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of highways and engineering structures</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: construction of highways and engineering structures"> <meta name="keywords" content="construction of highways and engineering structures"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research 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</div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: construction of highways and engineering structures</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9924</span> Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Cracks on Road Surfaces and the Causes of Their Formation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ainura%20Kairanbayeva">Ainura Kairanbayeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, the issue of maintaining the operational condition of highways at the required level is acute in Kazakhstan. The impact of landslides on the state of the road industry in Kazakhstan has been poorly studied. This article presents the classification of natural hazards and examines the influence of atmospheric natural processes on the operational condition of the sections of the highway "Ayusai–Kosmostantsia" passing along the mountain slopes of the Trans-Ili Alatau. According to the results of field studies, multi-turn reflected cracks have been identified, this is also due to the fact that the base of the road is made of a sand-gravel mixture and is not treated with reinforcing additives and the actual density of the asphalt concrete pavement is below regulatory requirements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20materials%20and%20products" title="building materials and products">building materials and products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20of%20highways%20and%20engineering%20structures" title=" construction of highways and engineering structures"> construction of highways and engineering structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20processes" title=" construction processes"> construction processes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=displacements%20of%20the%20earth%27s%20surface" title=" displacements of the earth's surface"> displacements of the earth's surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geodynamic%20processes" title=" geodynamic processes"> geodynamic processes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168766/factors-affecting-the-occurrence-of-cracks-on-road-surfaces-and-the-causes-of-their-formation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9923</span> Investigating the Behavior of Underground Structures in the Event of an Earthquake</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Davoud%20Beheshtizadeh">Davoud Beheshtizadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farzin%20Malekpour"> Farzin Malekpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The progress of technology and producing new machinery have made a big change in excavation operations and construction of underground structures. The limitations of space and some other economic, politic and military considerations gained the attention of most developed and developing countries towards the construction of these structures for mine, military, and development objectives. Underground highways, tunnels, subways, oil reservoir resources, fuels, nuclear wastes burying reservoir and underground stores are increasingly developing and being used in these countries. The existence and habitability of the cities depend on these underground installations or in other words these vital arteries. Stopping the flow of water, gas leakage and explosion, collapsing of sewage paths, etc., resulting from the earthquake are among the factors that can severely harm the environment and increase the casualty. Lack of sewage network and complete stoppage of the flow of water in Bam (Iran) is a good example of this kind. In this paper, we investigate the effect of wave orientation on structures and deformation of them and the effect of faulting on underground structures, and then, we study resistance of reinforced concrete against earthquake, simulate two different samples, analyze the result and point out the importance of paying attention to underground installations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20structures" title="underground structures">underground structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title=" earthquake"> earthquake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20installations" title=" underground installations"> underground installations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axial%20deformations" title=" axial deformations"> axial deformations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86411/investigating-the-behavior-of-underground-structures-in-the-event-of-an-earthquake" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86411.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9922</span> Method for Predicting the Deformation of a Swelling Clay of the Region of N’Gaous (Batna, in Algeria)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferrah%20F.">Ferrah F.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baheddi%20M."> Baheddi M.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study relates to how water content in some clay soils affects their structure by increasing or decreasing the volume. These cyclic phenomena of swelling-shrinkage cause parasitic stresses in structures and at the foundation. These stresses create damage in buildings, highways, pavements, airports and structures lightly loaded. This study was conducted on soil from a site near the hospital of N'gaous (Batna), whose soil is at the origin of cracks in the filler walls of the hospital. After a few years of exploitation, and according to the findings of experts in subdivision of construction and urbanism (SUCH), cracks appeared just after the heavy rains that the region experienced in 1987. Our study shows the need to become aware of the importance of damages occasioned by swellings by adopting construction techniques to solve this problem. The study is to determine a methodology to take into account the effects of swelling in calculating long-term foundations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay" title="clay">clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=swelling" title=" swelling"> swelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shrinkage" title=" shrinkage"> shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=swelling%20pressure" title=" swelling pressure"> swelling pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressibility" title=" compressibility"> compressibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188293/method-for-predicting-the-deformation-of-a-swelling-clay-of-the-region-of-ngaous-batna-in-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">30</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9921</span> Study on the Pavement Structural Performance of Highways in the North China Region Based on Pavement Distress and Ground Penetrating Radar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mingwei%20Yi">Mingwei Yi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liujie%20Guo"> Liujie Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zongjun%20Pan"> Zongjun Pan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiang%20Lin"> Xiang Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoming%20Yi"> Xiaoming Yi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the rapid expansion of road construction mileage in China, the scale of road maintenance needs has concurrently escalated. As the service life of roads extends, the design of pavement repair and maintenance emerges as a crucial component in preserving the excellent performance of the pavement. The remaining service life of asphalt pavement structure is a vital parameter in the lifecycle maintenance design of asphalt pavements. Based on an analysis of pavement structural integrity, this study introduces a characterization and assessment of the remaining life of existing asphalt pavement structures. It proposes indicators such as the transverse crack spacing and the length of longitudinal cracks. The transverse crack spacing decreases with an increase in maintenance intervals and with the extended use of semi-rigid base layer structures, although this trend becomes less pronounced after maintenance intervals exceed 4 years. The length of longitudinal cracks increases with longer maintenance intervals, but this trend weakens after five years. This system can support the enhancement of standardization and scientific design in highway maintenance decision-making processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20integrity" title="structural integrity">structural integrity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highways" title=" highways"> highways</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavement%20evaluation" title=" pavement evaluation"> pavement evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphalt%20concrete%20pavement" title=" asphalt concrete pavement"> asphalt concrete pavement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181500/study-on-the-pavement-structural-performance-of-highways-in-the-north-china-region-based-on-pavement-distress-and-ground-penetrating-radar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181500.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9920</span> Analysis of Determinate and Indeterminate Structures: Applications of Non-Economic Structure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toral%20Khalpada">Toral Khalpada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanhai%20Joshi"> Kanhai Joshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Generally, constructions of structures built in India are indeterminate structures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of a structure that is proved to be non-economical. The testing practice involves the application of different types of loads on both, determinate and indeterminate structure by computing it on a software system named Staad and also inspecting them practically on the construction site, analyzing the most efficient structure and diagnosing the utilization of the structure which is not so beneficial as compared to other. Redundant structures (indeterminate structure) are found to be more reasonable. All types of loads were applied on the beams of both determinate and indeterminate structures parallelly on the software and the same was done on the site practically which proved that maximum stresses in statically indeterminate structures are generally lower than those in comparable determinate structures. These structures are found to have higher stiffness resulting in lesser deformations so indeterminate structures are economical and are better than determinate structures to use for construction. On the other hand, statically determinate structures have the benefit of not producing stresses because of temperature changes. Therefore, our study tells that indeterminate structure is more beneficial but determinate structure also has used as it can be used in many areas; it can be used for the construction of two hinged arch bridges where two supports are sufficient and where there is no need for expensive indeterminate structure. Further investigation is needed to contrive more implementation of the determinate structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title="construction">construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determinate%20structure" title=" determinate structure"> determinate structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indeterminate%20structure" title=" indeterminate structure"> indeterminate structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95993/analysis-of-determinate-and-indeterminate-structures-applications-of-non-economic-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95993.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9919</span> Cost Comparison between R.C.C. Structures and Composite Columns Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Assad%20Rashid">Assad Rashid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umair%20Ahmed"> Umair Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zafar%20Baig"> Zafar Baig</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new trend in construction is widely influenced by the use of Steel-Concrete Composite Columns. The rapid growth in Steel-Concrete Composite construction has widely decreased the conventional R.C.C structures. Steel Concrete composite construction has obtained extensive receiving around the globe. It is considering the fact that R.C.C structures construction is most suitable and economical for low-rise construction, so it is used in farming systems in most of the buildings. However, increased dead load, span restriction, less stiffness and risky formwork make R.C.C construction uneconomical and not suitable when it comes to intermediate to high-rise buildings. A Base + Ground +11 storey commercial building was designed on ETABS 2017 and made a comparison between conventional R.C.C and encased composite column structure. After performing Equivalent Static non-linear analysis, it has been found that construction cost is 13.01% more than R.C.C structure but encased composite column building has 7.7% more floor area. This study will help in understanding the behavior of conventional R.C.C structure and Encased Composite column structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20columns%20structure" title="composite columns structure">composite columns structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalent%20static%20non-linear%20analysis" title=" equivalent static non-linear analysis"> equivalent static non-linear analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparison%20between%20R.C.C%20and%20encased%20composite%20column%20structures" title=" comparison between R.C.C and encased composite column structures"> comparison between R.C.C and encased composite column structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost-effective%20structure" title=" cost-effective structure"> cost-effective structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140964/cost-comparison-between-rcc-structures-and-composite-columns-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140964.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9918</span> Reinforced Concrete Design Construction Issues and Earthquake Failure-Damage Responses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasan%20Husnu%20Korkmaz">Hasan Husnu Korkmaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serra%20Zerrin%20Korkmaz"> Serra Zerrin Korkmaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Earthquakes are the natural disasters that threat several countries. Turkey is situated on a very active earthquake zone. During the recent earthquakes, thousands of people died due to failure of reinforced concrete structures. Although Turkey has a very sufficient earthquake code, the design and construction mistakes were repeated for old structures. Lack of the control mechanism during the construction process may be the most important reason of failure. The quality of the concrete and poor detailing of steel or reinforcement is the most important headings. In this paper, the reasons of failure of reinforced concrete structures were summarized with relevant photos. The paper is beneficial for civil engineers as well as architect who are in the process of construction and design of structures in earthquake zones. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title="earthquake">earthquake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete%20structure" title=" reinforced concrete structure"> reinforced concrete structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure" title=" failure"> failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material" title=" material"> material</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47736/reinforced-concrete-design-construction-issues-and-earthquake-failure-damage-responses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47736.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9917</span> Top-Down Construction Method in Concrete Structures: Advantages and Disadvantages of This Construction Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadi%20Rouhi%20Belvirdi">Hadi Rouhi Belvirdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction of underground structures using the traditional method, which begins with excavation and the implementation of the foundation of the underground structure, continues with the construction of the main structure from the ground up, and concludes with the completion of the final ceiling, is known as the Bottom-Up Method. In contrast to this method, there is an advanced technique called the Top-Down Method, which has practically replaced the traditional construction method in large projects in industrialized countries in recent years. Unlike the traditional approach, this method starts with the construction of surrounding walls, columns, and the final ceiling and is completed with the excavation and construction of the foundation of the underground structure. Some of the most significant advantages of this method include the elimination or minimization of formwork surfaces, the removal of temporary bracing during excavation, the creation of some traffic facilities during the construction of the structure, and the possibility of using it in limited and high-traffic urban spaces. Despite these numerous advantages, unfortunately, there is still insufficient awareness of this method in our country, to the extent that it can be confidently stated that most stakeholders in the construction industry are unaware of the existence of such a construction method. However, it can be utilized as a very important execution option alongside other conventional methods in the construction of underground structures. Therefore, due to the extensive practical capabilities of this method, this article aims to present a methodology for constructing underground structures based on the aforementioned advanced method to the scientific community of the country, examine the advantages and limitations of this method and their impacts on time and costs, and discuss its application in urban spaces. Finally, some underground structures executed in the Ahvaz urban rail, which are being implemented using this advanced method to the best of our best knowledge, will be introduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=top-down%20method" title="top-down method">top-down method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bottom-up%20method" title=" bottom-up method"> bottom-up method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20structure" title=" underground structure"> underground structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20method" title=" construction method"> construction method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191086/top-down-construction-method-in-concrete-structures-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-this-construction-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">12</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9916</span> Effects of Coastal Structure Construction on Ecosystem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afshin%20Jahangirzadeh">Afshin Jahangirzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shatirah%20Akib"> Shatirah Akib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keyvan%20Kimiaei"> Keyvan Kimiaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Basser"> Hossein Basser</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coastal defense structures were built to protect part of shore from beach erosion and flooding by sea water. Effects of coastal defense structures can be negative or positive. Some of the effects are beneficial in socioeconomic aspect, but environment matters should be given more concerns because it can bring bad consequences to the earth landscape and make the ecosystem be unbalanced. This study concerns on the negative impacts as they are dominant. Coastal structures can extremely impact the shoreline configuration. Artificial structures can influence sediment transport, split the coastal space, etc. This can result in habitats loss and lead to noise and visual disturbance of birds. There are two types of coastal defense structures, hard coastal structure and soft coastal structure. Both coastal structures have their own impacts. The impacts are induced during the construction, maintaining, and operation of the structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecosystem" title="ecosystem">ecosystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20impact" title=" environmental impact"> environmental impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20coastal%20structures" title=" hard coastal structures"> hard coastal structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20coastal%20structures" title=" soft coastal structures"> soft coastal structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9173/effects-of-coastal-structure-construction-on-ecosystem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9915</span> Structural Rehabilitation, Retrofitting and Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manish%20Kumar">Manish Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reinforced cement concrete is getting extensively used for construction of different type of structures for the last one century. During this period, we have constructed many structures like buildings, bridges, industrial structures, pavement, water tanks etc. using this construction material. These structures have been created with huge investment of resources. It is essential to maintain those structures in functional condition. Since deterioration in RCC Structures is a common and natural phenomenon it is required to have a detailed plan, methodology for structural repair and rehabilitation shall be in place for dealing such issues. It is important to know exact reason of distress, type of distress and correct method of repair concrete structures. The different methods of repair are described in paper according to distress category which can be refereed for repair. Major finding of the study is that to protect our structure we need to have maintenance frequency and correct material to be chosen for repair. Also workmanship during repair needs to be taken utmost care for quality repair. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deterioration" title="deterioration">deterioration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20condition" title=" functional condition"> functional condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20cement%20concrete" title=" reinforced cement concrete"> reinforced cement concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resources" title=" resources"> resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41322/structural-rehabilitation-retrofitting-and-strengthening-of-reinforced-concrete-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41322.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9914</span> Social Construction of Sustainability and Quality of Life Indicators for Urban Passenger Transportation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tzay-An%20Shiau">Tzay-An Shiau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuan-Lin%20Ho"> Kuan-Lin Ho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study developed sustainability and quality of life indicators for urban passenger transportation by using Social Construction of Technology (SCOT). The initial indicators were proposed by referring to literatures and were summarized by using impact-based framework. Subsequently, the stakeholders were defined according to their interest, power and then classified into scientific, operational, policy making, policy monitoring and nonprofessional frames. The scientific frame consisted of nine scholars in transportation field. Ten representatives from Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation (TRTC), Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA) and bus operators were grouped into the operational frame. The policy making frame comprised of ten representatives from Department of Transportation, Taipei City Government (DOT, TCG), Department of Railways and Highways, Ministry of Transportation and Communication (DORH, MOTC), Directorate General of Highways, Ministry of Transportation and Communication (DGOH, MOTC) and Institute of Transportation, Ministry of Transportation and Communication (IOT, MOTC). The policy monitoring frame consisted of 15 representatives from Taipei City Councilor, legislator and reporter. The nonprofessional frame comprised of 72 Taipei citizens. The stakeholders were asked to evaluate the relative importance of indicators using Delphi survey method. Social construction of 14 transport sustainability indicators and 12 transport quality of life indicators were obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title="sustainability">sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20life" title=" quality of life"> quality of life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Social%20Construction%20of%20Technology%20%28SCOT%29" title=" Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)"> Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stakeholder" title=" stakeholder"> stakeholder</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23831/social-construction-of-sustainability-and-quality-of-life-indicators-for-urban-passenger-transportation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">465</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9913</span> Applications of Engineering Geology in Hydro Power Tunnel Projects in Himalayan Geological Regime</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rameh%20Chauhan">Rameh Chauhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tunnel construction in Himalayan rock is a challenging task due to fragile nature of the strata. Tunnel excavation carried out from lower Himalayas to high Himalayas in different metamorphic rock. Therefore application of engineering geology plays a vital role during various stage of the tunneling projects. Engineering geology is defined as application of geology to construction of civil structures through engineering practice. It is applied to the design, construction and performance aspects of engineering structure on the surface or sub-surface like dam, underground and surface power house, cut slopes, tunnels and underground storage cavern for nuclear material. But this paper emphasized mostly on underground structures like big caverns of Power house, desilting chambers, and tunnels of various sizes. Construction of these structures in the fragile rock conditions of Himalayan geology from Western Himalayas to Eastern Himalayas necessitated the application of the engineering geology on the micro-scale base for the stability, performance, and longevity of the civil structures. Number of hydropower projects have been constructed, some of them are under construction and under investigation stage. These projects are located in various parts of Himalayas under various seismic-tectonic zones. Tunneling works are involved in these projects. This paper represents the various engineering geological practices adopted in investigation and construction stage of various projects based on experiences gained during past construction histories in Himalayan geology of young mountains in very fragile geological conditions. Highlighting and sharing of use of these techniques on various platforms will definitely enhance the knowledge for carrying out the construction of various projects for the development of society. Construction of the tunnels, surface, and sub-surface caverns, dams, highway, metro, highway tunnels are all based on engineering geological parameters in combinations with other engineering considerations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavern-power%20house" title="cavern-power house">cavern-power house</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desilting%20chambers%20and%20tunnels" title=" desilting chambers and tunnels"> desilting chambers and tunnels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic-tectonic-zones" title=" seismic-tectonic-zones"> seismic-tectonic-zones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake-prone%20zones%20based%20on%20intensities" title=" earthquake-prone zones based on intensities"> earthquake-prone zones based on intensities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94706/applications-of-engineering-geology-in-hydro-power-tunnel-projects-in-himalayan-geological-regime" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9912</span> Building Information Models Utilization for Design Improvement of Infrastructure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keisuke%20Fujioka">Keisuke Fujioka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuta%20Itoh"> Yuta Itoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masaru%20Minagawa"> Masaru Minagawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shunji%20Kusayanagi"> Shunji Kusayanagi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, building information models of the underground temporary structures and adjacent embedded pipes were constructed to show the importance of the information on underground pipes adjacent to the structures to enhance the productivity of execution of construction. Next, the bar chart used in actual construction process were employed to make the Gantt chart, and the critical pass analysis was carried out to show that accurate information on the arrangement of underground existing pipes can be used for the enhancement of the productivity of the construction of underground structures. In the analyzed project, significant construction delay was not caused by unforeseeable existence of underground pipes by the management ability of the construction manager. However, in many cases of construction executions in the developing countries, the existence of unforeseeable embedded pipes often causes substantial delay of construction. Design change based on uncertainty on the position information of embedded pipe can be also important risk for contractors in domestic construction. So CPM analyses were performed by a project-management-software to the situation that influence of the tasks causing construction delay was assumed more significant. Through the analyses, the efficiency of information management on underground pipes and BIM analysis in the design stage for workability improvement was indirectly confirmed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building-information%20modelling" title="building-information modelling">building-information modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20information%20modelling" title=" construction information modelling"> construction information modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20improvement" title=" design improvement"> design improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title=" infrastructure"> infrastructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64066/building-information-models-utilization-for-design-improvement-of-infrastructure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9911</span> Production and Recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimira%20Vytlacilova">Vladimira Vytlacilova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recycling of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and their new reuse in structures is one of the solutions of environmental problems. Construction and demolition waste creates a major portion of total solid waste production in the world and most of it is used in landfills all the time. The paper deals with the situation of the recycling of the building and demolition waste in the Czech Republic during the recent years. The paper is dealing with questions of C&D waste recycling, it also characterizes construction and demolition waste in general, furthermore it analyses production of construction waste and subsequent production of recycled materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Construction%20and%20demolition%20waste" title=" Construction and demolition waste"> Construction and demolition waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Recycled%20rubble" title=" Recycled rubble"> Recycled rubble</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waste%20management" title=" Waste management"> Waste management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9598/production-and-recycling-of-construction-and-demolition-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9598.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9910</span> The Effect of Artificial Intelligence on Construction Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shady%20Gamal%20Aziz%20Shehata">Shady Gamal Aziz Shehata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Difficulty in defining construction quality arises due to perception based on the nature and requirements of the market, the different partners themselves and the results they want. Quantitative research was used in this constructivist research. A case-based study was conducted to assess the structures of positive attitudes and expectations in the context of quality improvement. A survey based on expert opinions was analyzed among construction organizations/companies operating in the construction industry in Pakistan. The financial strength, management structure and construction experience of the construction companies formed the basis of their selection. A good concept is visible at the project level and is seen as the most valuable part of the construction project. Each quality improvement technique was expected to increase the user's profits by improving the efficiency of the construction project. The Survey is useful for construction professionals to evaluate current construction concepts and expectations for the application of quality improvement techniques in construction projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation%20analysis" title="correlation analysis">correlation analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lean%20construction%20tools" title=" lean construction tools"> lean construction tools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lean%20construction" title=" lean construction"> lean construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistic%20regression%20analysis" title=" logistic regression analysis"> logistic regression analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20management" title=" risk management"> risk management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20construction%20quality" title=" safety construction quality"> safety construction quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expectation" title=" expectation"> expectation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improvement" title=" improvement"> improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185149/the-effect-of-artificial-intelligence-on-construction-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">59</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9909</span> Potential of Rice Husk Ash as a Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete for Highways Application </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ash%20Ahmed">Ash Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fraser%20Hyndman"> Fraser Hyndman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heni%20Fitriani"> Heni Fitriani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Kamau"> John Kamau</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The highway pavement is the biggest structural asset a government can construct and maintain. Concrete rigid pavements are used to carry traffic in large volumes across countries safely and efficiently. Pavement quality concrete mixes have high levels of cement which contribute to up to 10% of global CO₂ emissions. Currently the UK specifies (ground granulated blastfurnace slag) GGBS and (pulverised fuel ash) PFA to reduce the quantity of cement used in pavement construction. GGBS and PFA come from heavy industry that should not be relied upon to improve the sustainability of construction materials. This report shows that cement in pavement quality concrete can be replaced with rice husk ash (RHA) without causing adverse effects to the mechanical properties required for highways. RHA comes from the food production industry and is vital for the growing global population. It is thus a socially responsible objective to use a pozzolan in highway pavement construction that is sourced from an environmentally friendly industry. The report investigates the properties of RHA mixes and compares them to existing pavement quality mixes already used and specified. The report found that sieving RHA and not grinding it gives the best performance. Due to the low density of RHA the investigation found that replacing cement by volume rather than weight provided the best results. Findings showed that CEM II mixed with 20% RHA meets the required specification for pavement quality concrete and mitigates using the comparative CEM I. The investigation also notes that RHA is observed to be more reactive with CEM II rather than CEM I and suits early strength gains required for pavement construction. The report concludes that RHA is a sustainable material that reduces the embodied CO₂ of pavement quality concrete, which is well suited for UK highway specifications and has the potential to improve the lives of people living in the developing countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavement" title="pavement">pavement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pozzolan" title=" pozzolan"> pozzolan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice%20husk%20ash" title=" rice husk ash"> rice husk ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20concrete" title=" sustainable concrete"> sustainable concrete</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100542/potential-of-rice-husk-ash-as-a-partial-cement-replacement-in-concrete-for-highways-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100542.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">172</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9908</span> An Investigation on Interface Shear Resistance of Twinwall Units for Tank Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaylina%20Rana">Jaylina Rana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chanakya%20Arya"> Chanakya Arya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Stehle"> John Stehle</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hybrid precast twinwall concrete units, mainly used in basement, core and crosswall construction, are now being adopted in water retaining tank structures. Their use offers many advantages compared with conventional in-situ concrete alternatives, however, the design could be optimised further via a deeper understanding of the unique load transfer mechanisms in the system. In the tank application, twinwall units, which consist of two precast concrete biscuits connected by steel lattices and in-situ concrete core, are subject to bending. Uncertainties about the degree of composite action between the precast biscuits and hence flexural performance of the units necessitated laboratory tests to investigate the interface shear resistance. Testing was also required to assess both the leakage performance and buildability of a variety of joint details. This paper describes some aspects of this novel approach to the design/construction of tank structures as well as selected results from some of the tests that were carried out. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20construction" title="hybrid construction">hybrid construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=twinwall" title=" twinwall"> twinwall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precast%20construction" title=" precast construction"> precast construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20action" title=" composite action"> composite action</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12623/an-investigation-on-interface-shear-resistance-of-twinwall-units-for-tank-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">482</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9907</span> Self-Weight Reduction of Tall Structures by Taper Cladding System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Divya%20Dharshini%20Omprakash">Divya Dharshini Omprakash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjali%20Subramani"> Anjali Subramani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most of the tall structures are constructed using shear walls and tube systems in the recent decades. This makes the structure heavy and less resistant to lateral effects as the height of the structure goes up. This paper aims in the reduction of self-weight in tall structures by the use of Taper Cladding System (TCS) and also enumerates the construction techniques used in TCS. TCS has a tapering clad either fixed at the top or bottom of the structural core at the tapered end. This system eliminates the use of RC structural elements on the exterior of the structure and uses fewer columns only on the interior part to take up the gravity loads in order to reduce the self-weight of the structure. The self-weight reduction by TCS is 50% more compared to the present structural systems. The lateral loads on the hull will be taken care of by the tapered steel frame. Analysis were done to study the structural behaviour of taper cladded buildings subjected to lateral loads. TCS has a great impact in the construction of tall structures in seismic and dense urban areas. An effective construction management can be done by the use of Taper Cladding System. In this paper, sustainability, design considerations and implications of the system has also been discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lateral%20Loads%20Resistance" title="Lateral Loads Resistance">Lateral Loads Resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduction%20of%20self-weight" title=" reduction of self-weight"> reduction of self-weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable" title=" sustainable"> sustainable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taper%20clads" title=" taper clads"> taper clads</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50301/self-weight-reduction-of-tall-structures-by-taper-cladding-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50301.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9906</span> Hybrid Concrete Construction (HCC) for Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Bello%20Ibrahim">Muhammad Bello Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Auwal%20Zakari"> M. Auwal Zakari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aliyu%20Usman"> Aliyu Usman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hybrid concrete construction (HCC) combines all the benefits of pre-casting with the advantages of cast in-situ construction. Merging the two, as a hybrid structure, results in even greater construction speed, value, and the overall economy. Its variety of uses has gained popularity in the United States and in Europe due to its distinctive benefits. However, the increase of its application in some countries (including Nigeria) has been relatively slow. Several researches have shown that hybrid construction offers an ultra-high performance concrete that offers superior strength, durability and aesthetics with design flexibility and within sustainability credentials, based on the available and economically visible technologies. This paper examines and documents the criterion that will help inform the process of deciding whether or not to adopt hybrid concrete construction (HCC) technology rather than more traditional alternatives. It also the present situation of design, construction and research on hybrid structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20concrete%20construction" title="hybrid concrete construction">hybrid concrete construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20infrastructure%20development" title=" sustainable infrastructure development"> sustainable infrastructure development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20flexibility" title=" design flexibility"> design flexibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23660/hybrid-concrete-construction-hcc-for-sustainable-infrastructure-development-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">561</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9905</span> A Review on the Necessities of Green Building in Bangladesh and Its Construction Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syeda%20Afsana%20Azad">Syeda Afsana Azad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate change, due to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere has been recognized as one of the biggest threats to the present world. The condition of the earth is getting worse day by day due to climate change. Bangladesh is considered to be one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change due to large population, sharp urbanization, etc. Construction of green building is a very good solution to reduce the greenhouse effect. Green building technology refers to that kind of structures which are environmentally friendly and resource-efficient throughout a building’s service life. This technology can provide at least 50% energy saving opportunity to the nation. The necessity of the construction of structures in an environment-friendly way is increasing now. This study shows the scenario of rapid population growth, urbanization, necessity of green building in Bangladesh and also discusses the construction process of green building. As the present climate condition of Bangladesh is not friendly, construction of green building is very much needed. To battle climate change, it is mandatory to construct green building. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20building" title=" green building"> green building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20house%20effect" title=" green house effect"> green house effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83938/a-review-on-the-necessities-of-green-building-in-bangladesh-and-its-construction-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83938.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9904</span> Architectural Strategies for Designing Durable Steel Structural Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Taghdiri">Alireza Taghdiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Ghanbarzade%20Ghomi"> Sara Ghanbarzade Ghomi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, steel structures are used for not only common buildings but also high-rise construction and wide span covering. The advanced methods of construction as well as the advanced structural connections have a great effect on architecture. However a better use of steel structural systems will be achieved with the deep understanding of steel structures specifications and their substantial advantages. On the other hand, the steel structures face to the different environmental factors such as air flow which cause erosion and corrosion. With the time passing, the amount of these steel mass damages and also the imposed stress will be increased. In other words, the position of erosion in steel structures related to existing stresses indicates that effective environmental conditions will gradually decrease the structural resistance of steel components and result in decreasing the durability of steel components. In this paper, the durability of different steel structural components is evaluated and on the basis of these stress, architectural strategies for designing the system and the components of steel structures is recognized in order to achieve an optimum life cycle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title="durability">durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20stress" title=" bending stress"> bending stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=erosion%20in%20steel%20structure" title=" erosion in steel structure"> erosion in steel structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle" title=" life cycle"> life cycle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18159/architectural-strategies-for-designing-durable-steel-structural-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18159.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">560</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9903</span> Study on Effectiveness of Strategies to Re-Establish Landscape Connectivity of Expressways with Reference to Southern Expressway Sri Lanka</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20G.%20I.%20Aroshana">N. G. I. Aroshana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Edirisooriya"> S. Edirisooriya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Construction of highway is the most emerging development tendency in Sri Lanka. With these development activities, there are a lot of environmental and social issues started. Landscape fragmentation is one of the main issues that highly effect to the environment by the construction of expressways. Sri Lankan expressway system getting effort to treat fragmented landscape by using highway crossing structures. This paper designates, a highway post construction landscape study on the effectiveness of the landscape connectivity structures to restore connectivity. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), least cost path tool has been used in the selected two plots; 25km alone the expressway to identify animal crossing paths. Animal accident data use as measure for determining the most contributed plot for landscape connectivity. Number of patches, Mean patch size, Class area use as a parameter to determine the most effective land use class to reestablish the landscape connectivity. The findings of the research express scrub, grass and marsh were the most positively affected land use typologies for increase the landscape connectivity. It represents the growth increased by 8% within the 12 years of time. From the least cost analysis within the plot one, 28.5% of total animal crossing structures are within the high resistance land use classes. Southern expressway used reinforced compressed earth technologies for construction. It has been controlled the growth of the climax community. According to all findings, it could assume that involvement of the landscape crossing structures contributes to re-establish connectivity, but it is not enough to restore the majority of disturbance performed by the expressway. Connectivity measures used within the study can use as a tool for re-evaluate future involvement of highway crossing structures. Proper placement of the highway crossing structures leads to increase the rate of connectivity. The study recommends that monitoring the all stages (preconstruction, construction and post construction) of the project and preliminary design, and the involvement of the research applied connectivity assessment strategies helps to overcome the complication regarding the re-establishment of landscape connectivity using the highway crossing structures that facilitate the growth of flora and fauna. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landscape%20fragmentation" title="landscape fragmentation">landscape fragmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=least%20cost%20path" title=" least cost path"> least cost path</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use%20analysis" title=" land use analysis"> land use analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landscape%20connectivity%20structures" title=" landscape connectivity structures"> landscape connectivity structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82592/study-on-effectiveness-of-strategies-to-re-establish-landscape-connectivity-of-expressways-with-reference-to-southern-expressway-sri-lanka" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82592.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9902</span> Research the Causes of Defects and Injuries of Reinforced Concrete and Stone Construction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akaki%20Qatamidze">Akaki Qatamidze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Implementation of the project will be a step forward in terms of reliability in Georgia and the improvement of the construction and the development of construction. Completion of the project is expected to result in a complete knowledge, which is expressed in concrete and stone structures of assessing the technical condition of the processing. This method is based on a detailed examination of the structure, in order to establish the injuries and the elimination of the possibility of changing the structural scheme of the new requirements and architectural preservationists. Reinforced concrete and stone structures research project carried out in a systematic analysis of the important approach is to optimize the process of research and development of new knowledge in the neighboring areas. In addition, the problem of physical and mathematical models of rational consent, the main pillar of the physical (in-situ) data and mathematical calculation models and physical experiments are used only for the calculation model specification and verification. Reinforced concrete and stone construction defects and failures the causes of the proposed research to enhance the effectiveness of their maximum automation capabilities and expenditure of resources to reduce the recommended system analysis of the methodological concept-based approach, as modern science and technology major particularity of one, it will allow all family structures to be identified for the same work stages and procedures, which makes it possible to exclude subjectivity and addresses the problem of the optimal direction. It discussed the methodology of the project and to establish a major step forward in the construction trades and practical assistance to engineers, supervisors, and technical experts in the construction of the settlement of the problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building" title="building">building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete" title=" reinforced concrete"> reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expertise" title=" expertise"> expertise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stone%20structures" title=" stone structures "> stone structures </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36714/research-the-causes-of-defects-and-injuries-of-reinforced-concrete-and-stone-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36714.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9901</span> Application of the Critical Decision Method for Monitoring and Improving Safety in the Construction Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20Carlos%20Rubio%20Romero">Juan Carlos Rubio Romero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francico%20Salguero%20Caparros"> Francico Salguero Caparros</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Virginia%20Herrera-P%C3%A9rez"> Virginia Herrera-Pérez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> No one is in the slightest doubt about the high levels of risk involved in work in the construction industry. They are even higher in structural construction work. The Critical Decision Method (CDM) is a semi-structured interview technique that uses cognitive tests to identify the different disturbances that workers have to deal with in their work activity. At present, the vision of safety focused on daily performance and things that go well for safety and health management is facing the new paradigm known as Resilience Engineering. The aim of this study has been to describe the variability in formwork labour on concrete structures in the construction industry and, from there, to find out the resilient attitude of workers to unexpected events that they have experienced during their working lives. For this purpose, a series of semi-structured interviews were carried out with construction employees with extensive experience in formwork labour in Spain by applying the Critical Decision Method. This work has been the first application of the Critical Decision Method in the field of construction and, more specifically, in the execution of structures. The results obtained show that situations categorised as unthought-of are identified to a greater extent than potentially unexpected situations. The identification during these interviews of both expected and unexpected events provides insight into the critical decisions made and actions taken to improve resilience in daily practice in this construction work. From this study, it is clear that it is essential to gain more knowledge about the nature of the human cognitive process in work situations within complex socio-technical systems such as construction sites. This could lead to a more effective design of workplaces in the search for improved human performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resilience%20engineering" title="resilience engineering">resilience engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20industry" title=" construction industry"> construction industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unthought-of%20situations" title=" unthought-of situations"> unthought-of situations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20decision%20method" title=" critical decision method"> critical decision method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144822/application-of-the-critical-decision-method-for-monitoring-and-improving-safety-in-the-construction-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144822.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9900</span> Vertical Urbanization Over Public Structures: The Example of Mostar Junction in Belgrade, Serbia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sladjana%20Popovic">Sladjana Popovic</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of vertical space urbanization, defined in English as "air rights development," can be considered a mechanism for the development of public spaces in urban areas of high density. A chronological overview of the transformation of space within the vertical projection of the existing traffic infrastructure that penetrates through the central areas of a city is given in this paper through the analysis of two illustrative case studies: more advanced and recent - "Plot 13" in Boston, and less well-known European example of structures erected above highways throughout Italy - the "Pavesi auto grill" chain. The backbone of this analysis is the examination of the possibility of yielding air rights within the vertical projection of public structures in the two examples by considering the factors that would enable its potential application in capitals in Southeastern Europe. The cession of air rights in the Southeastern Europe region, as a phenomenon, has not been a recognized practice in urban planning. In a formal sense, legal and physical feasibility can be seen to some extent in local models of structures built above protected historical heritage (i.e., archaeological sites); however, the mechanisms of the legal process of assigning the right to use and develop air rights above public structures is not a recognized concept. The goal of the analysis is to shed light on the influence of institutional participants in the implementation of innovative solutions for vertical urbanization, as well as strategic planning mechanisms in public-private partnership models that would enable the implementation of the concept in the region. The main question is whether the manipulation of the vertical projection of space could provide for innovative urban solutions that overcome the deficit and excessive use of the available construction land, particularly above the dominant public spaces and traffic infrastructure that penetrate central parts of a city. Conclusions reflect upon vertical urbanization that can bridge the spatial separation of the city, reduce noise pollution and contribute to more efficient urban planning along main transportation corridors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20rights%20development" title="air rights development">air rights development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovative%20urbanism" title=" innovative urbanism"> innovative urbanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnership" title=" public-private partnership"> public-private partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport%20infrastructure" title=" transport infrastructure"> transport infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20urbanization" title=" vertical urbanization"> vertical urbanization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156754/vertical-urbanization-over-public-structures-the-example-of-mostar-junction-in-belgrade-serbia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156754.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9899</span> Study of Management of Waste Construction Materials in Civil Engineering Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jalindar%20R.%20Patil">Jalindar R. Patil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harish%20P.%20Gayakwad"> Harish P. Gayakwad </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The increased economic growth across the globe as well as urbanization in developing countries have led into extensive construction activities that generate large amounts of wastes. Material wastage in construction projects resulted into huge financial setbacks to builders and contractors. In addition to this, it may also cause significant effects over aesthetics, health, and the general environment. However in many cities across the globe where construction wastes material management is still a problem. In this paper, the discussion is all about the method for the management of waste construction materials. The objectives of this seminar are to identify the significant source of construction waste globally, to improve the performance of by extracting the major barriers construction waste management and to determine the cost impact on the construction project. These wastes needs to be managed as well as their impacts needs to be ascertained to pave way for their proper management. The seminar includes the details of construction waste management with the reference to construction project. The application of construction waste management in the civil engineering projects is to describe the reduction in the construction wastes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20engineering" title="civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20materials" title=" construction materials"> construction materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title=" waste management"> waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20activities" title=" construction activities"> construction activities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24011/study-of-management-of-waste-construction-materials-in-civil-engineering-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24011.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">530</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9898</span> Assessing the Influence of Using Traditional Methods of Construction on Cost and Quality of Building Construction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Musoke%20Ivan">Musoke Ivan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Birungi%20Racheal"> Birungi Racheal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction trend is characterized by increased use of modern methods yet traditional methods are cheaper in terms of costs, in addition to the benefits it offers to the construction sector, like providing more jobs that could have been worked with the intensive machines. The purpose of this research was to assess the influence of using Traditional methods of construction (TMC) on the costs and quality of building structures and determine the different ways. Traditional methods of construction (TMC) can be applicable and integrated into the construction trend, and propose ways how this can be a success. The study adopted a quantitative method approach targeting various construction professionals like Architects, Quantity surveyors, Engineers, and Construction Managers. Questionnaires and analyses of literature were used to obtain research data and findings. Simple random sampling was used to select 40 construction professionals to which questionnaires were administered. The data was then analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The findings of the research indicate that Traditional methods of construction (TMCs) in Uganda are cheaper in terms of costs, but the quality is still low. This is attributed to a lack of skilled labour and efficient supervision while undertaking tasks leading to low quality. The study identifies strategies that would improve Traditional methods of construction (TMC), which include the employment of skilled manpower and effective supervision. It also identifies the need by stakeholders like the government, clients, and professionals to appreciate Traditional methods of construction (TMCs) and allow for a levelled ground for Traditional Methods of Construction and Modern methods of construction (MMCs). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20methods%20of%20construction" title="traditional methods of construction">traditional methods of construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration" title=" integration"> integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title=" cost"> cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179242/assessing-the-influence-of-using-traditional-methods-of-construction-on-cost-and-quality-of-building-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179242.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9897</span> Necessity of Using Cellular Lightweights Concrete in Construction Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soner%20Guler">Soner Guler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fuat%20Korkut"> Fuat Korkut</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the using of lightweights concretes in construction sector is rapidly increasing all over the world. Faster construction, low density and thermal transmitting coefficient and high fire resistance are the remarkable characteristics of the lightweight concretes. Lightweight concrete can be described as a type of concrete which enhance the volume of the mixture while giving additional advantages such as to reduce the dead weight of the structures. It is lighter than the conventional concrete. The use of lightweight concrete has been widely spread across countries such as USA, United Kingdom, and Sweden. In this study, the necessity of the using of lightweights concretes in the construction sector is emphasized and evaluated briefly for the architectures and civil engineers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lightweights%20concretes" title="lightweights concretes">lightweights concretes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20density" title=" low density"> low density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20thermal%20coefficient" title=" low thermal coefficient"> low thermal coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20sector" title=" construction sector"> construction sector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53001/necessity-of-using-cellular-lightweights-concrete-in-construction-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53001.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">511</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9896</span> Structural Optimization of Shell and Arched Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mitchell%20Gohnert">Mitchell Gohnert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryan%20Bradley"> Ryan Bradley</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper reviews some fundamental concepts of structural optimization, which are based on the type of materials used in construction and the shape of the structure. The first step in structural optimization is to break down all internal forces in a structure into fundamental stresses, which are tensions and compressions. Knowing the stress patterns directs our selection of structural shapes and the most appropriate type of construction material. In our selection of materials, it is essential to understand all construction materials have flaws, or micro-cracks, which reduce the capacity of the material, especially when subjected to tensions. Because of material defects, many construction materials perform significantly better when subjected to compressive forces. Structures are also more efficient if bending moments are eliminated. Bending stresses produce high peak stresses at each face of the member, and therefore, substantially more material is required to resist bending. The shape of the structure also has a profound effect on stress levels. Stress may be reduced dramatically by simply changing the shape. Catenary, triangular and linear shapes are the fundamental structural forms to achieve optimal stress flow. If the natural flow of stress matches the shape of the structures, the most optimal shape is determined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arches" title="arches">arches</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economy%20of%20stresses" title=" economy of stresses"> economy of stresses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20strength" title=" material strength"> material strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shells" title=" shells"> shells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139139/structural-optimization-of-shell-and-arched-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9895</span> Weaknesses and Performance Defects of Steel Structures According to the Executive Criteria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehsan%20Sadie">Ehsan Sadie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the experience of heavy losses and damages of recent earthquakes such as 8 km E of Pāhala, Hawaii, 11 km W of Salvaleón de Higüey, Dominican Republic and 49 km SSE of Punta Cana, Dominican Republic earthquakes, the possibility of large earthquakes in most populated areas of any country and the serious need for quality control in the design and implementation of buildings, not enough attention has been paid to the proper construction. Steel structures constitute a significant part of construction in any metropolitan area. This article gives a brief overview of the implementation status of these buildings in urban areas and considers the weaknesses of performance that typically occur due to negligence or insufficient mastery of the building supervisor in the principles of operation of earthquake-resistant buildings, and provide appropriate and possible solutions to improve the construction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bracing%20member" title="bracing member">bracing member</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentrated%20load" title=" concentrated load"> concentrated load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diaphragm%20system" title=" diaphragm system"> diaphragm system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake%20engineering" title=" earthquake engineering"> earthquake engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load-bearing%20system" title=" load-bearing system"> load-bearing system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20force" title=" shear force"> shear force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20retrofitting" title=" seismic retrofitting"> seismic retrofitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20building" title=" steel building"> steel building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strip%20foundation" title=" strip foundation"> strip foundation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supervising%20engineer" title=" supervising engineer"> supervising engineer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerability%20of%20building" title=" vulnerability of building"> vulnerability of building</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144524/weaknesses-and-performance-defects-of-steel-structures-according-to-the-executive-criteria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20of%20highways%20and%20engineering%20structures&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20of%20highways%20and%20engineering%20structures&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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