Indigenous Peoples in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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e011156727_s1 \/)","creator":"","caption":"In this family portrait, we see the blending of two cultures. The father wears a European suit adorned with a pocket watch. The mother, who might be M\u00e9tis, holds their infant in a cradle board, traditionally used by First Nations peoples. The shawls, worn by several of the women and girls, reflect M\u00e9tis culture."},{"filename":"4bdede30-06f1-4f71-9047-c7db15051829","title":"Justin Trudeau and Perry Bellegarde","alt":"Justin Trudeau and Perry Bellegarde","source":"(courtesy Renegade98\/Flickr CC)","creator":"Adrian Wyld\/AP","caption":"Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and national chief of the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) Perry Bellegarde talk before the beginning of the AFN Special Chiefs Assembly in Qu\u00e9bec, 2015."},{"filename":"923baa84-0947-48c8-b6ea-2c78927947dc","title":"","alt":"","source":"(photo by A.P. Low, courtesy Library and Archives Canada\/PA-053606)","creator":"","caption":"Inuit women in gala dress, Qatiktalik (Cape Fullerton), c. 1903-04.\r\n"}]"> <main class="main-grid"> <article class="article main-grid__content"> <input type="hidden" id="isUserLogin" name="loginuser" value=""> <aside id="articlewidgets" class="article-widgets"> <input type="checkbox" class="menu-open" name="menu-open" id="menu-open"/> <label class="widget-open-button" for="menu-open"> <span class="dot--1"></span> <span class="dot--2"></span> <span class="dot--3"></span> </label> <button data-target="popup-citation" data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent"> <div class="widget-item__icon--citation"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Citation</span> </button> <button data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent js-edit-submit"> <div class="widget-item__icon--edit"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Suggest an Edit</span> </button> <button data-target="popup-translation" data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent js-translation"> <div class="widget-item__icon--translate"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Request Translation</span> </button> <button id="popup-translation__original" class="widget-item hide-widget"> <div class="widget-item__icon--revert"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Revert to original</span> </button> </aside> <div id="popup-edit" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div>Suggest an Edit</div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <div class="contact-form edit-form"> <div class="form-error-list"> <ul></ul> </div> <form method="POST" action="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/submitArticle" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="form form-submit-edit form-main"><input name="_token" type="hidden" value="Iw5FKxX9oWtwZPDqLbYHOEb4bAUJk6XDpXUZBZQ8"> <input name="aid" type="hidden" value="83846"> <input name="edit" type="hidden" value="true"> <div class="input-group "> <label for="description">Enter your suggested edit(s) to this article in the form field below</label> <textarea id="text-editor" class="form-control input input-fullSpan" placeholder="Write your message here..." name="description" cols="50" rows="10"></textarea> </div> <div class="btn-container"> <div> <input class="disabled js-submitedit-submit b b-md b-invert" type="submit" value="Submit"> </div> <div> <a href="#" data-dismiss="modal" class="js-popup-close b-link">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="popup-citation" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div> Citation </div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <ul class="list"> <li> <ul class="citation-reference"> <input id="copy1" type="text" value="MLA 8TH EDITION | Parrott, Zach. 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These are the original inhabitants of the land that is now Canada. In the 2021 census by <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/statistics-canada">Statistics Canada</a>, over 1.8 million people in Canada identified as Indigenous, making up 5 per cent of the national population. Though severely threatened — and in certain cases extinguished — by colonial forces, Indigenous culture, <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-languages">language</a> and social systems have shaped the development of Canada and continue to grow and thrive despite extreme adversity. </p> </div> <div class="article-content-body"> <div id="article-content-def"> <div class="slider"> <div class="bxslider"> <div> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/62761930-845e-439d-8001-71b81d4ffcbb.jpg" title="Unidentified Métis Family" alt="Probably at Osnaburgh House, Ontario"> </div> </div> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/923baa84-0947-48c8-b6ea-2c78927947dc.jpg" title="Inuit women in gala dress" alt="Qatiktalik (Cape Fullerton), c. 1903-04."> </div> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/4bdede30-06f1-4f71-9047-c7db15051829.jpg" title="Justin Trudeau and Perry Bellegarde" alt="AFN Special Chiefs Assembly in Québec, 2015."> </div> </div> <div class="bxslider-controls"><a href="#" class="bx-prev">Previous</a><a href="#" class="bx-next">Next</a></div> </div> <h3>Who are Indigenous Peoples in Canada?</h3> <p>There are three categories of Indigenous peoples in Canada: <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/inuit/">Inuit</a>, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis/">Métis</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations/">First Nations</a>. The Inuit primarily inhabit the northern regions of Canada. Their homeland, known as Inuit Nunangat, includes much of the land, water and ice contained in the Arctic region. Métis peoples are of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, and live mostly in the Prairie provinces and Ontario, but also in other parts of the country. First Nations peoples were the original inhabitants of the land that is now Canada, often occupying territories south of the Arctic.</p> <p>The <em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act/">Indian Act</a></em> — the principal <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/act-statute/">statute</a> through which the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/federal-government/">federal government</a> manages a variety of issues concerning Indigenous affairs — further divides Indigenous peoples into two categories: Status Indians and Non-Status Indians. (<em>See also</em> <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-status">Indian Status</a>.) Status Indians are individuals who are listed in the Indian Register and are issued identification cards (known as status cards) that contain information about their identity, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/band/">band</a> and registration number. Non-Status Indians are Indigenous peoples who are not registered with the federal government (<em>See also</em> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian/">Indian</a>).</p> <p>All Indigenous peoples in Canada are protected by section 35 of the <em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/constitution-act-1982/">Constitution Act, 1982</a></em>, which enshrines <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-rights/">Indigenous rights</a>. The federal government departments responsible for the affairs of Indigenous peoples are <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/crown-indigenous-relations-canada">Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs</a> and <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-services-canada">Indigenous Services</a>.</p> <p>Many Indigenous nations have signed <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-treaties">treaties</a> with the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/crown">Crown</a>. These agreements have allowed for the use of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-territory">Indigenous lands</a> in exchange for annual payments and/or other benefits. Treaties form the constitutional and moral basis of alliance between Indigenous peoples and Canada. </p> <iframe src="https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1iwsXMI8zdaJoeAtdhnVX6lURM2KLT4pD" width="640" height="480"></iframe> <br> <blockquote> <p><strong>Take the quiz!</strong> <br> Test your knowledge of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/quiz/cc-quiz-indigenous-peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> by taking this quiz, offered by the Citizenship Challenge! A program of Historica Canada, the Citizenship Challenge invites Canadians to test their national knowledge by taking a mock citizenship <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/quiz/cc-quiz-citizenship">exam</a>, as well as other themed quizzes.</p> </blockquote> <br> <h3>History</h3> <p><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people/">Indigenous peoples</a> have been in Canada since time immemorial. They formed complex social, political, economic and cultural systems before Europeans came to North America.</p> <p>With colonization and white settlement, traditional Indigenous ways of life were forever altered. Colonial practices and policies, such as the <em><a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act">Indian Act</a></em>, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pass-system-in-canada">pass system</a>, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-reserves">reserves</a> and <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/residential-schools">residential schools</a>, sought to control and assimilate Indigenous peoples. These have had historic and ongoing impacts on generations of Indigenous peoples.</p> <p>Such practices and polices, when combined with <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racism">racism</a>, acts of <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racial-segregation-of-indigenous-peoples-in-canada">segregation</a>, loss of land, and declining or unequal access to food resources and public services, have had devastating consequences on the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-health">health</a> and socio-economic well-being of Indigenous peoples. (<em>See also</em> <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/native-people-social-conditions">Social Conditions of Indigenous Peoples</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions">Economic Conditions of Indigenous Peoples</a>.)</p> <p>The final reports of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/truth-and-reconciliation-commission">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> and the National Inquiry into <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/missing-and-murdered-indigenous-women-and-girls-in-canada">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a> speak to ongoing work of reconciliation.</p> <h3>Demographics</h3> <p>In the 2021 census, 1,807,250 people in Canada identified as <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people">Indigenous</a>, making up 5 per cent of the national population. The <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations">First Nations</a> population numbered 1,048,405, the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis">Métis</a> population was 624,220, and the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/inuit">Inuit</a> population reached 70,545.</p> <p>The Indigenous population in Canada is growing steadily; between 2006 and 2016, it has grown by 42.5 per cent, more than four times the growth rate of the non-Indigenous population. From 2016 to 2021, the Indigenous population grew 9.4 per cent. This indicates the Indigenous population was growing at nearly twice the rate of the non-Indigenous population. <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/statistics-canada">Statistics Canada</a> projected, in 2016, that in the next 20 years, the Indigenous population will likely grow to more than 2.5 million people. The changes in population reflect increased life expectancy, high birth rates, and more people identifying as Indigenous in the 2016 census. </p> <p>The 2016 census showed population growth in First Nations communities both on and off <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-reserves">reserve</a>; from 2006 to 2016, the on-reserve population grew 12.8 percent while the off-reserve population grew 49.1 per cent. Statistics Canada also reported that the Métis are the most likely Indigenous group to live in an urban community; nearly two-thirds of the population lived in a city in 2016. For the Inuit, nearly 75 per cent of the population inhabit Inuit Nunangat, a stretch of traditional territory covering the land, water and ice contained in the Arctic.</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>Did you know?</strong> <br> In the 2016 Census, 11,620 people in Canada claimed Cherokee ancestry. The Cherokee Nation is the largest tribal nation in the United States.</p> </blockquote> <br> <h3>Regional and Cultural Diversity</h3> <p>Indigenous peoples, both historical and contemporary, in North America can be divided into 10 cultural areas. Only the first six areas are found within the borders of Canada:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-arctic/">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-subarctic/">Subarctic</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-northwest-coast/">Northwest Coast</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-plateau/">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-plains/">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-eastern-woodlands/">Eastern Woodlands</a> (sometimes referred to as the Northeast) </li> <li>Southeast</li> <li>Southwest</li> <li>Great Basin</li> <li>California</li> </ul> <br> <p>Contemporary political borders in North America do not reflect (and often overlap) traditional lands. For example, the Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne straddles both provincial (<a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec/">Québec</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ontario/">Ontario</a>) and international (New York State) borders, as its existence predates the establishment of the international border in 1783 (<em>See also </em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-territory/">Indigenous Territory</a>).</p> <p>These areas are based on linguistic divisions first defined by the ethnologist and linguist <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edward-sapir/">Edward Sapir</a> in 1910, while he was head of the Anthropology Division at the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/geological-survey-of-canada/">Geological Survey of Canada</a>, which later became the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-museum-of-history/">Canadian Museum of History</a> (<em>See also </em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-languages/">Indigenous Languages in Canada</a>). Sapir’s geographical framework was adopted by the Smithsonian Institution’s <em>Handbook of North American Indians, </em>the first volumes of which were published in 1978, and continues to be used widely in scholarship.</p> <p>The <em>Handbook </em>states that these categories are “used in organizing and referring to information about contiguous groups that are or were similar in culture and history,” but it is important to note that these delineations are not concrete, and neighbouring peoples always share some similarities and some differences. Rather than representing 10 distinct cultures, these areas reflect geographic and cultural groupings that are fluid and often intermixed. In addition, contemporary Indigenous peoples may live far from their ancestral homelands, and indeed may form new communities rooted in urban centres rather than traditional lands.</p> <p>These cultural areas are massive and generalized; what is true of a part is not always true of the whole. For example, some sources further divide the Eastern Woodlands into the Southeast and Northeast regions, while others combine these regions into simply Woodlands, and as such one must not assume that all peoples in a cultural area shared the same experiences.</p> <p>Research overviews of the six cultural areas in Canada provide only some specific anthropological information. The peoples included in these areas are in some ways similar and in other ways different. What is true for the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/huron/">Wendat</a> may not have been true for the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/micmac-mikmaq/">Mi’kmaq</a>, and indeed there existed variations among bands within a group. When considering contemporary situations, it is impossible to assume that one issue, set of beliefs, or cultural reference can relate to all Indigenous people in Canada, though in contemporary politics, large-scale political movements like <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/idle-no-more/">Idle No More</a> have gained wide acceptance and mobilization.</p> <p>The ethnologists, archaeologists and anthropologists who have written about these cultural regions were often not Indigenous themselves. Though much of this research was done through interviews and fieldwork, it inevitably operated within a settler-colonial framework — a worldview that privileges property acquisition, European-style government and economic growth — regardless of the positive intentions of the researcher. Nevertheless, this research remains valuable both as historical and historiographical tools. </p> <h3>List of Indigenous Peoples in Canada</h3> <p>In 2016, more than 1.6 million people identified as Indigenous in Canada. Below is a list of separate entries on various Indigenous nations in Canada. This is not a comprehensive list, but it provides insight into the history, society, culture, politics and contemporary life of various First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities in Canada.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/abenaki/">Abenaki</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/innu-montagnais-naskapi/">Innu</a> (Montagnais-Naskapi)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/oneida/">Oneida</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/ahousaht/">Ahousaht</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/interior-salish-first-nations/">Interior Salish</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/onondaga/">Onondaga</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/algonquin/">Algonquin</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/copper-inuit/">Inuinnait</a> (Copper Inuit)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pacheenaht/">Pacheenaht</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/assiniboine/">Assiniboine</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mackenzie-inuit/">Inuvialuit</a> (Mackenzie Inuit)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/petun/">Tionontati </a>(Petun)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/attikamek/">Atikamekw</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blood-kainai/">Kainai</a> (Blood)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/piikuni-peigan-pikuni/">Piikani</a> (Peigan)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/baffin-island-inuit/">Baffin Island Inuit</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hare-band/">K'asho Got'ine</a> (Hare)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sadlermiut-inuit/">Saldermiut Inuit</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beothuk/">Beothuk</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kaska/">Kaska Dena</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bearlake/">Sahtu Got'ine</a> (Bearlake)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blackfoot-nation/">Blackfoot Confederacy</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/caribou-inuit/">Kivallirmiut</a> (Caribou Inuit)</td> <td>Secwepemc (Shuswap)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cayuga/">Cayuga</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kootenay/">Ktunaxa</a> (Kootenay)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sekani/">Sekani</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/salish-central-coast/">Central Coast Salish</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kwakiutl/">Kwakwaka'wakw</a> (Kwakiutl)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seneca/">Seneca</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/coastal-salish/">Coast Salish</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chickliset/">Kyuquot and Checleseht</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mountain-band/">Shuta Got'ine</a> (Mountain)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cree/">Cree</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/labrador-inuit/">Labradormiut</a> (Labrador Inuit)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blackfoot-siksika/">Siksika</a> (Blackfoot)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dakota/">Dakota</a></td> <td>Lilwat (Lillooet)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/slavey-slave/">Slavey</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/carrier/">Dakelh</a> (Carrier)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/inland-tlingit/">Lingit</a> (Tlingit)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stoney-nakoda/">Stoney-Nakoda</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beaver-native-group/">Dane-zaa</a> (Beaver)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis/">Métis</a></td> <td>Syilx (Okanagan)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dene/">Dene</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/micmac-mikmaq/">Mi'kmaq</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tagish/">Tagish</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chipewyan/">Denesuline</a> (Chipewyan)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mohawk/">Mohawk</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tahltan/">Tahltan</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ditidaht/">Ditidaht</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mowachaht/">Mowachaht-Muchalaht</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/clayoquot-tla-o-qui-aht/">Tla-o-qui-aht</a> (Clayoquot)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ehattesaht/">Ehattesaht</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nahani/">Nahani</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tlicho-dogrib/">Tlicho</a> (Dogrib)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gitksan/">Gitxsan</a> (Gitksan)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/netsilik-inuit/">Netsilingmiut</a> (Netsilik Inuit)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/toquaht/">Toquaht</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gwichin/">Gwich'in</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/neutral/">Neutral Confederacy</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/han/">Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in</a> (Han)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group/">Haida</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nicola-similkameen/">Nicola-Similkameen</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tseshaht-sheshaht">Tseshaht</a> (Sheshaht)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haisla-kitamaat/">Haisla</a> (Kitamaat)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nisgaa/">Nisga'a</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chilcotin-tsilhqotin/">Tsilhqot'in</a> (Chilcotin)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/iroquois/">Haudenosaunee</a> (Six Nations or Iroquois)</td> <td>Nlaka'pamux (Thompson)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tsimshian/">Tsimshian</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/heiltsuk-bella-bella/">Heiltsuk</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/salish-northern-georgia-strait-coast/">Northern Georgia Strait Coast Salish</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sarcee-tsuu-tina/">Tsuut'ina</a> (Sarcee)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hesquiaht/">Hesquiaht</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nuchatlaht/">Nuchatlaht</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tutchone/">Tutchone</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/opetchesaht/">Hupacasath</a> (Opetchesaht)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ungava-inuit/">Nunavimmiut</a> (Ungava Inuit)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/uchucklesaht-first-nation/">Uchucklesaht</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/huu-ay-aht/">Huu-ay-aht</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nootka-nuu-chah-nulth/">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ucluelet-first-nation/">Ucluelet</a> (First Nation)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/huron/">Huron-Wendat</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nuxalk-bella-coola/">Nuxalk</a> (Bella Coola)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maliseet/">Wolastoqiyik</a> (Maliseet)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/iglulik-inuit/">Iglulingmuit</a> (Iglulik Inuit)</td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/odawa/">Odawa</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tsetsaut/">Wetal</a> (Tsetsaut)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/inuit/">Inuit</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ojibwa/">Ojibwe</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/yellowknives-band/">Yellowknives</a> (band)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div id="def" class="article-content-body hide"></div> </div> <div id="article-definitions"> <definitions route="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/json/define" id="aboriginal-people"></definitions> </div> <div class="article-widget widget-adsense"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:468px;height:60px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3964766461879185" data-ad-slot="1946780682"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="article-widget widget-itunes"> <div class="title-container"> <h3>Read More // Indigenous People</h3> </div> <div> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" src="https://www.ftjcfx.com/widget-53309618216b9ef0f3ecd2f5-7406579?target=_top&mouseover=Y"></script> </div> </div> <h3 class="article-widget-title">Indigenous Perspectives Education Guide</h3> <p> <a href="http://fb.historicacanada.ca/education/english/indigenous-perspectives/" target="_blank"><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/widgets_images/IPG%20EN%202.jpg"></a> </p> <h3 class="article-widget-title">Indigenous Peoples Collection</h3> <p> <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/aboriginal-peoples/"> <img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/widgets_collections/Indigenous%20Peoples%20Collection%20EN.jpg" <="" a=""></a> </p> <h3 class="article-widget-title">Residential Schools Podcast Series</h3> <p> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/residential-schools-podcast-series"> <img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/widgets_images/RSA-podcast-EN.jpg"></a> </p> </article> </main> <div id="modal-overlay" class="overlay"></div> <div id="article-image" class="article-img-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-modal-title"> <button class="article-img-modal__close" aria-label="close image modal"></button> <div id="js-article-modal-image" class="article-img-modal__container"> <div class="image-container"> <img class="article-img-modal__img" src="" alt=""> </div> <div class="text-container"> <span role="heading" aria-level="3" id="article-modal-title" class="article-img-modal__title"></span> <span class="article-img-modal__description"></span> <span class="article-img-modal__creator"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-grid article-related"> <ul class="article-tags-list main-grid__content"> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=Inuit&tag=inuit">Inuit</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=First%20Nations&tag=first-nations">First Nations</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=M%C3%A9tis&tag=metis">Métis</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=Indigenous%20Peoples&tag=indigenous-peoples">Indigenous Peoples</a> </li> </ul> <div id="furtherreading" class="article-related-two-column main-grid__content--wide"> <h3 class="article-related-two-column__title">Further Reading</h3> <ul class="article-related-two-column__list"> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p>Canadian Geographic, <i>Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada </i>(2018).</p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p>J.R. Miller, <i>Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada</i> (2009). <br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p>Olive Patricia Dickason, <i>Canada’s First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times, 4th ed.</i> (2009). <br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p>Olive Patricia Dickason and David Alan Long, <i>Visions of the Heart: Issues Involving Aboriginal Peoples in Canada, 4th ed.</i> (2016). <br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p>Kristin Burnett and Geoff Read, <i>Aboriginal History: A Reader, 2nd ed.</i> (2016). <br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p>J.R. Miller, <i>Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: A History of Indian-White Relations in Canada </i>(2000). <br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p>Chelsea Vowel, <i>Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada</i> (2016).<br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><span style="background-color: initial;">Chris Andersen, </span><em style="background-color: initial;">“Métis”: Race, Recognition, and the Struggle for Indigenous Peoplehood</em><span style="background-color: initial;"> (2014).</span></p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="article-related-two-column main-grid__content--wide"> <h3 class="article-related-two-column__title">External Links</h3> <ul class="article-related-two-column__list"> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="https://www.itk.ca/" style="background-color: initial;"><strong>Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami </strong>The website for the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the national Inuit organization in Canada. Click on “About Inuit” for a history of the Inuit people and their contacts with Europeans.</a> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="https://www.nwac.ca/" style="background-color: initial;"><strong>Native Women's Association of Canada </strong>Learn more about the NWAC from its official website</a><span style="background-color: initial;">.</span> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://www.afn.ca/" style="background-color: initial;"><strong>Assembly of First Nations </strong>The official website of the Assembly of First Nations.</a> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100010002/1100100010021" style="background-color: initial;"><strong>Government of Canada</strong> Learn more about Indigenous peoples and their relationship to the federal government.</a></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://abo-peoples.org/" style="background-color: initial;"><strong>Congress of Aboriginal Peoples </strong>Visit the CAP’s website to learn</a><span style="background-color: initial;"> </span><a href="http://abo-peoples.org/" style="background-color: initial;">more about their organization</a><span style="background-color: initial;">.</span> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://www.our-story.ca/fr/"><strong>Le Concours canadien de rédaction pour Autochtones </strong>Site Web du Concours canadien de rédaction & darts pour Autochtones. Par Historica Canada.</a> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025a-eng.htm" target="_blank"><b>Statistics Canada</b> Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Key results from the 2016 census.</a></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-fra.cfm"><strong>Statistique Canada</strong> Découvrez ce site Web pour obtenir plus d’informations sur la démographie autochtone au Canada.</a><br> <span style="background-color: initial;"></span> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://www.afn.ca/"><b>Assemblée des Premières Nations </b>Le site Web officiel de l’Assemblée des Premières Nations.</a></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="https://www.nwac.ca/"><strong>Association des femmes autochtones du Canada</strong> Apprenez-en plus au sujet de l’AFAC sur leur site Web officiel.</a><br> <span style="background-color: initial;"></span> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.cfm" style="background-color: initial;"><strong>Statistics Canada</strong> Explore this website for more details on Indigenous demographics in Canada.</a></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://www.metisnation.ca/"><b>Métis National Council </b>Read more about the MNC and its policies on Métis citizenship. This site also provides links to the websites of the five provincial associations.</a></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fra/1100100010002/1100100010021"><b>Gouvernement du Canada</b> Apprenez-en plus à propos des peuples autochtones et de leurs relations avec le gouvernement fédéral. </a></p></li> </ul> </div>  <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 id="recommended" class="callouts-layout__title">Associated Collections</h3> <div class="callouts-layout__grid"> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/aboriginal-peoples" > Indigenous Peoples </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">collection</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/174cee51-4aca-4a67-ac60-f72697d35862.jpg" 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Indigenous Peoples in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia