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href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://meta.wikimedia.org/"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Acronym rootpage-Acronym skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"></div> <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Acronym</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub">  (Redirected from <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Initialism&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">Initialism</a>)</div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#p-search">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the <acronym> HTML tag, see <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_element#acronym" title="HTML element">HTML element § acronym</a>.</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><div style="display:inline;" class="plainlinks selfreference noprint">For the use of acronyms on Wikipedia, see <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Acronyms" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Acronyms">Wikipedia:Acronyms</a>.</div></div> An acronym is a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a> or name formed as a type of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a> from the initial components of a phrase or a word, usually individual letters, as in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>) or <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba</a> (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus), sometimes syllables, as in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg), or a mixture of the two, as in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> (RAdio Detection And Ranging). There are no universal standards for the <a href="#Nomenclature">multiple names for such abbreviations</a> or for their <a href="#Orthographic_styling">orthographic styling</a>. Acronyms result from a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_formation" title="Word formation">word formation</a> process known as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blending</a>, in which parts of two or more words are combined to form a new word. Acronyms flourished especially from the 20th century onwards, although the distinction between abbreviation and acronym has been steadily eroded and acronym is commonly used for several types of abbreviation. <div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Nomenclature">1 Nomenclature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Comparing_a_few_examples_of_each_type">2 Comparing a few examples of each type</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Historical_and_current_use">3 Historical and current use</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_examples_in_English">3.1 Early examples in English</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Current_use">3.2 Current use</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Aids_to_learning_the_expansion_without_leaving_a_document">3.2.1 Aids to learning the expansion without leaving a document</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Jargon">3.2.2 Jargon</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#As_mnemonics">3.2.3 As mnemonics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Acronyms_as_legendary_etymology">3.2.4 Acronyms as legendary etymology</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Orthographic_styling">4 Orthographic styling</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Punctuation">4.1 Punctuation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Showing_the_ellipsis_of_letters">4.1.1 Showing the ellipsis of letters</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-13"><a href="#Ellipsis-is-understood_style">4.1.1.1 Ellipsis-is-understood style</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-14"><a href="#Pronunciation-dependent_style_and_periods">4.1.1.2 Pronunciation-dependent style and periods</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-15"><a href="#Other_conventions">4.1.1.3 Other conventions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Representing_plurals_and_possessives">4.1.2 Representing plurals and possessives</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Case">4.2 Case</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#All-caps_style">4.2.1 All-caps style</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Small-caps_variant">4.2.2 Small-caps variant</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Mixed-case_variant">4.2.3 Mixed-case variant</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Pronunciation-dependent_style_and_case">4.2.4 Pronunciation-dependent style and case</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Numerals_and_constituent_words">4.3 Numerals and constituent words</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Casing_of_expansions">4.4 Casing of expansions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Changes_to_(or_word_play_on)_the_expanded_meaning">5 Changes to (or word play on) the expanded meaning</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Pseudo-acronyms">5.1 Pseudo-acronyms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Redundant_acronyms_and_RAS_syndrome">5.2 Redundant acronyms and RAS syndrome</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Simple_redefining">5.3 Simple redefining</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Backronyms">5.4 Backronyms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Contrived_acronyms">5.5 Contrived acronyms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Macronyms/nested_acronyms">5.6 Macronyms/nested acronyms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Recursive_acronyms">5.6.1 Recursive acronyms</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Non-English_languages">6 Non-English languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Specific_languages">6.1 Specific languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Chinese">6.1.1 Chinese</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Korean">6.1.2 Korean</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Japanese">6.1.3 Japanese</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#German">6.1.4 German</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Hebrew">6.1.5 Hebrew</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Indonesian">6.1.6 Indonesian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Russian">6.1.7 Russian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Swahili">6.1.8 Swahili</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Vietnamese">6.1.9 Vietnamese</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#General_grammatical_considerations">6.2 General grammatical considerations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Declension">6.2.1 Declension</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#Lenition">6.2.2 Lenition</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Extremes">7 Extremes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Nomenclature[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</h2> Whereas an <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a> may be any type of shortened form, such as words with the middle omitted (for example, Rd for road or Dr for <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">Doctor</a>), an acronym is a word formed from the first letter or first few letters of each word in a phrase (such as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, created from sound navigation and ranging). Attestations for Akronym in German are known from 1921, and for acronym in English from 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Paris_Gazette_and_Brockhaus_Handbuch-1">[1]</a> Although the word acronym is often used to refer to any abbreviation formed from initial letters,<a href="#cite_note-MWDEU-2">[2]</a> some dictionaries and usage commentators define acronym to mean an abbreviation that is pronounced as a word,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> in contrast to an initialism (or alphabetism)‍—‌an abbreviation formed from a string of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">initials</a> (and possibly pronounced as individual letters).<a href="#cite_note-OEDinitialism-19">[19]</a> Some dictionaries include additional senses equating acronym with initialism.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The distinction, when made, hinges on whether the abbreviation is pronounced as a word or as a string of individual letters. Examples in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference works</a> that make the distinction include "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>" <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈneɪtoʊ/</a>, "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba</a>" <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈskuːbə/</a>, and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>" <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈreɪdɑːr/</a> for acronyms; and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>" <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɛfˌbiːˈaɪ/</a>, "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">CRT</a>" <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsiːˌɑːrˈtiː/</a>, and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>" <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌeɪtʃˌtiːˌɛmˈɛl/</a> for initialisms.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crystal-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The rest of this article uses acronym for both types of abbreviation. The distinction is not well-maintained. According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage:<a href="#cite_note-MWDEU-2">[2]</a> "A number of commentators ... believe that acronyms can be differentiated from other abbreviations in being pronounceable as words. Dictionaries, however, do not make this distinction because writers in general do not. ... Initialism, an older word than acronym, seems to be too little known to the general public to serve as the customary term standing in contrast with acronym in a narrow sense." About the use of acronym to only mean those pronounced as words, Fowler's Modern English Usage (3rd ed.) states:<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> "The limitations of the term being not widely known to the general public, acronym is also often applied to abbreviations that are familiar but are not pronounceable as words. ... Such terms are also called initialisms." A clearer distinction has also been drawn by Pyles & Algeo (1970),<a href="#cite_note-MWDEU-2">[2]</a> who divided acronyms as a general category into word acronyms pronounced as words, and initialisms sounded out as letters. There is no special term for abbreviations whose pronunciation involves the combination of letter names and words or word-like pronunciations of strings of letters, such as "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>" <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʒeɪpɛɡ/</a> and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>" <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs/</a>. There is also some disagreement as to what to call abbreviations that some speakers pronounce as letters and others pronounce as a word. For example, the terms "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a>" and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_retirement_account" title="Individual retirement account">IRA</a>" can be pronounced as individual letters: <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌjuːˌɑːrˈɛl/</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌaɪˌɑːrˈeɪ/</a>, respectively; or as a single word: <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɜːrl/</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪrə/</a>, respectively.[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The spelled-out form of an acronym or initialism (that is, what it stands for) is called its expansion. <h2>Comparing a few examples of each type[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparing a few examples of each type">edit</a>]</h2> <ul><li>Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>: "North Atlantic Treaty Organization"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba</a>: "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a>: "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a>: "graphics interchange format"</li></ul></li> <li>Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a>: "alpha-methyl-phenethylamine"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>: Geheime Staatspolizei (secret state police)</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a>: "radio detection and ranging"</li></ul></li> <li>Pronounced as a string of letters, containing syllable-initial but not necessarily word-initial letters <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">PMN</a>: "polymorphonuclear leukocytes"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculocutaneous_albinism" title="Oculocutaneous albinism">OCA</a>: "oculocutaneous albinism"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">PCM</a>: "paracoccidioidomycosis"</li></ul></li> <li>Pronounced as a word or as a string of letters, depending on speaker or context <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ" title="FAQ">FAQ</a>: (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/fæk/</a> or ef-a-cue) "frequently asked questions"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_retirement_account" title="Individual retirement account">IRA</a>: When used for "individual retirement account", can be pronounced as letters (i-ar-a) or as a word <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪrə/</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>: (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsiːkwəl/</a> or ess-cue-el) "structured query language"</li></ul></li> <li>Pronounced as a combination of spelling out and a word <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>: (cee-dee-<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/rɒm/</a>) "compact disc read-only memory"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>: (i-u-<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pæk/</a> or i-u-pee-a-cee) "International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>: (jay-<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pɛɡ/</a> or jay-pee-e-gee) "Joint Photographic Experts Group"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="San Francisco Museum of Modern Art">SFMOMA</a>: (ess-ef-<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmoʊmə/</a> or ess-ef-em-o-em-a) "San Francisco Museum of Modern Art"</li></ul></li> <li>Pronounced only as a string of letters <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a>: "British Broadcasting Corporation"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEM</a>: "original equipment manufacturer"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a>: "United States of America"</li></ul></li> <li>Pronounced as a string of letters, but with a shortcut <ul><li>AAA: <ul><li>(Triple-A) "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association" title="American Automobile Association">American Automobile Association</a>"; "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_aortic_aneurysm" title="Abdominal aortic aneurysm">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a>"; "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">anti-aircraft artillery</a>"; "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asistencia,_Asesor%C3%ADa_y_Administraci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asistencia, Asesoría y Administración">Asistencia, Asesoría y Administración</a>"</li> <li>(Three-As) "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur Athletic Association">Amateur Athletic Association</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a>: (I triple-E) "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">NAACP</a>: (N double-A C P or N A A C P) "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a>: (N C double-A or N C two-A or N C A A) "National Collegiate Athletic Association"</li></ul></li> <li>Shortcut incorporated into name <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>: (three M) originally "Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(ISC)%C2%B2" title="(ISC)²">(ISC)²</a>: (ISC squared) "International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium"<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a>: (W-three C) "World Wide Web Consortium"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4ISTAR" class="mw-redirect" title="C4ISTAR">C4ISTAR</a>: (C-four Istar) "Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance"<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo" title="Electronic Entertainment Expo">E3</a>: (E-three) "Electronic Entertainment Expo"</li></ul></li> <li>Multi-layered acronyms <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM_(software)" title="AIM (software)">AIM</a>: "AOL Instant Messenger", in which "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>" originally stood for "America Online"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAC_Breda" title="NAC Breda">NAC Breda</a>: (Dutch football club) "NOAD ADVENDO Combinatie" ("NOAD ADVENDO Combination"), formed by the 1912 merger of two clubs from Breda: <ul><li>NOAD: (Nooit Opgeven Altijd Doorgaan "Never give up, always persevere")</li> <li>ADVENDO: (Aangenaam Door Vermaak En Nuttig Door Ontspanning "Pleasant by entertainment and useful by relaxation")<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>: "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> image manipulation program"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a>: "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHSIC" title="VHSIC">VHSIC</a> hardware description language", where "VHSIC" stands for "very high speed integrated circuit" (a U.S. government program)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Recursive acronyms">Recursive acronyms</a>, in which the abbreviation refers to itself <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>: "GNU's not Unix!"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a>: "Wine is not an emulator" (originally, "Windows emulator")</li> <li>These may go through multiple layers before the self-reference is found: <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">HURD</a>: "HIRD of Unix-replacing daemons", where "HIRD" stands for "HURD of interfaces representing depth"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Pseudo-acronyms, which consist of a sequence of characters that, when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words with less typing<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> This makes them <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramogram" title="Gramogram">gramograms</a>. <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQ_(call)" title="CQ (call)">CQ</a>: cee-cue for "seek you", a code used by radio operators</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOU_(debt)" class="mw-redirect" title="IOU (debt)">IOU</a>: i-o-u for "I owe you"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K9_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="K9 (disambiguation)">K9</a>: kay-nine for "canine", used to designate police units utilizing dogs</li></ul></li> <li>Abbreviations whose last abbreviated word is often <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAS_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="RAS Syndrome">redundantly included</a> anyway <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" title="Automated teller machine">ATM</a> machine: "automated teller machine" (machine)</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">HIV</a> virus: "human immunodeficiency virus" (virus)</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> display: "liquid-crystal display" (display)</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PIN</a> number: "personal identification number" (number)</li></ul></li> <li>Pronounced as a word, containing letters as a word in itself <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_as_you_go_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pay as you go (disambiguation)">PAYGO</a>: "pay-as-you-go"</li></ul></li></ul> <h2>Historical and current use[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical and current use">edit</a>]</h2> <table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Acronym%22">"Acronym"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Acronym%22+-wikipedia">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Acronym%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Acronym%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Acronym%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Acronym%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2015) (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Acronymy, like <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronymy</a>, is a linguistic process that has existed throughout history but for which there was little to no <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">naming</a>, conscious attention, or <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">systematic analysis</a> until relatively recent times. Like retronymy, it became much more common in the 20th century than it had formerly been. Ancient examples of acronymy (regardless of whether there was <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">metalanguage</a> at the time to describe it) include the following: <ul><li>Acronyms were used in Rome before the Christian era. For example, the official name for the Roman Empire, and the Republic before it, was abbreviated as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a> (Senatus Populusque Romanus). Inscriptions dating from antiquity, both on stone and on coins, use many abbreviations and acronyms to save space and work. For example, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Roman first names</a>, of which there was only a small set, were almost always abbreviated. Common terms were abbreviated too, such as writing just "F" for filius, meaning "son", a very common part of memorial inscriptions mentioning people. Grammatical markers were abbreviated or left out entirely if they could be inferred from the rest of the text.</li> <li>So-called <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra">nomina sacra</a> (sacred names) were used in many Greek biblical manuscripts. The common words "God" (Θεός), "Jesus" (Ιησούς), "Christ" (Χριστός), and some others, would be abbreviated by their first and last letters, marked with an overline. This was just one of many kinds of conventional scribal abbreviation, used to reduce the time-consuming workload of the scribe and save on valuable writing materials. The same convention is still commonly used in the inscriptions on religious <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> and the stamps used to mark the eucharistic bread in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Churches</a>.</li> <li>The early Christians in Rome, most of whom were Greek rather than Latin speakers, used the image of a fish as a symbol for <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in part because of an acronym—"fish" in Greek is <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthys" title="Ichthys">ichthys</a> (ΙΧΘΥΣ), which was said to stand for Ἰησοῦς Χριστός Θεοῦ Υἱός Σωτήρ (Iesous Christos Theou huios Soter: "Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior"). This interpretation dates from the 2nd and 3rd centuries and is preserved in the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a> of Rome. And for centuries, the Church has used the inscription <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INRI" class="mw-redirect" title="INRI">INRI</a> over the crucifix, which stands for the Latin Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum ("Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews").</li> <li>The Hebrew language has a long history of formation of acronyms pronounced as words, stretching back many centuries. The Hebrew Bible ("Old Testament") is known as "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>", an acronym composed from the Hebrew initial letters of its three major sections: "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>" (five books of Moses), "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a>" (prophets), and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27tuvim" class="mw-redirect" title="K'tuvim">K'tuvim</a>" (writings). Many rabbinical figures from the Middle Ages onward are referred to in rabbinical literature by their pronounced acronyms, such as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Rambam</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> from the initial letters of their full Hebrew names: "Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon" and "Rabbi Shlomo Yitzkhaki".</li></ul> During the mid- to late 19th century, an acronym-disseminating trend spread through the American and European business communities: abbreviating <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> names —such as on the sides of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">railroad cars</a> (e.g., "Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad" → "RF&P"); on the sides of barrels and crates; and on <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_tape" title="Ticker tape">ticker tape</a> and in the small-print newspaper stock listings that got their data from it (e.g. American Telephone and Telegraph Company → AT&T). Some well-known commercial examples dating from the 1890s through 1920s include "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabisco" title="Nabisco">Nabisco</a>" ("National Biscuit Company"),<a href="#cite_note-Davenport-31">[31]</a> "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso" title="Esso">Esso</a>" (from "S.O.", from "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>"), and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a>" ("Sun Oil Company"). Another driver for the adoption of acronyms was modern warfare, with its many highly technical terms. While there is no recorded use of military acronyms in documents dating from the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (acronyms such as "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">ANV</a>" for "Army of Northern Virginia" post-date the war itself), they had become somewhat common in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and were very much a part even of the vernacular language of the soldiers during <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> who themselves were referred to as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._(military)" title="G.I. (military)">G.I.s</a>. The widespread, frequent use of acronyms across the whole range of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> is a relatively new linguistic phenomenon in most languages, becoming increasingly evident since the mid-20th century. As literacy rates rose, and as advances in science and technology brought with them a constant stream of new (and sometimes more complex) terms and concepts, the practice of abbreviating terms became increasingly convenient. The <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (OED) records the first printed use of the word initialism as occurring in 1899, but it did not come into general use until 1965, well after acronym had become common. By 1943, the term acronym had been used in English to recognize abbreviations (and contractions of phrases) that were pronounced as words.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport-31">[31]</a> (It was formed from the Greek words ἄκρος, akros, "topmost, extreme" and ὄνομα, onoma, "name.") For example, the army offense of being absent without official leave was abbreviated to "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">A.W.O.L.</a>" in reports, but when pronounced as a word (awol), it became an acronym.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> While initial letters are commonly used to form an acronym, the original definition was "a word made from the initial letters or syllables of other words",<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> for example <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC</a> from UNIVersal Automatic Computer.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In English, acronyms pronounced as words may be a 20th-century phenomenon. Linguist David Wilton in Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends claims that "forming words from acronyms is a distinctly twentieth- (and now twenty-first-) century phenomenon. There is only one known pre-twentieth-century [English] word with an acronymic origin and it was in vogue for only a short time in 1886. The word is colinderies or colinda, an acronym for the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_and_Indian_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial and Indian Exposition">Colonial and Indian Exposition</a> held in London in that year."<a href="#cite_note-Wilton-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> However, although acronymic words seem not to have been employed in general vocabulary before the 20th century (as Wilton points out), the concept of their formation is treated as effortlessly understood (and evidently not novel) in a Poe story of the 1830s, "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Write_a_Blackwood_Article" class="mw-redirect" title="How to Write a Blackwood Article">How to Write a Blackwood Article</a>", which includes the contrived acronym "P.R.E.T.T.Y.B.L.U.E.B.A.T.C.H.". <h3>Early examples in English[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early examples in English">edit</a>]</h3> The use of Latin and Neo-Latin terms in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernaculars</a> has been pan-European and predates modern English. Some examples of acronyms in this class are: <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">A.M.</a> (from Latin ante meridiem, "before noon") and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">P.M.</a> (from Latin post meridiem, "after noon")</li> <li>A.D. (from Latin <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>, "in the year of our Lord"), whose complement in English, B.C. [<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">Before Christ</a>], is English-sourced</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okay" class="mw-redirect" title="Okay">O.K.</a>, a term of disputed origin, dating back at least to the early 19th century, now used around the world</li></ul> The earliest example of a word derived from an acronym listed by the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a> is "abjud" (now "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>"), formed from the original first four letters of the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> in the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Some <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrostics">acrostics</a> predate this, however, such as the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> witticism arranging the names of some members of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>'s Committee for Foreign Affairs to produce the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabal_ministry" title="Cabal ministry">"CABAL" ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <h3>Current use[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current use">edit</a>]</h3> Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. The <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military" title="Military">armed forces</a> and government agencies frequently employ acronyms; some well-known examples from the United States are among the "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_agencies" title="Alphabet agencies">alphabet agencies</a>" (also jokingly referred to as "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_soup_(linguistics)" title="Alphabet soup (linguistics)">alphabet soup</a>") created by <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (also of course known as "FDR") under the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. Business and industry also are prolific coiners of acronyms. The rapid advance of science and technology in recent centuries seems to be an underlying force driving the usage, as new inventions and concepts with multiword names create a demand for shorter, more manageable names.[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One representative example, from the U.S. Navy, is "COMCRUDESPAC", which stands for "commander, cruisers destroyers Pacific"; it is also seen as "ComCruDesPac". "YABA-compatible" (where "YABA" stands for "yet another bloody acronym") is used to mean that a term's acronym can be pronounced but is not an offensive word, e.g. "When choosing a new name, be sure it is 'YABA-compatible'."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Acronym use has been further popularized by text messaging on mobile phones with <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message service">short message service</a> (SMS), and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Instant messenger">instant messenger</a> (IM). To fit messages into the 160-character SMS limit, and to save time, acronyms such as "GF" ("girlfriend"), "LOL" ("laughing out loud"), and "DL" ("download" or "down low") have become popular.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Some <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptivists</a> disdain texting acronyms and abbreviations as decreasing clarity, or as failure to use "pure" or "proper" English. Others point out that <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">language change</a> has happened for thousands of years, and argue that it should be embraced as inevitable, or as innovation that adapts the language to changing circumstances. In this view, the modern practice is just as legitimate as those in "proper" English of the current generation of speakers, such as the abbreviation of corporation names in places with limited writing space (e.g., ticker tape, newspaper <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_inch" title="Column inch">column inches</a>). <h4>Aids to learning the expansion without leaving a document[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aids to learning the expansion without leaving a document">edit</a>]</h4> <table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Acronym%22">"Acronym"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Acronym%22+-wikipedia">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Acronym%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Acronym%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Acronym%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Acronym%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2015) (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In formal writing for a broad audience, the expansion is typically given at the first occurrence of the acronym within a given text, for the benefit of those readers who do not know what it stands for. The capitalization of the original term is independent of it being acronymized, being lowercase for a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Common noun">common noun</a> such as frequently asked questions (FAQ) but uppercase for a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</a> such as the United Nations (UN) (as explained at <a href="#Casing_of_expansions">Case > Casing of expansions</a>). In addition to expansion at first use, some publications also have a key listing all the acronyms used they have used and what their expansions are. This is a convenience for readers for two reasons. The first is that if they are not reading the entire publication sequentially (which is a common mode of reading), then they may encounter an acronym without having seen its expansion. Having a key at the start or end of the publication obviates skimming over the text searching for an earlier use to find the expansion. (This is especially important in the print medium, where no search utility is available.) The second reason for the key feature is its pedagogical value in educational works such as textbooks. It gives students a way to review the meanings of the acronyms introduced in a chapter after they have done the line-by-line reading, and also a way to quiz themselves on the meanings (by covering up the expansion column and recalling the expansions from memory, then checking their answers by uncovering). In addition, this feature enables readers possessing knowledge of the abbreviations not to have to encounter expansions (redundant for such readers). Expansion at first use and the abbreviation-key feature are aids to the reader that originated in the print era, but they are equally useful in print and online. In addition, the online medium offers yet more aids, such as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltips</a>, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a>, and rapid search via <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_technology" title="Search engine technology">search engine technology</a>. <h4>Jargon[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jargon">edit</a>]</h4> Acronyms often occur in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a>. An acronym may have different meanings in different areas of industry, writing, and scholarship. The general reason for this is convenience and succinctness for specialists, although it has led some to obfuscate the meaning either intentionally, to deter those without such domain-specific knowledge, or unintentionally, by creating an acronym that already existed. The medical literature has been struggling to control the proliferation of acronyms as their use has evolved from aiding communication to hindering it. This has become such a problem that it is even evaluated at the level of medical academies such as the American Academy of Dermatology. <a href="#cite_note-PMID19150279-42">[42]</a> <h4>As mnemonics[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: As mnemonics">edit</a>]</h4> Acronyms are often taught as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> devices, for example in physics the colors of the visible spectrum are said to be "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROY_G._BIV" class="mw-redirect" title="ROY G. BIV">ROY G. BIV</a>" ("red-orange-yellow-green-blue-indigo-violet"). They are also used as mental checklists, for example in aviation: "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUMPS" title="GUMPS">GUMPS</a>", which is "gas-undercarriage-mixture-propeller-seatbelts". Other examples of mnemonic acronyms are "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_SLIM" title="CAN SLIM">CAN SLIM</a>", and "PAVPANIC" as well as "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEMDAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PEMDAS">PEMDAS</a>". <h4>Acronyms as legendary etymology[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acronyms as legendary etymology">edit</a>]</h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">Backronym</a></div> It is not uncommon for acronyms to be cited in a kind of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">false etymology</a>, called a folk etymology, for a word. Such etymologies persist in popular culture but have no factual basis in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>, and are examples of language-related <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legends</a>. For example, "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">cop</a>" is commonly cited as being derived, it is presumed, from "constable on patrol",<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posh_(nautical_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posh (nautical term)">posh</a>" from "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_outward,_starboard_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Port outward, starboard home">port outward, starboard home</a>".<a href="#cite_note-posh-44">[44]</a> With some of these specious expansions, the "belief" that the etymology is acronymic has clearly been <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> among many citers, as with "gentlemen only, ladies forbidden" for "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>", although many other (more <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/credulous" class="extiw" title="wikt:credulous">credulous</a>) people have uncritically taken it for fact.<a href="#cite_note-posh-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo word">Taboo words</a> in particular commonly have such false etymologies: "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shit" title="Shit">shit</a>" from "ship/store high in transit"<a href="#cite_note-Wilton-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com2-46">[46]</a> or "special high-intensity training" and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuck" title="Fuck">fuck</a>" from "for unlawful carnal knowledge", or "fornication under consent/command of the king".<a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com2-46">[46]</a> <h2>Orthographic styling[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Orthographic styling">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Punctuation[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Punctuation">edit</a>]</h3> <h4>Showing the ellipsis of letters[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Showing the ellipsis of letters">edit</a>]</h4> In English, abbreviations have traditionally been written with a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period/point</a> in place of the deleted part to show the ellipsis of letters—although the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> have also had this role—and with a space after full stops (e.g. "A. D."). In the case of most acronyms, each letter is an abbreviation of a separate word and, in theory, should get its own termination mark. Such punctuation is diminishing with the belief that the presence of all-capital letters is sufficient to indicate that the word is an abbreviation.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <h5>Ellipsis-is-understood style[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ellipsis-is-understood style">edit</a>]</h5> Some influential <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a>, such as that of the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, no longer require punctuation to show ellipsis; some even proscribe it. Larry Trask, American author of The <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a> Guide to Punctuation, states categorically that, in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, "this tiresome and unnecessary practice is now obsolete."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <h5>Pronunciation-dependent style and periods[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pronunciation-dependent style and periods">edit</a>]</h5> Nevertheless, some influential <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a>, many of them <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a>, still require periods in certain instances. For example, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Manual_of_Style_and_Usage" title="The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage">The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage</a> recommends following each segment with a period when the letters are pronounced individually, as in "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">K.G.B.</a>", but not when pronounced as a word, as in "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>".<a href="#cite_note-NY_Times-49">[49]</a> The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the punctuation scheme. <h5>Other conventions[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other conventions">edit</a>]</h5> When a multiple-letter abbreviation is formed from a single word, periods are in general not used, although they may be common in informal usage. "TV", for example, may stand for a single word ("television" or "transvestite", for instance), and is in general spelled without punctuation (except in the plural). Although "PS" stands for the single word "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postscript" title="Postscript">postscript</a>" (or the Latin postscriptum), it is often spelled with periods ("P.S."). The <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a> ('/', or solidus) is sometimes used to separate the letters in a two-letter acronym, as in "N/A" ("not applicable, not available"), "c/o" ("care of") and "w/o" ("without"). Inconveniently long words used frequently in related contexts can be represented according to their letter count. For example, "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I18n" class="mw-redirect" title="I18n">i18n</a>" abbreviates "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization" title="Internationalization">internationalization</a>", a computer-science term for adapting software for worldwide use. The "18 represents the 18 letters that come between the first and the last in "internationalization". "Localization" can be abbreviated "l10n", "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multilingualization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multilingualization (page does not exist)">multilingualization</a>" "m17n", and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a>" "a11y". In addition to the use of a specific number replacing that many letters, the more general "x" can be used to replace an unspecified number of letters. Examples include "Crxn" for "crystallization" and the series familiar to physicians for <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">history</a>, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a>, and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">treatment</a> ("hx", "dx", "tx"). <h4>Representing plurals and possessives[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Representing plurals and possessives">edit</a>]</h4> There is a question about how to pluralize acronyms. Often a writer will add an 's' following an apostrophe, as in "PC's". However, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Turabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate Turabian">Kate Turabian</a>, writing about style in academic writings,<a href="#cite_note-Chicago-50">[50]</a> allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". Turabian would therefore prefer "DVDs" and "URLs" and "Ph.D.'s". The <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a><a href="#cite_note-MLA-51">[51]</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a><a href="#cite_note-APA-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-53">[53]</a> prohibit apostrophes from being used to pluralize acronyms regardless of periods (so "compact discs" would be "CDs" or "C.D.s"), whereas <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Manual_of_Style_and_Usage" title="The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage">The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage</a> requires an apostrophe when pluralizing all abbreviations regardless of periods (preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's").<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Possessive plurals that also include apostrophes for mere pluralization and periods appear especially complex: for example, "the C.D.'s' labels" (the labels of the compact discs). In some instances, however, an apostrophe may increase clarity: for example, if the final letter of an abbreviation is "S", as in "SOS's" (although abbreviations ending with S can also take "-es", e.g. "SOSes"), or when pluralizing an abbreviation that has periods.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> A particularly rich source of options arises when the plural of an acronym would normally be indicated in a word other than the final word if spelled out in full. A classic example is "Member of Parliament", which in plural is "Members of Parliament". It is possible then to abbreviate this as "M's P".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> (or similar<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>), as used by former Australian Prime Minister <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> This usage is less common than forms with "s" at the end, such as "MPs", and may appear dated or pedantic. In common usage, therefore, "weapons of mass destruction" becomes "WMDs", "prisoners of war" becomes "POWs", and "runs batted in" becomes "RBIs".<a href="#cite_note-Garner2009-63">[63]</a> The argument that acronyms should have no different plural form (for example, "If D can stand for disc, it can also stand for discs") is in general disregarded because of the practicality in distinguishing singulars and plurals. This is not the case, however, when the abbreviation is understood to describe a plural noun already: For example, "U.S." is short for "United States", but not "United State". In this case, the options for making a possessive form of an abbreviation that is already in its plural form without a final "s" may seem awkward: for example, "U.S.", "U.S.'s", etc. In such instances, possessive abbreviations are often forgone in favor of simple <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">attributive</a> usage (for example, "the U.S. economy") or expanding the abbreviation to its full form and then making the possessive (for example, "the United States' economy"). On the other hand, in speech, the pronunciation "United States's" sometimes is used. Abbreviations that come from single, rather than multiple, words—such as "TV" ("television")—are usually pluralized without apostrophes ("two TVs"); most writers feel that the apostrophe should be reserved for the possessive ("the TV's antenna"). In some languages, the convention of doubling the letters in the acronym is used to indicate plural words: for example, the Spanish EE. UU., for Estados Unidos ('United States'). This old convention is still followed for a limited number of English abbreviations, such as SS. for "Saints", pp. for the Latin plural of "pages", paginae, or MSS for "manuscripts". In the case of pp. it derives from the original Latin phrase "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_procurationem" class="mw-redirect" title="Per procurationem">per procurationem</a>" meaning 'through the agency of';<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> an English translation alternative is particular pages in a book or document: see pp. 8–88.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_possessive" title="English possessive">English possessive</a></div> <h3>Case[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Case">edit</a>]</h3> <h4>All-caps style[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: All-caps style">edit</a>]</h4> The most common <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">capitalization</a> scheme seen with acronyms is all-uppercase (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all-caps</a>), except for those few that have linguistically taken on an identity as regular words, with the acronymous etymology of the words fading into the background of common knowledge, such as has occurred with the words "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba</a>", "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>", and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>"—these are known as anacronyms.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Anacronyms (note well -acro-) should not be <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophonously</a> confused with <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misnomer#Anachronym" title="Misnomer">anachronyms (note well -chron-), which are a type of misnomer</a>. <h4>Small-caps variant[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Small-caps variant">edit</a>]</h4> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small caps</a> are sometimes used to make the run of capital letters seem less jarring to the reader. For example, the style of some American publications, including the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, is to use small caps for acronyms longer than three letters[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]; thus "U.S." and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">FDR</a>" in normal caps, but "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047074">.mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}</style>nato" in small caps. The acronyms "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>" and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>" are often smallcapped as well, as in: "From 4004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047074"/>bc to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047074"/>ad 525". <h4>Mixed-case variant[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mixed-case variant">edit</a>]</h4> Words derived from an acronym by affixing are typically expressed in mixed case, so the root acronym is clear. For example, "pre-WWII politics", "post-NATO world", "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAase" class="mw-redirect" title="DNAase">DNAase</a>". In some cases a derived acronym may also be expressed in mixed case. For example, "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a>" and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNA</a>" become "mRNA" and "tRNA". <h4>Pronunciation-dependent style and case[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pronunciation-dependent style and case">edit</a>]</h4> Some publications choose to capitalize only the first letter of acronyms, reserving all-caps styling for initialisms, writing the pronounced acronyms "Nato" and "Aids" in mixed case, but the initialisms "USA" and "FBI" in all caps. For example, this is the style used in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> typically edits to this style (though its official style guide, dating from 2003, still recommends all-caps<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>). The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme. Some style manuals also base the letters' <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">case</a> on their number. The New York Times, for example, keeps "NATO" in all capitals (while several guides in the British press may render it "Nato"), but uses lower case in "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Children's Fund">UNICEF</a>" (from "United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund") because it is more than four letters, and to style it in caps might look ungainly (flirting with the appearance of "shouting capitals"). <h3>Numerals and constituent words[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Numerals and constituent words">edit</a>]</h3> While abbreviations typically exclude the initials of short <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">function words</a> (such as "and", "or", "of", or "to"), this is not always the case. (A similar set of words is sometimes left as lowercase in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case#Headings_and_publication_titles" title="Letter case">headers and publication titles</a>.) Sometimes function words are included to make a pronounceable acronym, such as CORE (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>). Sometimes the letters representing these words are written in lower case, such as in the cases of "TfL" ("<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for London</a>") and LotR (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Rings">Lord of the Rings</a>); this usually occurs when the acronym represents a multi-word proper noun. Numbers (both <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number" title="Cardinal number">cardinal</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">ordinal</a>) in names are often represented by <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">digits</a> rather than initial letters: as in "4GL" ("<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_generation_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth generation language">fourth generation language</a>") or "G77" ("<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a>"). Large numbers may use <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_prefix#Use_outside_SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">metric prefixes</a>, as with "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y2K" class="mw-redirect" title="Y2K">Y2K</a>" for "Year 2000" (sometimes written "Y2k", because the SI symbol for 1000 is "k"—not "K", which stands for "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>"). Exceptions using initials for numbers include "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_letter_acronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Three letter acronym">TLA</a>" ("three-letter acronym/abbreviation") and "GoF" ("<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang of Four (software)">Gang of Four</a>"). Abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions, such as "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a>" ("World Wide Web Consortium") and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVOX#Notable_Past_Programming" title="WVOX">T3</a> (Trends, Tips & Tools for Everyday Living); pronunciation, such as "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">B2B</a>" ("business to business"); and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeronym" title="Numeronym">numeronyms</a>, such as "i18n" ("internationalization"; "18" represents the 18 letters between the initial "i" and the final "n"). <h3>Casing of expansions[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Casing of expansions">edit</a>]</h3> Although many authors of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expository_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Expository writing">expository writing</a> show a predisposition to capitalizing the initials of the expansion for pedagogical emphasis (trying to thrust the reader's attention toward where the letters are coming from), this sometimes conflicts with the convention of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a>, which reserves capitals in the middle of sentences for <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a>. Enforcing the general convention, most professional editors[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_folding" class="mw-redirect" title="Case folding">case-fold</a> such expansions to their standard orthography when editing manuscripts for publication. The justification is that (1) readers are smart enough to figure out where the letters came from, even without their being capitalized for emphasis, and that (2) common nouns do not take capital initials in standard English orthography. Such house styles also usually disfavor bold or italic font for the initial letters.[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For example, "the onset of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)" or "the onset of congestive heart failure (CHF)" if found in an unpublished manuscript would be rewritten as "the onset of congestive heart failure (CHF)" in the final published article when following the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMA10p442-69">[69]</a> <h2>Changes to (or word play on) the expanded meaning[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Changes to (or word play on) the expanded meaning">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Pseudo-acronyms[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pseudo-acronyms">edit</a>]</h3> Some apparent acronyms or other abbreviations do not stand for anything and cannot be expanded to some meaning. Such pseudo-acronyms may be pronunciation-based, such as "BBQ" (bee-bee-cue), for "barbecue", or "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K9_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="K9 (disambiguation)">K9</a>" (kay-nine) for "canine". Pseudo-acronyms also frequently develop as "orphan initialisms"; an existing acronym is redefined as a non-acronymous name, severing its link to its previous meaning.<a href="#cite_note-upenn-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-about-71">[71]</a> For example, the letters of the "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a>", a US college entrance test originally dubbed "Scholastic Aptitude Test", no longer officially stand for anything.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> This is common with companies that want to retain <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand recognition">brand recognition</a> while moving away from an outdated image: American Telephone and Telegraph became <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>,<a href="#cite_note-upenn-70">[70]</a> "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Fried_Chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky Fried Chicken">Kentucky Fried Chicken</a>" became "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a>" to de-emphasize the role of frying in the preparation of its signature dishes,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[a]</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP">British Petroleum</a> became BP.<a href="#cite_note-about-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia Today">Russia Today</a> has rebranded itself as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a>. <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Movie_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="American Movie Classics">American Movie Classics</a> has simply rebranded itself as AMC. "Genzyme Transgenics Corporation" became "GTC Biotherapeutics, Inc." in order to reduce perceived corporate risk of sabotage/vandalism by Luddite activists.[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Learning_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Learning Channel">The Learning Channel</a> became TLC following its move towards reality series involving lifestyles, family life, and personal stories, and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_District_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American District Telegraph">American District Telegraph</a> became simply known as ADT. Pseudo-acronyms may have advantages in international markets:[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] for example, some national <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate_(commerce)" title="Affiliate (commerce)">affiliates</a> of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines">International Business Machines</a> are legally incorporated as "IBM" (for example, "IBM Canada") to avoid translating the full name into local languages.[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Likewise, "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBS_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="UBS AG">UBS</a>" is the name of the merged <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Switzerland" title="Union Bank of Switzerland">Union Bank of Switzerland</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Bank_Corporation" title="Swiss Bank Corporation">Swiss Bank Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>" has replaced "The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation." Sometimes,[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] companies whose original name gives a clear indication of their place of origin will use acronyms when expanding to foreign markets—for example, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">Toronto-Dominion Bank</a> continues to operate under the full name in Canada, but its U.S. subsidiary is known as "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Bank,_N.A." title="TD Bank, N.A.">TD Bank</a>",[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] just as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal Bank of Canada</a> used its full name in Canada (a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>), but its now-defunct U.S. subsidiary was called "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBC_Bank" title="RBC Bank">RBC Bank</a>".[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <h3>Redundant acronyms and RAS syndrome[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Redundant acronyms and RAS syndrome">edit</a>]</h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAS_syndrome" title="RAS syndrome">RAS syndrome</a></div> <table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40"/></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="mw-collapsible" style="width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;">This section has multiple issues. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Acronym" title="Talk:Acronym">talk page</a>. (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these template messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0.3em;"> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2017) (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40"/></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2017) (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Rebranding can lead to <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAS_syndrome" title="RAS syndrome">redundant acronym syndrome</a>, as when <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustee_Savings_Bank" title="Trustee Savings Bank">Trustee Savings Bank</a> became TSB Bank, or when <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Express_Agency" title="Railway Express Agency">Railway Express Agency</a> became "REA Express". A few <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a> companies have taken the redundant acronym to the extreme: for example, ISM Information Systems Management Corp. and SHL Systemhouse Ltd. Examples in entertainment include the television shows <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation" title="CSI: Crime Scene Investigation">CSI: Crime Scene Investigation</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)" title="NCIS (TV series)">Navy: NCIS</a> ("Navy" was dropped in the second season), where the redundancy was likely designed to educate new viewers as to what the initials stood for. The same reasoning was in evidence when the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal Bank of Canada</a>'s Canadian operations rebranded to RBC Royal Bank, or when <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a> rebranded their retail banking subsidiary BMO Bank of Montreal. Another common example is "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> memory", which is redundant because "RAM" ("random-access memory") includes the initial of the word "memory". "PIN" stands for "personal identification number", obviating the second word in "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIN_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PIN number">PIN number</a>"; in this case its retention may be motivated to avoid ambiguity with the homophonous word "pin". Other examples include "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" title="Automated teller machine">ATM</a> machine", "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EAB_bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EAB bank (page does not exist)">EAB bank</a>", "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Ace" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable Ace">CableACE Award</a>", "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>", "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> virus", Microsoft's NT Technology, and the formerly redundant "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> test", now simply "SAT Reasoning Test"). <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spike (TV network)">TNN</a> (The Nashville/National Network) also renamed itself "The New TNN" for a brief interlude. <h3>Simple redefining[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Simple redefining">edit</a>]</h3> Sometimes, the initials continue to stand for an expanded meaning, but the original meaning is simply replaced. Some examples: <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> was originally an acronym of the unofficial term "digital video disc", but is now stated by the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Forum" title="DVD Forum">DVD Forum</a> as standing for "Digital Versatile Disc"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAO" class="mw-redirect" title="GAO">GAO</a> changed the full form of its name from "General Accounting Office" to "Government Accountability Office"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> (in the United States) changed the full form of its name from "Government Printing Office" to "Government Publishing Office"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> used to mean "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks", but is now commonly interpreted as "Redundant Array of Independent Disks"</li> <li>WWF originally stood for World Wildlife Fund, but now stands for <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Fund_for_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide Fund for Nature">Worldwide Fund for Nature</a> (although the former name is still used in Canada and the United States)</li> <li>The <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_International_Cancer_Control" title="Union for International Cancer Control">UICC</a>, whose initials came from the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance-language</a> versions of its name (such as French Union Internationale Contre le Cancer, "International Union Against Cancer"), changed the English expansion of its name to "Union for International Cancer Control" (from "International Union Against Cancer") so that the English expansion, too, would correspond to the UICC initials</li></ul> <h3>Backronyms[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Backronyms">edit</a>]</h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">Backronym</a></div> A backronym (or bacronym) is a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> that is constructed "after the fact" from a previously existing word. For example, the novelist and critic <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a> once proposed that the word "book" ought to stand for "box of organized knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> A classic real-world example of this is the name of the predecessor to the Apple Macintosh, The <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple Lisa</a>, which was said to refer to "Local Integrated Software Architecture", but was actually named after Steve Jobs's daughter, born in 1978. Backronyms are oftentimes used to comedic effect[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. An example of creating a backronym for comedic effect would be in naming a group or organization, the name "A.C.R.O.N.Y.M" stands for (among other things) "a clever regiment of nerdy young men". <h3>Contrived acronyms[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Contrived acronyms">edit</a>]</h3> Acronyms are sometimes <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contrive#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:contrive">contrived</a>, that is, deliberately designed to be especially apt for the thing being named (by having a dual meaning or by borrowing the positive connotations of an existing word). Some examples of contrived acronyms are <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT</a>, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_Spam_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Can Spam Act">CAN SPAM</a>, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_Coalition_to_Unleash_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power">ACT UP</a>.[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The clothing company <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Connection_(clothing)" title="French Connection (clothing)">French Connection</a> began referring to itself as fcuk, standing for "French Connection United Kingdom." The company then created T-shirts and several advertising campaigns that exploit the acronym's similarity to the taboo word "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuck" title="Fuck">fuck</a>". The US Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>) is known for developing contrived acronyms to name projects, including RESURRECT, NIRVANA, and DUDE. In July 2010, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired </a> magazine reported that DARPA announced programs to "..transform biology from a descriptive to a predictive field of science" named BATMAN and ROBIN for "Biochronicity and Temporal Mechanisms Arising in Nature" and "Robustness of Biologically-Inspired Networks",<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> a reference to the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin (comics)">Robin</a> comic-book superheroes. The short-form names of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> and other scientific studies constitute a large class of acronyms that includes many contrived examples, as well as many with a partial rather than complete correspondence of letters to expansion components. These trials tend to have full names that are accurately descriptive of what the trial is about but are thus also too long to serve practically as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name" title="Name">names</a> within the syntax of a sentence, so a short name is also developed, which can serve as a syntactically useful handle and also provide at least a degree of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> reminder as to the full name. Examples widely known in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> include the ALLHAT trial (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial) and the CHARM trial (Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity). The fact that <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAS_syndrome" title="RAS syndrome">RAS syndrome</a> is often involved, as well as that the letters often don't entirely match, have sometimes been pointed out by annoyed researchers preoccupied by the idea that because the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypal</a> form of acronyms originated with one-to-one letter matching, there must be some moral impropriety in their ever deviating from that form. However, the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/raison_d%27%C3%AAtre" class="extiw" title="wikt:raison d'être">raison d'être</a> of clinical trial acronyms, as with <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_nomenclature#Symbol_and_name" title="Gene nomenclature">gene and protein symbols</a>, is simply to have a syntactically usable and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_(memory)" title="Recall (memory)">recallable</a> short name to complement the long name that is often syntactically unusable and not <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorization" title="Memorization">memorized</a>. It is useful for the short name to give a reminder of the long name, which supports the reasonable censure of "cutesy" examples that provide little to no hint of it. But beyond that reasonably close correspondence, the short name's chief utility is in functioning cognitively as a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name" title="Name">name</a>, rather than being a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cryptic#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:cryptic">cryptic</a> and forgettable string, albeit faithful to the matching of letters. However, other reasonable critiques have been (1) that it is irresponsible to mention trial acronyms without explaining them at least once by providing the long names somewhere in the document,<a href="#cite_note-PMID-12767559-80">[79]</a> and (2) that the proliferation of trial acronyms has resulted in ambiguity, such as 3 different trials all called ASPECT, which is another reason why failing to explain them somewhere in the document is irresponsible in scientific communication.<a href="#cite_note-PMID-12767559-80">[79]</a> At least one study has evaluated the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">citation impact</a> and other traits of acronym-named trials compared with others,<a href="#cite_note-PMID-16823008-81">[80]</a> finding both good aspects (mnemonic help, name recall) and potential flaws (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotatively</a> driven <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a>).<a href="#cite_note-PMID-16823008-81">[80]</a> Some acronyms are chosen deliberately to avoid a name considered undesirable: For example, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verliebt_in_Berlin" title="Verliebt in Berlin">Verliebt in Berlin</a> (ViB), a German <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovela</a>, was first intended to be Alles nur aus Liebe (All for Love), but was changed to avoid the resultant acronym <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">ANAL</a>. Likewise, the Computer Literacy and Internet Technology qualification is known as CLaIT,<a href="#cite_note-CIE.org.uk_CLaIT-82">[81]</a> rather than <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">CLIT</a>. In Canada, the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Conservative Reform Alliance (Party)</a> was quickly renamed to the "Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance" when its opponents pointed out that its initials spelled CCRAP (pronounced "see <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">crap</a>"). (The satirical magazine <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_(magazine)" title="Frank (magazine)">Frank</a> had proposed alternatives to CCRAP, namely SSHIT and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a>.) Two Irish Institutes of Technology (Galway and Tralee) chose different acronyms from other institutes when they were upgraded from Regional Technical colleges. Tralee RTC became the Institute of Technology Tralee (ITT), as opposed to Tralee Institute of Technology (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">TIT</a>). Galway RTC became Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT), as opposed to Galway Institute of Technology (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/git" class="extiw" title="wikt:git">GIT</a>). The charity sports organization <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia_%26_Lymphoma_Society#Fundraising" title="Leukemia & Lymphoma Society">Team in Training</a> is known as "TNT" and not "TIT". <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_Institute_of_Textile_%26_Sciences" title="Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences">Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences</a> is still known as "TITS". <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> was planning to name their law school the "Antonin Scalia School of Law" (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asshole" title="Asshole">ASSOL</a>) in honor of the late <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, only to change it to the "Antonin Scalia Law School" later.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <h3>Macronyms/nested acronyms[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Macronyms/nested acronyms">edit</a>]</h3> A macronym, or nested acronym, is an acronym in which one or more letters stand for acronyms (or abbreviations) themselves. The word "macronym" is a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macro-" class="extiw" title="wikt:macro-">macro-</a>" and "acronym". Some examples of macronyms are: <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHR" class="mw-redirect" title="XHR">XHR</a> stands for "XML HTTP Request", in which "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>" is "Extensible Markup Language", and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> stands for "HyperText Transfer Protocol"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_POWER_microprocessors" title="IBM POWER microprocessors">POWER</a> stands for "Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC", in which "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a>" stands for "Reduced Instruction Set Computing"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> stands for "VHSIC Hardware Description Language", in which "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHSIC" title="VHSIC">VHSIC</a>" stands for "Very High Speed Integrated Circuit"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSD" class="mw-redirect" title="XSD">XSD</a> stands for "XML Schema Definition", in which "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>" stands for "Extensible Markup Language"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Instant Messenger">AIM</a> stands for "AOL Instant Messenger", in which "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>" originally stood for "America Online"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Automatic_Spooling_Priority" title="Houston Automatic Spooling Priority">HASP</a> stood for "Houston Automatic Spooling Priority", but "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spooling" title="Spooling">spooling</a>" itself was an acronym: "simultaneous peripheral operations on-line"</li></ul> Some macronyms can be multiply nested: the second-order acronym points to another one further down a hierarchy. In an informal competition run by the magazine <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>, a fully documented specimen was discovered that may be the most deeply nested of all: RARS is the "Regional ATOVS Retransmission Service"; ATOVS is "Advanced TOVS"; TOVS is "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIROS" class="mw-redirect" title="TIROS">TIROS</a> operational vertical sounder"; and TIROS is "Television infrared observational satellite".<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Fully expanded, "RARS" might thus become "Regional Advanced Television Infrared Observational Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder Retransmission Service". Another example is <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL-VITAL" title="VHDL-VITAL">VITAL</a>, which expands to "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> Initiative Towards <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIC">ASIC</a> Libraries" (a total of 15 words when fully expanded). However, to say that "RARS" stands directly for that string of words, or can be interchanged with it in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> (in the same way that "CHF" can be usefully interchanged with "congestive heart failure"), is a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptive</a> misapprehension rather than a linguistically accurate description; the true nature of such a term is closer to <a href="#All-caps_style">anacronymic</a> than to being interchangeable like simpler acronyms are. The latter are fully reducible in an attempt to "spell everything out and avoid all abbreviations," but the former are irreducible in that respect; they can be <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">annotated</a> with parenthetical explanations, but they cannot be eliminated from speech or writing in any useful or practical way. Just as the words laser and radar function as words in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> without a need to focus on their acronymic origins, terms such as "RARS" and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHA2DS2%E2%80%93VASc_score" title="CHA2DS2–VASc score">CHA2DS2–VASc score</a>" are irreducible in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a>; if they are purged, the form of language that is left may conform to some imposed rule, but it cannot be described as remaining natural. Similarly, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> nomenclature, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_nomenclature#Symbol_and_name" title="Gene nomenclature">which uses symbols extensively</a>, includes such terms as the name of the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACHT_domain" title="NACHT domain">NACHT protein domain</a>, which reflects the symbols of some proteins that contain the domain—NAIP (NLR family apoptosis inhibitor protein), C2TA (major histocompatibility complex class II transcription activator), HET-E (incompatibility locus protein from Podospora anserine), and TP1 (telomerase-associated protein)—but is not syntactically reducible to them. The name is thus itself more symbol than acronym, and its expansion cannot replace it while preserving its function in natural syntax as a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name" title="Name">name</a> within a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> clearly <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parsable</a> by human readers or listeners. <h4>Recursive acronyms[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Recursive acronyms">edit</a>]</h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_acronym" title="Recursive acronym">Recursive acronym</a></div> A special type of macronym, the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_acronym" title="Recursive acronym">recursive acronym</a>, has letters whose expansion refers back to the macronym itself. One of the earliest examples appears in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hacker%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hacker's Dictionary">The Hacker's Dictionary</a> as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung_(computer_term)" title="Mung (computer term)">MUNG</a>, which stands for "MUNG Until No Good". Some examples of recursive acronyms are: <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> stands for "GNU's Not Unix!"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAME" title="LAME">LAME</a> stands for "LAME Ain't an MP3 Encoder"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> stands for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">WINE</a> stands for "WINE Is Not an Emulator"</li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">HURD</a> stands for "HIRD of Unix-replacing daemons", where HIRD itself stands for "HURD of interfaces representing depth" (a "mutually recursive" acronym)</li></ul> <h2>Non-English languages[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Non-English languages">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Specific languages[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Specific languages">edit</a>]</h3> <h4>Chinese[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Chinese">edit</a>]</h4> In English language discussions of languages with <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabic</a> or <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">logographic</a> writing systems (such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean), "acronyms" describe the short forms that take selected characters from a multi-character word. For example, in Chinese, "university" (大學/大学, literally "great learning") is usually abbreviated simply as 大 ("great") when used with the name of the institute. So "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>" (北京大学) is commonly shortened to 北大 (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "north-great") by also only taking the first character of Peking, the "northern capital" (北京; Beijing). In some cases, however, other characters than the first can be selected. For example, the local short form of "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong University">Hong Kong University</a>" (香港大學) uses "Kong" (港大) rather than "Hong". There are also cases where some longer phrases are abbreviated drastically, especially in Chinese politics, where proper nouns were initially translated from Soviet Leninist terms. For instance, the full name of China's highest ruling council, the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo Standing Committee">Politburo Standing Committee</a> (PSC), is "Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China" (中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会). The term then reduced the "Communist Party of China" part of its name through acronyms, then the "Standing Committee" part, again through acronyms, to create "中共中央政治局常委". Alternatively, it omitted the "Communist Party" part altogether, creating "Politburo Standing Committee" (政治局常委会), and eventually just "Standing Committee" (常委会). The PSC's members full designations are "Member of the Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China" (中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会委员); this was eventually drastically reduced to simply Changwei (常委), with the term Ruchang (入常) used increasingly for officials destined for a future seat on the PSC. In another example, the word "全国人民代表大会" (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a>) can be broken into four parts: "全国" = "the whole nation", "人民" = "people", "代表" = "representatives", "大会" = "conference". Yet, in its short form "人大" (literally "man/people big"), only the first characters from the second and the fourth parts are selected; the first part ("全国") and the third part ("代表") are simply ignored. In describing such abbreviations, the term initialism is inapplicable.[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] Many proper nouns become shorter and shorter over time. For example, the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV_New_Year%27s_Gala" title="CCTV New Year's Gala">CCTV New Year's Gala</a>, whose full name is literally read as "China Central Television Spring Festival Joint Celebration Evening Gala" (中国中央电视台春节联欢晚会) was first shortened to "Spring Festival Joint Celebration Evening Gala" (春节联欢晚会), but eventually referred to as simply Chunwan (春晚). Along the same vein, Zhongguo Zhongyang Dianshi Tai (中国中央电视台) was reduced to Yangshi (央视) in the mid-2000s. <h4>Korean[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Korean">edit</a>]</h4> Many aspects of academics in Korea follow similar acronym patterns as Chinese, owing to the languages' commonalities, like using the word for "big" or "great" i.e. dae (대), to refer to universities (대학; daehak, literally "great learning" although "big school" is an acceptable alternate). They can be interpreted similar to American university appellations, such as "UPenn" or "Texas Tech." Some acronyms are shortened forms of the school's name, like how <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongik_University" title="Hongik University">Hongik University</a> (홍익대학교, Hongik Daehakgyo) is shortened to Hongdae (홍대, "Hong, the big [school]" or "Hong-U") Other acronyms can refer to the university's main subject, e.g. <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_National_University_of_Education" title="Korea National University of Education">Korea National University of Education</a> (한국교원대학교, Hanguk Gyowon Daehakgyo) is shortened to Gyowondae (교원대, "Big Ed." or "Ed.-U"). Other schools use a Koreanized version of their English acronym. The <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAIST" title="KAIST">Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology</a> (한국과학기술원, Hanguk Gwahak Gisulwon) is referred to as KAIST (카이스트, Kaiseuteu) in both English and Korean. The 3 most prestigious schools in Korea are known as SKY (스카이, seukai), combining the first letter of their English names (Seoul National, Korea, and Yonsei Universities). In addition, the College Scholastic Ability Test (대학수학능력시험, Daehak Suhang Neungryeok Siheom) is shortened to Suneung (수능, "S.A."). <h4>Japanese[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Japanese">edit</a>]</h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_abbreviated_and_contracted_words" title="Japanese abbreviated and contracted words">Japanese abbreviated and contracted words</a></div> The <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> makes extensive use of abbreviations, but only some of these are acronyms. Chinese-based words (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a>) uses similar acronym formation to Chinese, like Tōdai (東大) for Tōkyō Daigaku (東京大学, Tokyo University). In some cases alternative pronunciations are used, as in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiky%C5%8D_Line" title="Saikyō Line">Saikyō</a> for 埼京, from <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama,_Saitama" class="mw-redirect" title="Saitama, Saitama">Saitama</a> + <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tōkyo</a> (埼玉＋東京), rather than Saitō. Non-Chinese foreign borrowings (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairaigo" title="Gairaigo">gairaigo</a>) are instead frequently abbreviated as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipped_compound" title="Clipped compound">clipped compounds</a>, rather than acronyms, using several initial sounds. This is visible in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> transcriptions of foreign words, but is also found with native words (written in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a>). For example, the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a> media franchise's name originally stood for "pocket monsters" (ポケット·モンスター [po-ke-tto-mon-su-tā] → ポケモン), which is still the long-form of the name in Japanese, and "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%81puro" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāpuro">wāpuro</a>" stands for "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a>" (ワード·プロセッサー [wā-do-pu-ro-se-ssā]→ ワープロ). <h4>German[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: German">edit</a>]</h4> To a greater degree than English does, German tends toward acronyms that use initial syllables rather than initial single letters, although it uses many of the latter type as well. Some examples of the syllabic type are <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> rather than GSP (for Geheime Staatspolizei, 'Secret State Police'); Flak rather than FAK (for Fliegerabwehrkanone, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> gun); Kripo rather than KP (for <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminalpolizei" title="Kriminalpolizei">Kriminalpolizei</a>, detective division police). The extension of such contraction to a pervasive or whimsical degree has been mockingly labeled <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/de:Ak%C3%BCfi" class="extiw" title="wikt:de:Aküfi">Aküfi</a> (for Abkürzungsfimmel, strange habit of abbreviating). Examples of Aküfi include Vokuhila (for vorne kurz, hinten lang, short in the front, long in the back, i.e., a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)" title="Mullet (haircut)">mullet</a>) and the mocking of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s title as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B6faz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gröfaz">Gröfaz</a> (Größter Feldherr aller Zeiten, "Greatest General of all Times"). <h4>Hebrew[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Hebrew">edit</a>]</h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew acronyms">Hebrew acronyms</a></div> It is common to take more than just one initial letter from each of the words composing the acronym; regardless of this, the abbreviation sign <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a> ⟨״⟩ is always written between the second-last and last letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym, even if by this it separates letters of the same original word. Examples (keep in mind Hebrew reads right-to-left): ארה״ב‎ (for ארצות הברית‎, the United States); ברה״מ‎ (for ברית המועצות‎, the Soviet Union); ראשל״צ‎ (for ראשון לציון‎, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a>); ביה״ס‎ (for בית הספר‎, the school). An example that takes only the initial letters from its component words is צה״ל‎ (Tzahal, for צבא הגנה לישראל‎, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>). In inflected forms the abbreviation sign <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a> remains between the second-last and last letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym (e.g. "report", singular: דו״ח‎, plural: דו״חות‎; "squad commander", masculine: מ״כ‎, feminine: מ״כית‎). <h4>Indonesian[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Indonesian">edit</a>]</h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_acronyms_and_abbreviations" title="List of Indonesian acronyms and abbreviations">List of Indonesian acronyms and abbreviations</a></div> There is also a widespread use of acronyms in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in every aspect of social life. For example, the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> political party stands for "Partai Golongan Karya", <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monas" class="mw-redirect" title="Monas">Monas</a> stands for "Monumen Nasional" (National Monument), the Angkot public transport stands for "Angkutan Kota" (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_taxi#indonesia" title="Share taxi">city public transportation</a>), warnet stands for "warung internet" (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet cafe">internet cafe</a>), and many others. Some acronyms are considered formal (or officially adopted), while many more are considered informal, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> or <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a>. The capital's metropolitan area (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> and its surrounding <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_city" title="Satellite city">satellite regions</a>), <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabodetabek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabodetabek">Jabodetabek</a>, is another infamous acronym. This stands for "Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi". Many highways are also named by the acronym method; e.g. Jalan Tol (Toll Road) Jagorawi (Jakarta-Bogor-Ciawi) and Purbaleunyi (Purwakarta-Bandung-Cileunyi), Joglo Semar (Jogja-solo-semarang). In some languages, especially those that use certain <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabets">alphabets</a>, many acronyms come from the governmental use, particularly in the military and law enforcement services. The <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian military">Indonesian military</a> (TNI—Tentara Nasional Indonesia) and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian police">Indonesian police</a> (POLRI—Kepolisian Republik Indonesia) are infamous for heavy acronyms use. Examples include the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopassus" title="Kopassus">Kopassus</a> (Komando Pasukan Khusus; <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces">Special Forces</a> Command), <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopaska">Kopaska</a> (Komando Pasukan Katak; <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogmen">Frogmen</a> Command), Kodim (Komando Distrik Militer; Military District Command—one of the Indonesian army's <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions">administrative divisions</a>), Serka (Sersan Kepala; Head <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a>), Akmil (Akademi Militer; Military Academy—in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magelang" title="Magelang">Magelang</a>) and many other terms regarding <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Military ranks">ranks</a>, units, divisions, procedures, etc. <h4>Russian[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Russian">edit</a>]</h4> Acronyms that use parts of words (not necessarily syllables) are commonplace in Russian as well, e.g. Газпром (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>), for Газовая промышленность (Gazovaya promyshlennost, "gas industry"). There are also initialisms, such as СМИ (SMI, for средства массовой информации sredstva massovoy informatsii, "means of mass informing", i.e. <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>). Another Russian acronym, ГУЛаг (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GULag" class="mw-redirect" title="GULag">GULag</a>) combines two initials and three letters of the final word: it stands for Главное управление лагерей (Glavnoe upravlenie lagerey, "Chief Administration of Camps"). Historically, "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTMA" title="OTMA">OTMA</a>" was an acronym sometimes used by the daughters of <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a> and his consort, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Alexandra Feodorovna</a>, as a group nickname for themselves, built from the first letter of each girl's name in the order of their births: "Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia". <h4>Swahili[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Swahili">edit</a>]</h4> In <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, acronyms are common for naming organizations such as "TUKI", which stands for Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili (the Institute for Swahili Research). Multiple initial letters (often the initial syllable of words) are often drawn together, as seen more in some languages than others. <h4>Vietnamese[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Vietnamese">edit</a>]</h4> In <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, which has an abundance of compound words, initialisms are very commonly used for both proper and common nouns. Examples include <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/TP.HCM" class="extiw" title="wikt:TP.HCM">TP.HCM</a> (Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/THPT" class="extiw" title="wikt:THPT">THPT</a> (trung học phổ thông, high school), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/CLB" class="extiw" title="wikt:CLB">CLB</a> (câu lạc bộ, club), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/CSDL" class="extiw" title="wikt:CSDL">CSDL</a> (cơ sở dữ liệu, database), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/NXB" class="extiw" title="wikt:NXB">NXB</a> (nhà xuất bản, publisher), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%94BACE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ÔBACE">ÔBACE</a> (ông bà anh chị em, a general form of address), and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/CTT%C4%90VN" class="extiw" title="wikt:CTTĐVN">CTTĐVN</a> (các Thánh tử đạo Việt Nam, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a>). Longer examples include <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/CHXHCNVN" class="extiw" title="wikt:CHXHCNVN">CHXHCNVN</a> (Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>) and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/MTDTGPMNVN" class="extiw" title="wikt:MTDTGPMNVN">MTDTGPMNVN</a> (Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>). Long initialisms have become widespread in legal contexts in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, for example TTLT-VKSNDTC-TANDTC.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> It is also common for a writer to coin an ad-hoc initialism for repeated use in an article. Each letter in an initialism corresponds to one <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a>—that is, one syllable. When the first letter of a syllable has a tone mark or other diacritic, the diacritic may be omitted from the initialism, for example ĐNA or ĐNÁ for Đông Nam Á (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>) and LMCA or LMCÂ for Liên minh châu Âu (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>). The letter "<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%AF" title="Ư">Ư</a>" is often replaced by "W" in initialisms to avoid confusion with "U", for example UBTWMTTQVN or UBTƯMTTQVN for Ủy ban Trung ương Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam (Central Committee of the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Vietnamese Fatherland Front</a>). Initialisms are purely a written convenience, being pronounced the same way as their expansions. As the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet#Letter_names_and_pronunciation" title="Vietnamese alphabet">names of many Vietnamese letters</a> are disyllabic, it would be less convenient to pronounce an initialism by its individual letters. Acronyms pronounced as words are rare in Vietnamese, occurring when an acronym itself is borrowed from another language. Examples include <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/SI%C4%90A" class="extiw" title="wikt:SIĐA">SIĐA</a> (pronounced <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[s̪i˧ ˀɗaː˧]</a>), a respelling of the French acronym SIDA (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>); <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/VOA" class="extiw" title="wikt:VOA">VOA</a> (pronounced <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[vwaː˧]</a>), a literal reading of the English initialism for <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>; and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (pronounced <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[naː˧ zaː˧]</a>), borrowed directly from the English acronym. As in <a href="#Chinese">Chinese</a>, many compound words can be shortened to the first syllable when forming a longer word. For example, the term <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Việt Cộng</a> is derived from the first syllables of "Việt Nam" (Vietnam) and "Cộng sản" (communist). This mechanism is limited to <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary</a>. Unlike with Chinese, such <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipped_compound" title="Clipped compound">clipped compounds</a> are considered to be <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> words or <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend words</a> rather than acronyms or initialisms, because the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a> still requires each component word to be written as more than one character. <h3>General grammatical considerations[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: General grammatical considerations">edit</a>]</h3> <h4>Declension[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Declension">edit</a>]</h4> In languages where nouns are <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declined</a>, various methods are used. An example is <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, where a colon is used to separate inflection from the letters: <ul><li>An acronym is pronounced as a word: Nato <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[nato]</a>—Natoon [natoːn] "into Nato", Nasalta "from <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>"</li> <li>An acronym is pronounced as letters: EU [eː uː]—EU:hun [eː uːhun] "into EU"</li> <li>An acronym is interpreted as words: EU [euroːpan unioni]—EU:iin [euroːpan unioniːn] "into EU"</li></ul> The process above is similar to how, in English, hyphens are used for clarity when prefixes are added to acronyms, thus pre-NATO policy (rather than preNATO). <h4>Lenition[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Lenition">edit</a>]</h4> In languages such as <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, where <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> (initial consonant mutation) is commonplace, acronyms must also be modified in situations where case and context dictate it. In the case of Scottish Gaelic, a lower case "h" is often added after the initial consonant; for example, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Scotland" title="BBC Scotland">BBC Scotland</a> in the genitive case would be written as BhBC Alba, with the acronym pronounced VBC. Likewise, the Gaelic acronym for "television" (gd: telebhisean) is TBh, pronounced TV, as in English. <h2>Extremes[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Extremes">edit</a>]</h2> <ul><li>The longest acronym, according to the 1965 edition of Acronyms, Initialisms and Abbreviations Dictionary, is "ADCOMSUBORDCOMPHIBSPAC", a <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> term that stands for "Administrative Command, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet Subordinate Command". Another term "COMNAVSEACOMBATSYSENGSTA", which stands for "Commander, Naval Sea Systems Combat Engineering Station" is longer but the word "Combat" is not shortened.</li> <li>The world's longest acronym, according to the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a>, is НИИОМТПЛАБОПАРМБЕТЖЕЛБЕТРАБСБОМОНИМОНКОНОТДТЕХСТРОМОНТ (NIIOMTPLABOPARMBETZHELBETRABSBOMONIMONKONOTDTEKHSTROMONT). However, this is more precisely a combination acronym/<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipped_compound" title="Clipped compound">clipped compound</a>, as multiple initial letters of some constituent words are used. The 56-letter term (54 in <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>) is from the Concise Dictionary of Soviet Terminology and means "The laboratory for shuttering, reinforcement, concrete and ferroconcrete operations for composite-monolithic and monolithic constructions of the Department of the Technology of Building-assembly operations of the Scientific Research Institute of the Organization for building mechanization and technical aid of the Academy of Building and Architecture of the <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a>." (научно-исследовательская [...] лаборатория операций по армированию бетона и железобетонных работ по сооружению сборно-монолитных и монолитных конструкций отдела технологии строительно-монтажного управления)</li> <li>The card-game <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering" title="Magic: The Gathering">Magic: The Gathering</a> has a playing card called "Our Market Research Shows That Players Like Really Long Card Names So We Made this Card to Have the Absolute Longest Card Name Ever Elemental", with text on it saying: "Just call it OMRSTPLRLCNSWMTCTHTALCNEE for short."<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></li></ul> <h2>See also[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</h2> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronyms_in_healthcare" title="Acronyms in healthcare">Acronyms in healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronyms_in_the_Philippines" title="Acronyms in the Philippines">Acronyms in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">Acrostic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamation_(names)" title="Amalgamation (names)">Amalgamation (names)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical acronyms">Astronomical acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialized_sign" title="Initialized sign">Initialized sign</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">Internet slang</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_abbreviations" title="Lists of abbreviations">Lists of abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_photography" title="List of abbreviations in photography">List of abbreviations in photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acronyms">List of acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_espionage_organizations" title="List of fictional espionage organizations">List of fictional espionage organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Latin_alphabetic_abbreviations" title="List of Japanese Latin alphabetic abbreviations">List of Japanese Latin alphabetic abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic abbreviation">Syllabic abbreviation</a></li></ul> <h2>Notes[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> This change was also applied to other languages, with Poulet Frit Kentucky becoming PFK in French Canada. </li> </ol></div></div> <h2>References[<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Paris_Gazette_and_Brockhaus_Handbuch-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris_Gazette_and_Brockhaus_Handbuch_1-0">^</a> Paris Gazette, by Lion Feuchtwanger; translated (from Exil) by Willa and Edwin Muir, New York, Viking Press, 1940. Chapter 47, Beasts of Prey, pp. 665–66: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047036">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">His first glance at the Paris German News told Wiesener that this new paper was nothing like the old P.G.. "They can call it the P.G.N. if they like", he thought, "but that's the only difference. Pee-gee-enn; what's the word for words like that, made out of initials? My memory is beginning to fail me. Just the other day there was a technical expression I couldn't remember. I must be growing old. "P.G. or P.G.N., it's six of one and half a dozen of the other.... Pee-gee-enn. It's an acronym, that's what it is. That's what they call words made up of initials. So I remember it after all; that's at least something. </blockquote> For "Akronym" used in 1921 or 1922, giving an example of "Agfa" film: Brockhaus Handbuch des Wissens in vier Bänden. Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, [1922–23, c1921–23] v. 1, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-MWDEU-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MWDEU_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWDEU_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWDEU_2-2">c</a> Merriam-Webster, Inc. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, 1994. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-132-5">0-87779-132-5</a>. pp. 21–22: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote">acronyms  A number of commentators (as Copperud 1970, Janis 1984, Howard 1984) believe that acronyms can be differentiated from other abbreviations in being pronounceable as words. Dictionaries, however, do not make this distinction because writers in general do not: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote">"The powder metallurgy industry has officially adopted the acronym 'P/M Parts'"—Precision Metal Molding, January 1966. "Users of the term acronym make no distinction between those pronounced as words ... and those pronounced as a series of characters" —Jean Praninskas, Trade Name Creation, 1968. "It is not J.C.B.'s fault that its name, let alone its acronym, is not a household word among European scholars"—Times Literary Supp. 5 February 1970. "... the confusion in the Pentagon about abbreviations and acronyms—words formed from the first letters of other words"—Bernard Weinraub, N.Y. Times, 11 December 1978. </blockquote>Pyles & Algeo 1970 divide acronyms into "initialisms", which consists of initial letters pronounced with the letter names, and "word acronyms", which are pronounced as words. Initialism, an older word than acronym, seems to be too little known to the general public to serve as the customary term standing in contrast with acronym in a narrow sense. </blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-1">b</a> "acronym". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (1991), Oxford University Press. p. 12: "a word, usu[ally] pronounced as such, formed from the initial letters of other words (e.g. Ernie, laser, Nato)". </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_4-0">^</a> "acronym" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=acronym*1+0&dict=A">"Cambridge Dictionary of American English"</a>, accessed October 5, 2008: "a word created from the first letters of each word in a series of words." </li> <li id="cite_note-ahdictionary.com-5"><a href="#cite_ref-ahdictionary.com_5-0">^</a> "acronym" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=acronym">"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "1. A word formed by combining the initial letters of a multipart name, such as NATO from North Atlantic Treaty Organization or by combining the initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as radar from radio detecting and ranging. 2. Usage Problem An initialism. Usage Note: In strict usage, the term acronym refers to a word made from the initial letters or parts of other words, such as sonar from so(und) na(vigation and) r(anging). The distinguishing feature of an acronym is that it is pronounced as if it were a single word, in the manner of NATO and NASA. Acronyms are often distinguished from initialisms like FBI and NIH, whose individual letters are pronounced as separate syllables. While observing this distinction has some virtue in precision, it may be lost on many people, for whom the term acronym refers to both kinds of abbreviations." </li> <li id="cite_note-collinsdictionary.com-6"><a href="#cite_ref-collinsdictionary.com_6-0">^</a> "acronym" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/acronym">"Collins Dictionaries"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "a pronounceable name made up of a series of initial letters or parts of words; for example, UNESCO for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization" </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary.cambridge.org-7"><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary.cambridge.org_7-0">^</a> "acronym" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/acronym">"Cambridge Dictionaries Online"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something, pronounced as a word: AIDS is an acronym for 'Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome'." </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary.cambridge.org2-8"><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary.cambridge.org2_8-0">^</a> "acronym" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/abbreviations-initials-and-acronyms">"Cambridge Dictionaries Online"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "Acronyms are words which are formed from the first letters of other words, and which are pronounced as full words." </li> <li id="cite_note-wordsmyth.net-9"><a href="#cite_ref-wordsmyth.net_9-0">^</a> "acronym" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.wordsmyth.net/?ent=acronym">"Wordsmyth, the Priemier Educational Dictionary-Thesaurus"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "a type of abbreviation used as a word, formed by combining the initial letters (or initial parts) of words that make up a particular string. The pronunciation of an acronym is based on the typical rules of pronouncing words in a language and is not made up of the sounds of the names of individual letters. NASA is an acronym for 'National Aeronautics and Space Administration.' The abbreviations 'FBI' and 'DVD' are not acronyms, but 'AIDS,' 'FICA,' and 'PIN' are." </li> <li id="cite_note-netlingo.com-10"><a href="#cite_ref-netlingo.com_10-0">^</a> "acronym" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.netlingo.com/word/acronym.php">"NetLingo, the Internet Dictionary"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "Derived from the first letters of a phrase, acronyms are meant to make the phrase easier to say and remember. With an acronym, the first letter of each word makes up a new word that is, in fact, pronounceable (for example, SNAFU is pronounced "sna-foo" and WOMBAT is pronounced "wahm-bat")." </li> <li id="cite_note-stedmans-11"><a href="#cite_ref-stedmans_11-0">^</a> "acronym". Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing (2012). Stedman. "A pronounceable word formed from the initial letters of each word or selected words in a phrase (e.g., AIDS)". </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "acronym" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.aes.org/par/a/#acronym">"AES Pro Audio Reference"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "A word formed from the first letters of a name, such as laser for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, or by combining initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as radar for radio detecting and ranging. The requirement of forming a word is what distinguishes an acronym from an abbreviation (or initialism as it is also called). Thus modem [modulator-demodulator] is an acronym, and AES [Audio Engineering Society] is an abbreviation or initialism." </li> <li id="cite_note-scribendi.com-13"><a href="#cite_ref-scribendi.com_13-0">^</a> "The Correct Use of Acronyms and Initialisms" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.scribendi.com/advice/the_correct_use_of_acronyms.en.html">"Scribendi Proofreading Services"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name or phrase. It is pronounced as if it were a word. Examples of common acronyms include "SARS" (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and "UNICEF" (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)" </li> <li id="cite_note-todayifoundout.com-14"><a href="#cite_ref-todayifoundout.com_14-0">^</a> "The Difference Between an Acronym and an Initialism" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/05/the-difference-between-an-acronym-and-an-initialism/">"Today I Found Out"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name or phrase. It is pronounced as if it were a word. Examples of common acronyms include "SARS" (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and "UNICEF" (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)" </li> <li id="cite_note-Crystal-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crystal_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crystal_15-1">b</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">Crystal, David</a> (1995). "Abbreviation". The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55985-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55985-5">0-521-55985-5</a>. p. 120: Under the heading "Types of Abbreviation", this article separately lists initialisms and acronyms, describing the latter as "Initialisms pronounced as single words", but adds, "However, some linguists do not recognize a sharp distinction between acronyms and initialisms, but use the former term for both." </li> <li id="cite_note-techtarget.com-16"><a href="#cite_ref-techtarget.com_16-0">^</a> "The 10 Most Misunderstood Terms in IT" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://whatis.techtarget.com/reference/The-10-Most-Misunderstood-Terms-in-IT">"TechTarget"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "An acronym is not any abbreviation, just one that forms a "sayable" word. Apart from that confusion, acronyms and other abbreviations cause confusion any time a reader is likely not to know what the spelled-out version is." </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-17"><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_17-0">^</a> "initialism" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=initialism&allowed_in_frame=0">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>, accessed August 13, 2015: "initialism (n.) word formed from the first letters of other words or a phrase, 1957, from initial (n.) + -ism. The distinction from acronym is not universally agreed-upon; in general, words such as NATO, where the letters form a word, are regarded as acronyms, those such as FBI, where the letters sound as letters, are initialisms. The use of acronym in entries in this dictionary that are technically initialisms is a deliberate error, because many people only know to search for all such words under 'acronym.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ahdictionary.com-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-collinsdictionary.com-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionary.cambridge.org-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionary.cambridge.org2-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-wordsmyth.net-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-netlingo.com-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-stedmans-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-scribendi.com-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-todayifoundout.com-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crystal-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-techtarget.com-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-17">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDinitialism-19"><a href="#cite_ref-OEDinitialism_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/guide-to-the-third-edition-of-the-oed/">"Guide to the Third Edition of the OED"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. August 19, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+Third+Edition+of+the+OED&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.oed.com%2Fthe-oed-today%2Fguide-to-the-third-edition-of-the-oed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "acronym." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/acronym">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a>, accessed May 2, 2006: "a word (as NATO, radar, or laser) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term; also: an abbreviation (as FBI) formed from initial letters: see initialism " </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> "acronym". Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary (2003), Barnes & Noble. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-4975-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-4975-2">0-7607-4975-2</a>: "1. a word created from the first letter or letters of each word in a series of words or a phrase. 2. a set of initials representing a name, organization, or the like, with each letter pronounced separately, as FBI for Federal Bureau of Investigation." </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=acronym&submit.x=-902&submit.y=-210">"acronym"</a>. American Heritage Dictionary (5th ed.). 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.atitle=acronym&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dacronym%26submit.x%3D-902%26submit.y%3D-210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> "Usage Note: ... Acronyms are often distinguished from initialisms like FBI and NIH, whose individual letters are pronounced as separate syllables. While observing this distinction has some virtue in precision, it may be lost on many people, for whom the term acronym refers to both kinds of abbreviations. </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-23"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_23-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-acronym,_n." class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=acronym%2C+n.">"acronym, n."</a>. <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=acronym%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fsearch%3FsearchType%3Ddictionary%26q%3Dacronym%252C%2Bn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crt">"Definition of CRT"</a>. www.merriam-webster.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+CRT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcrt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Burchfield, R. W., ed. (2004) [1998]. Fowler's Modern English Usage (Third Revised ed.). <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. "acronym", pp. 17–18. <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861021-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861021-2"><bdi>978-0-19-861021-2</bdi></a>. <q>The limitations of the term being not widely known to the general public, acronym is also often applied to abbreviations that are familiar but are not pronounceable as words. Thus EC (European Community), FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), and VCR (videocassette recorder). Such terms are also called initialisms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fowler%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=%22acronym%22%2C+pp.+17-18&rft.edition=Third+Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861021-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://web.archive.org/web/20160318134611/https://www.isc2.org/pressreleasedetails.aspx?id=3388">"(ISC)² providing CISSP security accreditation to Interpol computer crime units"</a> (Press release). (ISC)². April 23, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.isc2.org/pressreleasedetails.aspx?id=3388">the original</a> on March 18, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28ISC%29%C2%B2+providing+CISSP+security+accreditation+to+Interpol+computer+crime+units&rft.pub=%28ISC%29%C2%B2&rft.date=2002-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isc2.org%2Fpressreleasedetails.aspx%3Fid%3D3388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Robinson, Paul (2008). "C4ISR". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://books.google.com/?id=oy9GzLqkMr0C&pg=PA31">Dictionary of international security</a>. Polity. p. 31. <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-4028-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-4028-1"><bdi>0-7456-4028-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=C4ISR&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+international+security&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-7456-4028-1&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Doy9GzLqkMr0C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://web.archive.org/web/20120326035748/http://www.nac.nl/nieuws/28047/nooit-opgegeven-al-95-jaar-doorgezet.html?portal=selectie&jaar=2007&maand=9&Speler_id=&offset=20">"Nooit opgegeven, al 95 jaar doorgezet!"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAC_Breda" title="NAC Breda">NAC Breda</a>. September 19, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.nac.nl/nieuws/28047/nooit-opgegeven-al-95-jaar-doorgezet.html?portal=selectie&jaar=2007&maand=9&Speler_id=&offset=20">the original</a> on March 26, 2012. <q>Precies 95 jaar terug smolten NOAD (Nooit Opgeven Altijd Doorzetten) en Advendo (Aangenaam Door Vermaak en Nuttig Door Ontspanning) samen in de NOAD-ADVENDO Combinatie, kortom NAC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nooit+opgegeven%2C+al+95+jaar+doorgezet%21&rft.pub=NAC+Breda&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nac.nl%2Fnieuws%2F28047%2Fnooit-opgegeven-al-95-jaar-doorgezet.html%3Fportal%3Dselectie%26jaar%3D2007%26maand%3D9%26Speler_id%3D%26offset%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Dart, James (December 14, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/dec/14/theknowledge.sport">"What is the longest team name in the world?"</a>. <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 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Davenport American Notes and Queries (February 1943) vol 2 page 167 "Your correspondent who asks about words made up of the initial letters or syllables of other words may be interested in knowing that I have seen such words called by the name acronym, which is useful and clear to anyone who knows a little Greek." </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://www.etymonline.com/baloney.php">"Baloney"</a>. www.etymonline.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Baloney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fbaloney.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> S. V. Baum (1962) American Speech Vol. 37 No. 1, The Acronym, Pure and Impure </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> American Speech (1943) Vol. 18, No. 2, page 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> American Speech (1950) Vol. 25 No. 2 page 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilton-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilton_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilton_36-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Wilton, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://books.google.com/?id=cp0r3aa8EM8C&dq=Word+Myths:+Debunking+Linguistic+Urban+Legends&pg=PP1#PPA79,M1">Word myths: debunking linguistic urban legends</a>. <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517284-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517284-3"><bdi>978-0-19-517284-3</bdi></a>. 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Port Out, Starboard Home: And Other Language Myths. Penguin Books. <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-101223-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-101223-4"><bdi>0-14-101223-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Port+Out%2C+Starboard+Home%3A+And+Other+Language+Myths&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-101223-4&rft.aulast=Quinion&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/>; published in the US as <cite class="citation book">Quinion, Michael (2006). Ballyhoo, Buckaroo, and Spuds. 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Retrieved September 4, 2017. <q>Chưa kể cách viết này còn dễ bị cho là lười biếng hoặc tỏ ra quan trọng, vì đây là cách chép nguyên xi, máy móc các cụm từ viết tắt từ văn bản pháp quy của chính quyền, như TTLT-VKSNDTC-TANDTC, khá phổ biến ở Việt Nam hiện nay.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%AB+vi%E1%BA%BFt+t%E1%BA%AFt&rft.pub=BBC+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Facademy%2Fvietnamese%2Farticle%2Fart20131007102738486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcronym" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=74237">"Our Market Research Shows That Players Like Really Long Card Names So We Made this 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style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acronym" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:acronym">acronym</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/initialism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:initialism">initialism</a>, or <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alphabetism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:alphabetism">alphabetism</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://curlie.org//Reference/Dictionaries/Acronyms/">Acronyms</a> at <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist 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padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*Personal_identity"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal name</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononymous_person" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Patronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List of stage names</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">List of one-word stage names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy names</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi name">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs#Basque_names" title="Spanish naming customs">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_names" title="Burmese names">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_name" title="Cambodian name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs#Catalan_names" title="Spanish naming customs">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Naming conventions in Ethiopia and Eritrea">Eritrean/Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs#Galician_names" title="Spanish naming customs">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_names" title="Saint Thomas Christian names">Saint Thomas Christian names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_names" title="Kalmyk names">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology#Norway" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_name" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_name" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_names" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_names" title="Serbian names">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs#Catalan_names" title="Spanish naming customs">Catalan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_aborigines" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_family_names#Tamil_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian family names">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_names" title="Yakut names">Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">Religious names</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a> <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_of_authority" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" title="Style (manner of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" title="Imperial, royal, and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_or_decoration" title="Award or decoration">decorations</a>, and <a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Court title">Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20190826193938im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&oldid=911184179#Nomenclature">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&oldid=911184179#Nomenclature</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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item</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="/web/20190826193938/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Acronym&id=911184179" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label"> <h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">In other projects</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Acronyms" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label"> <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym – Alemannisch" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="علامة الاختصار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acr%C3%B3nimu" title="Acrónimu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2u-j%C4%AB-g%C3%AD" title="Thâu-jī-gí – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Акронім – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Акронім – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Акроним – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronim" title="Akronim – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwreskanv" title="Gwreskanv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acr%C3%B2nim" title="Acrònim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llythrenw" title="Llythrenw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron%C3%BC%C3%BCm" title="Akronüüm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%BF" title="Αρκτικόλεξο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acr%C3%B3nimo" title="Acrónimo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronimo" title="Akronimo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronimo" title="Akronimo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87" title="سرواژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymie" title="Acronymie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrainm" title="Acrainm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acr%C3%B3nimo" title="Acrónimo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90%EC%96%B4" title="두문자어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="परिवर्णी शब्द – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokrata" title="Pokrata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronimo" title="Akronimo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronim" title="Akronim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upphafsstafaheiti" title="Upphafsstafaheiti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronimo" title="Acronimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ראשי תיבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აკრონიმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Шартты белгі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymum" title="Acronymum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron%C4%ABms" title="Akronīms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronimas" title="Akronimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Using_Ebifundiwazo_(Acronyms)_to_form_scientific_concepts_in_Luganda" title="Using Ebifundiwazo (Acronyms) to form scientific concepts in Luganda – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaiksz%C3%B3" title="Mozaikszó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Акроним – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronim_dan_parapisme" title="Akronim dan parapisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acroniem" title="Acroniem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E" title="頭字語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronim" title="Acronim – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C3%B3towiec" title="Skrótowiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acr%C3%B3nimo" title="Acrónimo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronim" title="Acronim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Акроним – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acr%C3%B2nimu" title="Acrònimu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acr%C3%B2nimu" title="Acrònimu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronim" title="Akronim – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronim" title="Akronim – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronim" title="Akronim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronyymi_ja_kirjainlyhenne" title="Akronyymi ja kirjainlyhenne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="อักษรย่อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akronim" title="Akronim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Акронім – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%81" title="ترخیمہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_vi%E1%BA%BFt_t%E1%BA%AFt_t%E1%BB%AB_ch%E1%BB%AF_%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u" title="Từ viết tắt từ chữ đầu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ראשי תיבות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193938/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%B8%AE%E7%95%A5%E5%AD%97" title="首字母縮略字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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