A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia

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Both species are characterized by greater brain size, increased body height and smaller teeth relative to Pliocene Australopithecus in Africa. Here we report the discovery, from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia, of an adult hominin with stature and endocranial volume approximating 1 m and 380 cm3, respectively—equal to the smallest-known australopithecines. The combination of primitive and derived features assigns this hominin to a new species, Homo floresiensis. The most likely explanation for its existence on Flores is long-term isolation, with subsequent endemic dwarfing, of an ancestral H. erectus population. 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data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-P_-Brown-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-P_-Brown-Aff1" data-author-search="Brown, P." data-corresp-id="c1">P. Brown<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-T_-Sutikna-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-T_-Sutikna-Aff2" data-author-search="Sutikna, T.">T. Sutikna</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M__J_-Morwood-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-M__J_-Morwood-Aff1" data-author-search="Morwood, M. J.">M. J. Morwood</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-R__P_-Soejono-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-R__P_-Soejono-Aff2" data-author-search="Soejono, R. P.">R. P. Soejono</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth--Jatmiko-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth--Jatmiko-Aff2" data-author-search="Jatmiko, "> Jatmiko</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-E_-Wayhu_Saptomo-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-E_-Wayhu_Saptomo-Aff2" data-author-search="Wayhu Saptomo, E.">E. Wayhu Saptomo</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 7 authors for this article" title="Show all 7 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Rokus-Awe_Due-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Rokus-Awe_Due-Aff2" data-author-search="Awe Due, Rokus">Rokus Awe Due</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 431</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>1055–1061 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2004</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">19k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">632 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">801 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nature02999/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Currently, it is widely accepted that only one hominin genus, <i>Homo</i>, was present in Pleistocene Asia, represented by two species, <i>Homo erectus</i> and <i>Homo sapiens</i>. Both species are characterized by greater brain size, increased body height and smaller teeth relative to Pliocene <i>Australopithecus</i> in Africa. Here we report the discovery, from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia, of an adult hominin with stature and endocranial volume approximating 1 m and 380 cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively—equal to the smallest-known australopithecines. The combination of primitive and derived features assigns this hominin to a new species, <i>Homo floresiensis</i>. The most likely explanation for its existence on Flores is long-term isolation, with subsequent endemic dwarfing, of an ancestral <i>H. erectus</i> population. Importantly, <i>H. floresiensis</i> shows that the genus <i>Homo</i> is morphologically more varied and flexible in its adaptive responses than previously thought.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature02999" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article body"> </div> <div class="c-article-access-provider u-mb-32 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data-track-label="link">Contact customer support</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="u-display-none"> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 1: The LB1 cranium and mandible in lateral and three-quarter views, and cranium in frontal, posterior, superior and inferior views.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig1_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig1_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="207" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 2: Rendered three-dimensional and individual midsagittal CT section views of the LB1 cranium and mandible.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig2_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig2_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="151"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 3: Relationship between endocranial volume and femur length in LB1, <i>A. afarensis</i>, <i>A. africanus</i>, early <i>Homo</i> sp., <i>H. erectus</i> and modern <i>H. sapiens</i>.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig3_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig3_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 4: Right lateral and occlusal views of the LB1 mandible, sagittal profile of the symphysis, occlusal view of the mandibular dentition and occlusal views of the mandibular premolars.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig4_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig4_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="159" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 5: Mean buccolingual tooth crown breadths for mandibular teeth in <i>A. afarensis</i> (filled circles), <i>A. africanus</i> (open circles), early <i>Homo</i> sp. (open squares), modern <i>H. sapiens</i> (filled squares), LB1 (filled stars) and LB2 (open stars).</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig5_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig5_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="302"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 6: Comparison of the left innominate from LB1 with a modern adult female <i>H. sapiens</i>.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig6_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig6_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="256"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 7: Anterior and posterior views of the LB1 right femur and tibia, with cross-sections of the femur neck and midshaft, and tibia midshaft.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig7_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02999_Fig7_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="295"></picture></div></div></figure></div> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-50649-7/MediaObjects/41467_2024_50649_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-50649-7?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 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Spoor and L. Aiello for data and discussion. Comments by F. Spoor and D. Lieberman greatly improved aspects of the original manuscript. Conversation with S. Collier, C. Groves, T. White and P. Grave helped clarify some issues. CT scans were produced by CT-Scan KSU, Medical Diagnostic Nusantara, Jakarta. S. Wasisto completed complex section drawings and assisted with the excavation of Sector VII. The 2003 excavations at Liang Bua, undertaken under Indonesian Centre for Archaeology Permit Number 1178/SB/PUS/BD/24.VI/2003, were funded by a Discovery Grant to M.J.M. from the Australian Research Council. UNE Faculty of Arts, and M. Macklin, helped fund the manufacture of stereolithographic models of LB1.Authors contributions P.B. reconstructed the LB1 cranium and was responsible for researching and writing this article, with M.J.M. T.S. directed many aspects of the Liang Bua excavations, including the recovery of the hominin skeleton. M.J.M. and R.P.S. are Principal Investigators and Institutional Counterparts in the ARC project, as well as Co-Directors of the Liang Bua excavations. E.W.S. and Jatmiko assisted T.S., and had prime responsibility for the work in Sector VII. R.A.D. did all of the initial faunal identifications at Liang Bua, including hominin material, and helped clean and conserve it.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Archaeology & Palaeoanthropology, School of Human & Environmental Studies, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">P. Brown & M. J. Morwood</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Indonesian Centre for Archaeology, Jl. Raya Condet Pejaten No. 4, Jakarta, 12001, Indonesia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">T. Sutikna, R. P. Soejono, Jatmiko, E. Wayhu Saptomo & Rokus Awe Due</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-P_-Brown-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">P. 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Brown</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec6-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec6">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec6-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_BFnature02999_MOESM1_ESM.doc" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 1</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Comparative cranial and mandibular dimensions and indices for LB1, <i>A. africanus</i>, early <i>Homo</i>, <i>Homo erectus</i>, and a robust modern <i>H. sapiens</i> sample. (DOC 103 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM2"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 2" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_BFnature02999_MOESM2_ESM.doc" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 2</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Buccolingual crown dimensions for the maxillary and mandibular teeth of LB1, and male and female modern <i>H. sapiens</i> (mm). (DOC 42 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM3"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary figure 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_BFnature02999_MOESM3_ESM.jpg" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Figure 1</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>First and second principal component scores of linear measurements of the cranial vault in LB1, Indonesian, African and European <i>H. erectus</i>,<i> H. habilis</i> and <i>Australopithecus africanus</i>. (JPG 42 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM4"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary figure 2" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_BFnature02999_MOESM4_ESM.jpg" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Figure 2</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Distal and occlusal views of the isolated LB2 mandibular left P3. Scale bar, 1 cm. (JPG 59 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM5"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary text file" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02999/MediaObjects/41586_2004_BFnature02999_MOESM5_ESM.doc" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Text File</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Captions for supplementary figures and tables, discussion and description of methods used. 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A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia | Nature