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id="toc-Producer_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microbrewery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbrewery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Microbrewery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbrewery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanobrewery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanobrewery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nanobrewery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanobrewery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craft_brewery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craft_brewery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Craft brewery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Craft_brewery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farm_brewery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farm_brewery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Farm brewery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farm_brewery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brewpub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brewpub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Brewpub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brewpub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Developments in the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developments_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developments in the 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developments_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marketing_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marketing strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canned_beer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canned_beer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Canned beer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canned_beer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barrel-aged_beer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barrel-aged_beer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Barrel-aged beer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barrel-aged_beer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-alcoholic_craft_beers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-alcoholic_craft_beers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Non-alcoholic craft beers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-alcoholic_craft_beers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craft_beer_in_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craft_beer_in_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Craft beer in Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Craft_beer_in_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Craft beer in Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Craft_beer_in_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craft_beer_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craft_beer_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Craft beer in Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Craft_beer_in_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Craft beer in Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Craft_beer_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craft_beer_in_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craft_beer_in_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Craft beer in the Middle East</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Craft_beer_in_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Craft beer in the Middle East subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Craft_beer_in_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craft_beer_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craft_beer_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Craft beer in North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Craft_beer_in_North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Craft beer in North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Craft_beer_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craft_beer_in_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craft_beer_in_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Craft beer in South America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Craft_beer_in_South_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Craft beer in South America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Craft_beer_in_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craft_beer_in_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craft_beer_in_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Craft beer in Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Craft_beer_in_Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Craft beer in Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Craft_beer_in_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Craft beer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcerveseria" title="Microcerveseria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microcerveseria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minipivovar" title="Minipivovar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minipivovar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobryggeri" title="Mikrobryggeri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mikrobryggeri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobrauerei" title="Mikrobrauerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mikrobrauerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcervecer%C3%ADa" title="Microcervecería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microcervecería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisau_garagardotegi" title="Artisau garagardotegi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artisau garagardotegi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbrasserie" title="Microbrasserie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microbrasserie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko 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href="/w/index.php?title=Microbrewery&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">Microbrewery</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small-batch, independently brewed beer</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxbow_Collaboration_Part_1_(33338778230).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oxbow_Collaboration_Part_1_%2833338778230%29.jpg/330px-Oxbow_Collaboration_Part_1_%2833338778230%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oxbow_Collaboration_Part_1_%2833338778230%29.jpg/500px-Oxbow_Collaboration_Part_1_%2833338778230%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oxbow_Collaboration_Part_1_%2833338778230%29.jpg/960px-Oxbow_Collaboration_Part_1_%2833338778230%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Craft brewing at <a href="/wiki/Allagash_Brewing_Company" title="Allagash Brewing Company">Allagash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Craft beer</b> is <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> manufactured by craft breweries, which typically produce smaller amounts of beer than larger "macro" breweries and are often independently owned. Such breweries are generally perceived and marketed as emphasising enthusiasm, new flavours, and varied brewing techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The microbrewery movement began in both the United States and United Kingdom in the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although traditional artisanal brewing existed in Europe for centuries and subsequently spread to other countries. As the movement grew, and some breweries expanded their production and distribution, the more encompassing concept of <a href="#Craft_brewery">craft brewing</a> emerged. A <a href="#Brewpub">brewpub</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a> that brews its own beer for sale on the premises.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_2011_270–271_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver_2011_270–271-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producer_definitions">Producer definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Producer definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbrewery">Microbrewery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Microbrewery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zachariasbryggen_Microbrewery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Zachariasbryggen_Microbrewery.jpg/220px-Zachariasbryggen_Microbrewery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Zachariasbryggen_Microbrewery.jpg/330px-Zachariasbryggen_Microbrewery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Zachariasbryggen_Microbrewery.jpg/440px-Zachariasbryggen_Microbrewery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Bergenhus microbrewery, <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, Norway<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the term "microbrewery" was originally used in relation to the size of breweries, it gradually came to reflect an alternative attitude and approach to brewing flexibility, adaptability, experimentation and customer service. The term and trend spread from the UK to the US in the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was eventually used as a designation for breweries that produce fewer than 15,000 U.S. beer barrels (1,800,000 liters; 460,000 U.S. gallons) annually.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, there were 205 microbreweries nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, that number more than doubled to 420 microbreweries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanobrewery">Nanobrewery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nanobrewery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flounder_growler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flounder_growler.jpg/220px-Flounder_growler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flounder_growler.jpg/330px-Flounder_growler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flounder_growler.jpg/440px-Flounder_growler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3382" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Growler_(jug)" title="Growler (jug)">growler</a> of beer from <a href="/wiki/Flounder_Brewing" title="Flounder Brewing">Flounder Brewing</a>, a nanobrewery in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, US</figcaption></figure> <p>The website The Food Section defines a "nanobrewery" as, "a scaled-down microbrewery, often run by a solo entrepreneur, that produces beer in small batches."<sup id="cite_ref-foodsectionnano_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodsectionnano-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanobrewers often work out of garages or small industrial spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small batches are then sold to local bars or directly to customers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">U.S. Department of the Treasury</a> defines nanobreweries as "very small brewery operations" that produce beer for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-nanobreweryttb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanobreweryttb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These small operations still must meet state and federal licensing requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, there were more than 200 "nanos" in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With lower startup costs than a craft brewery, nanobreweries have become popular among home brewers looking to expand and practice their beer brewing skills.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Craft_brewery">Craft brewery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Craft brewery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Craft brewing" is a more encompassing term for developments in the industry succeeding the microbrewing movement of the late 20th century. The definition is not entirely consistent but typically applies to relatively small, independently owned commercial breweries that employ traditional brewing methods and emphasize flavor and quality. The term is usually reserved for breweries established since the 1970s but may be used for older breweries with a similar focus.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_2011_270–271_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver_2011_270–271-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A United States trade group, the <a href="/wiki/Brewers_Association" title="Brewers Association">Brewers Association</a>, interested in brand transparency, offers a definition of craft breweries as "small, independent and traditional". The craft brewing process takes time and can be considered an art by the brewmasters.<sup id="cite_ref-Craft_Brewer_Defined_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craft_Brewer_Defined-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-What_qualifies_as_craft_beer?_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_qualifies_as_craft_beer?-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, the Assured Independent British Craft Brewer initiative is run by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Independent_Brewers" title="Society of Independent Brewers">Society of Independent Brewers</a> (SIBA), who ensure that any breweries using the Independent Craft Brewer logo are relatively small, independent and brewing quality beer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farm_brewery">Farm brewery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Farm brewery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Farmhouse_ale" title="Farmhouse ale">"farm brewery"</a> or "farmhouse brewery" has been around for centuries. Several beer styles are considered "farmhouse," originally stemming from farmers brewing low ABV beer as an incentive for field workers. Farm breweries were not large scale; they had smaller, more unique, methods of brewing and fermenting in comparison to the larger breweries of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had different effects on the overall product, creating unconventional beer flavors. </p><p>The term "farm brewery" has more recently found its way into several local and state laws<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to give farm breweries certain, often agriculturally related, privileges not normally found under standard brewery laws. These privileges usually come at a price: some portion of the ingredients (such as <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>) used in the beer must be grown on the given licensed farm brewery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brewpub">Brewpub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brewpub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/wiki/Brewpub" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewpub">Brewpub</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Craft_beer" title="Talk:Craft beer">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(February 2023)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20190423_172521_Aecht_Schlenkerla_Rauchbier_in_Bamberg_anagoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/20190423_172521_Aecht_Schlenkerla_Rauchbier_in_Bamberg_anagoria.jpg/170px-20190423_172521_Aecht_Schlenkerla_Rauchbier_in_Bamberg_anagoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/20190423_172521_Aecht_Schlenkerla_Rauchbier_in_Bamberg_anagoria.jpg/255px-20190423_172521_Aecht_Schlenkerla_Rauchbier_in_Bamberg_anagoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/20190423_172521_Aecht_Schlenkerla_Rauchbier_in_Bamberg_anagoria.jpg/340px-20190423_172521_Aecht_Schlenkerla_Rauchbier_in_Bamberg_anagoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer" title="Smoked beer">Smoked beer</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Schlenkerla" title="Schlenkerla">Schlenkerla</a> brewpub in <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Brewpub is an abbreviated term combining the ideas of a brewery and a pub or public-house. A brewpub can be a pub or restaurant that brews beer on the premises.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States a brewpub is defined as selling 25 percent or more of its beer on-site and operating significant food services. A taproom brewery is a professional brewery that sells 25 percent or more of its beer on-site and does not operate significant food services. The beer is brewed primarily for sale in the taproom, and is often dispensed directly from the brewery's storage tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term first gained prominence in California in the early 1980s. The concept was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill%27s_Brewery" title="Buffalo Bill's Brewery">Buffalo Bill's Brewery</a> in Hayward, which opened on September 9, 1983, as one of the first modern brewpubs in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-walls_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walls-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed the passage of Assembly Bill 3610 in 1982, authored by Assemblyman Tom Bates, which allowed brewers to sell directly to consumers if food was served.<sup id="cite_ref-walls_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walls-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signed into law on January 1, 1983, the legislation paved the way for brewpubs in California. Although Buffalo Bill's founder Bill Owens attempted to trademark the term "brewpub," it had already entered common usage. The legalization and rise of brewpubs helped spark California’s craft beer movement.<sup id="cite_ref-BeerAndBrewing_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeerAndBrewing-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, brewpubs in some countries are favoured by a system of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_beer_duty" title="Progressive beer duty">progressive beer duty</a>, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. In the United Kingdom brewpubs brewing up to 5,000 hectolitres a year (about 880,000 pints) pay just half of ordinary beer duty rates.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments_in_the_21st_century">Developments in the 21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Developments in the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing_strategy">Marketing strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marketing strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Craft beer has adopted a <a href="/wiki/Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">marketing strategy</a> that differs from those of the large, mass-market breweries, offering products that compete on the basis of quality and diversity instead of low price and advertising. Their influence has been much greater than their <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a>, which amounts to only 2% in the UK,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicated by the introduction by large commercial breweries of new brands for the craft beer market. However, when the strategy failed, the corporate breweries invested in microbreweries or, in many cases, acquired them outright.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canned_beer">Canned beer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canned beer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Monkeys_Juicy_Ass_IPA_(36608320890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flying_Monkeys_Juicy_Ass_IPA_%2836608320890%29.jpg/170px-Flying_Monkeys_Juicy_Ass_IPA_%2836608320890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flying_Monkeys_Juicy_Ass_IPA_%2836608320890%29.jpg/255px-Flying_Monkeys_Juicy_Ass_IPA_%2836608320890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flying_Monkeys_Juicy_Ass_IPA_%2836608320890%29.jpg/340px-Flying_Monkeys_Juicy_Ass_IPA_%2836608320890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>A can of Juicy Ass IPA from Flying Monkeys Craft Brewery in <a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Can_Company" title="American Can Company">American Can Company</a> developed the first beer can in 1933 after years of researching how to create a can that would hold a pressurized carbonated beverage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also created a special coating on the inside of a can to prevent a metallic taste from affecting the beer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first can of beer was sold on January 24, 1935, when the American Can Company partnered with <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>–based <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Krueger_Brewing_Company" title="Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company">Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company</a>, delivering two thousand cans of Krueger's Finest Beer and Krueger's Cream Ale to people in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the year, 37 breweries were canning their beer.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the Felinfoel Brewery sold the first canned beer in Europe in January 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, a brewing company in Pittsburg introduced the first self-opening can, which later became a pull ring tab, eliminating the need for a separate opening device.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Drink_can" title="Drink can">cans</a> by craft brewers doubled between 2012 and 2014, with over 500 companies in the United States using cans to package their beverages. Previously associated with the major brewing corporations, cans are now favored by craft brewers for numerous reasons: cans are impervious to oxygen, beer-degrading light does not affect canned beer, canned beer is more portable since less room is required for storage or transportation, canned beer cools more quickly, and cans have a greater surface area for wraparound designs and decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-Lew_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lew-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perception that bottles lead to a taste that is superior to canned beer has been called "just kind of dated,"<sup id="cite_ref-Lew_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lew-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as most aluminum cans are lined with a polymer coating that protects the beer from the problematic metal. However, since drinking directly from a can may still result in a metallic taste, most craft brewers recommend pouring beer into a glass prior to consumption. In June 2014, the BA estimated 3% of craft beer in the United States is sold in cans, 60% is sold in bottles, and kegs represent the remainder of the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Lew_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lew-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2015 and 2020, the proportion of craft beer packaged in cans in the UK increased nearly tenfold to 4.9 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barrel-aged_beer">Barrel-aged beer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Barrel-aged beer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beer_sommelier_at_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beer_sommelier_at_work.jpg/250px-Beer_sommelier_at_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beer_sommelier_at_work.jpg/330px-Beer_sommelier_at_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beer_sommelier_at_work.jpg/500px-Beer_sommelier_at_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A beer sommelier tapping a barrel for a taste at Nebraska Brewing Company</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer" title="Barrel-aged beer">Barrel-aged beer</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Goose_Island_Brewery" title="Goose Island Brewery">Goose Island</a> first produced its Bourbon County Stout in 1992, but it was not regularly available until 2005. Other breweries began following Goose Island's lead, typically aging rich imperial stouts such as <a href="/wiki/Founders_Brewing_Company" title="Founders Brewing Company">Founders</a> KBS and <a href="/wiki/The_Bruery" title="The Bruery">The Bruery</a>'s Black Tuesday.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <i>Food and Drink</i> wrote: "A process that was once niche has become not just mainstream, but ubiquitous."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrel-aged <a href="/wiki/Sour_beer" title="Sour beer">sour beers</a> are a newer trend, inspired by the Belgian tradition of <a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">lambics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders_red_ale" title="Flanders red ale">Flanders red ale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-alcoholic_craft_beers">Non-alcoholic craft beers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-alcoholic craft beers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The market for <a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">non-alcoholic beer</a> and wine in North America is predicted to quadruple from a base of about $20 million in 2018. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Brewery" title="Brooklyn Brewery">Brooklyn Brewery</a> are among the early craft breweries prepared to release a non-alcoholic craft beer, with their "Special Effects."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples in Europe include <a href="/wiki/Mikkeller" title="Mikkeller">Mikkeller</a>'s "Drink'in The Sun" and Nirvana's <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_beer" title="Gluten-free beer">gluten-free</a> "Kosmic Stout".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Craft_beer_in_Asia">Craft beer in Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Craft beer in Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cambodia's first microbrewery, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Breweries" title="Kingdom Breweries">Kingdom Breweries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened in 2009 and brews dark, pilsener, and lager beers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Leap_Brewing_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Great_Leap_Brewing_sign.jpg/220px-Great_Leap_Brewing_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Great_Leap_Brewing_sign.jpg/330px-Great_Leap_Brewing_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Great_Leap_Brewing_sign.jpg/440px-Great_Leap_Brewing_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3726" data-file-height="2886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Brewing" title="Great Leap Brewing">Great Leap Brewing</a> operates a chain of brewpubs in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></figcaption></figure> <p>China, the world's largest beer consumer as of July 2013, is home to a growing craft beer market, with brands such as Slowboat Brewery, Jing-A Brewery, and Boxing Cat Brewery.<sup id="cite_ref-Justin_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 2013, the number of brewpubs in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China had doubled since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Justin_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General beer consumption reached 50 million L (13 million US gal) in early 2013 and an increasing interest in craft beers developed accordingly. The Great Leap Brewing Company is one example of numerous microbreweries that have been recently established, with a <a href="/wiki/Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">localization</a> strategy leading to the use of traditional Chinese ingredients and spices in the Beijing brand's beer production process. China's largest brewpub is located in <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> and is managed by the Taiwanese brewing company Le Ble D'or (金色三麥), while craft beer consumers are both <a href="/wiki/Ex-pat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-pat">ex-pats</a> and native Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Justin_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India's first microbrewery, Doolally, was opened in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> had over 60 microbreweries.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Japan" title="Beer in Japan">Beer in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogo_Beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dogo_Beer.jpg/220px-Dogo_Beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dogo_Beer.jpg/330px-Dogo_Beer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dogo_Beer.jpg/440px-Dogo_Beer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dogo_Beer" title="Dogo Beer">Dogo Beer</a> from Minakuchi-shuzō microbrewery in <a href="/wiki/Matsuyama" title="Matsuyama">Matsuyama</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>An early boom in small regional microbreweries followed Japan's 1994 revision of tax laws allowing the establishment of smaller breweries producing 60,000 litres (13,000 imp gal; 16,000 US gal) per year. Before this change, breweries could not get a license without producing at least 2,000,000 litres (440,000 imp gal; 530,000 US gal) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beer produced by microbreweries in the early 1990s was commonly referred to as Ji Bīru (地ビール), or "local beer." In the late 2000s, more established microbreweries in Japan chose to emphasize the term Craft Beer (クラフトビア) to mark a break with the short-lived Ji Bīru boom and to emphasize the traditional brewing skills and reverence for ingredients that characterize their products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sri Lanka, over-strict laws made it almost impossible for any craft beer to be brewed. On the remote East Coast, however, "Arugam Bay Surfer's Beer" managed to maintain a small, but popular brewpub. Established in 1977, the Siam View Hotel escaped regulations due to the long civil war and its remoteness. For two years running, the <i>Daily Telegraph</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Best of British" awarded the Siam View Hotel the "Best Pub in Sri Lanka" medal.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yard_of_ale_at_the_Jolly_Brewery_%26_Restaurant,_Taipei_City,_Taiwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yard_of_ale_at_the_Jolly_Brewery_%26_Restaurant%2C_Taipei_City%2C_Taiwan.jpg/250px-Yard_of_ale_at_the_Jolly_Brewery_%26_Restaurant%2C_Taipei_City%2C_Taiwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yard_of_ale_at_the_Jolly_Brewery_%26_Restaurant%2C_Taipei_City%2C_Taiwan.jpg/330px-Yard_of_ale_at_the_Jolly_Brewery_%26_Restaurant%2C_Taipei_City%2C_Taiwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yard_of_ale_at_the_Jolly_Brewery_%26_Restaurant%2C_Taipei_City%2C_Taiwan.jpg/500px-Yard_of_ale_at_the_Jolly_Brewery_%26_Restaurant%2C_Taipei_City%2C_Taiwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Yard_of_ale" title="Yard of ale">yard of ale</a> at Jolly Brewery, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <p>In Taiwan, where a single beer company dominates the market, the craft beer market has grown with brewers such as Redpoint Brewing Company gaining increasing market exposure through local bars and restaurants. This market trend has been accompanied by craft beer festivals where expat and Taiwanese brewers showcase their beer.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the introduction of American microbrews in 2012, the popularity of craft beer bars in Thailand—primarily Bangkok—increased fairly rapidly and in January 2014, the fourth global location of Danish microbrewery <a href="/wiki/Mikkeller" title="Mikkeller">Mikkeller</a> was launched in Bangkok. The brand partnered with an already established beer distribution company and seeks to capitalize on the higher earning capacity of Thai people in the second decade of the 21st century, as well as tourists. At the opening, one of the owners explained: "... and we thought it was about time to elevate the level of craft beer available in Thailand and, hopefully, expand throughout Southeast Asia." A total of 30 beers are served at the venue, including two microbrews exclusive to Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_of_Pasteur_Street_Brewing_Company,_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tour_of_Pasteur_Street_Brewing_Company%2C_Vietnam.jpg/250px-Tour_of_Pasteur_Street_Brewing_Company%2C_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tour_of_Pasteur_Street_Brewing_Company%2C_Vietnam.jpg/330px-Tour_of_Pasteur_Street_Brewing_Company%2C_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tour_of_Pasteur_Street_Brewing_Company%2C_Vietnam.jpg/500px-Tour_of_Pasteur_Street_Brewing_Company%2C_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="1851" /></a><figcaption>Pasteur Street Brewing, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <p>Vietnam is the largest producer of craft beer in Southeast Asia, with microbreweries producing 31,000 hectolitres in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a <a href="/wiki/Bia_h%C6%A1i" title="Bia hơi">beer culture</a> that emerged during <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French colonisation</a> and further influenced by Vietnamese students returning from overseas studies,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 31 microbreweries in Vietnam. Established microbreweries include <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness_(brewery)" title="Heart of Darkness (brewery)">Heart of Darkness Craft Brewery</a>, BiaCraft, Platinum Beers, Fuzzy Logic and Pasteur Street Brewing Company, Rooster Beers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Craft_beer_in_Europe">Craft beer in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Craft beer in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Beer in the Czech Republic">Beer in the Czech Republic</a></div> <p>There has been a boom of craft beer breweries. Despite strong tradition of drinking <a href="/wiki/Czech_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech beer">Czech beer</a> there is a growing craft beer scene in the Czech Republic focused on non-traditional beer styles. Notable breweries include Matuška, Clock and Zichovec. What makes Czech craft beer unique is the common use of <a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">decoction</a> instead of just <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> even for top fermented beers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Denmark" title="Beer in Denmark">Beer in Denmark</a></div> <p>In Denmark microbreweries have occurred throughout the country in increasing numbers. Small microbreweries often relate to restaurants and pubs, but local microbrewed craft beers are also sold in stores.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Estonia" title="Beer in Estonia">Beer in Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery_5_-_Samu_Heino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery_5_-_Samu_Heino.jpg/250px-P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery_5_-_Samu_Heino.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery_5_-_Samu_Heino.jpg/330px-P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery_5_-_Samu_Heino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery_5_-_Samu_Heino.jpg/500px-P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery_5_-_Samu_Heino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery" title="Põhjala Brewery">Põhjala Brewery</a>, Estonia</figcaption></figure> <p>Estonia has a tradition of home-brewed farm beers which are often flavoured with juniper. Craft beer came late to Estonia, but that began to change in 2012 when <a href="/wiki/Mikkeller" title="Mikkeller">Mikkeller</a> brewed a custom beer for the Estonian market, called Baltic Frontier. Then one local brewer in particular, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery" title="Põhjala Brewery">Põhjala</a>, led the way for other Estonian microbrewers such as Lehe, Koeru and Õllenaut.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2017 there were nearly 30 microbreweries on the Estonian market, in a country with a population of only 1.2 million. Since 2015 Põhjala Brewery has organised an annual craft beer festival called "Tallinn Craft Beer Weekend".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Finland" title="Beer in Finland">Beer in Finland</a></div> <p>The legislation in Finland allows craft breweries to sell their products directly to consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_France" title="Beer in France">Beer in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bi%C3%A8res_artisanales_fran%C3%A7aises.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bi%C3%A8res_artisanales_fran%C3%A7aises.jpg/250px-Bi%C3%A8res_artisanales_fran%C3%A7aises.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bi%C3%A8res_artisanales_fran%C3%A7aises.jpg/330px-Bi%C3%A8res_artisanales_fran%C3%A7aises.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bi%C3%A8res_artisanales_fran%C3%A7aises.jpg/500px-Bi%C3%A8res_artisanales_fran%C3%A7aises.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="1651" /></a><figcaption>A selection of French craft beers</figcaption></figure> <p>France may be more commonly associated with wine, but its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoverfrancebeyondparis.com/popular-craft-beers-in-france-a-guide/">craft beer scene</a> is also popular, ranging from classic farmhouse ales to experimental styles infused with local ingredients like lavender or foie gras. </p><p>Today, there are hundreds of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoverfrancebeyondparis.com/uncovering-the-delicious-world-of-french-craft-beer-a-bucket-list-for-craft-beer-lovers/">craft breweries</a> across France. Many draw inspiration from traditional European styles like Belgian saisons and German pilsners, while others experiment with unique ingredients like chestnuts or wildflowers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Germany" title="Beer in Germany">Beer in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoigl-Biere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zoigl-Biere.jpg/250px-Zoigl-Biere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zoigl-Biere.jpg/330px-Zoigl-Biere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zoigl-Biere.jpg/500px-Zoigl-Biere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="1937" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zoigl" title="Zoigl">Zoigl</a> beers from the communal brewhouses of <a href="/wiki/Oberpfalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberpfalz">Oberpfalz</a> in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Some microbreweries, such as those in Germany, have been brewing traditionally for hundreds of years. In Germany, there were 901 small breweries in 2010. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_of_Germany" title="Federal Statistical Office of Germany">Federal Statistical Office</a> defines a small brewery as a brewery with a production of less than 5,000 hectoliters (132,086 US gallons) beer p.a. Small breweries pay a reduced <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Beer_Duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Beer Duty">beer tax</a>. </p><p>The total market share of the small breweries is less than 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 638 of them have a production even less than 1,000 hl (26,417.2 US gal.) p.a. and can be considered as microbreweries in a narrow sense. The figures apply to commercial breweries only and do not include hobby brewing. </p><p>About one third of the small breweries have a tradition going back up to 500 years, most of them in <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>. About two thirds were founded in the last 25 years. The vast majority of small breweries operate in combination with a brewpub. </p><p>Whereas in other countries, microbreweries and brewpubs have risen in reaction to the mass production and marketing of beer, in Germany, the traditional brewpub or Brauhaus remains a major source of beer. This is mainly true for the South of Germany, especially the state of Bavaria. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a>, a district in the Region Franconia in the north of Bavaria, has the highest density of breweries in the world. Upper Franconia has about one million inhabitants and about 200 breweries. Many of them are microbreweries or brewpubs.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Ireland" title="Beer in Ireland">Beer in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRISH_CRAFT_BEER_FESTIVAL_IN_THE_RDS_LAST_WEEKEND_IN_AUGUST_2015_(SONY_A7R_MkII)_REF-107250_(20931409896).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IRISH_CRAFT_BEER_FESTIVAL_IN_THE_RDS_LAST_WEEKEND_IN_AUGUST_2015_%28SONY_A7R_MkII%29_REF-107250_%2820931409896%29.jpg/250px-IRISH_CRAFT_BEER_FESTIVAL_IN_THE_RDS_LAST_WEEKEND_IN_AUGUST_2015_%28SONY_A7R_MkII%29_REF-107250_%2820931409896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IRISH_CRAFT_BEER_FESTIVAL_IN_THE_RDS_LAST_WEEKEND_IN_AUGUST_2015_%28SONY_A7R_MkII%29_REF-107250_%2820931409896%29.jpg/330px-IRISH_CRAFT_BEER_FESTIVAL_IN_THE_RDS_LAST_WEEKEND_IN_AUGUST_2015_%28SONY_A7R_MkII%29_REF-107250_%2820931409896%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IRISH_CRAFT_BEER_FESTIVAL_IN_THE_RDS_LAST_WEEKEND_IN_AUGUST_2015_%28SONY_A7R_MkII%29_REF-107250_%2820931409896%29.jpg/500px-IRISH_CRAFT_BEER_FESTIVAL_IN_THE_RDS_LAST_WEEKEND_IN_AUGUST_2015_%28SONY_A7R_MkII%29_REF-107250_%2820931409896%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6635" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption>Irish Craft Beer Festival, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Ireland has a long history of brewing and in the past two decades, there has been a resurgence in craft breweries. Although the Irish market remains dominated by three multinational brewing concerns (Diageo, Heineken and C&C),<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there have been four so-called waves of growth in the Irish craft beer market. The number of microbreweries in Ireland had risen from 15 in 2012 to over 72 by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macro breweries have pursued a policy of forcing craft taps out of pubs, through the use of incentives such as free or discounted kegs offered to publicans to replace craft brewery taps with their own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Italy" title="Beer in Italy">Beer in Italy</a></div> <p>In recent years, many microbreweries have opened in Italy, due to increasing beer popularity among young people. According to Coldiretti, microbreweries have grown in ten years by 1900%. There are more than 900 microbreweries active in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Norway" title="Beer in Norway">Beer in Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robohop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robohop.jpg/220px-Robohop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robohop.jpg/330px-Robohop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robohop.jpg/440px-Robohop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Robohop, a session IPA from Cervisiam in Oslo, Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>After Oslo Microbrewery was established in 1989, the number of microbreweries in Norway has expanded rapidly and sharply in the recent decades. Interest and expertise among Norwegians about craft brewed beer has risen sharply in a short time, and the old brewery traditions of this country are revived and the traditional <a href="/wiki/Brewing_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewing yeast">brewing yeast</a> <a href="/wiki/Kveik" title="Kveik">kveik</a> rediscovered. However, most craft beers are brewed by imported recipes. Local microbreweries are scattered across Norway, from <a href="/wiki/Lindesnes" title="Lindesnes">Lindesnes</a> in the very south, and to the northernmost microbrewery in the world, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Bryggeri" title="Svalbard Bryggeri">Svalbard Bryggeri</a> at <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Craft brewing gained popularity in Russia in the mid-2010s. Local craft brews typically sell for between 200 and 300 <a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">roubles</a> ($3–4) a pint. At least two dozen craft bars have opened in Moscow since the summer of 2014, serving Russian and foreign microbrews.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021 there are about 250 independent craft breweries in Russia, but the share of craft beer in sales was only 1.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerex_Casta%C3%B1a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cerex_Casta%C3%B1a.png/250px-Cerex_Casta%C3%B1a.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cerex_Casta%C3%B1a.png/330px-Cerex_Casta%C3%B1a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cerex_Casta%C3%B1a.png/500px-Cerex_Casta%C3%B1a.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Castaña, a smoked beer with chestnuts from <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerex" class="extiw" title="es:Cerex">Cerex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>In Spain in 2011, the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> reported a "revolution is occurring in craft beer" (<i>cervezas artesanales</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently that by 2013 the trend had extended to the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Madrid" title="Community of Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Sweden" title="Beer in Sweden">Beer in Sweden</a></div> <p>In Sweden, microbreweries have existed since around 1995. Today, the market is flourishing with many of the nation's regions and cities having their own breweries, such as <a href="/wiki/Spendrups" title="Spendrups">Gotlands Bryggeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtlands_Bryggeri" title="Jämtlands Bryggeri">Jämtlands Bryggeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsingborgs_Bryggeri" title="Helsingborgs Bryggeri">Helsingborgs Bryggeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wermlands_Brygghus" title="Wermlands Brygghus">Wermlands Brygghus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Persson_(magnate)" title="Stefan Persson (magnate)">Stefan Persson</a>, the CEO of Swedish clothing chain <a href="/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a>, has his own microbrewery on his estate in England.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_England" title="Beer in England">Beer in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Wales" title="Beer in Wales">Beer in Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Scotland" title="Beer in Scotland">Beer in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Beer in Northern Ireland">Beer in Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Urquhart_at_Litchborough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bill_Urquhart_at_Litchborough.jpg/170px-Bill_Urquhart_at_Litchborough.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bill_Urquhart_at_Litchborough.jpg/255px-Bill_Urquhart_at_Litchborough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bill_Urquhart_at_Litchborough.jpg/340px-Bill_Urquhart_at_Litchborough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Bill Urquhart at Litchborough Brewery</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "microbrewery" originated in the UK in the late 1970s to describe the new generation of small breweries that focused on producing traditional <a href="/wiki/Cask_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask ale">cask ale</a> independently of major brewers or pub chains. In 1972, Martin Sykes established <a href="/wiki/Selby" title="Selby">Selby</a> Brewery as the first new independent brewing company in 50 years. "I foresaw the revival in real ale, and got in early", he said.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early example was the <a href="/wiki/Litchborough" title="Litchborough">Litchborough</a> Brewery founded by Bill Urquhart in 1974. Alongside commercial brewing, training courses and apprenticeships were offered by Litchborough, with many of the UK movement's early pioneers passing through its courses prior to setting up their own breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-North_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the development of large commercial breweries in the UK, beer would have been brewed on the premises from which it was sold. Alewives would put out a sign—a hop pole or ale-wand—to show when their beer was ready. The medieval authorities were more interested in ensuring adequate quality and strength of the beer than discouraging drinking. Gradually men became involved in brewing and organized themselves into <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> such as the Brewers Guild in London of 1342 and the Edinburgh Society of Brewers in 1598; as brewing became more organized and reliable many <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">inns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a> ceased brewing for themselves and bought beer from these early commercial breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Didsbury_Beer_Festival_2013_-_On_a_Whim_(10861199193).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Didsbury_Beer_Festival_2013_-_On_a_Whim_%2810861199193%29.jpg/220px-Didsbury_Beer_Festival_2013_-_On_a_Whim_%2810861199193%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Didsbury_Beer_Festival_2013_-_On_a_Whim_%2810861199193%29.jpg/330px-Didsbury_Beer_Festival_2013_-_On_a_Whim_%2810861199193%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Didsbury_Beer_Festival_2013_-_On_a_Whim_%2810861199193%29.jpg/440px-Didsbury_Beer_Festival_2013_-_On_a_Whim_%2810861199193%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Casks of <a href="/wiki/Real_ale" title="Real ale">real ale</a> from British microbreweries at a beer festival</figcaption></figure> <p>However, there were some brewpubs which continued to brew their own beer, such as the <a href="/wiki/Spingo" title="Spingo">Blue Anchor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helston" title="Helston">Helston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, which was established in 1400 and is regarded as the oldest brewpub in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK during the 20th century, most of the traditional pubs which brewed their own beer in the brewhouse round the back of the pub, were bought out by larger breweries and ceased brewing on the premises. By the mid-1970s, only four remained: All Nations (Madeley, Shropshire), The Old Swan (Netherton, West Midlands), the <a href="/wiki/Three_Tuns_Brewery" title="Three Tuns Brewery">Three Tuns</a> (Bishop's Castle, Shropshire) and the Blue Anchor pub (Helston, Cornwall).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trend toward larger brewing companies started to change during the 1970s, when the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a> (CAMRA)'s campaign for traditional brewing methods, and the success of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)" title="Michael Jackson (writer)">Michael Jackson's</a> <i>World Guide to Beer</i> encouraged brewers in the UK, such as <a href="/wiki/Ringwood_Brewery" title="Ringwood Brewery">Peter Austin</a>, to form their own small breweries or brewpubs. In 1979, a chain of UK brewpubs, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Firkin_Brewery" title="Firkin Brewery">Firkin</a>" pubs, started,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> running to over one hundred at the chain's peak; however, the chain was sold and eventually its pubs ceased brewing their own beer. </p><p>Some British brewpubs specialize in ale, while others brew continental lagers and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">wheat beers</a>. The Ministry of Ales, Burnley;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Masons Arms in Headington, Oxford;<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brunswick Inn, Derby (in 2010, half of the beers sold by the establishment were brewed on-site);<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Watermill pub, Ings Cumbria;<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Old Cannon Brewery, Bury St Edmunds<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are some examples of small independent brewpubs in the UK. </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> was identified by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in May 2014 as an area where the microbrewery industry had flourished. Ten brewpubs, such as Zerodegrees, The Tobacco Factory, Copper Jacks Crafthouse and The Urban Standard, were identified as thriving Bristol craft beer establishments.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The East End of London has also been a place for speciality craft beers and unique independent pubs and breweries. Again <i>The Guardian</i> has a list of Craft Beer pubs in East London<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with local East End tour companies also showing the distinct food and craft beer pubs to London visitors with Craft Beer Tours.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK there are no firm criteria for what defines a "craft beer".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 CAMRA allowed craft keg beers to be sold at its <a href="/wiki/Great_British_Beer_Festival" title="Great British Beer Festival">Great British Beer Festival</a> for the first time. Festival organiser Catherine Tonry said: "People coming to the festival love beer in all forms and types of dispense."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Craft_beer_in_the_Middle_East">Craft beer in the Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Craft beer in the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Jordan" title="Beer in Jordan">Beer in Jordan</a></div> <p>Jordan has several companies producing beer,<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the oldest being the Jordan Brewery Company, which built the first <a href="/wiki/Amstel_Brewery" title="Amstel Brewery">Amstel</a> beer factory outside the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in 1958 in <a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a>, and which also produces Petra, the oldest local brew of Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordan's first microbrewery, <a href="/wiki/Carakale_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Carakale Brewery">Carakale Brewery</a>, was established in 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Fuheis" title="Fuheis">Fuheis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Turkey" title="Beer in Turkey">Beer in Turkey</a></div> <p>In Turkey, craft beers became popular in present-day; Gara Guzu, Feliz Kulpa, Antiochs, <a href="/wiki/Pablo" title="Pablo">Pablo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a> are some Turkish craft beer brands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Craft_beer_in_North_America">Craft beer in North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Craft beer in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Canada" title="Beer in Canada">Beer in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steamworks_Brewery,_Vancouver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Steamworks_Brewery%2C_Vancouver.jpg/250px-Steamworks_Brewery%2C_Vancouver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Steamworks_Brewery%2C_Vancouver.jpg/330px-Steamworks_Brewery%2C_Vancouver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Steamworks_Brewery%2C_Vancouver.jpg/500px-Steamworks_Brewery%2C_Vancouver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steamworks_Brewing_Company" title="Steamworks Brewing Company">Steamworks Brewing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 1980s, 97% of Canadian beer was produced by <a href="/wiki/Labatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Labatt">Labatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molson" class="mw-redirect" title="Molson">Molson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coutts_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coutts-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first microbrewery was the short-lived Horseshoe Bay Brewery, which was opened in 1981 by Frank Appleton and John Mitchell next to the Troller Pub in <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(city)" title="North Vancouver (city)">North Vancouver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coutts_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coutts-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It closed after a year, but Mitchell and Appleton, along with Paul Hadfield, opened the Spinnaker Brewpub in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-coutts_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coutts-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of other microbreweries subsequently opened between 1984 and 1987, including Granville Island (Vancouver), Big Rock (Calgary), Brick (Waterloo, Ontario), Upper Canada (Toronto), and Wellington County (Guelph, Ontario). </p><p>Over the next twenty years there was steady if not spectacular growth, and by 2006 there were 88 small breweries across Canada, most of them in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Québec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. In the second decade of the century, breweries began to appear in every province at an exponential rate, and by 2018, there were over 700 breweries across Canada producing more than 20 million hectolitres.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several provinces have associations representing craft brewers, including the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Craft_Brewers" title="Ontario Craft Brewers">Ontario Craft Brewers</a> (OCB), and the BC Craft Brewers Guild. </p><p>Since it is a provincial, not a federal, responsibility to regulate the sale of alcohol, the exact definition of small brewery, microbrewery, macrobrewery and nanobrewery, which is defined by the number of <a href="/wiki/Hectolitres" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectolitres">hectolitres</a> produced, varies from province to province. </p><p>Several of the more successful microbreweries have been bought by <a href="/wiki/MolsonCoors" class="mw-redirect" title="MolsonCoors">MolsonCoors</a>, <a href="/wiki/AB_InBev" title="AB InBev">AB InBev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Breweries" title="Sapporo Breweries">Sapporo</a>, including Granville Island (Vancouver),<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mill Street (Toronto),<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Creemore Springs (Creemore, Ontario);<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the new owners often claim that these operations are still craft breweries, their membership in the relevant provincial craft brewers' association is immediately terminated due to rules requiring independent ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerveza_artesanal_de_Tequixquiac_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cerveza_artesanal_de_Tequixquiac_%283%29.JPG/220px-Cerveza_artesanal_de_Tequixquiac_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cerveza_artesanal_de_Tequixquiac_%283%29.JPG/330px-Cerveza_artesanal_de_Tequixquiac_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cerveza_artesanal_de_Tequixquiac_%283%29.JPG/440px-Cerveza_artesanal_de_Tequixquiac_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Mexican craft beer from <a href="/wiki/Tequixquiac" title="Tequixquiac">Tequixquiac</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zumpango_Region" title="Zumpango Region">Zumpango Region</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s craft beer began being produced and consumed in central Mexico, with the trend spreading throughout the country. The main producers are in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> and Mexico City. Most beer produced is exported to the United States, and the development of the craft beer industry was not aided by the presence of two large beer <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortia</a> in the country. In 2009, craft beer accounted for only 0.05% of total production. The National Association of Craft Beer Producers <i>(Asociación Nacional de Creadores de Cerveza Artesanal)</i> was established to support and promote the industry in Mexico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_States" title="Beer in the United States">Beer in the United States</a></div> <p>In the US, the craft beer movement was revived in 1965—subsequent to an earlier American era—when Fritz Maytag acquired the <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Brewing_Company" title="Anchor Brewing Company">Anchor Brewing Company</a> in San Francisco, thereby saving it from closure.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemp_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemp-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American craft beer drinkers tend to have higher average incomes and demographically skew white, male, and generation X; however trends show an increasingly racially and ethnically diverse, female, and millennial demographic profile.<sup id="cite_ref-Barajas2017Untapped_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barajas2017Untapped-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="We need context here on when it tended to be that demo and when it became increasingly diverse (March 2025)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a June 2014 interview, the owner of an <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>-based microbrewery explained: "You've got to do more than just make great beer. It's really about innovation, creativity—stepping outside the box of traditional beer marketing", while an employee explained that "heart and soul" is the essence of the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The turnaround of the Anchor Brewing Company in 1965, after it was acquired by Maytag, is considered a turning point for American beer, due to the revival of craft beer in the US, where microbrewing boomed after then-president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> de-regulated the beer market in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemp_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemp-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jimmy_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jimmy-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, others turned to <a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">homebrewing</a> and eventually a few of these brewers started to produce on a slightly larger scale. For inspiration, they turned to the centuries-old tradition of artisan beer and cask ale production that was continuing in the UK, Germany and Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Albion_Brewing_Company" title="New Albion Brewing Company">New Albion Brewing Company</a> was founded in 1976 and served as a <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprint</a> for American brewers to build small-scale commercial breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-Acitelli_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acitelli-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ogle_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogle-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of these products was such that the trend quickly spread and a large number of small breweries were founded, often attached to a <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bar</a> (known as a "<a href="/wiki/Microbrewery#Brewpub" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">brewpub</a>") where the product could be sold directly. As microbreweries proliferated, some became more than microbreweries, necessitating the creation of the broader category of craft beer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_(US).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg/260px-Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg/390px-Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg/520px-Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Microbreweries, regional breweries, and brew pubs per capita<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>American microbreweries typically distribute through a <a href="/wiki/Wholesaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesaler">wholesaler</a> in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Three-tier_(alcohol_distribution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-tier (alcohol distribution)">three-tier system</a>, others act as their own <a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">distributor</a> (wholesaler) and sell to <a href="/wiki/Retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailer">retailers</a> or directly to the consumer through a tap room, attached restaurant, or off-premises sales. Because alcohol control is <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#State_and_local_control" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">left up to the states</a>, there are many state-to-state differences in the laws.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the federal US government shutdown on October 1, 2013, craft beer producers were forced into an activity lull due to the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau</a> (TTB), an arm of the Treasury Department. The TTB is responsible for granting approval for new breweries, recipes, and labels.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest spread to the US, and in 1982, <a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_Brewery_Pub" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant's Brewery Pub">Grant's Brewery Pub</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yakima,_Washington" title="Yakima, Washington">Yakima, Washington</a> was opened, reviving the US "brewery taverns" of well-known early Americans as <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a>. Growth was initially slow—the fifth US brewpub (<a href="/wiki/BridgePort_Brewing_Company" title="BridgePort Brewing Company">BridgePort Brewing Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>) opened in 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dock_Street_Brewing_Company" title="Dock Street Brewing Company">Dock Street Brewing Company</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, in 1985 <sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Rosemarie Certo and Jeffrey Ware, and continues to operate today with multiple locations in Philadelphia, then <a href="/wiki/Triple_Rock_Brewery_and_Alehouse" title="Triple Rock Brewery and Alehouse">Triple Rock</a> in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the growth since then has been considerable: the Brewers Association reports that in 2012 there were 2,075 regional craft breweries, microbreweries and brewpubs in the US<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Craft brewing is most established in the US, where changes to US law laid the foundations for the expansion of craft brewing. The 1978 Carter homebrewing law allowed for small amounts of beer and wine, and, in 1979, Carter signed a bill to deregulate the brewing industry, making it easier to start new breweries,<sup id="cite_ref-Jimmy_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jimmy-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although states could still enact local restrictions. As a result of deregulation, homebrewing became a popular hobby in the 1980s and 1990s, and, in the mid-1990s, homebrewers launched business ventures based on home-based hobby brewing. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuengling_Brewery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yuengling_Brewery.jpg/250px-Yuengling_Brewery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yuengling_Brewery.jpg/330px-Yuengling_Brewery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yuengling_Brewery.jpg/500px-Yuengling_Brewery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5770" data-file-height="3847" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuengling" title="Yuengling">D. G. Yuengling & Son</a> is the oldest operating brewing company in the US, established in 1829. It is also the largest craft brewer, and the 6th largest brewing company overall.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1979, 89 breweries existed in the US—the Brewers Association reports that in March 2013 a total of 2,416 US breweries were in operation, with 2,360 considered craft breweries (98 percent—1,124 brewpubs, 1,139 microbreweries, and 97 regional craft breweries).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brewersassociation_a_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brewersassociation_a-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, the number of US craft breweries had grown to over 4,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Barajas2017Untapped_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barajas2017Untapped-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, craft brewers sold more than 15,600,000 US beer barrels (1.83<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> L; 480,000,000 US gal) of beer, which represented approximately 7.8% of the US market by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 the largest American craft brewery was the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Beer_Company" title="Boston Beer Company">Boston Beer Company</a>, makers of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams_(beer)" title="Samuel Adams (beer)">Samuel Adams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West Coast has the most craft breweries and the Deep South has the fewest.<sup id="cite_ref-Barajas2017Untapped_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barajas2017Untapped-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brewers_Association" title="Brewers Association">Brewers Association</a> defines American craft brewers as "small, independent and traditional": "small" is defined as an "annual production of 6 million barrels of beer or less"; "independent" is defined as at least 75% owned or controlled by a craft brewer; and "traditional" is defined as brewing in which at least 50% of the beer's volume consists of "traditional or innovative" ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-Craft_Brewer_Defined_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craft_Brewer_Defined-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition includes older microbreweries, which traditionally produce small quantities of beer, as well as other breweries of various sizes and specialties.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver271_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver271-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brewers Association defines four markets within American craft brewing: microbreweries, with an annual production less than 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal); brewpubs, which sell 25% or more of their beer on site; regional craft breweries, which make between 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal) and 6,000,000 US beer barrels (700,000,000 L; 190,000,000 US gal), of which at least 50% is all malt or contains adjuncts that are used only to enhance flavor; and contract brewing companies, which hire other breweries to make their beer.<sup id="cite_ref-brewersassociation_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brewersassociation-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2014, the Brewer's Association (B.A.) updated the definition of craft beer to remove any references to the use of adjuncts in the brewing process. The change allows long-established breweries, such as <a href="/wiki/Yuengling" title="Yuengling">Yuengling</a>, to be defined as craft beer. The B.A. statement read: </p> <blockquote><p>The idea that brewers who had been in business for generations didn't qualify as "traditional" simply did not cohere for many members. Brewers have long brewed with what has been available to them. (Since the Brewers Association doesn't define craft beer—that idea remains up to the beer drinker—the definition doesn't differentiate on what type of beer craft brewers brew, as long as the majority of what they make is beer.) The revised definition also provides room for the innovative capabilities of craft brewers to develop new beer styles and be creative within existing beer styles. The revised definition removes the subjective assessment by Brewers Association staff of whether adjuncts "enhance" or "lighten" flavor in a particular beer.<sup id="cite_ref-Chris_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chris-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The B.A. decision also included an updated mission statement and market share goals for the industry. Association members committed to strive for a goal of 20 percent market share by 2020 and Gary Fish, owner of <a href="/wiki/Deschutes_Brewery" title="Deschutes Brewery">Deschutes Brewery</a> and 2014 chair of the BA Board, explained: </p> <blockquote><p>The 20-by-20 objective is an aspirational goal for our craft community, with an inspiring symmetry. I'm convinced this goal is within our reach if we, as an industry, continue to focus on our strengths and passions—making and delivering high-quality, innovative, full-flavored beer to craft beer enthusiasts. ... Additionally, by noting a commitment to quality and clarifying the place of homebrewers and brewing enthusiasts, we further acknowledge the critical role each plays in the health and growth of the craft brewing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Chris_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chris-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Brewers Association reported the production of craft beer has doubled between 2011 and 2016, with the number of breweries growing from 2,000 in 2011 to 5,200 in 2016. The craft breweries are also seeing an increase in beer tourism, seasonal brews, and a marketing effort to get more women involved in beer production.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Craft_beer_in_South_America">Craft beer in South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Craft beer in South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, Colombia has seen a significant boom in the production and consumption of craft beer, with cities such as Medellín standing out as epicenters of this trend. The growth of small breweries has been driven by consumers' desire to experience more authentic and higher quality flavors, moving away from traditional industrial options. <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a>, in particular, has seen an increase in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cerveceriafesta.com/post/cerveza-artesanal-inspirada-en-el-folclor-colombiano-un-viaje-de-sabores-y-tradiciones-%C3%BAnicas">craft beer culture</a>, with specialized bars and festivals dedicated to promoting the various local and national brands. This trend has transformed the city into a must-visit destination for craft beer lovers. </p><p>One of the breweries that has gained recognition in this movement is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cerveceriafesta.com/">Cervecería FESTA</a>, founded in Medellín with a focus on the production of premium craft beer. Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Colombian_folklore" title="Colombian folklore">Colombian culture and folklore</a>, FESTA distinguishes itself by offering an authentic and unique experience, brewing beers that seek to reflect the essence of the country. Despite being a relatively new brewery, FESTA has managed to capture the attention of fans thanks to its commitment to quality and innovation, positioning itself as a benchmark within the city's growing beer scene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Craft_beer_in_Oceania">Craft beer in Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Craft beer in Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Australia" title="Beer in Australia">Beer in Australia</a></div> <p>Sales of craft beer represent an estimated 5%, and growing, of the total sales in the Australian beer market.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_New_Zealand" title="Beer in New Zealand">Beer in New Zealand</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/40px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/60px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer portal</a></span></li><li 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style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Karampela2019" class="citation web cs1">Maria Karampela (November 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/craft-beer-is-having-an-identity-crisis-as-big-breweries-muscle-in-on-the-market-124923">"Craft beer is having an identity crisis, as big breweries muscle in on the market"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211212836/https://theconversation.com/craft-beer-is-having-an-identity-crisis-as-big-breweries-muscle-in-on-the-market-124923">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Craft+beer+is+having+an+identity+crisis%2C+as+big+breweries+muscle+in+on+the+market&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.au=Maria+Karampela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fcraft-beer-is-having-an-identity-crisis-as-big-breweries-muscle-in-on-the-market-124923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlison_Boteler2009" class="citation book cs1">Alison Boteler (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetoc0000bote"><i>The Gourmet's Guide to Cooking with Beer</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gourmet%27s+Guide+to+Cooking+with+Beer&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Quarry+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59253-486-9&rft.au=Alison+Boteler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgourmetsguidetoc0000bote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOliver2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oliver, Garrett (2011). "Craft brewing". In Oliver, Garrett (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Beer</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sea-brew.com&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asia+New+Wave+Microbrewery+Market+Survey+Infographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsea-brew.com%2Fsoutheast-asia-new-wave-mircobrewery-market-survey-infographic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hottable.asia/bia-hoi-history/">"Drunk History: The Tale of How Bia Hoi Came to Be"</a>. <i>HOT TABLE</i>. 2018-06-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224124839/http://hottable.asia/bia-hoi-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bierland-oberfranken.de/deutsch/brauereien/brauereiportraits_46.html">the original</a> on 2014-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brauereien+in+Oberfranken&rft.pub=Bierland+Oberfranken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bierland-oberfranken.de%2Fdeutsch%2Fbrauereien%2Fbrauereiportraits_46.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordbia.info/Craft-Beer-2017">"Bord Bia Launches the 2017 Economic Impact of Craft Beer Report"</a>. 17 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102055601/http://www.bordbia.info/Craft-Beer-2017/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bord+Bia+Launches+the+2017+Economic+Impact+of+Craft+Beer+Report&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordbia.info%2FCraft-Beer-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171217230605/https://www.bordbia.ie/corporate/press/Pages/IrishCraftBeerSustainingGrowth.aspx">"Irish Craft Beer sustaining growth"</a>. <i>www.bordbia.ie</i>. 16 November 2017. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bordbia.ie&rft.atitle=Irish+Craft+Beer+sustaining+growth&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordbia.ie%2Fcorporate%2Fpress%2FPages%2FIrishCraftBeerSustainingGrowth.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://giovanimpresa.coldiretti.it/pubblicazioni/attualita/pub/accanto-al-colosso-sabmiller-1900-birre-made-in-italy-artigianali/">"Accanto al colosso SabMiller, +1900% birre Made in Italy artigianali"</a>. <i>giovanimpresa.coldiretti.it</i> (in Italian). 13 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819164841/http://giovanimpresa.coldiretti.it/pubblicazioni/attualita/pub/accanto-al-colosso-sabmiller-1900-birre-made-in-italy-artigianali/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=giovanimpresa.coldiretti.it&rft.atitle=Accanto+al+colosso+SabMiller%2C+%2B1900%25+birre+Made+in+Italy+artigianali&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgiovanimpresa.coldiretti.it%2Fpubblicazioni%2Fattualita%2Fpub%2Faccanto-al-colosso-sabmiller-1900-birre-made-in-italy-artigianali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drikkeglede.no/norske_bryggerier/">"www.drikkeglede.no Bryggerier i Norge"</a> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723123601/http://www.drikkeglede.no/norske_bryggerier">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.drikkeglede.no+Bryggerier+i+Norge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drikkeglede.no%2Fnorske_bryggerier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/17/russia-craft-beer-geeks-drinking-vodka">"Russia's craft beer revolution: 'The last time people stood in line for beer was in the Soviet Union'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2016-01-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718054746/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/17/russia-craft-beer-geeks-drinking-vodka">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+craft+beer+revolution%3A+%27The+last+time+people+stood+in+line+for+beer+was+in+the+Soviet+Union%27&rft.date=2016-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2016%2Fjan%2F17%2Frussia-craft-beer-geeks-drinking-vodka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pro.rbc.ru/demo/60585aca9a794754ab5a0c1c">"Свет в конце тонн эля: как россияне привезли крафтовое пиво в Париж"</a>. <i>РБК Pro</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210325112653/https://pro.rbc.ru/demo/60585aca9a794754ab5a0c1c">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%9A+Pro&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F%3A+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpro.rbc.ru%2Fdemo%2F60585aca9a794754ab5a0c1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2011/08/30/actualidad/1314655201_850215.html#despiece1">"Llega la revolución de las cervezas artesanales"</a>. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish). Cultura.elpais.com. 30 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910105743/http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2011/08/30/actualidad/1314655201_850215.html#despiece1">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Llega+la+revoluci%C3%B3n+de+las+cervezas+artesanales&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcultura.elpais.com%2Fcultura%2F2011%2F08%2F30%2Factualidad%2F1314655201_850215.html%23despiece1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbert2013" class="citation news cs1">Albert, Manuel J. (2013-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/07/27/andalucia/1374920534_950894.html">"Cerveza de pequeña marca"</a>. <i>El País</i>. Ccaa.elpais.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730222418/http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/07/27/andalucia/1374920534_950894.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Cerveza+de+peque%C3%B1a+marca&rft.date=2013-07-27&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Manuel+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccaa.elpais.com%2Fccaa%2F2013%2F07%2F27%2Fandalucia%2F1374920534_950894.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.di.se/artiklar/2006/2/1/stefan-persson-brygger-hemma/">"Stefan Persson brygger hemma"</a>. <i>Dagens Industri</i>. 1 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013546/http://www.di.se/artiklar/2006/2/1/stefan-persson-brygger-hemma/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagens+Industri&rft.atitle=Stefan+Persson+brygger+hemma&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.di.se%2Fartiklar%2F2006%2F2%2F1%2Fstefan-persson-brygger-hemma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlover1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glover, Brian (1988). "New Beer Guide". <i>A Guide to Britain's Small Brewery Revolution</i>. David & Charles. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-9147-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-9147-X"><bdi>0-7153-9147-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Beer+Guide&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Britain%27s+Small+Brewery+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7153-9147-X&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-North_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brewed In Northants</i> by Mike Brown with Brian Willmott. Brewery History Society (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873966-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-873966-03-2">1-873966-03-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martyn Cornell. <i>Beer: the Story of the Pint</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spingoales.com/">"Blue Anchor"</a>. Spingoales.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220065605/http://www.spingoales.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Anchor&rft.pub=Spingoales.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spingoales.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/529">"Blue Anchor"</a>. Quaffale.org.uk. 2012-02-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083646/http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/529">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Anchor&rft.pub=Quaffale.org.uk&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaffale.org.uk%2Fphp%2Fbrewery%2F529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil Hanson (ed), <i>Good Beer Guide 1985</i>, CAMRA, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9509584-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9509584-0-9">0-9509584-0-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011225014622/http://www.quaffale.org.uk/breweries/firkin.html">"Firkin Brewery"</a>. December 25, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaffale.org.uk/breweries/firkin.html">the original</a> on December 25, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firkin+Brewery&rft.date=2001-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaffale.org.uk%2Fbreweries%2Ffirkin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fansnetwork.co.uk/football/queensparkrangers/news/33073/lfw-travel-guides--burnley-turf-moor">"LFW Travel Guides – Burnley, Turf Moor"</a>. <i>Loft For Words</i>. FansNetwork. October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313170740/http://www.fansnetwork.co.uk/football/queensparkrangers/news/33073/lfw-travel-guides--burnley-turf-moor">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loft+For+Words&rft.atitle=LFW+Travel+Guides+%E2%80%93+Burnley%2C+Turf+Moor&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fansnetwork.co.uk%2Ffootball%2Fqueensparkrangers%2Fnews%2F33073%2Flfw-travel-guides--burnley-turf-moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Burrows2013" class="citation news cs1">Thomas Burrows (27 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/10702044.Ale_campaigners_fear_pub_site_will_be_turned_into_housing/">"Ale campaigners fear Headington pub site will be turned into housing"</a>. <i>Oxford Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313165322/http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/10702044.Ale_campaigners_fear_pub_site_will_be_turned_into_housing/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Mail&rft.atitle=Ale+campaigners+fear+Headington+pub+site+will+be+turned+into+housing&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft.au=Thomas+Burrows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmail.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10702044.Ale_campaigners_fear_pub_site_will_be_turned_into_housing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Tierney-Jones2010" class="citation news cs1">Adrian Tierney-Jones (26 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/pubs/7307660/Derbyshire-pub-guide-The-Brunswick-Inn-Derby.html">"Derbyshire pub guide: The Brunswick Inn, Derby"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024428/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/pubs/7307660/Derbyshire-pub-guide-The-Brunswick-Inn-Derby.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Derbyshire+pub+guide%3A+The+Brunswick+Inn%2C+Derby&rft.date=2010-02-26&rft.au=Adrian+Tierney-Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2Fpubs%2F7307660%2FDerbyshire-pub-guide-The-Brunswick-Inn-Derby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313171455/https://witness.theguardian.com/assignment/52144e3be4b055bf6bac8603/503682">"The Watermill Inn, Ings, Cumbria"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://witness.theguardian.com/assignment/52144e3be4b055bf6bac8603/503682">the original</a> on 2014-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Watermill+Inn%2C+Ings%2C+Cumbria&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwitness.theguardian.com%2Fassignment%2F52144e3be4b055bf6bac8603%2F503682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313171339/http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/local/latest-news/beer-festival-launches-tomorrow-evening-at-old-cannon-brewery-in-bury-st-edmunds-1-5402898">"Beer festival launches tomorrow evening at Old Cannon brewery in Bury St Edmunds"</a>. <i>Bury Free Press</i>. 22 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/local/latest-news/beer-festival-launches-tomorrow-evening-at-old-cannon-brewery-in-bury-st-edmunds-1-5402898">the original</a> on 13 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bury+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Beer+festival+launches+tomorrow+evening+at+Old+Cannon+brewery+in+Bury+St+Edmunds&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buryfreepress.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Flatest-news%2Fbeer-festival-launches-tomorrow-evening-at-old-cannon-brewery-in-bury-st-edmunds-1-5402898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBristol_Monday_Night_Club2014" class="citation news cs1">Bristol Monday Night Club (26 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/may/26/top-10-craft-beer-pubs-bristol?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2">"Top 10 craft beer pubs in Bristol"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529161621/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/may/26/top-10-craft-beer-pubs-bristol?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Top+10+craft+beer+pubs+in+Bristol&rft.date=2014-05-26&rft.au=Bristol+Monday+Night+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2014%2Fmay%2F26%2Ftop-10-craft-beer-pubs-bristol%3FCMP%3DEMCNEWEML6619I2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/nov/06/top-10-craft-beer-pubs-east-london">"Top 10 craft beer pubs in East London"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171531/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/nov/06/top-10-craft-beer-pubs-east-london">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Top+10+craft+beer+pubs+in+East+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2015%2Fnov%2F06%2Ftop-10-craft-beer-pubs-east-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternativeldn.com/london_craft_beer/london_pub_tours.php">"London Craft Beer Tours"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224120552/http://www.alternativeldn.com/london_craft_beer/london_pub_tours.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Craft+Beer+Tours&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternativeldn.com%2Flondon_craft_beer%2Flondon_pub_tours.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSutton2019" class="citation news cs1">Sutton, Nikkie (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2019/01/25/How-is-craft-beer-defined">"How 'craft beer' is defined"</a>. <i>Morning Advertiser</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127112119/https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2019/01/25/How-is-craft-beer-defined">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morning+Advertiser&rft.atitle=How+%27craft+beer%27+is+defined&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Nikkie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningadvertiser.co.uk%2FArticle%2F2019%2F01%2F25%2FHow-is-craft-beer-defined&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2019/06/03/Craft-keg-beer-allowed-at-CAMRA-GBBF-for-the-first-time">"CAMRA yields to allow live craft keg beer at GBBF"</a>. <i>morningadvertiser.co.uk</i>. 3 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613135041/https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2019/06/03/Craft-keg-beer-allowed-at-CAMRA-GBBF-for-the-first-time">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=morningadvertiser.co.uk&rft.atitle=CAMRA+yields+to+allow+live+craft+keg+beer+at+GBBF&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningadvertiser.co.uk%2FArticle%2F2019%2F06%2F03%2FCraft-keg-beer-allowed-at-CAMRA-GBBF-for-the-first-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPizzi2015" class="citation web cs1">Pizzi, Michael (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/23/jordanian-craft-brewer-brings-beer-back-to-its-birthplace.html">"Jordanian Brewer Brings Beer Back to Birthplace"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160907061343/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/23/jordanian-craft-brewer-brings-beer-back-to-its-birthplace.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+America&rft.atitle=Jordanian+Brewer+Brings+Beer+Back+to+Birthplace&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.aulast=Pizzi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F6%2F23%2Fjordanian-craft-brewer-brings-beer-back-to-its-birthplace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowcroft2013" class="citation news cs1">Crowcroft, Orlando (5 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.cnn.com/6-top-beers-middle-east-and-north-africa-875926/">"6 top beers in the Middle East and North Africa"</a>. <i>CNN Travel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221175857/http://travel.cnn.com/6-top-beers-middle-east-and-north-africa-875926/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Travel&rft.atitle=6+top+beers+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft.aulast=Crowcroft&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2F6-top-beers-middle-east-and-north-africa-875926%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBulos2014" class="citation news cs1">Bulos, Nabih (5 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-c1-middle-east-beer-20140505-m-story.html">"A beer pioneer launches Jordan's first microbrewery"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111195029/https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-c1-middle-east-beer-20140505-m-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+beer+pioneer+launches+Jordan%27s+first+microbrewery&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft.aulast=Bulos&rft.aufirst=Nabih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fla-fg-c1-middle-east-beer-20140505-m-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coutts-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coutts_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coutts_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coutts_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoutts2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Coutts_(writer)" title="Ian Coutts (writer)">Coutts, Ian</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brewnorthhowcana0000cout"><i>Brew North: How Canadians Made Beer and Beer Made Canada</i></a></span>. Greystone Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-467-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-467-4"><bdi>978-1-55365-467-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brew+North%3A+How+Canadians+Made+Beer+and+Beer+Made+Canada&rft.pub=Greystone+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-467-4&rft.aulast=Coutts&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrewnorthhowcana0000cout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeersinkvon_Massow2018" class="citation web cs1">Weersink, Alfons; von Massow, Michael (2018-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/why-canadas-craft-beer-explosion-isnt-leading-to-big-acquisitions-93888">"Why Canada's craft beer explosion isn't leading to big acquisitions"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224034634/http://theconversation.com/why-canadas-craft-beer-explosion-isnt-leading-to-big-acquisitions-93888">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-23</span></span>. <q>The current production of approximately 20 million hectolitres of beer in Canada is close to 1985 levels but more than 700 breweries are now brewing it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Why+Canada%27s+craft+beer+explosion+isn%27t+leading+to+big+acquisitions&rft.date=2018-04-01&rft.aulast=Weersink&rft.aufirst=Alfons&rft.au=von+Massow%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-canadas-craft-beer-explosion-isnt-leading-to-big-acquisitions-93888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbner2009" class="citation news cs1">Ebner, David (2009-10-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/molson-buys-granville-island-brewery/article4289626/">"Molson Buys Granville Island brewery"</a>. <i>Globe & Mail</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212124/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/molson-buys-granville-island-brewery/article4289626/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+%26+Mail&rft.atitle=Molson+Buys+Granville+Island+brewery&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft.aulast=Ebner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fmolson-buys-granville-island-brewery%2Farticle4289626%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2015" class="citation news cs1">Freeman, Sunny (2015-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/10/09/labatt-buys-mill-street-brewery.html">"Mill Street loses indie appeal with Labatt takeover, gains access to new customers"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224034635/https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/10/09/labatt-buys-mill-street-brewery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Mill+Street+loses+indie+appeal+with+Labatt+takeover%2C+gains+access+to+new+customers&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Sunny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F10%2F09%2Flabatt-buys-mill-street-brewery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/molson-buys-creemore-springs-brewery-1.560390">"Molson buys Creemore Springs Brewery"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. Toronto. 2005-04-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122230854/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/molson-buys-creemore-springs-brewery-1.560390">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Molson+buys+Creemore+Springs+Brewery&rft.date=2005-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fmolson-buys-creemore-springs-brewery-1.560390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beerwinnipeg.com/2015/10/15/defining-craft-beer-in-canada/">"Defining Craft Beer in Canada"</a>. <i>BeerWinnipeg</i>. 15 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112082829/https://beerwinnipeg.com/2015/10/15/defining-craft-beer-in-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BeerWinnipeg&rft.atitle=Defining+Craft+Beer+in+Canada&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeerwinnipeg.com%2F2015%2F10%2F15%2Fdefining-craft-beer-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klemp-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klemp_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klemp_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlemp2008" class="citation journal cs1">Klemp, K. Florian (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allaboutbeer.com/article/barley-wine/">"Barley Wine"</a>. <i>All About Beer</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+About+Beer&rft.atitle=Barley+Wine&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.aulast=Klemp&rft.aufirst=K.+Florian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallaboutbeer.com%2Farticle%2Fbarley-wine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barajas2017Untapped-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barajas2017Untapped_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barajas2017Untapped_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barajas2017Untapped_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarajasBoeingWartell2017" class="citation book cs1">Barajas, J.M.; Boeing, G.; Wartell, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brewersassociation.org&rft.atitle=Brewers+Association+%26%23124%3B+Number+of+Breweries&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewersassociation.org%2Fpages%2Fbusiness-tools%2Fcraft-brewing-statistics%2Fnumber-of-breweries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAssociation2014" class="citation web cs1">Association, Brewers (13 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brewersassociation.org/pages/media/press-releases/show?title=brewers-association-announces-2013-craft-brewer-growth">"Number of Breweries"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416210802/https://www.brewersassociation.org/pages/media/press-releases/show?title=brewers-association-announces-2013-craft-brewer-growth">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+Breweries&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft.aulast=Association&rft.aufirst=Brewers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewersassociation.org%2Fpages%2Fmedia%2Fpress-releases%2Fshow%3Ftitle%3Dbrewers-association-announces-2013-craft-brewer-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/artsandliving/source/features/2007/beer-madness/index.html">"Beer Madness: 32 beers compete for the top seat"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825175830/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/artsandliving/source/features/2007/beer-madness/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Beer+Madness%3A+32+beers+compete+for+the+top+seat&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fartsandliving%2Fsource%2Ffeatures%2F2007%2Fbeer-madness%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver271-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oliver271_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOliver2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oliver, Garrett (2011). "Craft brewing". In Oliver, Garrett (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Beer</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536713-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536713-3"><bdi>978-0-19-536713-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Craft+brewing&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Beer&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536713-3&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brewersassociation-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brewersassociation_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brewersassociation.org/pages/business-tools/craft-brewing-statistics/market-segments">"Brewers Association | Market Segments"</a>. <i>brewersassociation.org</i>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718215423/http://www.brewersassociation.org/pages/business-tools/craft-brewing-statistics/market-segments">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brewersassociation.org&rft.atitle=Brewers+Association+%26%23124%3B+Market+Segments&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewersassociation.org%2Fpages%2Fbusiness-tools%2Fcraft-brewing-statistics%2Fmarket-segments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chris-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chris_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chris_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChris_Crowell2014" class="citation web cs1">Chris Crowell (10 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.craftbrewingbusiness.com/news/brewers-association-updates-craft-beer-definition-focus-ownership-adjunct-acceptance/">"Brewers Association updates 'craft beer' definition; focus on ownership, adjunct acceptance"</a>. <i>Craft Brewing Business</i>. CBB Media LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140601102403/http://www.craftbrewingbusiness.com/news/brewers-association-updates-craft-beer-definition-focus-ownership-adjunct-acceptance/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Craft+Brewing+Business&rft.atitle=Brewers+Association+updates+%27craft+beer%27+definition%3B+focus+on+ownership%2C+adjunct+acceptance&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft.au=Chris+Crowell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.craftbrewingbusiness.com%2Fnews%2Fbrewers-association-updates-craft-beer-definition-focus-ownership-adjunct-acceptance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crains.com/article/news/small-brewers-become-big-business-craft-beer-industry">"Small brewers become big business in craft beer industry"</a>. <i>Crain</i>. Crain Communications Inc. 2017-12-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051126/http://www.crains.com/article/news/small-brewers-become-big-business-craft-beer-industry">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crain&rft.atitle=Small+brewers+become+big+business+in+craft+beer+industry&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crains.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fsmall-brewers-become-big-business-craft-beer-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deloitte.com/au/en/Industries/consumer-products/perspectives/craft-beer-australia-going-from-strength-to-strength.html">"Craft beer in Australia | Deloitte Australia | Consumer Business, Agribusiness"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Craft+beer+in+Australia+%26%23124%3B+Deloitte+Australia+%26%23124%3B+Consumer+Business%2C+Agribusiness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deloitte.com%2Fau%2Fen%2FIndustries%2Fconsumer-products%2Fperspectives%2Fcraft-beer-australia-going-from-strength-to-strength.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraft+beer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/small-bountiful-small-business-craft-beer">Small Is Bountiful</a> (January 2015), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. "American craft breweries collectively now sell more than 16.1 million barrels of beer annually, outpacing, for the first time, Budweiser."</li> <li><i>Untapped: Exploring the Cultural Dimensions of Craft Beer</i> edited by Nathaniel G. Chapman, J. Slade Lellock, and Cameron D. Lippard, 2017, West Virginia University Press</li> <li><i>Comparative analysis of mycotoxin, pesticide, and elemental content of Canarian craft and Spanish mainstream beer</i> by Eva Pablo Alonso González, Eva Parga Dans, Iván de las Heras Tranche, Andrea Carolina Acosta-Dacal, Ángel Rodríguez Hernández, Ana Macías Montes, Manuel Zumbado Peña, Octavio Pérez Luzardo <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750023000331?via%3Dihub">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_drinking_establishment%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of drinking establishment–related articles">Index of drinking establishment–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bars" title="List of bars">List of bars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox582" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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