E2%80%93+Ornamental&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fpdfs%2Fagm-lists%2Fagm-ornamentals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeverForsterRees-GeorgeRobertson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Beever, R. E.; Forster, R. E.; Rees-George, J.; Robertson, G. I.; Wood, G.A.; Winks, C.J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol20_1_53.pdf">"Sudden decline of the cabbage tree (Cordyline australis): search for the cause"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Journal_of_Ecology" title="New Zealand Journal of Ecology">New Zealand Journal of Ecology</a>. 20: 53–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=Sudden+decline+of+the+cabbage+tree+%28Cordyline+australis%29%3A+search+for+the+cause&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Beever&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Forster%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Rees-George%2C+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+G.+I.&rft.au=Wood%2C+G.A.&rft.au=Winks%2C+C.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzes.org.nz%2Fnzje%2Ffree_issues%2FNZJEcol20_1_53.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Scheele, S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzih.org.nz/RNZIH_Journal/Pages_10-16_from_2007_Vol10_No2.pdf">The 2006 Banks Memorial Lecture: Cultural uses of New Zealand native plants</a>. New Zealand Garden Journal 1:10–16. Retrieved 2010-04-04.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2000" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Philip (November 2000). Dancing Leaves: The story of New Zealand's cabbage tree, ti kouka. Christchurch: <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury University Press">Canterbury University Press</a> / <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Conservation (New Zealand)">Department of Conservation (New Zealand)</a>. pp. 324 (560 colour illustrations). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908812-76-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-908812-76-0"><bdi>0-908812-76-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+Leaves%3A+The+story+of+New+Zealand%27s+cabbage+tree%2C+ti+kouka&rft.place=Christchurch&rft.pages=324+%28560+colour+illustrations%29&rft.pub=Canterbury+University+Press+%2F+Department+of+Conservation+%28New+Zealand%29&rft.date=2000-11&rft.isbn=0-908812-76-0&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACordyline+australis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cordyline_australis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cordyline australis">Cordyline australis</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Arkins, A. (2003). The Cabbage Tree. Auckland. <a href="/wiki/Reed_Publishing" title="Reed Publishing">Reed Publishing</a>.</li> <li>Harris, W. (2001). Horticultural and conservation significance of the genetic variation of cabbage trees (Cordyline spp.). In: Oates, M. R. ed. New Zealand plants and their story: proceedings of a conference held in Wellington 1–3 October 1999. Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Institute_of_Horticulture" title="Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture">Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture</a>. pp. 87–91.</li> <li>Harris, W. (2002). The cabbage tree. Journal of the Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture, 5, 3–9.</li> <li>Harris, W. (2003). Genotypic variation of height growth and trunk diameter of Cordyline australis (Lomandraceae) grown at three locations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 41, 637–652.</li> <li>Harris, W. (2004). Genotypic variation of dead leaf retention by Cordyline australis (Lomandraceae) populations and influence on trunk surface. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 42, 833–844.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5714" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5714" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Cordyline australis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379130" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2379130">Q2379130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_australis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cordyline australis">Cordyline australis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/79522">79522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=399925">399925</a></li> <li>Calflora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9076">9076</a></li> <li>Cal-IPC: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cordyline-australis-profile/">cordyline-australis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/YCSS">YCSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1087084">1087084</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CDLAU">CDLAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242430587">242430587</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cordyline%20australis">Cordyline australis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2766411">2766411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11503">11503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/50191">50191</a></li> <li>IPA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=18728">18728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/533544-1">533544-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=810159">810159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282400">282400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000457497">NHMSYS0000457497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1016831">1016831</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/d054b9ac-f95c-4d56-9adb-b588337d0d2d">d054b9ac-f95c-4d56-9adb-b588337d0d2d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=1744">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/159146/">159146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=131646">131646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cordyline+australis">Cordyline australis</a></li> <li>PFI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=9668">9668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-303137">kew-303137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/COAU12">COAU12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A533544-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:533544-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/4361/wd/Details">4361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/18405818">18405818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/1f7eae10-bd98-4ca0-9177-dced0cf80913">1f7eae10-bd98-4ca0-9177-dced0cf80913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000764205">wfo-0000764205</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379130#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007532440305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&oldid=1262355497">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&oldid=1262355497</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cordyline" title="Category:Cordyline">Cordyline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endemic_flora_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Endemic flora of New Zealand">Endemic flora of New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trees_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Trees of New Zealand">Trees of New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ornamental_trees" title="Category:Ornamental trees">Ornamental trees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trees_of_mild_maritime_climate" title="Category:Trees of mild maritime climate">Trees of mild maritime climate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Root_vegetables" title="Category:Root vegetables">Root vegetables</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Stephan_Endlicher" title="Category:Taxa named by Stephan Endlicher">Taxa named by Stephan Endlicher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plants_described_in_1786" title="Category:Plants described in 1786">Plants described in 1786</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austronesian_agriculture" title="Category:Austronesian agriculture">Austronesian agriculture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_New_Zealand_English_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use New Zealand English from July 2024">Use New Zealand English from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_New_Zealand_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English">All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2021">Use dmy dates from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_M%C4%81ori-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Māori-language text">Articles containing Māori-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_30%E2%80%9334_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 December 2024, at 23:46 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Cordyline australis</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 27 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-56d8db5f6f-4vmcc","wgBackendResponseTime":127,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.327","walltime":"1.702","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9853,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":145169,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16920,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":212144,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":34,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1523.057 1 -total"," 32.97% 502.131 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.84% 271.780 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 17.13% 260.931 1 Template:Speciesbox"," 16.71% 254.559 1 Template:Taxobox/core"," 12.89% 196.289 26 Template:Cite_web"," 9.48% 144.461 9 Template:Lang"," 6.40% 97.505 1 Template:Cite_Q"," 5.39% 82.149 1 Template:APNI2"," 5.36% 81.647 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.854","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22987302,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"1 1 Mckendry, Lisa\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-56d8db5f6f-bs7s8","timestamp":"20250213014844","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cordyline australis","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cordyline_australis","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2379130","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2379130","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-27T07:39:50Z","dateModified":"2024-12-10T23:46:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f7\/CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg","headline":"species of plant"}</script> </body> </html>