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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personality_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Personality and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_allegation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_allegation"> 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84" title="کلیبورن پل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلیبورن پل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Claiborne Pell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Claiborne Pell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84" title="کلیبورن پل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیبورن پل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Claiborne Pell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Claiborne Pell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%9C" title="קלייבורן פל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלייבורן פל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Claiborne Pell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%84" title="كلايبورن پيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلايبورن پيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB" title="クレイボーン・ペル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クレイボーン・ペル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Claiborne Pell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Claiborne Pell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Claiborne Pell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Claiborne Pell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Claiborne Pell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Клейборн Пелл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клейборн Пелл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کلیبورن پیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلیبورن پیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1094716#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Senator Pell" redirects here. For the Minnesota state senate member, see <a href="/wiki/John_H._Pell" title="John H. Pell">John H. Pell</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1918–2009)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Claiborne Pell</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">GCC</a></span> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Portugal)" title="Order of Merit (Portugal)">GCM</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Claiborne_Pell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Claiborne_Pell.jpg/220px-Claiborne_Pell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Claiborne_Pell.jpg/330px-Claiborne_Pell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Claiborne_Pell.jpg/440px-Claiborne_Pell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="3235" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Senate Rules Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1978 – January 3, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Howard Cannon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mathias" title="Charles Mathias">Charles Mathias</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Theodore Green</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Claiborne de Borda Pell</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1918-11-22</span>)</span>November 22, 1918<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 2009<span style="display:none">(2009-01-01)</span> (aged 90)<br /><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Nuala O'Donnell</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1944)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Pell" title="Herbert Pell">Herbert Pell</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Pell_(mathematician)" title="John Pell (mathematician)">John Pell</a> (ancestor)<br /><a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">William C. C. Claiborne</a> (great-great-great-granduncle)<br /><a href="/wiki/Clay_Pell" title="Clay Pell">Clay Pell</a> (grandson)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claiborne_Pell_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Claiborne Pell's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Claiborne_Pell_Signature.svg/128px-Claiborne_Pell_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Claiborne_Pell_Signature.svg/192px-Claiborne_Pell_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Claiborne_Pell_Signature.svg/256px-Claiborne_Pell_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="79" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="803" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945 (active)<br />1945–1978 (reserve)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/18px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/27px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/36px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lieutenant</a> (active)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/18px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/27px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/36px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Captain</a> (reserve)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve" title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">United States Coast Guard Reserve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Claiborne_Pell_in_Support_of_Confirming_James_Baker_as_Secretary_of_State.ogg" title="File:Sen. Claiborne Pell in Support of Confirming James Baker as Secretary of State.ogg">Claiborne Pell's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="275" data-mwtitle="Sen._Claiborne_Pell_in_Support_of_Confirming_James_Baker_as_Secretary_of_State.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Sen._Claiborne_Pell_in_Support_of_Confirming_James_Baker_as_Secretary_of_State.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Sen._Claiborne_Pell_in_Support_of_Confirming_James_Baker_as_Secretary_of_State.ogg/Sen._Claiborne_Pell_in_Support_of_Confirming_James_Baker_as_Secretary_of_State.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Pell, as chair of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>, speaks in support of confirming <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States secretary of state</a><br />Recorded January 25, 1989</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Claiborne de Borda Pell</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">GCC</a></span> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Portugal)" title="Order of Merit (Portugal)">GCM</a></span> (November 22, 1918 – January 1, 2009) was an American politician and writer who served as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> for six terms from 1961 to 1997. He was the sponsor of the 1972 bill that reformed the Basic Educational Opportunity Grant, which provides <a href="/wiki/Student_financial_aid_in_the_United_States" title="Student financial aid in the United States">financial aid</a> funding to American college students; the <a href="/wiki/Pell_Grant" title="Pell Grant">grant</a> was given Pell's name in 1980 in honor of his work in education legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, Pell remains the longest serving U.S. Senator from Rhode Island. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claiborne Pell was born on November 22, 1918, in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of Matilda Bigelow and diplomat and congressman <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Pell" title="Herbert Pell">Herbert Pell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pell's family members included <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Hamtramck_Claiborne" title="John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne">John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Mifflin_Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mifflin Dallas">George Mifflin Dallas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Herbert_Claiborne" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne">Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a direct descendant of English mathematician <a href="/wiki/John_Pell_(mathematician)" title="John Pell (mathematician)">John Pell</a> and a descendant of Senator <a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">William C. C. Claiborne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i> also reports that he was a direct descendant of <a href="/wiki/Wampage_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampage I">Wampage I</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Siwanoy" title="Siwanoy">Siwanoy</a> chieftain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927 Pell's parents divorced and his mother remarried <a href="/wiki/Hugo_W._Koehler" title="Hugo W. Koehler">Hugo W. Koehler</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)#Naval" title="Commander (United States)">commander</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uncommon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uncommon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Koehler served as an <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> operative in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> during its civil war, and later as naval attaché to <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quad_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Said to be the "richest officer in the Navy" during the 1920s, Koehler was rumored to be the illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria</a> and to have assisted the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovs</a> to flee the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Uncommon_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uncommon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 208–210">: 208–210 </span></sup> Pell was close to his stepfather, who died when Pell was 22.<sup id="cite_ref-Quad_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, he made a concerted effort to determine the veracity of the rumors surrounding Koehler's past, but was only partly successful.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pell attended <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_School_(Rhode_Island)" title="St. George's School (Rhode Island)">St. George's School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Rhode_Island" title="Middletown, Rhode Island">Middletown, Rhode Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in history from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pell's senior thesis was titled "<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Macaulay" title="Zachary Macaulay">Macaulay</a> and the Slavery Issue."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Princeton, he was a member of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Club" title="Colonial Club">Colonial Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Whig-Cliosophic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Whig-Cliosophic Society">American Whig-Cliosophic Society</a>, and played on the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> team.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-college_life">Post-college life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Post-college life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating from Princeton, Pell worked as an <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil field</a> <a href="/wiki/Roustabout" title="Roustabout">roustabout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uncommon_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uncommon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> He then served as private secretary for his father, who was <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Portugal">United States Ambassador to Portugal</a>. At the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> he was with his father, who was then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Hungary">United States Ambassador to Hungary</a>. Claiborne Pell drove trucks carrying emergency supplies to prisoners of war in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and was detained several times by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulligan_2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulligan_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniformed_service">Uniformed service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uniformed service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pell enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Seaman_apprentice" title="Seaman apprentice">seaman second class</a> on August 12, 1941, four months before the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. Pell served as a ship's cook, was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Seaman_(rank)" title="Seaman (rank)">seaman first class</a> on October 31, and then was commissioned as an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)#United_States" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> on December 17, 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, Pell's ships served as <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> escorts, and also in <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious warfare</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">allied invasion of Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">allied invasion of the Italian mainland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pell was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">lieutenant (junior grade)</a> on October 1, 1942, and then to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant#Naval_rank" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> in May 1943. Due to his fluency in Italian, Pell was assigned as a civil affairs officer in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, where he became ill from drinking unpasteurized milk. He was sent home for recuperation during the summer of 1944, but returned to active service later in the war. Pell was discharged from active duty on September 5, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he remained in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Coast Guard Reserve">U.S. Coast Guard Reserve</a>. He attained the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States)#U.S._Coast_Guard" title="Captain (United States)">captain</a> and retired in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life_and_family">Personal life and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1944, Pell married Nuala O'Donnell, daughter of Charles Oliver O'Donnell and Josephine Hartford.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had four children: Herbert Claiborne Pell III, Christopher Thomas Hartford Pell, Nuala Dallas Pell, and Julia Lorillard Wampage Pell.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herbert (September 11, 1945 – September 24, 1999)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Julia (May 9, 1953 – April 13, 2006) predeceased their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandson <a href="/wiki/Clay_Pell" title="Clay Pell">Clay Pell</a> (son of Herbert) was an unsuccessful contender in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election#Democratic_primary" title="2014 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">2014 Democratic primary</a> for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Rhode_Island" title="Governor of Rhode Island">Governor of Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_work,_further_education"><span id="Diplomatic_work.2C_further_education"></span>Diplomatic work, further education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diplomatic work, further education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1945 to 1952, he served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Officer">Foreign Service Officer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> He was fluent in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Pell was a participant in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> that drafted the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946 he completed graduate studies in International Relations at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and received a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-diplomatic_career">Post-diplomatic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-diplomatic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954 Pell was appointed vice president and member of the board of directors of the International Fiscal Corporation. He also served as a vice president and director of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Newspaper_Alliance" title="North American Newspaper Alliance">North American Newspaper Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a director of the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Franklin D. Roosevelt Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a> Association, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">General Rochambeau Commission</a> of Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as a fundraiser and consultant for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as Vice President of the <a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a>. Stationed in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, he was responsible for assisting refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> to leave the country and resettle.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Pell's diplomatic career and other international activities in the 1940s and 1950s, he was arrested and jailed at least six times, including detentions by both fascist and communist governments.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._Gorbachev_looking_at_books.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mrs._Gorbachev_looking_at_books.jpg/220px-Mrs._Gorbachev_looking_at_books.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mrs._Gorbachev_looking_at_books.jpg/330px-Mrs._Gorbachev_looking_at_books.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mrs._Gorbachev_looking_at_books.jpg/440px-Mrs._Gorbachev_looking_at_books.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="3031" /></a><figcaption>Pell watches as <a href="/wiki/Raisa_Gorbachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisa Gorbachev">Raisa Gorbachev</a> listens to <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Quayle" title="Marilyn Quayle">Marilyn Quayle</a> at a display of books and other items at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections#Rhode_Island" title="1960 United States Senate elections">In 1960</a>, Pell won the seat of retiring U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Francis_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Francis Green">Theodore Francis Green</a>, defeating former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Rhode_Island" title="Governor of Rhode Island">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_J._Roberts" title="Dennis J. Roberts">Dennis J. Roberts</a> and former Governor and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">J. Howard McGrath</a> in the Democratic primary,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and former <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island Republican Party</a> Chairman Raoul Archambault in the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1960 United States Senate elections">general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being called "the least electable man in America" by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> because of his many odd habits and beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pell proved a durable politician. He won reelection five times, including victories over <a href="/wiki/Ruth_M._Briggs" title="Ruth M. Briggs">Ruth M. Briggs</a> <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_elections#Rhode_Island" title="1966 United States Senate elections">(1966)</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Chafee" title="John Chafee">John Chafee</a> <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections#Rhode_Island" title="1972 United States Senate elections">(1972)</a>, James G. Reynolds <a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_elections#Rhode_Island" title="1978 United States Senate elections">(1978)</a>, Barbara Leonard <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections#Rhode_Island" title="1984 United States Senate elections">(1984)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claudine_Schneider" title="Claudine Schneider">Claudine Schneider</a> <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_elections#Rhode_Island" title="1990 United States Senate elections">(1990)</a>. </p><p>Often considered by his opponents to be too easygoing, Pell demonstrated his effectiveness as a campaigner.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulligan_2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulligan_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his first campaign, when he was accused of <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">carpetbagging</a>, Pell published newspaper advertisements featuring a photograph of his grand-uncle <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pell" title="Duncan Pell">Duncan Pell</a>, who had served as <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island">Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island</a> during the 1860s, thus demonstrating Pell's association with the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulligan_2009_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulligan_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Briggs called him a "creampuff" during their 1966 campaign, Pell turned that to his advantage and mocked Briggs by obtaining an endorsement from a local baker's union.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his first campaign, Pell also used his foreign experience to great advantage, impressing some largely immigrant audiences in person and on the radio by campaigning in their native languages.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality_and_beliefs">Personality and beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personality and beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pell was known for unusual beliefs and behaviors, including wearing threadbare suits, using public transportation and purchasing cheap used automobiles despite his wealth, and an interest in the paranormal.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His interest in the paranormal was critiqued by author <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a>: "In my opinion, however, no one in Washington has rivaled Senator Pell in combining of science with extreme gullibility toward the performances of psychics."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wore his father's belt as a memento, despite the fact that Herbert Pell was stouter than the rail-thin Claiborne Pell, requiring Claiborne Pell to wrap the belt around his waist twice to make it fit.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pell would also wear unique clothing while jogging, including a tweed suit jacket. According to another story about Pell's eccentricities, at the conclusion of a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, Pell took Castro's cigar because he thought it was a gift for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Dies_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dies-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_allegation">Arrest allegation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arrest allegation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972's <i>The Washington Pay-Off</i>, author and former lobbyist Robert N. Winter-Berger wrote about Pell's alleged arrest during a raid on a <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> homosexual bar in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pell denied the allegation and there were no police records, witness statements or other sources to corroborate Winter-Berger.<sup id="cite_ref-Lofton_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lofton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hutschnecker_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutschnecker-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite legal advice to sue for defamation, Pell declined, deciding that it would draw undue publicity to the allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-Lofton_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lofton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hutschnecker_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutschnecker-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_career">Senate career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Senate career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pell voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> program,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the confirmation of <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in his Senate tenure, Pell was a major legislative sponsor of the <a href="/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_College_Program" title="National Sea Grant College Program">National Sea Grant College Program</a> in 1965 and 1966 that served to support marine research, and develop maritime industries.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sea Grant program supported considerable growth of the oceanography and other marine science disciplines during the mid-20th Century. </p><p>Pell was largely responsible for the creation of "Basic Educational Opportunity Grants" in 1973, renamed <a href="/wiki/Pell_Grants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell Grants">Pell Grants</a> in 1980, to provide financial aid funds to U.S. college students. Pell Grants initially provided for grants for prisoners, but Congress later eliminated that provision. For some years there was more money available than was applied for.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was the main sponsor of the bill that created the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was active as an advocate for mass transportation initiatives and domestic legislation facilitating and conforming to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pell was one of twenty-five Senators to co-sponsor the Health Security Act, a bipartisan universal health care bill that advocated the creation of a health insurance program run by the federal government to provide coverage to every person in America.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pell served as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> from 1987 to 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 he was re-elected to his sixth and last term of the Senate. </p><p>In 1996, his last full year in the Senate, Pell voted against the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>, which banned the federal government from legally recognizing <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pell declined to seek re-election in 1996 and retired on January 3, 1997. Pell served in the Senate for thirty-six continuous years, making him the longest-serving U.S. Senator in the history of Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After retirement, Pell lived in Newport and was a communicant of <a href="/wiki/St._Columba%27s_Chapel_(Middletown,_Rhode_Island)" title="St. Columba's Chapel (Middletown, Rhode Island)">St. Columba's Chapel</a> in Middletown. He occasionally attended public functions of organizations with which he was affiliated. He was also a distinguished visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina_University" title="Salve Regina University">Salve Regina University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of his life, he was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claiborne Pell died on January 1, 2009. His funeral was held at Trinity Church in Newport.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to members of his family, Pell was eulogized by former President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, Senators <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Edward Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a>, and then-Vice President-elect <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried at St. Columba's (Episcopal) Chapel (Berkeley Memorial Chapel) in <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Rhode_Island" title="Middletown, Rhode Island">Middletown, Rhode Island</a>, near the graves of his son Herbert and his daughter Julia, who had predeceased him.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after his death, the newspaper <i>The New York Times</i> termed Pell "the most formidable politician in Rhode Island history."<sup id="cite_ref-Dies_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dies-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship,_recognition,_organizations"><span id="Authorship.2C_recognition.2C_organizations"></span>Authorship, recognition, organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Authorship, recognition, organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_works">Published works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senator Pell authored three books, <i>Megalopolis Unbound: The Supercity and the Transportation of Tomorrow</i> (1966), <i>A Challenge of the Seven Seas</i> (1966), (co-author), and "Power and Policy: America's Role in World Affairs" (1972).<sup id="cite_ref-Review_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senator Pell received more than 50 honorary college degrees, including recognition from <a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Wales_University" title="Johnson & Wales University">Johnson & Wales University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts" title="University of Massachusetts">University of Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983 Pell was awarded <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association_Honorary_Membership" title="American Library Association Honorary Membership">American Library Association Honorary Membership</a>. </p><p>In 1987 Pell was among those selected for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme's</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_500_Roll_of_Honour" title="Global 500 Roll of Honour">Global 500 Roll of Honour</a>, during the first year that award was established.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, Pell received the Foreign Language Advocacy Award from the Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages in recognition of his work in establishing the NEA, the NEH, and the Pell Grant Program.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 14, 1994, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> presented Pell with the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Citizens_Medal" title="Presidential Citizens Medal">Presidential Citizens Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhode Island's <a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell_Newport_Bridge" title="Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge">Newport Bridge</a> was renamed the Claiborne Pell Bridge<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Pell Center of International Relations and Public Policy was established at <a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina_University" title="Salve Regina University">Salve Regina University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Newport's Claiborne Pell Elementary School, which opened in 2013, was named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pell was a Chevalier of the French <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Legion of Honor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received the Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His awards for service in the Coast Guard during the Second World War included the <a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal">European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_War_Two_Victory_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="World War Two Victory Medal">World War Two Victory Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memberships">Memberships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pell was a member of the Rhode Island <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pell was also an honorary life member of the Rhode Island <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Colonial_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Colonial Wars">Society of Colonial Wars</a> as well as a member of Spouting Rock Beach Association (<a href="/wiki/Bailey%27s_Beach" title="Bailey's Beach">Bailey's Beach</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Reading_Room" title="Newport Reading Room">Newport Reading Room</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg/80px-Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg/120px-Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg/160px-Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Citizens_Medal" title="Presidential Citizens Medal">Presidential Citizens Medal</a> (1994)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/80px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/120px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/160px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal">European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/120px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/160px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (May 31, 1979)<sup id="cite_ref-OrdHonPor_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrdHonPor-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POR_Ordem_do_Merito_Gra-Cruz_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/POR_Ordem_do_Merito_Gra-Cruz_BAR.svg/80px-POR_Ordem_do_Merito_Gra-Cruz_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/POR_Ordem_do_Merito_Gra-Cruz_BAR.svg/120px-POR_Ordem_do_Merito_Gra-Cruz_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/POR_Ordem_do_Merito_Gra-Cruz_BAR.svg/160px-POR_Ordem_do_Merito_Gra-Cruz_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Portugal)" title="Order of Merit (Portugal)">Order of Merit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (October 7, 1994)<sup id="cite_ref-OrdHonPor_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrdHonPor-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/80px-Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/120px-Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/160px-Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/160px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Chevalier, <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Legion of Honor</a> (France)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNietzel" class="citation web cs1">Nietzel, Michael T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2021/06/17/democrats-reintroduce-bill-to-double-the-pell-grant/">"Democrats Reintroduce Bill To Double The Pell Grant"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Democrats+Reintroduce+Bill+To+Double+The+Pell+Grant&rft.aulast=Nietzel&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmichaeltnietzel%2F2021%2F06%2F17%2Fdemocrats-reintroduce-bill-to-double-the-pell-grant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1980" class="citation web cs1">Ford, William D. (October 3, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/96th-congress/house-bill/5192">"H.R.5192 - 96th Congress (1979-1980): Education Amendments of 1980"</a>. <i>www.congress.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=H.R.5192+-+96th+Congress+%281979-1980%29%3A+Education+Amendments+of+1980&rft.date=1980-10-03&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F96th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F5192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Honan" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Honan">William H. Honan</a>, New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/02/us/politics/02pell.html">Claiborne Pell, Ex-Senator, Dies at 90</a>, January 1, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress1995" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihc5AQAAMAAJ&q=%22claiborne+pell%22+herbert+matilda"><i>Official Congressional Directory</i></a>. Vol. 104. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Congressional+Directory&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1995&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dihc5AQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522claiborne%2Bpell%2522%2Bherbert%2Bmatilda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapace2001" class="citation book cs1">Capace, Nancy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHPYeCvnASoC&pg=PA337"><i>Encyclopedia of Rhode Island</i></a>. St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset Publishers. pp. 337–338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4030-9610-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4030-9610-7"><bdi>978-0-4030-9610-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rhode+Island&rft.place=St.+Clair+Shores%2C+MI&rft.pages=337-338&rft.pub=Somerset+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4030-9610-7&rft.aulast=Capace&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHPYeCvnASoC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Wayne Miller, Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216161702/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/820727051.html?dids=820727051:820727051&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+10,+2005&author=G.+WAYNE+MILLER+Journal+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc='a+remarkable+life'+-+Nuala+and+Claiborne+Pell+reflect+on+six+extraordinary+decades+together&pqatl=google">'A Remarkable Life' - Nuala and Claiborne Pell Reflect on Six Extraordinary Decades Together</a>, April 10, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1966 <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>, Volume 112, Page <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1966-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1966-pt1.pdf">S606</a></span> (1966-01-19).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uncommon-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uncommon_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uncommon_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uncommon_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Wayne Miller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQi3-7T_G28C&dq=%22claiborne+pell%22+roustabout&pg=PA66">An Uncommon Man: The Life & Times of Senator Claiborne Pell</a>, 2011, pages 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quad-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quad_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quad_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47060966/koehler/">"Hugo W. Koehler, Ex-Navy Officer, Dies in New York"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quad-City_Times" title="Quad-City Times">Quad-City Times</a></i>. Davenport, IA. June 18, 1941. p. 11 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quad-City+Times&rft.atitle=Hugo+W.+Koehler%2C+Ex-Navy+Officer%2C+Dies+in+New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1941-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F47060966%2Fkoehler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Our Man in the Crimea: Commander Hugo Koehler and the Russian Civil War. P. J. Capelotti. University of South Carolina Press. (1991) pages 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Man Apart: The Life and Times of Senator Claiborne Pell. G. Wayne Miller. UPNE. 2011. page 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Y. Smith, Washington Post, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/01/AR2009010101521.html">Former R.I. Senator Claiborne Pell, 90; Sponsored Grant Program</a>, January 2, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Federation of Postal Clerks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iagfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22claiborne+pell%22+princeton+history+1940">Union Postal Clerk and the Postal Transport Journal</a>, Volumes 60-62, 1964, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPell1940" class="citation journal cs1">Pell, Claiborne deBorda (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/handle/88435/dsp01v405sb54b">"MaCaulay and the Slavery Issue"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MaCaulay+and+the+Slavery+Issue&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Pell&rft.aufirst=Claiborne+deBorda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdataspace.princeton.edu%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F88435%2Fdsp01v405sb54b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Princeton Alumni Association, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EBJbAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22claiborne+pell%22+princeton+colonial+whig+rugby&pg=RA2-PA44">Princeton Alumni Weekly</a>, Volume 74, (March 19, 1974), page 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulligan_2009-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mulligan_2009_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulligan_2009_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulligan_2009_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulligan,_John_E." class="citation web cs1">Mulligan, John E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423110049/http://www.projo.com/news/content/pell_dies_01-02-09_SRCQQV5_v16.3fe791b.html">"Claiborne Pell dies"</a>. <i>Providence Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projo.com/news/content/pell_dies_01-02-09_SRCQQV5_v16.3fe791b.html">the original</a> on April 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Providence+Journal&rft.atitle=Claiborne+Pell+dies&rft.au=Mulligan%2C+John+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projo.com%2Fnews%2Fcontent%2Fpell_dies_01-02-09_SRCQQV5_v16.3fe791b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/30/archives/new-face-in-politics-claiborne-deborda-pell.html">New Face in Politics; Claiborne deBorda Pell</a>, September 30, 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Franckling, United Press International, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EWtEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=crIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1458,3742347&dq=claiborne+pell+italy+sicily+north-atlantic&hl=en">Sen. Caliborne Pell -- You Let the Other Man Have Your Way</a>, Albany (Georgia) Herald, July 22, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Wayne Miller, An Uncommon Man, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celeste Katz, Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/31864959.html?dids=31864959:31864959&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+19%2C+1996&author=CELESTE+KATZ+Journal-Bulletin+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Coast+Guard+presence+in+Newport+grows+*Coast+Guard+Commandant+Adm.+Robert+E.+Kramek+has+started+to+build+a+mix+of+cutters+and+buoy+tenders+to+be+home+ported+in+Newport%2C+says+Senator+Pell.&pqatl=google">Coast Guard Presence in Newport Grows</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, July 19, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_MacKay2014" class="citation news cs1">Scott MacKay (April 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ripr.org/post/nuala-pell-spouse-and-political-partner-sen-claiborne-pell-dies">"Nuala Pell, Spouse and Political Partner of Sen. Claiborne Pell, Dies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nuala+Pell%2C+Spouse+and+Political+Partner+of+Sen.+Claiborne+Pell%2C+Dies&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft.au=Scott+MacKay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fripr.org%2Fpost%2Fnuala-pell-spouse-and-political-partner-sen-claiborne-pell-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Pace, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/10/nyregion/josephine-hartford-bryce-88-philanthropist-and-sportswoman.html">"Josephine Hartford Bryce, 88, Philanthropist and Sportswoman"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, June 10, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414062258/http://www.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/content/20140413-nuala-pell-dies-at-89-she-left-an-indelible-mark.ece">"Nuala Pell dies at 89; she left 'an indelible mark'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/content/20140413-nuala-pell-dies-at-89-she-left-an-indelible-mark.ece">the original</a> on April 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nuala+Pell+dies+at+89%3B+she+left+%27an+indelible+mark%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.providencejournal.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Fcontent%2F20140413-nuala-pell-dies-at-89-she-left-an-indelible-mark.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faye Zuckerman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216161839/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/393926261.html?dids=393926261:393926261&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+02,+2003&author=FAYE+ZUCKERMAN++Journal+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Pell+family+wedding+a+mix+of+two+cultures&pqatl=google">"Pell Family Wedding a Mix of Two Cultures"</a>, <i>The Providence Journal</i>, September 2, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jody McPhillips and Elizabeth Abbott, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216171933/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/580206731.html?dids=580206731:580206731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+25,+1990&author=JODY+McPHILLIPS+and+ELIZABETH+ABBOTT+Journal-Bulletin+Staff+Writers&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Pell+kicks+off+Senate+campaign&pqatl=google">Pell Kicks Off Senate Campaign</a>, <i>The Providence Journal</i>, June 25, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paw.princeton.edu/memorial/herbert-claiborne-pell-iii-%E2%80%9967">"Memorial: Herbert Claiborne Pell III '67"</a>. <i>Princeton Alumni Weekly</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Alumni Association. September 27, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+Alumni+Weekly&rft.atitle=Memorial%3A+Herbert+Claiborne+Pell+III+%2767&rft.date=1999-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaw.princeton.edu%2Fmemorial%2Fherbert-claiborne-pell-iii-%25E2%2580%259967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/15/classified/paid-notice-deaths-pell-julia-lorillard-wampage.html">"Death Notice, Julia Lorillard Wampage Pell"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York, NY. April 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Death+Notice%2C+Julia+Lorillard+Wampage+Pell&rft.date=2006-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F15%2Fclassified%2Fpaid-notice-deaths-pell-julia-lorillard-wampage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlman2014" class="citation news cs1">Alman, Ashley (September 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/09/rhode-island-governor-primary_n_5792782.html">"Gina Raimondo Wins Democratic Primary For Rhode Island Governor"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. New York, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Gina+Raimondo+Wins+Democratic+Primary+For+Rhode+Island+Governor&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Alman&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F09%2F09%2Frhode-island-governor-primary_n_5792782.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216160613/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/596919001.html?dids=596919001:596919001&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+29,+1989&author=Journal-Bulletin+Washington+Bureau&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Pell+to+return+to+Czechoslovakia,+was+there+for+Communist+takeover&pqatl=google">Pell to Return to Czechoslovakia, Was There for Communist Takeover</a>, November 29, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren Christopher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YipOlJqr6msC&dq=claiborne+pell+%22united+nations%22+conference+charter&pg=PA15">In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era</a>, 1998, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Charles Bakst, Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216161828/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/31876161.html?dids=31876161:31876161&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+08,+1996&author=M.+CHARLES+BAKST&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Claiborne+Pell:+A+unique+legacy&pqatl=google">Claiborne Pell: A Unique Legacy</a>, December 8, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Princeton Alumni Association, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRFbAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22international+fiscal+corporation%22+pell&pg=RA4-PA60">Princeton Alumni Weekly</a>, Volume 55, April 15, 1955, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newport Daily News, Pell Named Director, May 15, 1954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph M. Siracusa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn7ZJrjtvTwC&dq=claiborne+pell+consultant+democratic+national+committee&pg=PA376">The Kennedy Years</a>, 2004, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Rhode Island, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uri.edu/library/special_collections/political_papers/pell/Mss.%20Gr.%2071f.html">Register to the Senatorial Papers of Claiborne Pell: Biography</a>, uri.edu; accessed May 21, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Rhode Island, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uri.edu/library/special_collections/exhibits/pell/Pell_bio_sketch.htm">Senator Claiborne deBorda Pell (1918–2009)</a>, uri.edu; accessed May 21, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/29/archives/newcomer-wins-senate-primary-pell-defeats-two-former-rhode-island.html">Newcomer Wins Senate Primary; Pell Defeats Two Former Rhode Island Governors Seeking Green's Seat</a>, September 28, 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendersonville (North Carolina), Times-News, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=X1BPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RCMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4418,3399569&dq=claiborne-pell+archambault+senate&hl=en">Democrats' Clutch on Congress Holds</a>, November 4, 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott MacKay, Rhode Island Public Radio, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrnipoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2011/10/20/the-life-and-times-of-an-uncommon-man-sen-claborne-pell/">The Life and Times of an Uncommon Man: Sen. Claiborne Pell</a>, October 20, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonan2009" class="citation news cs1">Honan, William H. (January 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/02/us/politics/02pell.html">"Claiborne Pell, Ex-Senator, Dies at 90"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. New York, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Claiborne+Pell%2C+Ex-Senator%2C+Dies+at+90&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Honan&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F02%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F02pell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard F. Fenno Jr., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuZXHrSmy3UC&dq=claiborne+pell+coast+guard+career&pg=PA241">Senators on the Campaign Trail: The Politics of Representation</a>, 1998, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott McKay, Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216172430/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/580204531.html?dids=580204531:580204531&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+26,+1990&author=SCOTT+MacKAY+Journal-Bulletin+State+House+Bureau&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Pell+seeks+sixth+term;+cites+jobs,+peace+issues&pqatl=google">Pell Seeks Sixth Term; Cites Jobs, Peace Issues</a>, June 26, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Gardner, Martin</a> (2000). <i>Did Adam and Eve Have Navels?</i>. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Adam+and+Eve+Have+Navels%3F&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Patinkin, Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216172558/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/31874478.html?dids=31874478:31874478&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+08,+1996&author=MARK+PATINKIN&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=THE+COLUMN+For+Claiborne+Pell,+the+doing+was+enough&pqatl=google">For Claiborne Pell, The Doing Was Enough</a>, October 8, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dies-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dies_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dies_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonan2009" class="citation news cs1">Honan, William (January 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/02/us/politics/02pell.html">"Claiborne Pell, Ex-Senator, Dies at 90"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Claiborne+Pell%2C+Ex-Senator%2C+Dies+at+90&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Honan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F02%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F02pell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter-Berger1972" class="citation book cs1">Winter-Berger, Robert N. (1972). <i>The Washington pay-off; an insider's view of corruption in government</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Stuart" title="Lyle Stuart">Lyle Stuart Inc</a>. pp. 86–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+pay-off%3B+an+insider%27s+view+of+corruption+in+government&rft.pages=86-89&rft.pub=Lyle+Stuart+Inc&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Winter-Berger&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lofton-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lofton_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lofton_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLofton_Jr1973" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lofton" title="John Lofton">Lofton Jr, John D.</a> (October 29, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a5wgAAAAIBAJ&pg=2932,4136719">"May Call Winter-Berger in Ford Hearing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lewiston_Daily_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewiston Daily Sun">Sun Journal (Lewiston, Maine)</a></i>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun+Journal+%28Lewiston%2C+Maine%29&rft.atitle=May+Call+Winter-Berger+in+Ford+Hearing&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1973-10-29&rft.aulast=Lofton+Jr&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Da5wgAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2932%2C4136719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutschnecker-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutschnecker_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutschnecker_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Hutschnecker" title="Arnold Hutschnecker">Arnold A. Hutschnecker</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l-AAAAMAAJ&q=claiborne+pell+winter-berger">The Drive for Power</a>, 1974, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartmann-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmann_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmann_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Hartmann" title="Robert T. Hartmann">Robert Trowbridge Hartmann</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cut4AAAAMAAJ&q=pell+%22winter-berger%22">Palace Politics: An Inside Account of the Ford Years</a>, 1980, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/87-1962/s226">"S.J. RES. 29. APPROVAL OF RESOLUTION BANNING THE POLL TAX AS PREREQUISITE FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.J.+RES.+29.+APPROVAL+OF+RESOLUTION+BANNING+THE+POLL+TAX+AS+PREREQUISITE+FOR+VOTING+IN+FEDERAL+ELECTIONS.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F87-1962%2Fs226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409">"HR. 7152. PASSAGE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HR.+7152.+PASSAGE.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F88-1964%2Fs409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s78">"TO PASS S. 1564, THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TO+PASS+S.+1564%2C+THE+VOTING+RIGHTS+ACT+OF+1965.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F89-1965%2Fs78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s151">"TO PASS H.R. 6675, THE SOCIAL SECURITY AMENDMENTS OF 1965"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TO+PASS+H.R.+6675%2C+THE+SOCIAL+SECURITY+AMENDMENTS+OF+1965.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F89-1965%2Fs151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1968/s346">"TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO PROHIBIT DISCRIMINATION IN SALE OR RENTAL OF HOUSING, AND TO PROHIBIT RACIALLY MOTIVATED INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON EXERCISING HIS CIVIL RIGHTS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TO+PASS+H.R.+2516%2C+A+BILL+TO+PROHIBIT+DISCRIMINATION+IN+SALE+OR+RENTAL+OF+HOUSING%2C+AND+TO+PROHIBIT+RACIALLY+MOTIVATED+INTERFERENCE+WITH+A+PERSON+EXERCISING+HIS+CIVIL+RIGHTS%2C+AND+FOR+OTHER+PURPOSES.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F90-1968%2Fs346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/s176">"CONFIRMATION OF THURGOOD MARSHALL, THE FIRST NEGRO APPOINTED TO THE SUPREME COURT"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=CONFIRMATION+OF+THURGOOD+MARSHALL%2C+THE+FIRST+NEGRO+APPOINTED+TO+THE+SUPREME+COURT.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F90-1967%2Fs176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice,_M.A.,_S._Rodrigues_and_K._Venturini" class="citation web cs1">Rice, M.A., S. Rodrigues and K. Venturini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smithlever.wvu.edu/r/download/199832">"Philosophical & Institutional Innovations of Kenyon Leech Butterfield and the Rhode Island Contributions to the Development of Land Grant and Sea Grant Extension"</a>. Century Beyond the Campus: Past, Present, and Future of Extension A Research Symposium to Mark the 100th Anniversary of the Smith-Lever Act September 24–25, 2014, West Virginia University. Waterfront Place Hotel, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. Sep. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223150218/http://smithlever.wvu.edu/r/download/199832">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philosophical+%26+Institutional+Innovations+of+Kenyon+Leech+Butterfield+and+the+Rhode+Island+Contributions+to+the+Development+of+Land+Grant+and+Sea+Grant+Extension&rft.pub=Century+Beyond+the+Campus%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+Extension+A+Research+Symposium+to+Mark+the+100th+Anniversary+of+the+Smith-Lever+Act+September+24%E2%80%9325%2C+2014%2C+West+Virginia+University.+Waterfront+Place+Hotel%2C+Morgantown%2C+West+Virginia%2C+USA.+Sep.+2014.&rft.au=Rice%2C+M.A.%2C+S.+Rodrigues+and+K.+Venturini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmithlever.wvu.edu%2Fr%2Fdownload%2F199832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maura J. Casey, New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/opinion/06tue4.html">Senator Claiborne Pell’s Vision</a>, January 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Baker, Associated Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Y8dHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Zv8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1470,878670&dq=claiborne-pell+national+endowment&hl=en">Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island's Quirky Senator, to Retire</a>, Meriden Record-Journal, September 6, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216171609/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/575871911.html?dids=575871911:575871911&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+30,+1994&author=&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Law+of+the+Sea&pqatl=google">Law of the Sea</a>, August 30, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 92nd Congress, First Session, Volume 117-Part 1; January 21, 1971 to February 1, 1971 (Pages 3 to 1338), Page 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CNN, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/01/claiborne.pell.dies/">Ex-Sen. Claiborne Pell, proponent of student grants, dies</a>, January 1, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/104-1996/s280">"H.R. 3396 (104th): Defense of Marriage Act"</a>. <i>Govtrack.us</i>. Washington, DC: Civic Impulse, LLC. September 10, 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Govtrack.us&rft.atitle=H.R.+3396+%28104th%29%3A+Defense+of+Marriage+Act&rft.date=1996-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F104-1996%2Fs280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WCVB-TV, Edward M. Kennedy's Tribute to Former Sen. Claiborne Pell, January 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryant University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.bryant.edu/~alumni/2010/may/jack_reed.htm">RI Senator Jack Reed Addresses Class of 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712094800/http://web.bryant.edu/~alumni/2010/may/jack_reed.htm">Archived</a> July 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Review_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPell1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Pell, Claiborne (Autumn 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYYq7_bIGN0C&pg=RA3-PA114">"Set and Drift: The Law of the Sea Convention is Critical to National Interests"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College_Review" title="Naval War College Review">Naval War College Review</a></i>. Newport, RI: <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a>. p. 114 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=Set+and+Drift%3A+The+Law+of+the+Sea+Convention+is+Critical+to+National+Interests&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=114&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Pell&rft.aufirst=Claiborne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYYq7_bIGN0C%26pg%3DRA3-PA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Associated Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/4e0ba81fcece2b0cea732f97c617d288">Sen. Claiborne Pell Says He Has Parkinson's Disease</a>, April 10, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C-Span Video Library, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/283114-1">Funeral Service for Claiborne Pell</a>, January 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foon Rhee, Boston Globe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2009/01/clinton_kennedy.html">Clinton, Kennedy Honor Claiborne Pell</a>, January 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Breidenbach, Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicsblog.projo.com/2009/01/photo-video-sce.html">Photo, Video: Scenes From Services for Claiborne Pell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202190705/http://politicsblog.projo.com/2009/01/photo-video-sce.html">Archived</a> February 2, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, January 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216160225/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/599518441.html?dids=599518441:599518441&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+24,+1988&author=&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Universities+in+New+England+set+honorary+degrees+for+Pell,+DiPrete&pqatl=google">Universities in New England Set Honorary Degrees for Pell, DiPrete</a>, May 24, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216172303/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/601237351.html?dids=601237351:601237351&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+09,+1987&author=&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Pell+to+receive+award+at+coastal+conference&pqatl=google">Pell to Receive Award at Coastal Conference</a>, October 9, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821193635/http://www.nectfl.org/awards-james-w-dodge-foreign-language-advocate-award">"The James W. Dodge Foreign Language Advocate Award"</a>. Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nectfl.org/awards-james-w-dodge-foreign-language-advocate-award">the original</a> on August 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+James+W.+Dodge+Foreign+Language+Advocate+Award&rft.pub=Northeast+Conference+on+the+Teaching+of+Foreign+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nectfl.org%2Fawards-james-w-dodge-foreign-language-advocate-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/14/arts/17-are-honored-in-arts-fields.html">17 Are Honored In Arts Fields</a>, October 14, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian C. Jones, Providence Journal, A Rhode Island Original: His Name May be on Bridge, But Pell Still Pays Toll, July 23, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry O'Brien, Providence Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216162101/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/31867259.html?dids=31867259:31867259&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+05,+1996&author=JERRY+O'BRIEN+Journal-Bulletin+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Salve+to+buy+mansion+for+new+Pell+Center&pqatl=google">Salve to Buy Mansion for New Pell Center</a>, December 5, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg2013" class="citation news cs1">Borg, Linda (September 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/content/20130903-newport-r.i.-school-named-after-late-senator-pell-honors-his-educational-legacy.ece">"Newport, R.I., school named after late U.S. Senator Pell honors his educational legacy"</a>. <i>Providence Journal</i>. providence, RI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Providence+Journal&rft.atitle=Newport%2C+R.I.%2C+school+named+after+late+U.S.+Senator+Pell+honors+his+educational+legacy&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.providencejournal.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Fcontent%2F20130903-newport-r.i.-school-named-after-late-senator-pell-honors-his-educational-legacy.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Coast Guard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/Claiborne_Pell.asp">Coast Guard History, Frequently Asked Questions: Claiborne Pell</a>, accessed September 5, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Wells, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aug.edu/~libwrw/awards/medals2.htm">Coast Guard Warriors - Part of The Mix: Coast Guard Medal Awardees of World War II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626162500/http://www.aug.edu/~libwrw/awards/medals2.htm">Archived</a> June 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Coast Guard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/Claiborne_Pell.asp">Coast Guard History, Frequently Asked Questions: Claiborne Pell</a>. Review of awards displayed on uniform, September 5, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Committee_on_Printing,_United_States_Congress1974" class="citation book cs1">Joint Committee on Printing, United States Congress (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1Pd1puvPnoC&pg=PA162"><i>Official Congressional Directory</i></a>. Washington, DC: US Government printing Office. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Congressional+Directory&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=US+Government+printing+Office&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Joint+Committee+on+Printing%2C+United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1Pd1puvPnoC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Providence Journal, Claiborne Pell Remembered as "the right kind of aristocrat", January 6, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OrdHonPor-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OrdHonPor_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OrdHonPor_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154">"Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas"</a>. <i>Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=P%C3%A1gina+Oficial+das+Ordens+Honor%C3%ADficas+Portuguesas&rft.atitle=Cidad%C3%A3os+Estrangeiros+Agraciados+com+Ordens+Portuguesas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordens.presidencia.pt%2F%3Fidc%3D154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaiborne+Pell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claiborne_Pell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Claiborne_Pell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Claiborne Pell">Claiborne Pell</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000193">Claiborne Pell</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch1.asp">Congressional Biographical Directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/32560026">Claiborne Pell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li>New England Cable News, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216123652/http://www.necn.com/pages/landing_secretlife?blockID=144912&tagID=23013">Video, Bill Clinton Eulogy</a>, Something 'magical' about Claiborne Pell, January 5, 2009</li> <li>WPRI-TV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108123355/http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/local_news/east_bay/local_wpri_biden_eulogy_claiborne_pell_20090105">Video, Joe Biden Eulogy</a>, VP-Elect Joe Biden Eulogizes Sen. Pell, January 5, 2009</li> <li>WPRI-TV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807021118/http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/local_news/east_bay/local_wpri_sen_edward_kennedy_eulogizes_sen_pell_20090105">Video, Ted Kennedy Eulogy</a>, Sen. Kennedy eulogizes former Sen. Pell, January 5, 2009</li> <li>WPRI-TV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807021108/http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/local_news/east_bay/local_wpri_claiborne_pell_funeral_jack_reed_eulogy_20090105">Video, Jack Reed Eulogy</a>, Sen. Reed: Pell Was Ideal Public Servant, January 5, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1bKkxd8aVI"><span class="plainlinks">Video, Whitehouse Pays Tribute to the Memory of Senator Claiborne Pell</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, January 5, 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2187">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Theodore Green</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Rhode Island">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 2</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1960 United States Senate election in Rhode Island">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1966 United States Senate election in Rhode Island">1966</a>, <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1972 United States Senate election in Rhode Island">1972</a>, <a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1978 United States Senate election in Rhode Island">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1984 United States Senate election in Rhode Island">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1990 United States Senate election in Rhode Island">1990</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Les_AuCoin" title="Les AuCoin">Les AuCoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley" title="Bill Bradley">Bill Bradley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hefner" title="Bill Hefner">Bill Hefner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_B._Kennelly" title="Barbara B. Kennelly">Barbara B. Kennelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Miller_(California_politician)" title="George Miller (California politician)">George Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">Paul Tsongas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Wirth" title="Tim Wirth">Tim Wirth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address" title="Response to the State of the Union address">Response to the State of the Union address</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1984_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1984 State of the Union Address">1984</a> <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Max Baucus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_L._Boren" class="mw-redirect" title="David L. Boren">David Boren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Barbara Boxer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Fascell" title="Dante Fascell">Dante Fascell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Gray_(Pennsylvania_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Gray (Pennsylvania politician)">Bill Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dee_Huddleston" title="Walter Dee Huddleston">Dee Huddleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Carl Levin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Theodore Green</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Rhode Island">U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Rhode Island</a> </b><br />1961–1997 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_O._Pastore" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Pastore">John O. Pastore</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Chafee" title="John Chafee">John Chafee</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Howard Cannon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Senate Rules Committee</a> </b><br />1978–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mathias" title="Charles Mathias">Charles Mathias</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> </b><br />1987–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="Template:United States senators from Rhode Island"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="Template talk:United States senators from Rhode Island"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Rhode Island"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="List of United States senators from Rhode Island">United States senators from Rhode Island</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Foster" title="Theodore Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Potter" title="Samuel J. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Howland" title="Benjamin Howland">Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Malbone" title="Francis Malbone">Malbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Champlin" title="Christopher G. Champlin">Champlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hunter_(senator)" title="William Hunter (senator)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_DeWolf" title="James DeWolf">DeWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_Robbins" title="Asher Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_F._Dixon_I" title="Nathan F. Dixon I">Dixon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sprague_III" title="William Sprague III">Sprague III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Francis" title="John Brown Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_C._Greene" title="Albert C. Greene">A. Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tillinghast_James" title="Charles Tillinghast James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Simmons" title="James F. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_G._Arnold" title="Samuel G. Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sprague_IV" title="William Sprague IV">Sprague IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Lippitt" title="Henry F. Lippitt">Lippitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Gerry" title="Peter G. Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hebert" title="Felix Hebert">Hebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Gerry" title="Peter G. Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Leahy" title="Edward L. Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pastore" title="John Pastore">Pastore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chafee" title="John Chafee">J. Chafee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">L. Chafee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Whitehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stanton_Jr." title="Joseph Stanton Jr.">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="William Bradford (Rhode Island politician)">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Greene_(politician)" title="Ray Greene (politician)">R. Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ellery" title="Christopher Ellery">Ellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenner" title="James Fenner">Fenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Mathewson" title="Elisha Mathewson">Mathewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_B._Howell" title="Jeremiah B. Howell">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Jr." title="James Burrill Jr.">Burrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_R._Knight" title="Nehemiah R. Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Simmons" title="James F. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopkins_Clarke" title="John Hopkins Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Allen_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Philip Allen (Rhode Island politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paine_Sheffield_Sr." title="William Paine Sheffield Sr.">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chace" title="Jonathan Chace">Chace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_F._Dixon_III" title="Nathan F. Dixon III">Dixon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Wetmore" title="George P. Wetmore">Wetmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeBaron_B._Colt" title="LeBaron B. Colt">Colt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Metcalf" title="Jesse H. Metcalf">Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Reed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana_politician)" title="James Brown (Louisiana politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Hannegan" title="Edward A. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Foote" title="Henry S. Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Eaton" title="William W. Eaton">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushman_K._Davis" title="Cushman K. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Bacon" title="Augustus O. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">Borah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wiley" title="Alexander Wiley">Wiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">Fulbright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Corker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Rules_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Rules chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Rules_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Rules chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Rules_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Rules chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules<br />(1870–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coit_Spooner" title="John Coit Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_S._Overman" title="Lee S. Overman">Overman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_M._Neely" title="Matthew M. Neely">Neely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules and Administration<br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Wayland_Brooks" title="C. Wayland Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jenner" title="William E. Jenner">Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hennings_Jr." title="Thomas C. Hennings Jr.">Hennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Everett_Jordan" title="B. Everett Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mathias" title="Charles Mathias">Mathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Ford" title="Wendell Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Klobuchar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1094716#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1094716#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1094716#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114695382">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27142916">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1732214/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7TKWp3qJfPy8wX4WxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/17063339X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79112955">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12359672p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12359672p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452436">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p149315686">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810695089905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007582997905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14048218">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04664217?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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