CINXE.COM
Research Areas » MIT Physics
<!doctype html> <!--[if lt IE 9]><html class="no-js no-svg ie lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7" lang="en-US"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9]><html class="no-js no-svg ie ie9 lt-ie9 lt-ie8" lang="en-US"> <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 9]><!--><html class="no-js no-svg" lang="en-US"> <!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="description" content="The Official Website of MIT Department of Physics"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/themes/mit-physics/style.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="author" href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/themes/mit-physics/humans.txt" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://physics.mit.edu/xmlrpc.php" /> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.8 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Research Areas » MIT Physics</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Research Areas » MIT Physics" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MIT Physics" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/mitphysics" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-02-11T15:38:55+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MIT_Physics" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/","url":"https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/","name":"Research Areas » MIT Physics","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://physics.mit.edu/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-05-18T21:07:19+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-11T15:38:55+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://physics.mit.edu/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Research","item":"https://physics.mit.edu/research/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Research Areas"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://physics.mit.edu/#website","url":"https://physics.mit.edu/","name":"MIT Physics","description":"The Official Website of MIT Department of Physics","publisher":{"@id":"https://physics.mit.edu/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://physics.mit.edu/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://physics.mit.edu/#organization","name":"MIT Department of Physics","url":"https://physics.mit.edu/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://physics.mit.edu/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/physics_logo-vertical.png","contentUrl":"https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/physics_logo-vertical.png","width":2250,"height":2100,"caption":"MIT Department of Physics"},"image":{"@id":"https://physics.mit.edu/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/mitphysics","https://x.com/MIT_Physics","https://www.instagram.com/physicsmit/","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcFn1bSiwXgkM_sJkAMqqaQ","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Physics"]}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ajax.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//physics.mit.edu' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MIT Physics » Feed" href="https://physics.mit.edu/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MIT Physics » Comments Feed" href="https://physics.mit.edu/comments/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/physics.mit.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='formidable-css' href='https://physics.mit.edu/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=frmpro_css&ver=11142210' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://physics.mit.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='pantheon-google-map-block-css-css' href='https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-gutenberg-block-google-maps/assets/css/style.836e5da587e9ec9692c0.css?ver=1733873107' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 786px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 786px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="opus-wp-theme-popper-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/themes/mit-physics/assets/js/bootstrap.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="opus-wp-theme-bootstrap-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/themes/mit-physics/assets/js/vendor.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="vendorjs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/themes/mit-physics/assets/js/custom.js?ver=6.6.2" id="customjs-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/653" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://physics.mit.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://physics.mit.edu/?p=653' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.mit.edu%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-areas%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.mit.edu%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-areas%2F&format=xml" /> <script>document.documentElement.className += " js";</script> <link rel="icon" href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/cropped-physics-favicon-2-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/cropped-physics-favicon-2-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/cropped-physics-favicon-2-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/cropped-physics-favicon-2-270x270.png" /> <!-- Hotjar Tracking Code for http://physics.mit.edu/index.html --> <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:1584379,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-2137428-2"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-2137428-2'); </script> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-653 page-child parent-pageid-1154 wp-embed-responsive" data-template="base.twig"> <a class="skip-link skip-link sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header class="header" > <div class="header__wrapper"> <!-- utility-nav --> <div class="container d-none d-lg-block utility-navigation"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <nav class="nav justify-content-end"> <a class="nav-link" target="" href="https://physics.mit.edu/events/">Events Calendar</a> <a class="nav-link" target="" href="https://physics.mit.edu/events/david-and-edith-harris-physics-colloquium-series/">Physics Colloquia</a> <a class="nav-link" target="" href="https://physics.mit.edu/physics-directory/">Directory</a> <a class="nav-link" href="/wp-login.php?action=wp-saml-auth&redirect_to=https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/">Login</a> <a class="nav-link" target="" href="https://physics.mit.edu/contact-us/">Contact</a> <form role="search" method="get" id="searchform" class="searchform" action="https://physics.mit.edu/"> <div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="s">Search for:</label> <input type="text" value="" name="s" id="s" /> <input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" /> </div> </form> <button class="search-form-toggle" aria-controls="searchform" aria-expanded="false">Search</button> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <!-- main-nav --> <div id="sticky-main-nav" class="main-nav--wrapper d-none d-lg-block"> <!-- logo --> <div class="container d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <div class="combined-logo"> <!--a class="logo logo--mit" href="https://www.mit.edu" rel="home"><span class="sr-only">MIT</span></a--> <a class="logo logo--physics" href="https://physics.mit.edu" rel="home"><span class="sr-only">MIT Physics</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <nav id="main-nav" class="main-nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/"><h2>About</h2></a> <button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “About”</span></span></button> <div class="mega-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/diversity-inclusion-in-mit-physics/">Diversity & Inclusion</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/community-values/">Community Values</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/visiting-mit-physics/">Visiting MIT Physics</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/employment-opportunities/">Employment</a> </h4> </div> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/physics-directory/">People Directory</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/">Faculty Directory</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/our-history/">History of MIT Physics</a> </h4> </div> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-login.php?action=wp-saml-auth&redirect_to=https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/policies-and-procedures/">Administration</a> </h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-login.php?action=wp-saml-auth&redirect_to=https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/policies-and-procedures/">Policies and Procedures</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-login.php?action=wp-saml-auth&redirect_to=https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/committees/">Departmental Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/#meettheteam">Academic Programs Team</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/finance-team/">Finance Team</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/"><h2>Academic Programs</h2></a> <button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “Academic Programs”</span></span></button> <div class="mega-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="/academic-programs/#meettheteam">Meet the Academic Programs Team</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/undergrads/">For Undergraduate Students</a> </h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/prospective-undergrads/">Prospective Students</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/undergrads/requirements/">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/undergrads/student-employment-opportunities/">Employment Opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/undergrads/research-opportunities/">Research Opportunities</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/">For Graduate Students</a> </h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/graduate-admissions/">Graduate Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/doctoral-guidelines/">Doctoral Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/thesis/">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/financial-support/">Financial Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/resources/">Graduate Student Resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/psds-phd/">PhD in Physics, Statistics, and Data Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/subjects/mitleaps/">MIT LEAPS Program</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/physics-student-groups/">Physics Student Groups</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/mentoring-programs/">Mentoring Programs Information</a> </h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/mentoring-programs/#undergrads">for Undergraduate Students</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/mentoring-programs/#grads">for Graduate Students</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/mentoring-programs/#faculty">Mentoring Programs Info for Faculty</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/subjects/">Subjects</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/non-degree-programs/">Non-degree Programs</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/student-awards/">Student Awards & Honors</a> </h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/"><h2>Research</h2></a> <button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “Research”</span></span></button> <div class="mega-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-lg-3 col-lg-9"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/">Research Areas</a> </h4> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/astrophysics-observation-instrumentation-and-experiment/">Astrophysics Observation, Instrumentation, and Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/astrophysics-theory/">Astrophysics Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/atomic-physics/">Atomic Physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/biophysics/">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/condensed-matter-experiment/">Condensed Matter Experiment</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/condensed-matter-theory/">Condensed Matter Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/high-energy-and-particle-theory/">High Energy and Particle Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/nuclear-physics-experiment/">Nuclear Physics Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/particle-physics-experiment/">Particle Physics Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/plasma-physics/">Plasma Physics</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/quantum-gravity-and-field-theory/">Quantum Gravity and Field Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/quantum-information-science/">Quantum Information Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/strong-interaction-and-nuclear-theory/">Strong Interactions and Nuclear Theory</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/labs-centers/center-for-theoretical-physics/">Center for Theoretical Physics</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/labs-centers/">Affiliated Labs & Centers</a> </h4> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/pappalardo-fellowships-in-physics/">Pappalardo Fellowships</a> </h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/pappalardo-fellowships-in-physics/neil-pappalardo/">Program Founder</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/pappalardo-fellowships-in-physics/pappalardo-symposium/">Symposia</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/pappalardo-fellowships-in-physics/competition/">Competition</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/">Faculty</a></li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/support-physics/"><h2>Giving</h2></a> <button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “Giving”</span></span></button> <div class="mega-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/support-physics/donor-profiles/">Donor Profiles</a> </h4> </div> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/support-physics/patrons-of-physics-fellows/">Patrons of Physics Fellows Society</a> </h4> </div> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/support-physics/#opportunities">Giving Opportunties</a> </h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/news/"><h2>News</h2></a> <button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “News”</span></span></button> <div class="mega-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/news/">Latest Physics News</a> </h4> </div> <div class="col col-lg-3"> <h4> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/news/journal/">Physics Journal: Fall 2024 Edition</a> </h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- mobile-nav --> <div class="navbar navbar--mobile navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark d-lg-none"> <div class="combined-logo"> <!--a class="logo logo--mit" href="https://www.mit.edu" rel="home"><span class="sr-only">MIT</span></a--> <a class="logo logo--physics" href="https://physics.mit.edu" rel="home"><span class="sr-only">MIT Physics</span></a> </div> <button class="navbar-toggler collapsed" id="navbar-toggler"data-target="#mobile-navigation" aria-controls="mobile-navigation" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-line"></span> <span class="navbar-toggler-line"></span> <span class="navbar-toggler-line"></span> </button> </div> <div id="mobile-navigation" class="mobile-navigation d-lg-none"> <div class="mobile-menu-wrapper"> <ul class="navbar-nav mobile-menu"> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/">About</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “About”</span></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown-1"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/diversity-inclusion-in-mit-physics/">Diversity & Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/community-values/">Community Values</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/visiting-mit-physics/">Visiting MIT Physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/employment-opportunities/">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/physics-directory/">People Directory</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/">Faculty Directory</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/our-history/">History of MIT Physics</a></li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-login.php?action=wp-saml-auth&redirect_to=https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/policies-and-procedures/">Administration</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “Administration”</span></span></a> <ul class="list-unstyled dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-login.php?action=wp-saml-auth&redirect_to=https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/policies-and-procedures/">Policies and Procedures</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-login.php?action=wp-saml-auth&redirect_to=https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/committees/">Departmental Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/#meettheteam">Academic Programs Team</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/finance-team/">Finance Team</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/">Academic Programs</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “Academic Programs”</span></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown-1"> <li><a href="/academic-programs/#meettheteam">Meet the Academic Programs Team</a></li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/undergrads/">For Undergraduate Students</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “For Undergraduate Students”</span></span></a> <ul class="list-unstyled dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/prospective-undergrads/">Prospective Students</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/undergrads/requirements/">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/undergrads/student-employment-opportunities/">Employment Opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/undergrads/research-opportunities/">Research Opportunities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/">For Graduate Students</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “For Graduate Students”</span></span></a> <ul class="list-unstyled dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/graduate-admissions/">Graduate Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/doctoral-guidelines/">Doctoral Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/thesis/">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/financial-support/">Financial Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/resources/">Graduate Student Resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/graduate-students/psds-phd/">PhD in Physics, Statistics, and Data Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/subjects/mitleaps/">MIT LEAPS Program</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/physics-student-groups/">Physics Student Groups</a></li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/mentoring-programs/">Mentoring Programs Information</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “Mentoring Programs Information”</span></span></a> <ul class="list-unstyled dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/mentoring-programs/#undergrads">for Undergraduate Students</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/mentoring-programs/#grads">for Graduate Students</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/mentoring-programs/#faculty">Mentoring Programs Info for Faculty</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/subjects/">Subjects</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/non-degree-programs/">Non-degree Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/academic-programs/student-awards/">Student Awards & Honors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/">Research</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “Research”</span></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown-1"> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/research-areas/">Research Areas</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “Research Areas”</span></span></a> <ul class="list-unstyled dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/astrophysics-observation-instrumentation-and-experiment/">Astrophysics Observation, Instrumentation, and Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/astrophysics-theory/">Astrophysics Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/atomic-physics/">Atomic Physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/biophysics/">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/condensed-matter-experiment/">Condensed Matter Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/condensed-matter-theory/">Condensed Matter Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/high-energy-and-particle-theory/">High Energy and Particle Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/nuclear-physics-experiment/">Nuclear Physics Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/particle-physics-experiment/">Particle Physics Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/plasma-physics/">Plasma Physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/quantum-gravity-and-field-theory/">Quantum Gravity and Field Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/quantum-information-science/">Quantum Information Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/strong-interaction-and-nuclear-theory/">Strong Interactions and Nuclear Theory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/labs-centers/center-for-theoretical-physics/">Center for Theoretical Physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/labs-centers/">Affiliated Labs & Centers</a></li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/pappalardo-fellowships-in-physics/">Pappalardo Fellowships</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “Pappalardo Fellowships”</span></span></a> <ul class="list-unstyled dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/pappalardo-fellowships-in-physics/neil-pappalardo/">Program Founder</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/pappalardo-fellowships-in-physics/pappalardo-symposium/">Symposia</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research/pappalardo-fellowships-in-physics/competition/">Competition</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/">Faculty</a></li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/support-physics/">Giving</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “Giving”</span></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown-1"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/support-physics/donor-profiles/">Donor Profiles</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/support-physics/patrons-of-physics-fellows/">Patrons of Physics Fellows Society</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/support-physics/#opportunities">Giving Opportunties</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-submenu"> <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/news/">News</a> <a class="caret" aria-role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span><span class="sr-only">show submenu for “News”</span></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown-1"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/news/">Latest Physics News</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/news/journal/">Physics Journal: Fall 2024 Edition</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="navbar-nav mobile-menu"> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/events/">Events Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/events/david-and-edith-harris-physics-colloquium-series/">Physics Colloquia</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/physics-directory/">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wp-login.php?action=wp-saml-auth&redirect_to=">Login</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/contact-us/">Contact</a></li> <li> <form role="search" method="get" id="searchform" class="searchform" action="https://physics.mit.edu/"> <div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="s">Search for:</label> <input type="text" value="" name="s" id="s" /> <input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" /> </div> </form> <button class="search-form-toggle" aria-controls="searchform" aria-expanded="false">Search</button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <section id="content" role="main" class="content-wrapper content-wrapper--page"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <article class="post-type-page" id="post-653"> <div class="research-areas-header"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-lg-7"> <h1>Research Areas</h1> <div class="research-areas-header__intro"> The MIT Department of Physics is recognized as a worldwide leader in physics research, providing students with opportunities across a wide range of fields. We strive to be at the forefront of many areas where new physics can be found. While we often study the simplest things, such as individual atoms, we study the most complicated things too: unusual materials like high temperature superconductors and those that are important in biology. By pushing the limits, we have the chance to observe new general principles and to test theories of the structure and behavior of matter and energy. Our physics faculty and researchers are active members of several international collaborations including the Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica, the Magellan Project at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Switzerland, and the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory in Louisiana (Livingston) and Washington State (Hanford). </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="query query-research-areas-wrapper "> <div class="query-wrangler"> <div class="query-wrangler__content"> <div class="research-areas"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/astrophysics-observation-instrumentation-and-experiment/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/AstroExperiment2-4-aspect-ratio-1280-615-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/AstroExperiment2-4-aspect-ratio-1280-615-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/AstroExperiment2-4-aspect-ratio-1280-615-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/AstroExperiment2-4-aspect-ratio-1280-615-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/AstroExperiment2-4-aspect-ratio-1280-615-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/AstroExperiment2-4-aspect-ratio-1280-615-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/AstroExperiment2-4-aspect-ratio-1280-615-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="" "" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Astrophysics Observation, Instrumentation, and Experiment </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/astrophysics-theory/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AstroTheory2-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AstroTheory2-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AstroTheory2-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AstroTheory2-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AstroTheory2-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AstroTheory2-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AstroTheory2-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="" "" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Astrophysics Theory </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/atomic-physics/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AtomicPhysics-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AtomicPhysics-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AtomicPhysics-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AtomicPhysics-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AtomicPhysics-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AtomicPhysics-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AtomicPhysics-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="Atomic Physics" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Atomic Physics </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/biophysics/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/biophysics2-2-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/biophysics2-2-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/biophysics2-2-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/biophysics2-2-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/biophysics2-2-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/biophysics2-2-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/biophysics2-2-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="" "" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Biophysics </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/condensed-matter-experiment/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CMX-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CMX-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CMX-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CMX-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CMX-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CMX-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CMX-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="CMX" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Condensed Matter Experiment </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/condensed-matter-theory/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CMT-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CMT-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CMT-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CMT-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CMT-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CMT-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CMT-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="CMT" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Condensed Matter Theory </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/high-energy-and-particle-theory/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HighEnergyParticle-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HighEnergyParticle-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HighEnergyParticle-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HighEnergyParticle-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HighEnergyParticle-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HighEnergyParticle-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HighEnergyParticle-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="" "" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> High Energy and Particle Theory </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/nuclear-physics-experiment/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/NuclearExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/NuclearExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/NuclearExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/NuclearExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/NuclearExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/NuclearExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/NuclearExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Nuclear Physics Experiment </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/particle-physics-experiment/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ParticleExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ParticleExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ParticleExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ParticleExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ParticleExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ParticleExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ParticleExperiment-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="Particle Experiment" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Particle Physics Experiment </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/plasma-physics/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/born_of_turbulence-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/born_of_turbulence-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/born_of_turbulence-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/born_of_turbulence-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/born_of_turbulence-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/born_of_turbulence-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/born_of_turbulence-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="The figure shows the turbulent phase of a 2D ab initio kinetic simulation of the plasma in a collisionless accretion disk obtained with the OSIRIS Particle-in-Cell code." typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Plasma Physics </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/quantum-gravity-and-field-theory/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/QuantumGravityFieldTheory-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/QuantumGravityFieldTheory-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/QuantumGravityFieldTheory-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/QuantumGravityFieldTheory-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/QuantumGravityFieldTheory-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/QuantumGravityFieldTheory-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/QuantumGravityFieldTheory-scaled-aspect-ratio-1280-615-scaled-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="" "" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Quantum Gravity and Field Theory </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/quantum-information-science/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/QuantumInformationScience-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/QuantumInformationScience-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/QuantumInformationScience-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/QuantumInformationScience-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/QuantumInformationScience-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/QuantumInformationScience-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/QuantumInformationScience-aspect-ratio-1280-615-1-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="" "" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Quantum Information Science </div> </a> </div><div class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="https://physics.mit.edu/research-areas/strong-interaction-and-nuclear-theory/" class="research-area-card"> <div class="research-area-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/StongInteractionsNuclearTheory-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/StongInteractionsNuclearTheory-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/StongInteractionsNuclearTheory-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/StongInteractionsNuclearTheory-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1079px)" type="image/jpeg"> <source srcset="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/StongInteractionsNuclearTheory-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-269x179-c-default.jpg 1x, https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/StongInteractionsNuclearTheory-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-538x358-c-default.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg"> <img decoding="async" src="https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/StongInteractionsNuclearTheory-aspect-ratio-1280-615-3-269x179-c-default.jpg" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image"> </picture> </div> <div class="research-area-card__title"> Strong Interactions and Nuclear Theory </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="query-wrangler__pager text-center"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <div class=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="query-wrangler__footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div><!-- /content-wrapper --> </div> </section> <footer id="footer" class="text-center"> <div class="footer__menu container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm"> <h2 class="sr-only">Footer Menu</h2> <nav class="nav justify-content-center"> <a target="" href="https://physics.mit.edu/support-physics/">Giving</a> <a target="" href="https://physics.mit.edu/physics-directory/">Directory</a> <a target="" href="https://physics.mit.edu/contact-us/">Contact Us</a> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__social container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm"> <h2 class="sr-only">Social Media Links</h2> <nav class="nav justify-content-center"> <a class="opus-icon icon-twitter" target="" href="https://twitter.com/MIT_Physics"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a> <a class="opus-icon icon-instagram" target="" href="https://www.instagram.com/physicsmit/"><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a> <a class="opus-icon icon-facebook" target="" href="https://www.facebook.com/mitphysics"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a> <a class="opus-icon icon-youtube" target="" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/MITDepartmentofPhysics/"><span class="sr-only">Youtube</span></a> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__info container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm"> MIT Department of Physics<br /> 77 Massachusetts Avenue<br /> Building 4, Room 304<br /> Cambridge, MA 02139 <br /> 617–253–4800 </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__copyright container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm"> © 2024 MIT Physics </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__sub-menu container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm"> <h2 class="sr-only">Footer Menu</h2> <nav class="nav justify-content-center"> <a target="" href="https://emergency.mit.edu/">For Emergencies</a> <a target="" href="https://accessibility.mit.edu/">Accessibility</a> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </body> </html>