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Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see <span class="xref"><a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch13/toc.html">chapters 13</a></span> and <span class="xref"><a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/toc.html">14</a></span> of <em><span class="i">The Chicago Manual of Style</span></em>. For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, follow the Author-Date link above.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-book">Book</h2> <h3 class="sbbh">Notes</h3> <p class="paft">Note that a place of publication is no longer required in book citations (see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec030.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.30</a>).</p> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Charles Yu, <span class="i"><em>Interior Chinatown</em> </span>(Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.</p> <p class="sb1">2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, <em><span class="i">The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today</span></em> (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">3. Yu, <em><span class="i">Interior Chinatown</span></em>, 48.</p> <p class="sb1">4. Binder and Kidder, <em><span class="i">Channels of Student Activism</span></em>, 125.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. <em><span class="i">The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today</span>.</em> University of Chicago Press, 2022.</p> <p class="sbull">Yu, Charles. <em><span class="i">Interior Chinatown</span></em>. Pantheon Books, 2020.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch13/psec021.html"><em>CMOS</em> 13.21–26</a> and <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec002.html">14.2–62</a>.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-chapter">Chapter or other part of an edited book</h2> <p class="paft">The page range for a chapter in a book is no longer required in bibliography entries (see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec008.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.8</a>). In a note, cite specific pages as applicable.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Kathleen Doyle, “The Queen Mary Psalter,” in <em><span class="i">The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention</span></em>, ed. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 64.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">2. Doyle, “Queen Mary Psalter,” 65.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entry</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbuls">Doyle, Kathleen. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In <em><span class="i">The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention</span></em>, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin, eds., <em><span class="i">The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention </span></em> (University of Chicago Press, 2023).</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">2. Marks and Parkin, <em><span class="i">Book by Design</span></em>.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entry</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbuls">Marks, P. J. M., and Stephen Parkin, eds. <em><span class="i">The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention</span></em>. University of Chicago Press, 2023.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec008.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.8–14</a>.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-tbook">Translated book</h2> <p class="paft">In the following examples, the author’s name follows Eastern order (family name first) rather than Western order (family name last); the author is therefore referred to as “Liu” in a shortened note, and the name is not inverted in a bibliography entry. See <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch13/psec075.html"><em>CMOS</em> 13.75</a> for more details.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Liu Xinwu,<em> <span class="i">The Wedding Party</span></em>, trans. Jeremy Tiang (Amazon Crossing, 2021).</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">2. Liu, <em><span class="i">Wedding Party</span></em>, 279.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entry</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Liu Xinwu. <em><span class="i">The Wedding Party</span></em>. Translated by Jeremy Tiang. Amazon Crossing, 2021.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec005.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.5–7</a>.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-ebook">Book Consulted in an Electronic Format</h2> <p class="paft">To cite a book consulted online, include either a URL or the name of the database. For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit). For citing a place rather than a publisher for books published before 1900 (as in the Moby-Dick example below), see <em><span class="i">CMOS</span></em> 14.31.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Arundhati Roy, <em><span class="i">The God of Small Things </span></em> (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.</p> <p class="sb1">2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., <em><span class="i">The Founders’ Constitution</span></em> (University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.</p> <p class="sb1">3. Brooke Borel, <em><span class="i">The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking</span></em>, 2nd ed. (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 92, EBSCOhost.</p> <p class="sb1">4. Herman Melville, <em><span class="i">Moby-Dick; or, The Whale </span></em> (New York, 1851), 627, https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">5. Roy, <em><span class="i">God of Small Things</span></em>, chap. 7.</p> <p class="sb1">6. Kurland and Lerner, <em><span class="i">Founder</span><span class="i">s</span><span class="i">’ Constitution</span></em>, chap. 4, doc. 29.</p> <p class="sb1">7. Borel, <em><span class="i">Fact-Checking</span></em>, 104–5.</p> <p class="sb1">8. Melville, <em><span class="i">Moby-Dick</span></em>, 722–23.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Borel, Brooke. <em><span class="i">The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking</span></em>. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, 2023. EBSCOhost.</p> <p class="sbul">Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. <em><span class="i">The Founders’ Constitution</span></em>. University of Chicago Press, 1987. https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.</p> <p class="sbul">Melville, Herman. <em><span class="i">Moby-Dick; or, The Whale</span></em>. New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.</p> <p class="sbull">Roy, Arundhati. <em><span class="i">The God of Small Things</span></em>. Random House, 2008. Kindle.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec058.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.58–62</a>.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-journal">Journal article</h2> <p class="paft">Journal articles are usually cited by volume and issue number. In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL (preferably one based on a DOI; see <em><span class="i">CMOS</span></em> 13.7); alternatively, list the name of the database.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” <em><span class="i">American Journal of Sociology</span></em> 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.</p> <p class="sb1">2. B. T. Hebert, “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life,” <em><span class="i">Sociological Review</span></em> 17, no. 4 (1925): 310, EBSCOhost.</p> <p class="sb1">3. Benjamin Lindquist, “The Art of Text-to-Speech,” <em><span class="i">Critical Inquiry</span></em> 50, no. 2 (2023): 230, https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.</p> <p class="sb1">4. Emily L. Dittmar and Douglas W. Schemske, “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation,” <em><span class="i">American Naturalist </span></em> 202, no. 4 (2023): 480, https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">5. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1851.</p> <p class="sb1">6. Hebert, “Island of Bolsö,” 311.</p> <p class="sb1">7. Lindquist, “Text-to-Speech,” 231–32.</p> <p class="sb1">8. Dittmar and Schemske, “Temporal Variation,” 480.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation.” <em><span class="i">American Naturalist</span></em> 202, no. 4 (2023): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.</p> <p class="sbul">Hebert, B. T. “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life.” <em><span class="i">Sociological Review</span></em> 17, no. 4 (1925): 307–13. EBSCOhost.</p> <p class="sbul">Kwon, Hyeyoung. “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life.” <em><span class="i">American Journal of Sociology</span></em> 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.</p> <p class="sbull">Lindquist, Benjamin. “The Art of Text-to-Speech.” <em><span class="i">Critical Inquiry</span></em> 50, no. 2 (2023): 225–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. For works by two authors, list both in the bibliography and in a note (as in the Dittmar and Schemske example above). For three or more authors, list up to six in the bibliography; for more than six authors, list the first three, followed by “et al.” (“and others”). In a note, list only the first, followed by “et al.” Note that the bibliography entry for the Dror example below (which credits eighteen authors) includes an article ID in place of a page range; in a note, specific page numbers may be cited as shown (see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec071.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.71</a> for details).</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">7. Amiel A. Dror et al., “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness,” <em><span class="i">PLOS ONE </span></em> 17, no. 2 (2022): 4–5, e0263069, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">8. Dror et al., “Pre-Infection,” 7.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entry</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbuls">Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness.” <em><span class="i">PLOS ONE</span></em> 17, no. 2 (2022): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec067.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.67–86</a>.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-news">News or magazine article</h2> <p class="paft">Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Dani Blum, “Are Flax Seeds All That?,” <em><span class="i">New York Times</span></em>, December 13, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/well/eat/flax-seeds-benefits.html.</p> <p class="sb1">2. Rebecca Mead, “Terms of Aggrievement,” <em><span class="i">New Yorker</span></em>, December 18, 2023, 21.</p> <p class="sb1">3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” <em><span class="i">Washington Post</span></em>, July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.</p> <p class="sb1">4. Elana Klein, “Meet Flip, the Viral Video App Giving Away Free Stuff,” <em><span class="i">Wired</span></em>, December 21, 2023, https://www.wired.com/story/flip-viral-video-app-shopping-free-stuff/.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">5. Blum, “Flax Seeds.”</p> <p class="sb1">6. Mead, “Terms of Aggrievement,” 23–24.</p> <p class="sb1">7. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”</p> <p class="sb1">8. Klein, “Meet Flip.”</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Blum, Dani. “Are Flax Seeds All That?” <em><span class="i">New York Times</span></em>, December 13, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/well/eat/flax-seeds-benefits.html.</p> <p class="sbul">Klein, Elana. “Meet Flip, the Viral Video App Giving Away Free Stuff.” <em><span class="i">Wired</span></em>, December 21, 2023. https://www.wired.com/story/flip-viral-video-app-shopping-free-stuff/.</p> <p class="sbul">Mead, Rebecca. “Terms of Aggrievement.” <em><span class="i">New Yorker</span></em>, December 18, 2023.</p> <p class="sbull">Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” <em><span class="i">Washington Post</span></em>, July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1s">9. Michelle (Reno), December 15, 2023, comment on Blum, “Flax Seeds.”</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec087.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.87–88</a> (magazines) and <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec089.html">14.89–98</a> (newspapers and news sites).</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-review">Book review</h2> <h3 class="sbbh">Note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Alexandra Jacobs, “The Muchness of Madonna,” review of <em><span class="i">Madonna: A Rebel Life</span></em>, by Mary Gabriel, <em><span class="i">New York Times</span></em>, October 8, 2023.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">2. Jacobs, “Muchness of Madonna.”</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entry</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Jacobs, Alexandra. “The Muchness of Madonna.” Review of <em><span class="i">Madonna: A Rebel Life</span></em>, by Mary Gabriel. <em><span class="i">New York Times</span></em>, October 8, 2023.</p> </div> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-interview">Interview</h2> <p class="paft">Interviews are usually cited under the name of the interviewee rather than the interviewer.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Joy Buolamwini, “ ‘If You Have a Face, You Have a Place in the Conversation About AI,’ Expert Says,” interview by Tonya Mosley, <em><span class="i">Fresh Air</span></em>, NPR, November 28, 2023, audio, 37:58, https://www.npr.org/2023/11/28/1215529902/unmasking-ai-facial-recognition-technology-joy-buolamwini.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">2. Buolamwini, interview.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entry</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Buolamwini, Joy. “ ‘If You Have a Face, You Have a Place in the Conversation About AI,’ Expert Says.” Interview by Tonya Mosley. <em><span class="i">Fresh Air</span></em>, NPR, November 28, 2023. Audio, 37:58. https://www.npr.org/2023/11/28/1215529902/unmasking-ai-facial-recognition-technology-joy-buolamwini.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec108.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.108</a>, <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec109.html">14.109</a>, and <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec110.html">14.110</a>.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-thesis">Thesis or dissertation</h2> <h3 class="sbbh">Note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Yuna Blajer de la Garza, “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019), 66–67, ProQuest (13865986).</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">2. Blajer de la Garza, “House,” 93.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entry</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Blajer de la Garza, Yuna. “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019. ProQuest (13865986).</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec113.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.113</a>.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-website">Web page</h2> <p class="paft">It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of November 15, 2023, Google’s privacy policy stated . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. If a source does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date. Alternatively, if a publicly available archive of the content has been saved using the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine or similar service, the link for that version may be cited.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.</p> <p class="sb1">2. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style,” Wikimedia Foundation, last modified December 19, 2023, 21:54 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.</p> <p class="sb1">3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.</p> <p class="sbulf"><span class="red-bi">or</span></p> <p class="sb1l">3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">4. Google, “Privacy Policy.”</p> <p class="sb1">5. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.”</p> <p class="sb1">6. “Yale Facts.”</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)</h3> <p class="paft">In the notes, the title will usually come first (as in the examples above); in a bibliography entry, the source should be listed under the owner or sponsor of the site.</p> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.</p> <p class="sbul">Wikimedia Foundation. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.” Last modified December 19, 2023, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.</p> <p class="sbul">Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.</p> <p class="sbulf"><span class="red-bi">or</span></p> <p class="sbull">Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec104.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.104</a>.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-social">Social media content</h2> <p class="paft">Citations of content posted to social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 280 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Text</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbf">The Instagram post included a photo of the president delivering a eulogy at the National Cathedral and referred to O’Connor as “gracious and principled” (@potus, December 19, 2023).</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. NASA Webb Telescope (@NASAWebb), “👀 Sneak a peek at the deepest & sharpest infrared image of the early universe ever taken—all in a day’s work for the Webb telescope. (Literally, capturing it took less than a day!),” Twitter (now X), July 11, 2022, https://twitter.com/NASAWebb/status/1546621080298835970.</p> <p class="sb1">2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">3. NASA Webb Telescope, “👀 Sneak a peek.”</p> <p class="sb1">4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entry</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec106.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.106</a>.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-videos">Video or podcast</h2> <h3 class="sbbh">Notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Vaitea Cowan, “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era,” TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022, 9 min., 15 sec., https://www<wbr />.ted<wbr />.com<wbr />/talks<wbr />/vaitea<wbr />_cowan<wbr />_how<wbr />_green<wbr />_hydrogen<wbr />_could<wbr />_end<wbr />_the<wbr />_fossil<wbr />_fuel<wbr />_era.</p> <p class="sb1">2. Eric Oliver, “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things,” moderated by Andrew McCall, virtual lecture, February 23, 2022, posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago, YouTube, 1:01:45, https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.</p> <p class="sb1">3. Lauren Ober, host, The Loudest Girl in the World, season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!,” Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022, 41 min., 37 sec., https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Shortened notes</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1f">1. Cowan, “Green Hydrogen,” at 6:09–17.</p> <p class="sb1">2. Oliver, “Why.”</p> <p class="sb1">3. Ober, “Goodbye, Routine.”</p> </div> <h3 class="sbbh">Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)</h3> <p class="paft">Unless it is clear from context, “video” or the like may be specified in the bibliography.</p> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sbulf">Cowan, Vaitea. “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era.” TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022. Video, 9 min., 15 sec. https://www<wbr />.ted<wbr />.com<wbr />/talks<wbr />/vaitea<wbr />_cowan<wbr />_how<wbr />_green<wbr />_hydrogen<wbr />_could<wbr />_end<wbr />_the<wbr />_fossil<wbr />_fuel<wbr />_era.</p> <p class="sbul">Ober, Lauren, host. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!” Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022. Podcast, 41 min., 37 sec. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.</p> <p class="sbul">Oliver, Eric. “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things.” Moderated by Andrew McCall. Virtual lecture, February 23, 2022. Posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago. YouTube, 1:01:45. https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec169.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.167–69</a>.</p> <h2 class="bh" id="cg-personal">Personal communication</h2> <p class="paft">Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.</p> <h3 class="sbbh">Note</h3> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="sb1">1. Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024.</p> </div> <p class="pcon">For more details and examples, see <a href="/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec111.html"><em>CMOS</em> 14.111</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div id="right-sidebar"> <div class="para-keys"> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-book"><span class="para-title">Book</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-chapter"><span class="para-title">Chapter or other part of an edited book</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-tbook"><span class="para-title">Translated book</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-ebook"><span class="para-title">Book consulted in an electronic format</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-journal"><span class="para-title">Journal article</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-news"><span class="para-title">News or magazine article</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-review"><span class="para-title">Book review</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-interview"><span class="para-title">Interview</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-thesis"><span class="para-title">Thesis or dissertation</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-website"><span class="para-title">Web page</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-social"><span class="para-title">Social media content</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-videos"><span class="para-title">Video or podcast</span></a></div> <div class="para-item"><a href="#cg-personal"><span class="para-title">Personal communication</span></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <noindex> <div class="social-media-links"> <a href="https://www.threads.net/@chicagomanualofstyle"><img class="threads" src="/dam/cmos18/images/threads.svg" alt="Threads Link"/></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/chicagomanualofstyle"><img class="instagram" src="/dam/cmos18/images/instagram.svg" alt="Instagram Link"/></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/"><img class="facebook" src="/dam/cmos18/images/facebook.svg" alt="Facebook Link"/></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ChicagoManual"><img class="twitter" src="/dam/cmos18/images/x.svg" alt="Twitter Link"/></a> </div> <div class="footer-links"> <div class="footer-links1"> <a href="/help-tools/about">About <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i></a> <a href="/help-tools/Terms-of-Use">Terms of Use</a> <a href="/sitemap">Site Map</a> <a href="/accountAdministration">Account Management</a> </div> <div class="footer-links2"> <a href="https://press.uchicago.edu/press/about.html">About the University of Chicago Press</a> <a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a> <a href="/help-tools/contact">Contact Us</a> <a href="https://accessibility.uchicago.edu/" target="_blank">Accessibility</a> </div> </div> <p class="copyright"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> 18th edition text © 2024 by The University of Chicago. <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> 17th edition text © 2017 by The University of Chicago. <i>The Chicago Manual of Style Online</i> © 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017, 2024 by The University of Chicago. 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