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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historic monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_core_drilling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_core_drilling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ice core drilling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_core_drilling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vostok Station</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83" title="محطة فوستوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محطة فوستوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Vostok" title="Base Vostok – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Base Vostok" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(Antarktika_stansiyas%C4%B1)" title="Vostok (Antarktika stansiyası) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vostok (Antarktika stansiyası)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Усход (антарктычная станцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усход (антарктычная станцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Восток (антарктическа станция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Восток (антарктическа станция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanica_Vostok" title="Stanica Vostok – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stanica Vostok" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3_Vostok" title="Estació Vostok – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estació Vostok" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95)" title="Восток (антарктика станцийĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Восток (антарктика станцийĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Vostok Station" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(pol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_stanice)" title="Vostok (polární stanice) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vostok (polární stanice)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wostok-Station" title="Wostok-Station – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wostok-Station" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(polaarjaam)" title="Vostok (polaarjaam) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vostok (polaarjaam)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Vostok" title="Base Vostok – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Base Vostok" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_estazioa" title="Vostok estazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vostok estazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9" title="پایگاه وستوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پایگاه وستوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_antarctique_Vostok" title="Base antarctique Vostok – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Base antarctique Vostok" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%81%AC_%EA%B8%B0%EC%A7%80" title="보스토크 기지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보스토크 기지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AF_(%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Վոստոկ (անտարկտիկական գիտակայան) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոստոկ (անտարկտիկական գիտակայան)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiun_Vostok" title="Stasiun Vostok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stasiun Vostok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Vostok" title="Base Vostok – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Base Vostok" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7_(%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8)" title="ווסטוק (תחנת מחקר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ווסטוק (תחנת מחקר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ვოსტოკის სადგური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოსტოკის სადგური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Восток (антарктикалық станция) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Восток (антарктикалық станция)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_Statio" title="Vostok Statio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vostok Statio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostoka" title="Vostoka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vostoka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostoko_stotis" title="Vostoko stotis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vostoko stotis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Восток (поларна станица) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Восток (поларна станица)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="വോസ്ടോക് സ്റ്റേഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വോസ്ടോക് സ്റ്റേഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok" title="Vostok – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Vostok" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostokstation" title="Vostokstation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vostokstation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0" title="ボストーク基地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボストーク基地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(forskningsstasjon)" title="Vostok (forskningsstasjon) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vostok (forskningsstasjon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok-stasjonen" title="Vostok-stasjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vostok-stasjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_antartica_Vostok" title="Basa antartica Vostok – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Basa antartica Vostok" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_stansiyasi" title="Vostok stansiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vostok stansiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wostok_(stacja_antarktyczna)" title="Wostok (stacja antarktyczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wostok (stacja antarktyczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Vostok" title="Estação Vostok – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estação Vostok" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C8%9Bia_Vostok" title="Stația Vostok – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stația Vostok" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Восток (антарктическая станция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восток (антарктическая станция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vostok Station" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(pol%C3%A1rna_stanica)" title="Vostok (polárna stanica) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vostok (polárna stanica)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Станица Восток – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Станица Восток" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(tutkimusasema)" title="Vostok (tutkimusasema) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vostok (tutkimusasema)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(forskningsstation)" title="Vostok (forskningsstation) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vostok (forskningsstation)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Восток (антарктик станция) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Восток (антарктик станция)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84" title="สถานีวอสตอค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานีวอสตอค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_%C4%B0stasyonu" title="Vostok İstasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vostok İstasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Восток (антарктична станція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Восток (антарктична станція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="ووسٹوک اسٹیشن (انٹارکٹیکا) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ووسٹوک اسٹیشن (انٹارکٹیکا)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1m_Vostok" title="Trạm Vostok – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trạm Vostok" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vostok_Station&params=78.4644222_S_106.8373278_E_region:AQ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">78°27′52″S</span> <span class="longitude">106°50′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">78.4644222°S 106.8373278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-78.4644222; 106.8373278</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian research station in Antarctica</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antarctic base</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Vostok Station</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ru">ста́нция Восто́к</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Antarctic base</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wostok-Station_core32.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elevated photo of Vostok Station"><img alt="Elevated photo of Vostok Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wostok-Station_core32.jpg/300px-Wostok-Station_core32.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wostok-Station_core32.jpg/450px-Wostok-Station_core32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wostok-Station_core32.jpg/600px-Wostok-Station_core32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="644" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Elevated photo of Vostok Station</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Vostok Station in Antarctica"><img alt="Location of Vostok Station in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg/270px-Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg/405px-Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg/540px-Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1493" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.569%;left:68.402%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vostok Station"><img alt="Location of Vostok Station in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Vostok Station</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Vostok Station in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vostok_Station&params=78.4644222_S_106.8373278_E_region:AQ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">78°27′52″S</span> <span class="longitude">106°50′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">78.4644222°S 106.8373278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-78.4644222; 106.8373278</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Location in Antarctica</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth Land</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1957<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1957-12-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-comnap-catalogue_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comnap-catalogue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,488 m (11,444 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2017)<sup id="cite_ref-comnap-catalogue_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comnap-catalogue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">30</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Winter<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">15</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5">UTC+5</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN/LOCODE" title="UN/LOCODE">UN/LOCODE</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">AQ VOS</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">All-year round</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Activities</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ice core drill </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Magnetometry </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Climatology</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aari.aq/default_en.html">aari<wbr />.aq<wbr />/default<wbr />_en<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black; font-size: 125%"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn org">Vostok Skiway</div></th></tr><tr style="font-weight:bold;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: <i>none</i></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: <span class="nickname">AT28</span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black">Summary</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Airport type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Private</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth Land</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation <a href="/wiki/Height_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Height above sea level">AMSL</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,447 ft / 3,489 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vostok_Station&params=78.466139_S_106.84825_E_region:AQ_type:airport"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">78°27′58″S</span> <span class="longitude">106°50′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">78.466139°S 106.84825°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-78.466139; 106.84825</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black">Map</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vostok Skiway is located in Antarctica"><img alt="Vostok Skiway is located in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctica_location_map.svg/270px-Antarctica_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctica_location_map.svg/405px-Antarctica_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctica_location_map.svg/540px-Antarctica_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.572%;left:68.398%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vostok Skiway"><img alt="Vostok Skiway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Airplane_silhouette.svg/10px-Airplane_silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Airplane_silhouette.svg/15px-Airplane_silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Airplane_silhouette.svg/20px-Airplane_silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div>Vostok Skiway</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of airfield in Antarctica</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_0d344504027e963c354e08de10f70d2c34202276"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Vostok_Station&revid=1257936354&groups=_0d344504027e963c354e08de10f70d2c34202276" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Vostok_Station&revid=1257936354&groups=_0d344504027e963c354e08de10f70d2c34202276 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black"><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway"><span style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color:black;">Runways</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:100%; margin:-2px -1px -1px -1px; border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color: #e6e6ff"> <th rowspan="2" style="width: 15%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 1px 0 0; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Runway#Naming" title="Runway">Direction</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="width: 50%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 1px 1px 1px; text-align: center;">Length </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width: 35%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 0 0 1px; text-align: center;">Surface </th></tr> <tr style="background-color: #e6e6ff"> <th style="width: 20%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 1px 0 1px; text-align: center;">ft </th> <th style="width: 20%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 1px 0 1px; text-align: center;">m </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">03/21 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">11,933 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">3,637 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Ice </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #eee"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: left;"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LakeVostok-Location.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LakeVostok-Location.jpg/270px-LakeVostok-Location.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LakeVostok-Location.jpg/405px-LakeVostok-Location.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LakeVostok-Location.jpg/540px-LakeVostok-Location.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Location of Vostok in Antarctica</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vostok Station</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Восток (антарктическая станция)">ста́нция Восто́к</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">stántsiya Vostók</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈstant͡sɨjə<span class="wrap"> </span>vɐˈstok]</a></span>, meaning "Station East") is a Russian <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">research station</a> in inland <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Founded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1957, the station lies at the southern <a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records#Lowest_temperatures_recorded" title="List of weather records">lowest reliably measured natural temperature on Earth</a> of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F; 184.0 K).<sup id="cite_ref-NCDC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCDC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research includes <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a> drilling and <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometry</a>. Vostok (Russian for 'east') was named after <i><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a></i>, the lead ship of the First Russian Antarctic Expedition captained by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian von Bellingshausen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Station" title="Bellingshausen Station">Bellingshausen Station</a> was named after this captain (the second ship, <i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a></i>, captained by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Mikhail Lazarev</a>, became the namesake for <a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny Station</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostok_Station&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vostok Research Station is around 1,301 kilometres (808 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_South_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic South Pole">Geographic South Pole</a>, at the middle of the East <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Ice Sheet">Antarctic Ice Sheet</a>. </p><p>Vostok is located near the southern <a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">pole of inaccessibility</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_geomagnetic_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="South geomagnetic pole">south geomagnetic pole</a>, making it one of the optimal places to observe changes in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>. Other studies include <a href="/wiki/Actinometer" title="Actinometer">actinometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a>, medicine and <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>. </p><p>The station is at 3,488 metres (11,444 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> and is one of the most isolated established research stations on the Antarctic continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Winchester_2003_168–169_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winchester_2003_168–169-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station was supplied from <a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny Station</a> on the Antarctic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station normally hosts 30 scientists and engineers in the summer. In winter, their number drops to 15.<sup id="cite_ref-comnap-catalogue_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comnap-catalogue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only permanent research station located farther south is the <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a>, operated by the United States at the geographic <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Station" title="Kunlun Station">Kunlun Station</a> is farther south than Vostok but is occupied only during summers. </p><p>Some of the challenges faced by those living on the station were described in <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Sanin" title="Vladimir Sanin">Vladimir Sanin</a>'s books such as <i>Newbie in the Antarctic</i> (1973), <i>72 Degrees Below Zero</i> (1975) and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostok_Station&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GISP2_team_photo_core37.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GISP2_team_photo_core37.jpeg/220px-GISP2_team_photo_core37.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GISP2_team_photo_core37.jpeg/330px-GISP2_team_photo_core37.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GISP2_team_photo_core37.jpeg/440px-GISP2_team_photo_core37.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Ice cores at Vostok, with a portion of the station behind</figcaption></figure> <p>Vostok Station was established on 16 December 1957 (during the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> and was operated year-round for more than 72 years.<sup id="cite_ref-igsoc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igsoc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station was temporarily closed from January 1962 to January 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-dubrovin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubrovin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from February to November 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-igsoc_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igsoc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the winter of 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehouse_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, the Vostok station was the scene of a fight between two scientists over a game of chess.<sup id="cite_ref-caniso_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caniso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Regime67_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regime67-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thrive88_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrive88-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When one of them lost the game, he became so enraged that he attacked the other with an <a href="/wiki/Ice_axe" title="Ice axe">ice axe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caniso_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caniso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Regime67_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regime67-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thrive88_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrive88-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some sources, it was a murder,<sup id="cite_ref-caniso_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caniso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Regime67_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regime67-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thrive88_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrive88-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though other sources say that the attack was not fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-sun02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, chess games were banned at Soviet, and later Russian, Antarctic stations.<sup id="cite_ref-caniso_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caniso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thrive88_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrive88-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, when British scientists in Antarctica performed an airborne ice-penetrating <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> survey and detected strange radar readings at the site, the presence of a liquid, freshwater lake below the ice did not instantly spring to mind.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Jeff Ridley, a remote-sensing specialist with the <a href="/wiki/Mullard_Space_Science_Laboratory" title="Mullard Space Science Laboratory">Mullard Space Science Laboratory</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, directed a European satellite called <a href="/wiki/ERS-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ERS-1">ERS-1</a> to turn its high-frequency array toward the center of the Antarctic ice cap. It confirmed the 1974 discovery,<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was not until 1993 that the discovery was published in the <i>Journal of Glaciology</i>. Space-based radar revealed that the subglacial body of fresh water was one of the largest lakes in the world—and one of some 140 <a href="/wiki/Subglacial_lake" title="Subglacial lake">subglacial lakes</a> in Antarctica. Russian and British scientists delineated the lake in 1996 by integrating a variety of data, including airborne ice-penetrating radar imaging observations and spaceborne radar <a href="/wiki/Altimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Altimetry">altimetry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a> lies some 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) below the surface of the central Antarctic ice sheet and covers an area of 14,000 square kilometres (5,400 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FüttererKleinschmidt2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FüttererKleinschmidt2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the Russian government began construction on a new, modern station building to replace the aging facilities. Construction of the new facility was completed in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> to be transported to Vostok Station by ship, but continuing delays have pushed back completion of the new station to no earlier than 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-SouthPoleStation.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthPoleStation.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 28, 2024, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> took part in the ceremony of commissioning the station's wintering complex via video link. The ceremony was also attended by President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_monuments">Historic monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostok_Station&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historic monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Vostok Station Tractor</b>: Heavy <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a> <a href="/wiki/AT-T" title="AT-T">AT-T</a> 11, which participated in the first <a href="/wiki/Traverse_(surveying)" title="Traverse (surveying)">traverse</a> to the <a href="/wiki/South_geomagnetic_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="South geomagnetic pole">south geomagnetic pole</a>, along with a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaque</a> to commemorate the opening of the station in 1957, has been designated a <a href="/wiki/Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica" title="Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica">Historic Site or Monument</a> (HSM 11) following a proposal by Russia to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ats_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ats-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Professor Kudryashov's Drilling Complex Building</b>: The drilling complex building stands close to Vostok Station at an elevation of 3,488 metres (11,444 ft). It was built in the summer season of 1983–1984. Under the leadership of Professor Boris Kudryashov, ancient <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a> samples were obtained. The building has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 88), following a proposal by Russia to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-atcm_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atcm-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostok_Station&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vostok Station has an <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">ice cap climate</a> (<i>EF</i>), with subzero temperatures year round, typical as with much of Antarctica. Annual precipitation is only 22 millimetres (0.87 in) (all occurring as snow),<sup id="cite_ref-Vostokclimate_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vostokclimate-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it one of the driest places on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. On average, Vostok station receives 26 days of snow per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Vostokclimate_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vostokclimate-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also one of the sunniest places on Earth, despite having no sunshine at all between May and August; there are more hours of sunshine per year than even the sunniest places in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, where they approach those of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vostok has the highest sunshine total for any calendar month on Earth, at an average of 708.8 hours of sunshine in December, or 22.9 hours daily. It also has the lowest sunshine for any calendar month, with an absolute maximum of 0 hours of sunshine per month during polar night.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of official weather stations that are currently in operation, Vostok is the coldest on Earth in terms of mean annual temperature. However, it has been disputed that Vostok Station is the coldest-known location on Earth. The now inactive <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Station" title="Plateau Station">Plateau Station</a>, located on the central Antarctic plateau, is believed to have recorded an average yearly temperature that was consistently lower than that of Vostok Station during the 37-month period that it was active in the late 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and satellite readings have routinely detected colder temperatures in areas between Dome A and Dome F.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The most recent record set was the October record low, set on 1 October 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Vostok Station </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0<br />(6.8) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.0<br />(−5.8) </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.7<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.0<br />(−27.4) </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.0<br />(−36.4) </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.0<br />(−27.4) </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.1<br />(−29.4) </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.9<br />(−30.8) </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.3<br />(−29.7) </td> <td style="background: #3131FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.6<br />(−28.5) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.3<br />(−11.7) </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.1<br />(6.6) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.0<br />(6.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.0<br />(−16.6) </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.7<br />(−37.7) </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−52.9<br />(−63.2) </td> <td style="background: #00009C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−61.1<br />(−78.0) </td> <td style="background: #000097; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−62.0<br />(−79.6) </td> <td style="background: #00009E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−60.6<br />(−77.1) </td> <td style="background: #000095; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−62.4<br />(−80.3) </td> <td style="background: #00008C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−63.9<br />(−83.0) </td> <td style="background: #000099; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−61.6<br />(−78.9) </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−51.5<br />(−60.7) </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.2<br />(−35.0) </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.1<br />(−16.8) </td> <td style="background: #0000D5; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−50.5<br />(−58.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.0<br />(−25.6) </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−44.3<br />(−47.7) </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−57.9<br />(−72.2) </td> <td style="background: #000088; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−64.8<br />(−84.6) </td> <td style="background: #000082; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−65.8<br />(−86.4) </td> <td style="background: #000085; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−65.3<br />(−85.5) </td> <td style="background: #00007D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−66.7<br />(−88.1) </td> <td style="background: #000077; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−67.9<br />(−90.2) </td> <td style="background: #000081; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−66.0<br />(−86.8) </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−57.1<br />(−70.8) </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−42.6<br />(−44.7) </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31.8<br />(−25.2) </td> <td style="background: #0000BB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−55.2<br />(−67.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #1C1CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.5<br />(−35.5) </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−50.0<br />(−58.0) </td> <td style="background: #000098; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−61.8<br />(−79.2) </td> <td style="background: #000077; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−67.8<br />(−90.0) </td> <td style="background: #000070; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−69.1<br />(−92.4) </td> <td style="background: #000071; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−68.9<br />(−92.0) </td> <td style="background: #000069; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−70.4<br />(−94.7) </td> <td style="background: #000063; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−71.5<br />(−96.7) </td> <td style="background: #00006A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−70.2<br />(−94.4) </td> <td style="background: #000091; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−63.1<br />(−81.6) </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−49.8<br />(−57.6) </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.0<br />(−36.4) </td> <td style="background: #0000A3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−59.8<br />(−75.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−56.4<br />(−69.5) </td> <td style="background: #00008C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−64.0<br />(−83.2) </td> <td style="background: #00004F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−75.3<br />(−103.5) </td> <td style="background: #000015; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−86.0<br />(−122.8) </td> <td style="background: #00002F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−81.2<br />(−114.2) </td> <td style="background: #000021; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−83.8<br />(−118.8) </td> <td style="background: #000004; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−89.2<br />(−128.6) </td> <td style="background: #000009; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−88.3<br />(−126.9) </td> <td style="background: #000016; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−85.9<br />(−122.6) </td> <td style="background: #000039; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−79.4<br />(−110.9) </td> <td style="background: #00008C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−63.9<br />(−83.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−50.1<br />(−58.2) </td> <td style="background: #000004; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−89.2<br />(−128.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(0.08) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(0.09) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(0.11) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(0.10) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(0.09) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(0.09) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(0.09) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(0.07) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22<br />(0.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.6 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.2 </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.7 </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.7 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.5 </td> <td style="background: #0303FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.7 </td> <td style="background: #0303FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.8 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">696.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">566.8 </td> <td style="background: #F9F925; color:#000000;" class="notheme">347.3 </td> <td style="background: #909090; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.3 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">480.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">682.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">708.8 </td> <td style="background: #F2F216; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,761.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <sup id="cite_ref-aari_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aari-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Pogoda.ru.net (data for record highs/lows, except for March and August lows, and March high)<sup id="cite_ref-poguda_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poguda-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; (March record low)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, (August record low)<sup id="cite_ref-wmoasu_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmoasu-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, and (March record high)<sup id="cite_ref-samenow_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samenow-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wostok-Station_core32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wostok-Station_core32.jpg/250px-Wostok-Station_core32.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wostok-Station_core32.jpg/375px-Wostok-Station_core32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wostok-Station_core32.jpg/500px-Wostok-Station_core32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic photo of Vostok Station showing the layout of the camp. The striped building on the left is the power station while the striped building on the right is where researchers sleep and take meals. The building in the background with the red- and white-striped ball on top is the meteorology building. Caves were dug into the ice sheet for storage, keeping cores at an ideal −55 °C (−67 °F) year-round. (Credit: Todd Sowers LDEO, Columbia University, Palisades, New York)</figcaption></figure> <p>Vostok is one of the <a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">coldest places on Earth</a>. The average temperature of the cold season (from April to September) is about −66 °C (−87 °F), while the average temperature of the warm season (from October to March) is about −44 °C (−47 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Winchester_2003_168–169_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winchester_2003_168–169-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">lowest reliably measured temperature</a> on Earth of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) was in Vostok on 21 July 1983 at 05:45 <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">Moscow Time</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was 07:45 for Vostok's time zone, and 01:45 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (See <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records" title="List of weather records">List of weather records</a></i>). This beat the station's former record of −88.3 °C (−126.9 °F) on 24 August 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-wmoasu_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmoasu-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower temperatures occurred higher up towards the summit of the ice sheet as temperature decreases with height along the surface. </p><p>Though unconfirmed, it has been reported that Vostok reached a temperature of −91 °C (−132 °F) on 28 July 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The warmest recorded temperature at Vostok is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F), which occurred on 5 January 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-poguda_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poguda-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coldest month was August 1987 with a mean temperature of −75.4 °C (−103.7 °F) and the warmest month was December 1989 with a mean temperature of −28 °C (−18 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-aari_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aari-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the extremely cold temperatures, other factors make Vostok one of the most difficult places on Earth for human habitation: </p> <ul><li>An almost complete lack of <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">moisture</a> in the air.</li> <li>An average windspeed of 5 metres per second (11 mph; 18 km/h), sometimes rising to as high as 27 metres per second (60 mph; 97 km/h).</li> <li>The lack of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the air because of its <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">high elevation</a> at 3,488 metres (11,444 feet).</li> <li>A higher <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a> of the air.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a> that lasts approximately 120 days, from late April to mid-August, including 85 continuous days of civil polar night (i.e. too dark to read, during which the sun is more than 6 degrees below the horizon.)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Acclimatization" title="Acclimatization">Acclimatization</a> to such conditions can take from a week to two months and is accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, eye twitches, ear pains, nose bleeds, perceived suffocation, sudden rises in <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, loss of sleep, reduced <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, joint and muscle pain, arthritis, and weight loss of 3–5 kg (7–11 lb) (sometimes as high as 12 kg (26 lb)).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ice_core_drilling">Ice core drilling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostok_Station&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ice core drilling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg/310px-Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg/465px-Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg/620px-Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>420,000 years of ice core data from Vostok, Antarctica, research station. Current period is at left. From bottom to top: <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a> at 65°N due to <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a> (connected to <sup>18</sup>O); <sup>18</sup>O isotope of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>; levels of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>); relative temperature; levels of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> drilled a set of cores 500–952 metres (1,640–3,123 ft) deep. These have been used to study the oxygen isotope composition of the ice, which showed that ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 metres' depth. Then three more holes were drilled: in 1984, Hole 3G reached a final depth of 2,202 m; in 1990, Hole 4G reached a final depth of 2,546 m; and in 1993 Hole 5G reached a depth of 2,755 m; after a brief closure, drilling continued during the winter of 1995. In 1996 it was stopped at depth 3,623 m, by the request of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research" title="Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research">Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research</a> that expressed worries about possible contamination of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a>, drilled collaboratively with the French, produced a record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years and covering four previous glacial periods. For a long time it was the only core to cover several glacial cycles; but in 2004 it was exceeded by the <a href="/wiki/EPICA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPICA">EPICA</a> core, which, whilst shallower, covers a longer time span. In 2003 drilling was permitted to continue, but was halted at the estimated distance to the lake of only 130 m. </p><p>The ancient lake was finally breached on 5 February 2012 when scientists stopped drilling at the depth of 3,770 metres and reached the surface of the subglacial lake. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_core_brittle_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ice core brittle zone (page does not exist)">brittle zone</a> is approximately between 250 and 750 m and corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lipenkov_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipenkov-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_climatic_optimum" title="Holocene climatic optimum">Holocene climatic optimum</a> at or near the 250-metre depth. </p><p>Although the Vostok core reached a depth of 3,623 m the usable climatic information does not extend down this far. The very bottom of the core is ice refrozen from the waters of Lake Vostok and contains no climate information. The usual data sources give proxy information down to a depth of 3,310 m or 414,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below this there is evidence of ice deformation. It has been suggested that the Vostok record may be extended down to 3,345 m or 436,000 years, to include more of the interesting MIS11 period, by inverting a section of the record.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This then produces a record in agreement with the newer, longer EPICA record, although it provides no new information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostok_Station&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica#List_of_research_stations" title="Research stations in Antarctica">List of Antarctic research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">List of Antarctic field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Antarctica" title="List of airports in Antarctica">List of airports in Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_traverse" title="Vostok traverse">Vostok traverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia Station</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostok_Station&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-comnap-catalogue-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comnap-catalogue_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comnap-catalogue_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comnap-catalogue_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf">Antarctic Station Catalogue</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (catalogue). <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a>. August 2017. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-40409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-40409-3"><bdi>978-0-473-40409-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Antarctic+Station+Catalogue&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Council+of+Managers+of+National+Antarctic+Programs&rft.date=2017-08&rft.isbn=978-0-473-40409-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comnap.aq%2Fs%2FCOMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airportnavfinder.com/airport/AT28/">"Vostok Skiway"</a>. <i>Airport Nav Finder</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airport+Nav+Finder&rft.atitle=Vostok+Skiway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairportnavfinder.com%2Fairport%2FAT28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCDC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCDC_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html">Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_Center" title="National Climatic Data Center">National Climatic Data Center</a>. 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Collins. pp. 168–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-716392-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-716392-4"><bdi>0-00-716392-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extreme+Earth&rft.pages=168-169&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-00-716392-4&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219011635/http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/stations/mir/mir_en.html">"Mirny Observatory"</a>. 14 July 2018. 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Birkhäuser. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30673-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30673-3"><bdi>978-3-540-30673-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+contributions+to+global+earth+sciences+%3A+proceedings+of+the+IX+International+Symposium+of+Antarctic+Earth+Sciences+Potsdam%2C+2003&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-540-30673-3&rft.au=Dieter+F%C3%BCtterer&rft.au=Georg+Kleinschmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPcJcEvPFpT4C%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SouthPoleStation.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SouthPoleStation.com_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/20s/vostok2.html">"A New Vostok!"</a>. <i>Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station</i>. 27 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amundsen-Scott+South+Pole+Station&rft.atitle=A+New+Vostok%21&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southpolestation.com%2Ftrivia%2F20s%2Fvostok2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20240128/vostok-1923972856.html">"Путин дал старт вводу в эксплуатацию зимовочного комплекса станции "Восток"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>РИА Новости</i> (in Russian). 28 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128113758/https://ria.ru/20240128/vostok-1923972856.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%22%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%22&rft.date=2024-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20240128%2Fvostok-1923972856.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ats-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ats_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM35/WW/atcm35_ww003_e.pdf">"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Historic+Sites+and+Monuments+approved+by+the+ATCM+%282012%29&rft.pub=Antarctic+Treaty+Secretariat&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ats.aq%2Fdocuments%2FATCM35%2FWW%2Fatcm35_ww003_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atcm-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atcm_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM36/WW/atcm36_ww004_e.pdf">"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2013)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Historic+Sites+and+Monuments+approved+by+the+ATCM+%282013%29&rft.pub=Antarctic+Treaty+Secretariat&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ats.aq%2Fdocuments%2FATCM36%2FWW%2Fatcm36_ww004_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vostokclimate-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vostokclimate_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vostokclimate_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aari.aq/stations/vostok/vostok_en.html">"Vostok Station"</a>. Antarctic Research and Investigation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vostok+Station&rft.pub=Antarctic+Research+and+Investigation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aari.aq%2Fstations%2Fvostok%2Fvostok_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/where-are-worlds-sunniest-destinations-293783">"Where are the World's Sunniest Destinations?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>. 24 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Where+are+the+World%27s+Sunniest+Destinations%3F&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fwhere-are-worlds-sunniest-destinations-293783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507070713/http://www.aari.aq/data/data.asp?lang=0&station=6">"Vostok station (89606)"</a>. <i>Russian Antarctic Expedition - Project Antarctica</i>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aari.aq/data/data.asp?lang=0&station=6#sun_dur.txt">the original</a> on 7 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Antarctic+Expedition+-+Project+Antarctica&rft.atitle=Vostok+station+%2889606%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aari.aq%2Fdata%2Fdata.asp%3Flang%3D0%26station%3D6%23sun_dur.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Albert" class="citation web cs1">Mary Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traverse.npolar.no/expedition-diary/archive/2007/12/22/discovering-historic-plateau-station">"Discovering historic Plateau Station"</a>. Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+historic+Plateau+Station&rft.pub=Norwegian-U.S.+Scientific+Traverse+of+East+Antarctica&rft.au=Mary+Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraverse.npolar.no%2Fexpedition-diary%2Farchive%2F2007%2F12%2F22%2Fdiscovering-historic-plateau-station&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsodres?lang=en&mode=0&state=United+K&ind=89606&ord=REV&ano=2021&mes=10&day=20&ndays=50">"Vostok (Antarctica)"</a>. Ogimet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vostok+%28Antarctica%29&rft.pub=Ogimet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogimet.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgsodres%3Flang%3Den%26mode%3D0%26state%3DUnited%2BK%26ind%3D89606%26ord%3DREV%26ano%3D2021%26mes%3D10%26day%3D20%26ndays%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aari-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aari_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aari_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114914/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/89606.htm">"Monthly values of meteorological parameters, Vostok station (89606)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+values+of+meteorological+parameters%2C+Vostok+station+%2889606%29&rft.pub=Antarctic+Research+and+Investigation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aari.aq%2Fdata%2Fdata.asp%3Flang%3D0%26station%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poguda-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poguda_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poguda_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/89606.htm">Weather at Vostok</a>. pogoda.ru.net. For the original <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628060608/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/89606.htm">Archived</a> 28 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 2010-08-08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=89606&ano=2020&mes=3&day=23&hora=15&min=0&ndays=30">"Vostok (Antarctica)"</a>. Ogimet<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Scientists are flabbergasted"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318220112/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2022/03/18/antarctica-heat-wave-climate-change/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Factbook&rft.atitle=Coldest+Temperature+on+Earth&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Yong+Li&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhypertextbook.com%2Ffacts%2F2000%2FYongLiLiang.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/antarctica/vostok-station?month=5&year=2015">"Sunrise and sunset times in Vostok Station, May 2015"</a>. <i>www.timeanddate.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=Sunrise+and+sunset+times+in+Vostok+Station%2C+May+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fsun%2Fantarctica%2Fvostok-station%3Fmonth%3D5%26year%3D2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipenkov-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipenkov_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipenkovSalamatinDuval1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lipenkov VY, Salamatin AN, Duval P (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.igsoc.org/journal/43/145/igs_journal_vol43_issue145_pg397-407.pdf">"Bubbly-ice densification in ice sheets: 11. Applications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Glaciol</i>. <b>43</b> (145): 397–407. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGlac..43..397L">1997JGlac..43..397L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022143000034973">10.1017/S0022143000034973</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Glaciol.&rft.atitle=Bubbly-ice+densification+in+ice+sheets%3A+11.+Applications&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=145&rft.pages=397-407&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022143000034973&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JGlac..43..397L&rft.aulast=Lipenkov&rft.aufirst=VY&rft.au=Salamatin%2C+AN&rft.au=Duval%2C+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igsoc.org%2Fjournal%2F43%2F145%2Figs_journal_vol43_issue145_pg397-407.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVostok+Station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok_data.html">Vostok Ice Core Data</a> www.ncdc.noaa.gov, 2005-12-22. Retrieved 27 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaynaudBarnolaSouchezLorrain2005" class="citation journal cs1">Raynaud, Dominique; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Souchez, Roland; Lorrain, Reginald; Petit, Jean-Robert; Duval, Paul; Lipenkov, Vladimir Y. (2005). "Palaeoclimatology: The record for marine isotopic stage 11". <i>Nature</i>. <b>436</b> (7047): 39–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.436...39R">2005Natur.436...39R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F43639b">10.1038/43639b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16001055">16001055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4363692">4363692</a>.</cite><span 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219011635/http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/stations/mir/mir_en.html">Vostok Station page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/icd/gjma/vostok.temps.html">Vostok average temperature data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/metlog/latest-met/89606.latest-met.html">Vostok current met data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062659/http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/stations/vostok.shtml">Antarctic Connection article on Vostok Station</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424075823/http://www.comnap.aq/facilities">COMNAP Antarctic Facilities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_(research_station)" title="Bharati (research station)">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_Pass_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning Pass (Antarctica)">Browning Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Station#Airstrips" title="Casey Station">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumont_d%27Urville_Station" title="Dumont d'Urville Station">D10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Station" title="Davis Station">Davis Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_Fuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome Fuji">Dome Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchelli_Station" title="Zucchelli Station">Enigma Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Bluff" title="Fossil Bluff">Fossil Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Research_Station" title="Halley Research Station">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniente_R._Marsh_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Teniente R. Marsh Airport">King George Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohnen_Station" title="Kohnen Station">Kohnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitri_(research_station)" title="Maitri (research station)">Maitri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marambio_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Marambio airport">Marambio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Point" title="Marble Point">Marble Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Station" title="Mawson Station">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Runway" title="Ice Runway">McMurdo Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Airfield" title="Phoenix Airfield">McMurdo Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Field" title="Williams Field">McMurdo Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Point_Airstrip" title="Mid Point Airstrip">Mid Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodyozhnaya_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Molodyozhnaya Station (Antarctica)">Molodyozhnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Station_III" title="Neumayer Station III">Neumayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station#Airfield" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odell_Glacier" title="Odell Glacier">Odell Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_General_Bernardo_O%27Higgins_Riquelme#See_also" title="Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme">O'Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Station" title="Palmer Station">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Hills_Base_Camp#Airfield" title="Patriot Hills Base Camp">Patriot Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Field" title="Pegasus Field">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel_Base" title="Petrel Base">Petrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Station" title="Plateau Station">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Antarctica" title="Princess Elisabeth Antarctica">Princess Elisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Station" title="Progress Station">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothera_Air_Facility" title="Rothera Air Facility">Rothera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumdoodle_Peak" title="Rumdoodle Peak">Rumdoodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANAE_IV" title="SANAE IV">SANAE IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siple_Dome" title="Siple Dome">Siple Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitry_Airstrip" title="Sitry Airstrip">Sitry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Blu_(Antarctica)" title="Sky Blu (Antarctica)">Sky Blu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Paulus_Skiway" title="Jack F. Paulus Skiway">South Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiel_Mountains" title="Thiel Mountains">Thiel Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_Airfield" title="Troll Airfield">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Glacier_Blue-Ice_Runway" title="Union Glacier Blue-Ice Runway">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAIS_Divide" title="WAIS Divide">WAIS Divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkins_Runway" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilkins Runway">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfs_Fang_Runway" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfs Fang Runway">Wolf's Fang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchelli_Station" title="Zucchelli Station">Zucchelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Research_stations_in_Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antarctic_research_stations" title="Template:Antarctic research stations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctic_research_stations" title="Template talk:Antarctic research stations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctic_research_stations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctic research stations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Research_stations_in_Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations in Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Year-round" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Year-round</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Argentino" title="Instituto Antártico Argentino">Argentina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgrano_II_Base" title="Belgrano II Base">Belgrano II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlini_Base" title="Carlini Base">Carlini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanza_Base" title="Esperanza Base">Esperanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marambio_Base" title="Marambio Base">Marambio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Base" title="San Martín Base">San Martín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Station" title="Casey Station">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Station" title="Davis Station">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Station" title="Mawson Station">Mawson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Prat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_General_Bernardo_O%27Higgins_Riquelme" title="Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme">General O'Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_Presidente_Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva">Presidente Frei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profesor_Julio_Escudero_Base" title="Profesor Julio Escudero Base">Profesor Escudero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Great Wall Station (Antarctica)">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Zhongshan Station (Antarctica)">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinling_Station" title="Qinling Station">Qinling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Czech Republic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco-Nelson" title="Eco-Nelson">Eco-Nelson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>France</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumont_d%27Urville_Station" title="Dumont d'Urville Station">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Germany</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Station_III" title="Neumayer Station III">Neumayer III</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Italy</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Norway</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troll_(research_station)" title="Troll (research station)">Troll</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Poland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski_Polish_Antarctic_Station" title="Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station">Arctowski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Ukraine</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernadsky_Research_Base" title="Vernadsky Research Base">Vernadsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">United Kingdom</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Research_Station" title="Halley Research Station">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Antarctic_Programme" title="Indian Antarctic Programme">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_(research_station)" title="Bharati (research station)">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitri_(research_station)" title="Maitri (research station)">Maitri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Russian Antarctic Expedition">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Station" title="Bellingshausen Station">Bellingshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Station" title="Progress Station">Progress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vostok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jang_Bogo_Station" title="Jang Bogo Station">Jang Bogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Sejong_Station" title="King Sejong Station">King Sejong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen-Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Station" title="Palmer Station">Palmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Brazil</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comandante_Ferraz_Antarctic_Station" title="Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station">Comandante Ferraz</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Japan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>New Zealand</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>South Africa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SANAE_IV" title="SANAE IV">SANAE IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Turkey</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Antarctic_Research_Station" title="Turkish Antarctic Research Station">TARS</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Uruguay</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artigas_Base" title="Artigas Base">Artigas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Summer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Summer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Argentina</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Station" title="Brown Station">Almirante Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_Base" title="Cámara Base">Cámara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_Station" title="Deception Station">Decepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_A%C3%A9rea_Teniente_Benjam%C3%ADn_Matienzo" title="Base Aérea Teniente Benjamín Matienzo">Matienzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Base" title="Melchior Base">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel_Base" title="Petrel Base">Petrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_Primavera" title="Base Primavera">Primavera</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Belarus</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vechernyaya_Base" title="Vechernyaya Base">Vechernyaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Belgium</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Antarctica" title="Princess Elisabeth Antarctica">Princess Elisabeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Bulgaria</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Kliment_Ohridski_Base" title="St. Kliment Ohridski Base">St. Kliment Ohridski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Chile</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teniente_Luis_Carvajal_Villaroel_Antarctic_Base" title="Teniente Luis Carvajal Villaroel Antarctic Base">Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_Base" title="Collins Base">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonz%C3%A1lez_Videla_Antarctic_Base" title="González Videla Antarctic Base">González Videla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Guillermo_Mann_Base" title="Doctor Guillermo Mann Base">Guillermo Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jorge_Boonen_Rivera_Base" title="General Jorge Boonen Rivera Base">Jorge Boonen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Ripamonti_Base" title="Julio Ripamonti Base">Julio Ripamonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risopatr%C3%B3n_Base" title="Risopatrón Base">Risopatrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3n_Polar_Cient%C3%ADfica_Conjunta_Glaciar_Uni%C3%B3n" title="Estación Polar Científica Conjunta Glaciar Unión">Union Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelcho_Base" title="Yelcho Base">Yelcho</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>China</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Station_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunlun Station (Antarctica)">Kunlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishan_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Taishan Station (Antarctica)">Taishan</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Czech Republic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Polar_Station" title="Mendel Polar Station">Mendel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Ecuador</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldonado_Base" title="Maldonado Base">Maldonado</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Finland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboa_(research_station)" title="Aboa (research station)">Aboa</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Germany</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kohnen_Station" title="Kohnen Station">Kohnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Station" title="Gondwana Station">Gondwana</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Italy</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zucchelli_Station" title="Zucchelli Station">Zucchelli</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>New Zealand</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Station" title="Vanda Station">Vanda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Norway</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(research_station)" title="Tor (research station)">Tor</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Pakistan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Antarctic_Station" title="Jinnah Antarctic Station">Jinnah</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Peru</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu_Base" title="Machu Picchu Base">Machu Picchu</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Poland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Dobrowolski_Polar_Station" title="A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Romania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law-Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83-Negoi%C8%9B%C4%83_Station" title="Law-Racoviță-Negoiță Station">Law-Racoviță</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Russia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leningradskaya_Station" title="Leningradskaya Station">Leningradskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodyozhnaya_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Molodyozhnaya Station (Antarctica)">Molodyozhnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Station" title="Progress Station">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Station" title="Russkaya Station">Russkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_Station" title="Soyuz Station">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Spain</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Castilla_Base" title="Gabriel de Castilla Base">Gabriel de Castilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_Antarctic_Base" title="Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base">Juan Carlos I</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Sweden</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svea_Research_Station" title="Svea Research Station">Svea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasa_Research_Station" title="Wasa Research Station">Wasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Turkey</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University_Polar_Research_Center" title="Istanbul Technical University Polar Research Center">ITU PolReC</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>United Kingdom</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Bluff" title="Fossil Bluff">Fossil Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signy_Research_Station" title="Signy Research Station">Signy</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>United States</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pieter_J._Lenie_Base" title="Captain Pieter J. Lenie Base">Lenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirreff_Base" title="Shirreff Base">Shirreff</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Uruguay</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECARE" title="ECARE">Elichiribehety</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Closed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Closed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Argentina</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgrano_I_Base" title="Belgrano I Base">Belgrano I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrano_III_Base" title="Belgrano III Base">Belgrano III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Station" title="Ellsworth Station">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobral_Base" title="Sobral Base">Sobral</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Australia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Station" title="Wilkes Station">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Belgium</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land#Later_developments" title="Queen Maud Land">King Baudouin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Chile</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguirre_Cerda_Research_Station" title="Aguirre Cerda Research Station">Aguirre Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniente_Arturo_Parodi_Alister_Base" title="Teniente Arturo Parodi Alister Base">Arturo Parodi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>France</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land#Charcot_Station" title="Adélie Land">Charcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Martin" title="Port Martin">Port Martin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Germany</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drescher_Ice_Camp" title="Drescher Ice Camp">Drescher Ice Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schirmacher_Oasis#Georg_Forster_Station" title="Schirmacher Oasis">Georg Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filchner_Station" title="Filchner Station">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neumayer_Station_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neumayer Station I (page does not exist)">Neumayer I</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Neumayer_Station" class="extiw" title="de:Georg von Neumayer Station">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Station_II" title="Neumayer Station II">Neumayer II</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>India</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Gangotri" title="Dakshin Gangotri">Dakshin Gangotri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Italy</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Bove_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Bove Station (page does not exist)">Giacomo Bove</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Japan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Asuka Station (Antarctica)">Asuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_F" title="Dome F">Dome Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Mizuho Station (Antarctica)">Mizuho</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>New Zealand</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Hallett#Hallett_Station" title="Cape Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Station" title="Vanda Station">Vanda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Norway</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land#Later_developments" title="Queen Maud Land">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudheim_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Maudheim Station">Maudheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Poland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Dobrowolski_Polar_Station" title="A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>South Africa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borga_Base" title="Borga Base">Borga Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANAE" title="SANAE">SANAE I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANAE" title="SANAE">SANAE II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANAE" title="SANAE">SANAE III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunehogna_Peaks" title="Grunehogna Peaks">Sarie Marais</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Soviet Union</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druzhba_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druzhba Station (page does not exist)">Druzhba</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Дружба (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station#Druzhnaya_I" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station#Druzhnaya_II" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station#Druzhnaya_III" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station#Druzhnaya_IV" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_(Antarctic_research_station)" title="Komsomolskaya (Antarctic research station)">Komsomolskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land#Later_developments" title="Queen Maud Land">Lazarev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir Station (page does not exist)">Mir</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Мир (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Dobrowolski_Polar_Station#Oasis_Station" title="A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pionerskaya_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pionerskaya Station (page does not exist)">Pionerskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pobeda_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pobeda Station (page does not exist)">Pobeda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Победа (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salyut_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salyut Station (page does not exist)">Salyut Station</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%BCuta" class="extiw" title="lt:Saļuta">lt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodruzhestvo_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodruzhestvo Station (page does not exist)">Sodruzhestvo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Содружество (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_(Antarctic_Research_Station)" title="Sovetskaya (Antarctic Research Station)">Sovetskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok I">Vostok I</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Vostok_I" class="extiw" title="es:Base Vostok I">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><b>United Kingdom</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Ice" title="South Ice">South Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lockroy" title="Port Lockroy">Port Lockroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_Island#Station_B" title="Deception Island">Station B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Geddes#Station_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Geddes">Station C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay#Station_D" title="Hope Bay">Station D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonington_Island#Station_E" title="Stonington Island">Station E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernadsky_Research_Base#Station_F" title="Vernadsky Research Base">Station F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keller_Peninsula#Station_G" title="Keller Peninsula">Station G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Point_(Antarctica)#Station_J" title="Prospect Point (Antarctica)">Station J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harbour#Station_N" title="Arthur Harbour">Station N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Station O">Station O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_P" title="Station P">Station P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniente_Luis_Carvajal_Villaroel_Antarctic_Base#Station_T" title="Teniente Luis Carvajal Villaroel Antarctic Base">Station T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_Point#Station_V" title="View Point">Station V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detaille_Island#Station_W" title="Detaille Island">Station W</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>United States</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brockton_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Brockton Station (Antarctica)">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Station" title="Byrd Station">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Base" title="East Base">East Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eights_Station" title="Eights Station">Eights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Station" title="Ellsworth Station">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Hallett#Hallett_Station" title="Cape Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_America_(exploration_base)" title="Little America (exploration base)">Little America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rockford" title="Little Rockford">Little Rockford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Station" title="Plateau Station">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siple_Station" title="Siple Station">Siple</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Other</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Park_Base" title="World Park Base">World Park Base</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Joint Stations</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weddell-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weddell-1 (page does not exist)">Weddell-1</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB-1" class="extiw" title="ru:Уэдделл-1">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica" title="Template:Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica" title="Template talk:Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica" title="Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica">Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Coats_Land" title="Coats Land">Coats Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgrano_II_Base" title="Belgrano II Base">Belgrano II Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Gangotri" title="Dakshin Gangotri">Dakshin Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Mountains_India_Point_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt Mountains India Point Monument">Humboldt Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schirmacher_Oasis" title="Schirmacher Oasis">Schirmacher Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Enderby_Land" title="Enderby Land">Enderby Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_Island" title="Proclamation Island">Proclamation Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Kemp_Land" title="Kemp Land">Kemp Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Mac._Robertson_Land" title="Mac. Robertson Land">Mac. Robertson Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Bruce" title="Cape Bruce">Cape Bruce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tryne_Islands" title="Tryne Islands">Tryne Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vostok Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkabout_Rocks" title="Walkabout Rocks">Walkabout Rocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land" title="Queen Mary Land">Queen Mary Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buromskiy_Island" title="Buromskiy Island">Buromskiy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Land" title="Wilkes Land">Wilkes Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Dobrowolski_Polar_Station" title="A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station">A.B. Dobrowolski Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9barquement_Rock" title="Débarquement Rock">Débarquement Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel_Island_(Antarctica)" title="Petrel Island (Antarctica)">Petrel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Martin" title="Port Martin">Port Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/George_V_Land" title="George V Land">George V Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Denison" title="Cape Denison">Cape Denison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Land" title="Victoria Land">Victoria Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Adare" title="Cape Adare">Cape Adare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Geology" title="Cape Geology">Cape Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Wadworth" title="Cape Wadworth">Cape Wadworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foyn_Island" title="Foyn Island">Foyn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hells_Gate_Moraine" title="Hells Gate Moraine">Hells Gate Moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inexpressible_Island" title="Inexpressible Island">Inexpressible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillie_Marleen_Hut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillie Marleen Hut">Mount Dockery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Crozier" title="Cape Crozier">Cape Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Evans" title="Cape Evans">Cape Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%27s_Hut" title="Shackleton's Hut">Shackleton's Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut_Point_Peninsula" title="Hut Point Peninsula">Hut Point Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bay" title="Lewis Bay">Lewis Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Betty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Betty">Mount Betty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation_Hill_(McMurdo_Station)" title="Observation Hill (McMurdo Station)">Observation Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott%27s_Hut" title="Scott's Hut">Scott's Hut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Land" title="King Edward VII Land">Edward VII Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nunataks" title="Scott Nunataks">Scott Nunataks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_General_Bernardo_O%27Higgins_Riquelme" title="Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme">Bernardo O'Higgins Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damoy_Point" title="Damoy Point">Damoy Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detaille_Island" title="Detaille Island">Detaille Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanza_Base" title="Esperanza Base">Esperanza Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay" title="Hope Bay">Hope Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Island_(Antarctica)" title="Horseshoe Island (Antarctica)">Horseshoe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Island" title="Lambda Island">Lambda Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalestris_Hill_Cairn" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalestris Hill Cairn">Megalestris Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metchnikoff_Point" title="Metchnikoff Point">Metchnikoff Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradise Harbor">Paradise Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_Island" title="Paulet Island">Paulet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Charcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Charcot">Port Charcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lockroy" title="Port Lockroy">Port Lockroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martin_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="San Martin Base">San Martin Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Island" title="Seymour Island">Seymour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Hill_Island" title="Snow Hill Island">Snow Hill Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonington_Island" title="Stonington Island">Stonington Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterboat_Point" title="Waterboat Point">Waterboat Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Island_(Antarctica)" title="Winter Island (Antarctica)">Winter Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" title="Monument to the Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Arturo Prat Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Great_Wall_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Great Wall Station">Great Wall Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Moon_Beach" title="Half Moon Beach">Half Moon Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski_Polish_Antarctic_Station" title="Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station">Henryk Arctowski Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_Dog_Hut" title="Lame Dog Hut">Lame Dog Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Bay_(Antarctica)" title="Maxwell Bay (Antarctica)">Maxwell Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_Cove" title="Pendulum Cove">Pendulum Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Wild" title="Point Wild">Point Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Cove" title="Potter Cove">Potter Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whalers_Bay_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="Whalers Bay (South Shetland Islands)">Whalers Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Harbour" title="Yankee Harbour">Yankee Harbour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands" title="South Orkney Islands">South Orkneys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Bay" title="Scotia Bay">Scotia Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Stonington_Island" title="Stonington Island">Stonington Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Base" title="East Base">East Base</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica_topics" title="Template talk:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_East_Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Antarctica" title="Template:East Antarctica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:East_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:East Antarctica (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Antarctica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Antarctica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_East_Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography of <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coats_Land" title="Coats Land">Coats Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enderby_Land" title="Enderby Land">Enderby Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_Land" title="George V Land">George V Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_V_Coast" title="George V Coast">George V Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9l%C3%A9e_Subglacial_Trench" title="Zélée Subglacial Trench">Zélée Subglacial Trench</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemp_Land" title="Kemp Land">Kemp Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac._Robertson_Land" title="Mac. Robertson Land">Mac. Robertson Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oates_Land" title="Oates Land">Oates Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land" title="Queen Mary Land">Queen Mary Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Martha_Coast" title="Princess Martha Coast">Princess Martha Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Astrid_Coast" title="Princess Astrid Coast">Princess Astrid Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ragnhild_Coast" title="Princess Ragnhild Coast">Princess Ragnhild Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harald_Coast" title="Prince Harald Coast">Prince Harald Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Olav_Coast" title="Prince Olav Coast">Prince Olav Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Land" title="Victoria Land">Victoria Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II Land">Wilhelm II Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Land" title="Wilkes Land">Wilkes Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major ice shelves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amery_Ice_Shelf" title="Amery Ice Shelf">Amery Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekstrom_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekstrom Ice Shelf">Ekstrom Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Ice_Shelf" title="Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf">Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton_Ice_Shelf" title="Shackleton Ice Shelf">Shackleton Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeykov_Ice_Shelf" title="Voyeykov Ice Shelf">Voyeykov Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ice_Shelf" title="West Ice Shelf">West Ice Shelf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seas and major islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Island" title="Mill Island">Mill Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masson_Island" title="Masson Island">Masson Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carney_Island" title="Carney Island">Carney Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturge_Island" title="Sturge Island">Sturge Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211014#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vostok_Station&oldid=1257936354">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vostok_Station&oldid=1257936354</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Outposts_of_Antarctica" title="Category:Outposts of Antarctica">Outposts of Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Category:Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth Land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:Russia and the Antarctic">Russia and the Antarctic</a></li><li><a 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