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Sulcus (morphology) - Wikipedia

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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Sulcus%22+morphology">"Sulcus"&#160;morphology</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Sulcus%22+morphology+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Sulcus%22+morphology&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Sulcus%22+morphology+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sulcus%22+morphology">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sulcus%22+morphology&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gingival_sulcus.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gingival_sulcus.PNG/220px-Gingival_sulcus.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gingival_sulcus.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gingival_sulcus" title="Gingival sulcus">Gingival sulcus</a> at neck of mammalian tooth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedbudPollen.TIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/RedbudPollen.TIF/lossy-page1-220px-RedbudPollen.TIF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/RedbudPollen.TIF/lossy-page1-330px-RedbudPollen.TIF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/RedbudPollen.TIF/lossy-page1-440px-RedbudPollen.TIF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a> grains of <i><a href="/wiki/Cercis" title="Cercis">Cercis</a></i> are sulcate, with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reticulate" class="extiw" title="wikt:reticulate">reticulate</a> surface.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lateral_sulcus.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lateral_sulcus.gif/220px-Lateral_sulcus.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Lateral_sulcus.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Rotating image of human brain, illustrating the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_sulcus" title="Lateral sulcus">lateral sulcus</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">in the brain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biological_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological morphology">biological morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, a <b>sulcus</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>sulci</b>) is a furrow or fissure (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>fissura</i>, <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <i>fissurae</i>). It may be a groove, natural division, deep furrow, elongated cleft, or tear in the surface of a limb or an organ, most notably on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>), as well as in <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">bones</a>, and elsewhere. Many sulci are the product of a surface fold or junction, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gums</a>, where they fold around the <a href="/wiki/Cementoenamel_junction" title="Cementoenamel junction">neck</a> of the tooth. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_zoology" title="Invertebrate zoology">invertebrate zoology</a>, a sulcus is a fold, groove, or boundary, especially at the edges of <a href="/wiki/Sclerite" title="Sclerite">sclerites</a> or between <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segments</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, a grain that is grooved by a sulcus is termed <a href="/wiki/Sulcate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulcate">sulcate</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_in_anatomy">Examples in anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcus_(morphology)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Examples in anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liver">Liver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcus_(morphology)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Liver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_teres_hepatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligamentum teres hepatis">Ligamentum teres hepatis</a> fissure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_venosum" title="Ligamentum venosum">Ligamentum venosum</a> fissure</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal fissure (page does not exist)">Portal fissure</a>, found in the under-surface of the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_fissure_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse fissure of liver">Transverse fissure of liver</a>, found in the lower surface of the liver</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbilical_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbilical fissure (page does not exist)">Umbilical fissure</a>, found in front of the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lung">Lung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcus_(morphology)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Lung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Azygos fissure, of <a href="/wiki/Right_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Right lung">right lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_fissure_of_right_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal fissure of right lung">Horizontal fissure of right lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblique fissure">Oblique fissure</a>, of the right and left lungs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcus_(morphology)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auricular_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Auricular fissure (page does not exist)">Auricular fissure</a>, found in the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">temporal bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrotympanic_fissure" title="Petrotympanic fissure">Petrotympanic fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygomaxillary_fissure" title="Pterygomaxillary fissure">Pterygomaxillary fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoidal_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenoidal fissure">Sphenoidal fissure</a>, separates the wings and the body of the sphenoid bone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_orbital_fissure" title="Superior orbital fissure">Superior orbital fissure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types">Other types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcus_(morphology)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Other types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_fissure" title="Anal fissure">anal fissure</a>, a break or tear in the skin of the anal canal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Anterior interventricular sulcus">anterior interventricular sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcaneal_sulcus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcaneal sulcus (page does not exist)">calcaneal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronal sulcus">coronal sulcus</a></li> <li>femoral sulcus or <a href="/wiki/Intercondylar_fossa_of_femur" title="Intercondylar fossa of femur">intercondylar fossa of femur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissure (dentistry)">fissure (dentistry)</a>, a break in the tooth enamel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">fissure of the nipple</a>, a condition that results from running, breastfeeding and other friction-causing exposures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissured_tongue" title="Fissured tongue">fissured tongue</a>, a condition characterized by deep grooves (fissures) in the tongue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_sulcus" title="Gingival sulcus">gingival sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluteal_sulcus" title="Gluteal sulcus">gluteal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henle%27s_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henle&#39;s fissure (page does not exist)">Henle's fissure</a>, a fissure in the connective tissue between the muscle fibers of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlabial_sulci" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlabial sulci">interlabial sulci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermammary_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermammary sulcus">intermammary sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertubercular_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertubercular sulcus">intertubercular sulcus</a>, the groove between the lesser and greater tubercules of the humerus (bone of the upper arm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacrimal sulcus">lacrimal sulcus</a> (sulcus lacrimalis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malleolar_sulcus" title="Malleolar sulcus">malleolar sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpebral_fissure" title="Palpebral fissure">palpebral fissure</a>, separates the upper and lower eyelids</li> <li>patellar sulcus or <a href="/wiki/Intercondylar_fossa_of_femur" title="Intercondylar fossa of femur">intercondylar fossa of femur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Posterior interventricular sulcus">posterior interventricular sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preauricular_sulcus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Preauricular sulcus (page does not exist)">preauricular sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial sulcus">radial sulcus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musculospiral_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculospiral groove">musculospiral groove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_sulcus" title="Sagittal sulcus">sagittal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separatoral_sulcus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Separatoral sulcus (page does not exist)">separatoral sulcus</a> (depression behind the <a href="/wiki/Brow_ridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Brow ridges">brow ridges</a> of some primates)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_sulcus" title="Sigmoid sulcus">sigmoid sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_fissure" title="Skin fissure">skin fissure</a>, a linear-like cleavage of skin, sometimes defined as extending into the dermis</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcus_arteri%C3%A6_vertebralis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulcus arteriæ vertebralis (page does not exist)">sulcus arteriæ vertebralis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_subtarsalis" title="Sulcus subtarsalis">sulcus subtarsalis</a> in the eyelid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_tubae_auditivae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulcus tubae auditivae">sulcus tubae auditivae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_part_of_the_temporal_bone" title="Tympanic part of the temporal bone">tympanic sulcus</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urethral_sulcus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Urethral sulcus (page does not exist)">urethral sulcus</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_median_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral median fissure">ventral median fissure</a>, of the spinal cord</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_neuroanatomy">In neuroanatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcus_(morphology)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: In neuroanatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">Sulcus (neuroanatomy)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brain">Brain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcus_(morphology)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Brain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_fissure" title="Broca&#39;s fissure">Broca's fissure</a></i>: found in the third left frontal fold of the brain.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burdach%27s_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Burdach&#39;s fissure (page does not exist)">Burdach's fissure</a></i>: connects the brain's insula and the inner surface of the <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(brain)" title="Operculum (brain)">operculum</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calcarine_sulcus" title="Calcarine sulcus">Calcarine sulcus</a></i> or <i>Calcerine fissure</i>: extends from the occipital of the <a href="/wiki/Telencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telencephalon">cerebrum</a> to the occipital fissure.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callosomarginal_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Callosomarginal fissure (page does not exist)">Callosomarginal fissure</a></i>: found in the medial surface of the cerebrum.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_sulcus" title="Central sulcus">Central sulcus</a> or </i>Rolando's fissure<i>: separates the brain's <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobes</a>.</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clevenger%27s_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Clevenger&#39;s fissure (page does not exist)">Clevenger's fissure</a></i>: found in the inferior temporal lobe of the brain</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collateral_fissure" title="Collateral fissure">Collateral fissure</a></i>: found in the inferior surface of the cerebrum.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fissure_of_Bichat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fissure of Bichat (page does not exist)">Fissure of Bichat</a></i>: found below the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sulcus" title="Lateral sulcus">Lateral sulcus</a></i> or <i>Fissure of Sylvius</i>: separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain from the temporal lobe.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_sulcus" title="Hippocampal sulcus">Hippocampal sulcus</a></i>: a sulcus that extends from the brain's corpus callosum to the tip of the temporal lobe.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_fissure_of_cerebellum" title="Horizontal fissure of cerebellum">Horizontal fissure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_fissure_of_cerebellum" title="Horizontal fissure of cerebellum">Transverse fissure</a></i>: found between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. Note that a "transverse fissure" can also be found in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_fissure" title="Longitudinal fissure">Longitudinal fissure</a></i> or <i>Medial longitudinal fissure</i>: which divides the cerebrum into the two hemispheres.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occipitoparietal_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Occipitoparietal fissure (page does not exist)">Occipitoparietal fissure</a></i>: found between the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernicke%27s_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wernicke&#39;s fissure (page does not exist)">Wernicke's fissure</a></i>: separates the brain's temporal and parietal lobes from the occipital lobe.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygal_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygal fissure (page does not exist)">Zygal fissure</a></i>: found in the cerebrum.</li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, a sulcus is a groove formed in the stage of <a href="/wiki/Gyrification" title="Gyrification">gyrification</a> by the folding of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortex</a>. There are many sulci and <a href="/wiki/Gyrus" title="Gyrus">gyri</a> formed. A larger than usual sulcus may instead be called a <a href="/wiki/Fissure_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissure (anatomy)">fissure</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_fissure" title="Longitudinal fissure">longitudinal fissure</a> that separates the two <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">hemispheres</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcus_(morphology)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_(botany)" title="Sinus (botany)">Sinus (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_sign" title="Sulcus sign">Sulcus sign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcus_(morphology)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tympanic+sulcus">"Tympanic sulcus"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Tympanic+sulcus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Ftympanic%2Bsulcus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulcus+%28morphology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larkins, Christine E., and Martin J. Cohn. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/363631">Phallus development in the turtle Trachemys scripta</a>." 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