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World Wide Web (WWW) - GeeksforGeeks

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Misinformation on the internet spreads very easily." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is the world's first website?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "The first website is info.cern.ch." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is a URL?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, it is an online address that is given to the web page." } } ] }</script> <script> var arrPostCat = new Array(); var arrPostCatName="ComputerNetworks"; arrPostCat.push('2051'); var tIds = "2051,2355"; var termsNames = "ComputerNetworks,ComputerSubject,Webtechnologies"; var tIdsInclusiveParents = "2051,2355,2050"; var domain = 1; var arrPost = new Array(); var post_id = "324530"; var post_type = "post"; var post_slug = window.location.href; var ip = "64.252.70.109"; var post_title = `World Wide Web (WWW)`; var post_status = "publish"; var practiceAPIURL="https://practiceapi.geeksforgeeks.org/"; var practiceURL="https://practice.geeksforgeeks.org/"; 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class="three_dot_dropdown_div three_dot_dropdown_reportarticle"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_inner_div" data-gfg-action="report-article" onclick="report_article();"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_report"></i> <span>Report</span> </div> </div> <!-- <button data-gfg-action="like-article" data-bookmark-value="0"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_thumbs"></i> </button> --> </div> <div class="article--viewer_Gnews tooltip"> <a class="three_dot_dropdown_inner_div Gnews_wrapper" href ='https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMLTrzwsw44bnAw?hl=en-IN&gl=IN&ceid=IN%3Aen' target="_blank"> <img class="gfg-icon_Gnews no-zoom-in-cursor" src=https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/Google-news.svg loading="lazy" alt="News"></img> <span class='kebab_menu_news_text'>Follow</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text"> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>WWW stands for World Wide Web and is commonly known as the Web. The WWW was started by CERN in 1989.&nbsp; WWW is defined as the collection of different websites around the world, containing different information shared via local servers(or computers). </span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>Web pages are linked together using hyperlinks which are HTML-formatted and, also referred to as hypertext, these are the fundamental units of the Internet and are accessed through </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/http-full-form/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)</span></a><span>. Such digital connections, or links, allow users to easily access desired information by connecting relevant pieces of information. The benefit of hypertext is it allows you to pick a word or phrase from the text and click on other sites that have more information about it. This data may be presented in text, picture, audio, or video formats on the internet.</span></p><div id="GFG_AD_gfg_mobile_336x280" style="margin: 5px 0;"></div> <h2 style="text-align:left"><b><strong>History of the WWW</strong></b></h2> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>It is a project created, by Tim Berner Lee in 1989, for researchers to work together effectively at CERN. It is an organization, named the </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/w3c-full-form/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)</span></a><span>, which was developed for further development of the web. This organization is directed by Tim Berner&#8217;s Lee, aka the father of the web.&nbsp; CERN, where Tim Berners worked, is a community of more than 1700 researchers from more than 100 countries. These researchers spend a little time on CERN and the rest of the time they work at their colleges and national research facilities in their home country, so there was a requirement for solid communication so that they can exchange data.&nbsp;</span></p> <h2 style="text-align:left"><b><strong>System Architecture</strong></b></h2> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>From the user&#8217;s point of view, the web consists of a vast, worldwide connection of documents or web pages. Each page may contain links to other pages anywhere in the world. The pages can be retrieved and viewed by using browsers of which internet explorer, Netscape Navigator, Google Chrome, etc are the popular ones. The browser fetches the page requested interprets the text and formatting commands on it, and displays the page, properly formatted, on the screen.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span>The basic model of how the web works are shown in the figure below. Here the browser is displaying a web page on the client machine. When the user clicks on a line of text that is linked to a page on the abd.com server, the browser follows the hyperlink by sending a message to the abd.com server asking it for the page.&nbsp;</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20190717221909/Untitled-Diagram-125.jpg" alt="System Architecture" width="inherit" height="inherit"><br /><span>Here the browser displays a web page on the client machine when the user clicks on a line of text that is linked to a page on abd.com, the browser follows the hyperlink by sending a message to the abd.com server asking for the page.&nbsp;</span></p> <h2 style="text-align:left"><b><strong>Working of WWW</strong></b></h2> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>A Web browser is used to access web pages. Web browsers can be defined as programs which display text, data, pictures, animation and video on the Internet. Hyperlinked resources on the World Wide Web can be accessed using software interfaces provided by Web browsers. Initially, Web browsers were used only for surfing the Web but now they have become more universal.</span></p><div id="GFG_AD_Desktop_InContent_ATF_336x280" style="text-align:center; max-height: 280px;"></div><div id="GFG_AD_gfg_mobile_336x280_1" style="margin: 5px 0;"></div> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>The below diagram indicates how the Web operates just like </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/client-server-model/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>client-server architecture</span></a><span> of the internet. When users request web pages or other information, then the web browser of your system request to the server for the information and then the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/web-server-and-its-type/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>web server</span></a><span>&nbsp; provide requested services to web browser back and finally the requested service is utilized by the user who made the request.</span></p><div id="_GFG_ABP_Incontent_728x90" style="text-align:center;"></div> <div style="width: 810px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20240229113623/WWW-660.jpg" alt="WWW" width="660" height="310" srcset="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20240229113623/WWW.jpg 757w,https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20240229113623/WWW-100.jpg 100w,https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20240229113623/WWW-200.jpg 200w,https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20240229113623/WWW-300.jpg 300w,https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20240229113623/WWW-660.jpg 660w" loading="lazy"><p class="wp-caption-text">World Wide Web</p></div> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>Web browsers can be used for several tasks including conducting searches, mailing, transferring files, and much more. Some of the commonly used browsers are Internet Explorer, Opera Mini, and Google Chrome.&nbsp;</span></p> <h2 style="text-align:left"><b><strong>Features of WWW</strong></b></h2> <ul> <li value="1"><span>WWW is open source.</span></li> <li value="2"><span>It is a distributed system spread across various websites.</span></li> <li value="3"><span>It is a Hypertext Information System.&nbsp;</span></li> <li value="4"><span>It is Cross-Platform.&nbsp;</span></li> <li value="5"><span>Uses Web Browsers to provide a single interface for many services.</span></li> <li value="6"><span>Dynamic, Interactive and Evolving.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <h2 style="text-align:left"><b><strong>Components of the Web</strong></b></h2> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>There are 3 components of the web:</span></p> <ul> <li value="1"><b><strong>Uniform Resource Locator (URL): </strong></b><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/components-of-a-url/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b><strong>URL</strong></b><span> </span></a><span>serves as a system for resources on the web.&nbsp;</span></li> <li value="2"><b><strong>Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): </strong></b><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/http-full-form/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b><strong>HTTP</strong></b><span> </span></a><span>specifies communication of browser and server.&nbsp;</span></li> <li value="3"><b><strong>Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML): </strong></b><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/html-introduction/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b><strong>HTML</strong></b></a><span> defines the structure, organisation and content of a web page.&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <h2 style="text-align:left"><span>Difference Between WWW and Internet</span></h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th> <p dir="ltr"><span>WWW</span></p> </th> <th> <p dir="ltr"><span>Internet</span></p> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p dir="ltr"><span>It is originated in 1989.</span></p> </td> <td> <p dir="ltr"><span>It is originated in 1960.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p dir="ltr"><span>WWW is an interconnected network of websites and documents that can be accessed via the Internet.</span></p> </td> <td> <p dir="ltr"><span>Internet is used to connect a computer with other computer .</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p dir="ltr"><span>WWW used protocols such as HTTP</span></p> </td> <td> <p dir="ltr"><span>Internet used protocols such as </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tcp-ip-in-computer-networking/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>TCP/IP</span></a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p dir="ltr"><span>It is based on software.</span></p> </td> <td> <p dir="ltr"><span>It is based on hardware.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p dir="ltr"><span>It is a service contained inside an infrastructure.</span></p> </td> <td> <p dir="ltr"><span>There is a entire infrastructure in internet.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align:left"><span>Web Browser Evolution and the Growth of the World Wide Web</span></h2> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>In the early 1990s, Tim Berners-Lee and his team created a basic text web browser. It was the release of the more user-friendly Mosaic browser in 1993 that really sparked widespread interest in the World Wide Web (WWW). Mosaic had a clickable interface similar to what people were already familiar with on personal computers, which made it easier for everyone to use the internet.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>Mosaic was developed by Marc Andreessen and others in the United States. They later made Netscape Navigator, which became the most popular browser in 1994. Microsoft&#8217;s Internet Explorer took over in 1995 and held the top spot for many years. </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mozilla-firefox-browser/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Mozilla Firefox</span></a><span> came out in 2004, followed by Google Chrome in 2008, both challenging IE&#8217;s dominance. In 2015, Microsoft replaced Internet Explorer with Microsoft Edge.</span></p> <h2 style="text-align:left"><span>Challenges of the World Wide Web</span></h2> <ul> <li value="1"><b><strong>Privacy Concerns</strong></b><span>: Personal data is often collected and misused.</span></li> <li value="2"><b><strong>Security Risks</strong></b><span>: Vulnerable to hacking, phishing, and malware.</span></li> <li value="3"><b><strong>Digital Divide</strong></b><span>: Unequal access to the internet globally.</span></li> <li value="4"><b><strong>Misinformation</strong></b><span>: Spread of fake news and unreliable content.</span></li> <li value="5"><b><strong>Cyberbullying</strong></b><span>: Online harassment and abuse.</span></li> <li value="6"><b><strong>Addiction</strong></b><span>: Overuse of the web leading to reduced productivity.</span></li> <li value="7"><b><strong>Dependence</strong></b><span>: Heavy reliance on the web for daily activities.</span></li> <li value="8"><b><strong>Copyright Issues</strong></b><span>: Unauthorized sharing of copyrighted material.</span></li> <li value="9"><b><strong>Environmental Impact</strong></b><span>: High energy consumption of servers and data centers.</span></li> <li value="10"><b><strong>Complexity of Regulation</strong></b><span>: Difficult to enforce laws across countries.</span></li> </ul> <div id="preFaqContent"></div><h2 style="text-align:left"><span>Frequently Asked Questions on World Wide Web &#8211; FAQs</span></h2> <h3 style="text-align:left"><span>Can we use the Web Without an Internet ? </span></h3> <blockquote> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>If a website is on your computer or a computer connected to the same local area network , you can browse it without an internet . </span></p> </blockquote> <h3 style="text-align:left"><span>What problems does World Wide Web face?</span></h3> <blockquote> <ul> <li value="1"><span>Our private data is no longer under our control. </span></li> <li value="2"><span>Misinformation on the internet spreads very easily.</span></li> </ul> </blockquote> <h3 style="text-align:left"><span>What is the world&#8217;s first website?</span></h3> <blockquote> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>The first website is info.cern.ch.</span></p> </blockquote> <h3 style="text-align:left"><span>What is a URL?</span></h3> <blockquote> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-url-uniform-resource-locator/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>URL</span></a><span> stands for Uniform Resource Locator, it is an online address that is given to the web page. </span></p> </blockquote> <br/><div id="AP_G4GR_6"></div> <!-- Quiz Carousel --> <div class='article_bottom_text'></div><br> <div id="video-tab-content" class="video-tab-content"> <div style="text-align: center; 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In this article we will see differences between both topologies, and troubleshooting network infrastructure. What is Physical Topology?Physical topology indicates the arrangement of differen</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown"><h2 class="dropdown-title">OSI Model<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin"></span></h2><ul style="display: none;"><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/open-systems-interconnection-model-osi/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">What is OSI Model? - Layers of OSI Model </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a set of rules that explains how different computer systems communicate over a network. OSI Model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The OSI Model consists of 7 layers and each layer has specific functions and re</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">14 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physical-layer-in-osi-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Physical Layer in OSI Model </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The physical Layer is the bottom-most layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model which is a physical and electrical representation of the system. It consists of various network components such as power plugs, connectors, receivers, cable types, etc. The physical layer sends data bits from</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-link-layer/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Data Link Layer in OSI Model </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The data link layer is the second layer from the bottom in the OSI (Open System Interconnection) network architecture model. It is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of data within the same local network. Its major role is to ensure error-free transmission of information. DLL is also responsi</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/session-layer-in-osi-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Session Layer in OSI model </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The Session Layer is the 5th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model which plays an important role in controlling the dialogues (connections) between computers. This layer is responsible for setting up, coordinating, and terminating conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the ap</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">6 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Presentation Layer in OSI model </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This layer is also known as Translation layer, as this layer serves as a data translator for the network. The data which this layer receives from the Application Layer is extracted and manipulated here as per the req</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/application-layer-in-osi-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Application Layer in OSI Model </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The Application Layer of OSI (Open System Interconnection) model, is the top layer in this model and takes care of network communication. The application layer provides the functionality to send and receive data from users. It acts as the interface between the user and the application. The applicati</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown"><h2 class="dropdown-title">Protocols<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin"></span></h2><ul style="display: none;"><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/protocol-and-standard-in-computer-networks/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Protocol and Standard in Computer Networks </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Protocols and standards are important in computer networks. They are like the rules and guidelines that allow different devices and systems to communicate and work together smoothly. Protocols define how data is sent, received, and processed, while standards ensure that various technologies are comp</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">9 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/examples-of-data-link-layer-protocols/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Examples of Data Link Layer Protocols </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data Link Layer protocols are generally responsible for ensuring and confirming that the bits and bytes received are identical to the bits and bytes being transferred. It is a set of specifications that are used for the implementation of the data link layer just above the physical layer of the Open</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown"><h2 class="dropdown-title">TCP/IP Model<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin"></span></h2><ul style="display: none;"><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tcp-ip-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">TCP/IP Model </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The TCP/IP model is a fundamental framework for computer networking. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which are the core protocols of the Internet. This model defines how data is transmitted over networks, ensuring reliable communication between devices. It consists of</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">14 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tcp-ip-ports-and-its-applications/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">TCP/IP Ports and Its Applications </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">A port is like a logical address for different types of internet communication. Each type of service (like websites or email) has its port where data is sent and received. You can think of it as a mailbox where messages are delivered. When data comes in, it goes to the right port (mailbox), and the</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-transmission-control-protocol-tcp/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">What is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)? </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocol for communications that helps in the exchange of messages between different devices over a network. It is one of the main protocols of the TCP/IP suite. In OSI model, it operates at the transport layer(Layer 4). It lies between th</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tcp-3-way-handshake-process/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">TCP 3-Way Handshake Process </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The TCP 3-Way Handshake is a fundamental process that establishes a reliable connection between two devices over a TCP/IP network. It involves three steps: SYN (Synchronize), SYN-ACK (Synchronize-Acknowledge), and ACK (Acknowledge). During the handshake, the client and server exchange initial sequen</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">6 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/services-and-segment-structure-in-tcp/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Services and Segment structure in TCP </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The Transmission Control Protocol is the most common transport layer protocol. It works together with IP and provides a reliable transport service between processes using the network layer service provided by the IP protocol. The various services provided by the TCP to the application layer are as f</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tcp-connection-establishment/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">TCP Connection Establishment </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Prerequisite &acirc;&#128;&#147; TCP 3-Way Handshake Process TCP is a connection-oriented protocol and every connection-oriented protocol needs to establish a connection in order to reserve resources at both the communicating ends. Connection Establishment - TCP connection establishment involves a three-way handshake</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tcp-connection-termination/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">TCP Connection Termination </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In TCP 3-way Handshake Process we studied that how connections are established between client and server in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) using SYN bit segments. In this article, we will study how TCP close connection between Client and Server. Here we will also need to send bit segments to a</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tcp-timers/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">TCP Timers </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">TCP uses several timers to ensure that excessive delays are not encountered during communications. Several of these timers are elegant, handling problems that are not immediately obvious at first analysis. Each of the timers used by TCP is examined in the following sections, which reveal its role in</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/fast-recovery-technique-for-loss-recovery-in-tcp/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Fast Recovery Technique For Loss Recovery in TCP </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">When the RTO timer expires but an ACK is not received, the sender confirms that the packet is lost due to congestion at intermediary devices. Now sender has to tackle this congestion state carefully. Fast Recovery is the packet loss recovery technique. Recovery means becoming inactive and not transm</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-osi-model-and-tcp-ip-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Difference Between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data communication is a process or act in which we can send or receive data. Understanding the fundamental structures of networking is crucial for anyone working with computer systems and communication. For data communication two models are available, the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model, an</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown"><h2 class="dropdown-title">Medium Access Control<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin"></span></h2><ul style="display: none;"><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mac-full-form/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">MAC Full Form - Media Access Control </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">MAC refers to Media Access Control, which is an important issue in network technology. In simple words, MAC is a series of rules through which devices can transfer data among them in a network. When a device is connected to a network, it obtains a unique MAC address. It identifies a device connected</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/channel-allocation-problem-in-computer-network/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Channel Allocation Problem in Computer Network </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The Channel Allocation Problem arises in communication networks when multiple devices need to share a limited number of communication channels. The goal is to efficiently allocate channels to devices while avoiding interference, reducing congestion, and optimizing network performance. Channel alloca</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multiple-access-protocols-in-computer-network/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Multiple Access Protocols in Computer Network </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Multiple Access Protocols are methods used in computer networks to control how data is transmitted when multiple devices are trying to communicate over the same network. These protocols ensure that data packets are sent and received efficiently, without collisions or interference. They help manage t</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">9 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/carrier-sense-multiple-access-csma/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a method used in computer networks to manage how devices share a communication channel to transfer the data between two devices. In this protocol, each device first sense the channel before sending the data. If the channel is busy, the device waits until it is</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">9 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/collision-detection-csmacd/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Collision Detection in CSMA/CD </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection) is a media access control method that was widely used in Early Ethernet technology/LANs when there used to be shared&Acirc;&nbsp;Bus Topology and each node ( Computers) was connected by Coaxial Cables. Nowadays Ethernet is Full Duplex and Topology is</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/controlled-access-protocols-in-computer-network/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Controlled Access Protocols in Computer Network </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Controlled Access Protocols (CAPs) in computer networks&Acirc;&nbsp;control how data packets are sent over a common communication medium. These protocols ensure that data is transmitted efficiently, without collisions, and with little interference from other data transmissions. In this article, we will discuss</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">6 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown"><h2 class="dropdown-title">SLIDING WINDOW PROTOCOLS<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin"></span></h2><ul style="display: none;"><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/stop-and-wait-arq/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Stop and Wait ARQ </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Stop and Wait ARQ is a Sliding Window Protocol method used for the reliable delivery of data frames. The stop-and-wait ARQ is used for noisy channels or links to handle flow and error control between sender and receiver. The Stop and Wait ARQ protocol sends a data frame and then waits for an acknowl</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">9 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sliding-window-protocol-set-3-selective-repeat/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Sliding Window Protocol | Set 3 (Selective Repeat) </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Prerequisite : Sliding Window Protocol - Set 1 (Sender Side), Set 2 (Receiver Side) Why Selective Repeat Protocol? The go-back-n protocol works well if errors are less, but if the line is poor it wastes a lot of bandwidth on retransmitted frames. An alternative strategy, the selective repeat protoco</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/piggybacking-in-computer-networks/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Piggybacking in Computer Networks </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Piggybacking is the technique of delaying outgoing acknowledgment temporarily and attaching it to the next data packet. When a data frame arrives, the receiver waits and does not send the control frame (acknowledgment) back immediately. The receiver waits until its network layer moves to the next da</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown"><h2 class="dropdown-title">IP Addressing<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin"></span></h2><ul style="display: none;"><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-ipv4/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">What is IPv4? </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">IP stands for Internet Protocol version v4 stands for Version Four (IPv4), is the most widely used system for identifying devices on a network. It uses a set of four numbers, separated by periods (like 192.168.0.1), to give each device a unique address. This address helps data find its way from one</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-ipv6/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">What is IPv6? </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The most common version of the Internet Protocol currently is IPv6. The well-known IPv6 protocol is being used and deployed more often, especially in mobile phone markets. IP address determines who and where you are in the network of billions of digital devices that are connected to the Internet. It</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-classful-ip-addressing/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Introduction of Classful IP Addressing </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">An IP address is an address that has information about how to reach a specific host, especially outside the LAN. An IP address is a 32-bit unique address having an address space of 232. Classful IP addressing is a way of organizing and managing IP addresses, which are used to identify devices on a n</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">11 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ip-addressing-classless-addressing/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Classless Addressing in IP Addressing </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The Network address identifies a network on the internet. Using this, we can find a range of addresses in the network and total possible number of hosts in the network. Mask is a 32-bit binary number that gives the network address in the address block when AND operation is bitwise applied on the mas</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/classful-vs-classless-addressing/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Classful vs Classless Addressing </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Classful and Classless addressing are methods used in networking to manage IP addresses. Classful addressing divides IP addresses into fixed classes (A, B, C, D, E), each with predefined ranges. In contrast, classless addressing, also known as CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing), offers more flexi</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/classless-inter-domain-routing-cidr/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a method of IP address allocation and IP routing that allows for more efficient use of IP addresses. CIDR is based on the idea that IP addresses can be allocated and routed based on their network prefix rather than their class, which was the traditional way o</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">6 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/supernetting-in-network-layer/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Supernetting in Network Layer </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Supernetting is the opposite of Subnetting. In subnetting, a single big network is divided into multiple smaller subnetworks. In Supernetting, multiple networks are combined into a bigger network termed a Supernetwork or Supernet. In this article, we'll explore the purpose and advantages of supernet</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-subnetting/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Introduction To Subnetting </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Subnetting is the process of dividing a large network into smaller networks called "subnets." Subnets provide each group of devices with their own space to communicate, which ultimately helps the network to work easily. This also boosts security and makes it easier to manage the network, as each sub</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">9 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-subnetting-and-supernetting/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Difference between Subnetting and Supernetting </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Subnetting is the procedure to divide the network into sub-networks or small networks, these smaller networks are known as subnets. The subnet is also defined as an internal address made up of a combination of a small network and host segments. In a subnet, a few bits from the host portion are used</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></li></ul></div></div></ul> </div> </div> <div class="vote-wrap"> <div style="display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:100%;"> <button aria-label="like" data-type="like" class="vote-this" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left:0 ;"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_like favoriteIcon"></i> <span class="favoriteLike">Like</span> <figure class="favoriteText"></figure> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-meta"> <div class="bottom-wrap"> <div id="GFG_AD_InContent_Desktop_BTF_650x250" style="text-align:center;max-height: 300px;"></div> </div> <!-- end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="report_modal_content" class="report_modal_content" style="display:hidden;"></div> <div class="onopen-discussion-panel"> <div class="discussion-tab"> <div class="discussion_heading"> <div></div> <i class="gfg-icon close-tab-icon"></i> </div> <div class="discussion_content"> <div style="height:100%"> <div style="height:100%" id="comment-system"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="rightBar" style="padding-right: 5px;"> <style> .article--container_content{ align-items: unset !important; 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