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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Historic view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_non-Orthodox_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_non-Orthodox_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Recent non-Orthodox views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_non-Orthodox_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Betrothal_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betrothal_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Betrothal and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betrothal_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrimony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrimony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Matrimony</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Matrimony-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Matrimony subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Matrimony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marital_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marital_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marital harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marital_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjugal_rights_and_obligations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugal_rights_and_obligations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Conjugal rights and obligations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugal_rights_and_obligations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>In the Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Talmud_and_Rabbinic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Talmud_and_Rabbinic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>In the Talmud and Rabbinic Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Talmud_and_Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Home_and_household" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_and_household"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Home and household</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_and_household-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_obligations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_obligations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.3</span> <span>Physical obligations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_obligations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fidelity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fidelity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.4</span> <span>Fidelity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fidelity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_purity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_purity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.5</span> <span>Family purity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_purity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.6</span> <span>Sexual relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Age of marriage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Age_of_marriage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Age of marriage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Age_of_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Intermarriage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intermarriage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intermarriage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intermarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interracial_Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interracial_Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Interracial Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interracial_Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_in_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_in_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Marriage in Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_in_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Divorce</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Divorce-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Divorce subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agunah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agunah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span><span><i>Agunah</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agunah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Same-sex marriage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Same-sex_marriage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Same-sex marriage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Orthodox_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Orthodox_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>In Orthodox Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Orthodox_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Conservative_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Conservative_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>In Conservative Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Conservative_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Reform_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Reform_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>In Reform Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Reform_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Reconstructionist_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Reconstructionist_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>In Reconstructionist Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Reconstructionist_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visi%C3%B3n_jud%C3%ADa_sobre_el_matrimonio" title="Visión judía sobre el matrimonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Visión judía sobre el matrimonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ازدواج در یهودیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازدواج در یهودیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94" title="נישואים בהלכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נישואים בהלכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandhangan_Yahudi_babagan_perkawinan" title="Pandhangan Yahudi babagan perkawinan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pandhangan Yahudi babagan perkawinan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="یہودیت وچ شادی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یہودیت وچ شادی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82%C5%BCe%C5%84stwo_w_judaizmie" title="Małżeństwo w judaizmie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Małżeństwo w judaizmie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Брак в иудаизме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брак в иудаизме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudili%C4%9Fin_evlili%C4%9Fe_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F_a%C3%A7%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Yahudiliğin evliliğe bakış açısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudiliğin evliliğe bakış açısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="یہودیت میں شادی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہودیت میں شادی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4095768#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="View the content page [c]" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jewish+views+on+marriage%22">"Jewish views on marriage"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jewish+views+on+marriage%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jewish+views+on+marriage%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jewish+views+on+marriage%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jewish+views+on+marriage%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jewish+views+on+marriage%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isra%C3%ABls-A_Jewish_Wedding-1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Isra%C3%ABls-A_Jewish_Wedding-1903.jpg/260px-Isra%C3%ABls-A_Jewish_Wedding-1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Isra%C3%ABls-A_Jewish_Wedding-1903.jpg/390px-Isra%C3%ABls-A_Jewish_Wedding-1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Isra%C3%ABls-A_Jewish_Wedding-1903.jpg/520px-Isra%C3%ABls-A_Jewish_Wedding-1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption><i>A Jewish wedding</i> (1903) by <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Isra%C3%ABls" title="Jozef Israëls">Jozef Israëls</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jewish_Marriage_Certificate_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jewish_Marriage_Certificate_-_overall.jpg/260px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jewish_Marriage_Certificate_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jewish_Marriage_Certificate_-_overall.jpg/390px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jewish_Marriage_Certificate_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, 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Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marriage in Judaism</b> is the documentation of a contract between a Jewish man and a Jewish woman. In Judaism, a marriage can end either because of a <a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">divorce document</a> given by the man to his wife, or by the death of either party. Certain details, primarily as protections for the wife, were added in <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-JEmarriage_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEmarriage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because marriage under Jewish law is essentially a private contractual agreement between a man and a woman, it does not require the presence of a rabbi or any other religious official. It is common, however, for rabbis to officiate and there are rules governing the process of betrothal and consecration.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-Orthodox developments have brought changes in who may marry whom. Intermarriage is often discouraged, though opinions vary.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_view">Historic view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historic view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In traditional <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> is viewed as a contractual bond commanded by God in which a Jewish man and a Jewish woman come together to create a relationship in which God is directly involved. Though procreation is not the sole purpose, a Jewish marriage is traditionally expected to fulfil the commandment to have children.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, marriage is understood to mean that the husband and wife are merging into a single soul, which is why a man is considered "incomplete" if he is not married, as his soul is only one part of a larger whole that remains to be unified.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_non-Orthodox_views">Recent non-Orthodox views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recent non-Orthodox views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-Orthodox Jewish denominations, such as Reconstructionist, Reform, and Conservative Judaism, recognize same-sex marriage, and de-emphasize procreation, focusing on marriage as a bond between a couple.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Betrothal_and_marriage">Betrothal and marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Betrothal and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_-_Het_Joodse_bruidje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_-_Het_Joodse_bruidje.jpg/260px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_-_Het_Joodse_bruidje.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_-_Het_Joodse_bruidje.jpg/390px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_-_Het_Joodse_bruidje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_-_Het_Joodse_bruidje.jpg/520px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_-_Het_Joodse_bruidje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7470" data-file-height="5430" /></a><figcaption><i>The Jewish Bride</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, 1662–6)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, marriage consists of two separate acts, called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">erusin</a></i></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kiddushin</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the <a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">betrothal</a> ceremony, and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nissu'in</i></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chupah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chupah">chupah</a></i></span>, the actual <a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding ceremony</a>. <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Erusin</i></span> changes the couple's personal circumstances, while <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nissu'in</i></span> brings about the legal consequences of the change of circumstances. In <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> times, these two ceremonies usually took place up to a year apart; the bride lived with her parents until the actual marriage ceremony (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nissuin</i></span>), which would take place in a room or tent that the groom had set up for her. Since the Middle Ages the two ceremonies have taken place as a combined ceremony performed in public.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ancient Judaism a marriage could be established in three ways: money, contract, or sexual intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-c287_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c287-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Talmud,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">erusin</i></span> involves the groom handing an object to the bride – either an object of value such as a ring, or a document stating that she is being betrothed to him. In order to be valid, this must be done in the presence of two unrelated male witnesses. After <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">erusin</i></span>, the laws of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> apply, and the marriage cannot be dissolved without a <a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">religious divorce</a>. After <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nisuin</i></span>, the couple may live together. </p><p>The act of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">erusin</i></span> may be made by the intending parties or by their respective parents or other relatives on their behalf with their consent. A man and a woman cannot be betrothed to one another without agency and consent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act is formalized in a document known as the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shtar Tena'im</i></span>, the "Document of Conditions" which is read prior to the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">badekin</i></span>. After the reading, the mothers of the future bride and groom break a plate. Today, some sign the contract on the day of the wedding, some do it as an earlier ceremony, and some do not do it at all. It should also be emphasized that this practice is not explicitly mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> communities, marriages may be arranged by the parents of the prospective bride and groom, who may arrange a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">shidduch</a></i></span> by engaging a professional match-maker (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shadchan</i></span>) who finds and introduces the prospective bride and groom and receives a fee for their services. The young couple is not forced to marry if either does not accept the other.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matrimony">Matrimony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Matrimony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marital_harmony">Marital harmony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marital harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shalom_bayit" title="Shalom bayit">Shalom bayit</a></div> <p>Marital harmony, known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shalom bayis</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שלום בית</span></span>), is valued in Jewish tradition. The Talmud states that a man should love his wife as much as he loves himself, and honour her more than he honours himself;<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed, one who honours his wife was said, by the classical rabbis, to be rewarded with wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-BaMe59b_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaMe59b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a husband was expected to discuss with his wife any worldly matters that might arise in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-BaMe59b_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaMe59b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Talmud forbids a husband from being overbearing to his household,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic abuse">domestic abuse</a> by him was also condemned.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was said of a wife that "God counts her tears".<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the wife, the greatest praise the Talmudic rabbis offered to any woman was that given to a wife who fulfils the wishes of her husband;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to this end, an early <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a> states that a wife should not leave the home "too frequently".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wife, also, was expected to be <a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">modest</a>, even when alone with her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God's presence dwells in a pure and loving home.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjugal_rights_and_obligations">Conjugal rights and obligations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conjugal rights and obligations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marriage obligations and rights in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> are ultimately based on those apparent in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, which have been clarified, defined, and expanded on by many <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">prominent rabbinic authorities</a> throughout history. </p><p>Traditionally, the obligations of the husband include providing for his wife. He is obligated to provide for her sustenance for her benefit; in exchange, he is also entitled to her income. However, this is a right to the wife, and she can release her husband of the obligation of sustaining her, and she can then keep her income exclusively for herself. The document that provides for this is the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">ketubah</a></i></span>. </p><p>The Bible itself gives the wife protections, as per Exodus 21:10,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the rabbis may have added others later. The rights of the husband and wife are described in tractate <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ketubot_(tractate)" title="Ketubot (tractate)">Ketubot</a></i></span> in the Talmud, which explains how the rabbis balanced the two sets of rights of the wife and the husband. </p><p>According to the non-traditional view, in the Bible the wife is treated as a possession owned by her husband,<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later Judaism imposed several obligations on the husband, effectively giving the wife several rights and freedoms;<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMar_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed, being a Jewish wife was often a more favourable situation than being a wife in many other cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMar_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> establishes the principle that a wife is entitled, but not compelled, to the same dignity and social standing as her husband,<sup id="cite_ref-Ket48a_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket48a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ket61a_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket61a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is entitled to keep any additional advantages she had as a result of her social status before her marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Ket48a_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket48a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ket61a_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket61a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Bible">In the Bible</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> has two words for "husband": <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">ba'al</i></span> (also meaning "master"), and <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">ish</i></span> (also meaning "man", parallel to <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">isha</i></span> meaning "woman" or "wife"). The words are contrasted in Hosea 2:16, where God speaks to Israel as though it is his wife: "On that day, says the Lord, you will call [me] 'my husband' (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">ish</i></span>), and will no longer call me 'my master' (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">ba'al</i></span>)."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early nomadic communities practised a form of marriage known as <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Beena_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Beena marriage">beena</a></i></span>, in which a wife would own a tent of her own, within which she retains complete independence from her husband;<sup id="cite_ref-WRSKinship167_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRSKinship167-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this principle appears to survive in parts of early Israelite society, as some early passages of the Bible appear to portray certain wives as each owning a tent as a personal possession<sup id="cite_ref-WRSKinship167_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRSKinship167-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (specifically, <a href="/wiki/Jael" title="Jael">Jael</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jacob's wives).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later times, the Bible describes wives as being given the innermost room(s) of the husband's house, as her own private area to which men were not permitted;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the case of wealthy husbands, the Bible describes their wives as having each been given an entire house for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not, however, a life of complete freedom. The descriptions of the Bible suggest that a wife was expected to perform certain household tasks: spinning, sewing, weaving, manufacture of clothing, fetching of water, baking of bread, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a> contains an entire <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostic</a> about the duties which would be performed by a virtuous wife.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The husband, too, is indirectly implied to have responsibilities to his wife. The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> obligates a man to not deprive his wife of food, clothing, or of sexual activity (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Onah" title="Onah">onah</a></i></span>);<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if the husband does not provide the first wife with these things, she is to be divorced, without cost to her.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Talmud interprets this as a requirement for a man to provide food and clothing to, and have sex with, each of his wives, even if he only has one.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Polygynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygynous">polygynous</a> society, the Israelites did not have any laws which imposed <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> on men.<sup id="cite_ref-CheyneAndBlackJeal_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CheyneAndBlackJeal-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncAdu-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adulterous" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulterous">Adulterous</a> married and betrothed women, as well as their male accomplices, were subject to the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Adultery#In_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Adultery">biblical laws against adultery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a>, if a woman was suspected of adultery, she was to be subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Ordeal_of_the_bitter_water" title="Ordeal of the bitter water">ordeal of the bitter water</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a form of <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by ordeal</a>, but one that took a miracle to convict. The <a href="/wiki/Literary_prophets" title="Literary prophets">literary prophets</a> indicate that adultery was a frequent occurrence, despite their strong protests against it,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these legal strictnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-CheyneAndBlackJeal_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CheyneAndBlackJeal-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Talmud_and_Rabbinic_Judaism">In the Talmud and Rabbinic Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the Talmud and Rabbinic Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Talmud sets a minimum provision which a husband must provide to his wife:<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Enough bread for at least two meals a day</li> <li>Sufficient oil for cooking and for lighting purposes</li> <li>Sufficient wood for cooking</li> <li>Fruit and vegetables</li> <li>Wine, if it is customary in the locality for women to drink it</li> <li>Three meals on each <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">shabbat</a> consisting of fish and meat</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)" title="Allowance (money)">allowance</a> of a silver coin (Hebrew: <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">ma'ah</i></span>) each week</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Rabbinic courts</a> could compel the husband to make this provision, if he fails to do so voluntarily.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Schreiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Schreiber">The Chatam Sofer</a>, a prominent 19th century halachic decisor, argued that if a man could not provide his wife with this minimum, he should be compelled to divorce her;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other Jewish rabbis argued that a man should be compelled to hire himself out, as a day-labourer, if he cannot otherwise make this provision to his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to prominent Jewish writers of the Middle Ages, if a man is absent from his wife for a long period, the wife should be allowed to sell her husband's property, if necessary to sustain herself.<sup id="cite_ref-MaMiTI121022_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaMiTI121022-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JabAshEbEz70_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JabAshEbEz70-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, they argued that if a wife had to take out a loan to pay for her sustenance during such absence, her husband had to pay the debt on his return.<sup id="cite_ref-MaMiTI121022_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaMiTI121022-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JabAshEbEz70_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JabAshEbEz70-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to offset the husband's duty to support his wife, she was required by the Talmud to surrender all her earnings to her husband, together with any profit she makes by accident, and the right of <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a> on her property;<sup id="cite_ref-Ket46b47b_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket46b47b-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the wife was not required to do this if she wished to support herself.<sup id="cite_ref-Ket46b47b_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket46b47b-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the wife always retained ownership of her property itself, if she died while still married to her husband, he was to be her heir, according to the opinion of the Talmud;<sup id="cite_ref-Ket46b47b_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket46b47b-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this principle, though, was modified, in various ways, by the rabbis of the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Home_and_household">Home and household</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Home and household"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Jewish tradition, the husband was expected to provide a home for his wife, furnished in accordance to local custom and appropriate to his status;<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the marital couple were expected to live together in this home, although if the husband's choice of work made it difficult to do so, the Talmud excuses him from the obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, if the husband changed his usual abode, the wife was considered to have a duty to move with him.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Middle Ages, it was argued that if a person continued to refuse to live with their spouse, the spouse in question had sufficient <a href="/wiki/Grounds_for_divorce" title="Grounds for divorce">grounds for divorce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Jewish religious authorities held that a husband must allow his wife to eat at the same table as him, even if he gave his wife enough money to provide for herself.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, if a husband mistreated his wife, or lived in a disreputable neighbourhood, the Jewish religious authorities would permit the wife to move to another home elsewhere, and would compel the husband to finance her life there.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Expanding on the household tasks which the Bible implies a wife should undertake,<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMar_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rabbinic literature requires her to perform all the housework (such as baking, cooking, washing, caring for her children, etc.), unless her marriage had given the husband a large <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the latter situation, the wife was expected only to tend to "affectionate" tasks, such as <a href="/wiki/Making_the_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Making the bed">making his bed</a> and serving him his food.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish tradition expected the husband to provide the bed linen and kitchen utensils.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the wife had young twin children, the Talmud made her husband responsible for caring for one of them.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Clothing">Clothing</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Talmud elaborates on the biblical requirement of the husband to provide his wife with clothing, by insisting that each year he must provide each wife with 50 <a href="/wiki/Zuz_(Jewish_coin)" title="Zuz (Jewish coin)">zuzim</a>'s-worth of clothing,<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncCos_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncCos-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including garments appropriate to each <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">season</a> of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Talmudic rabbis insist that this annual clothing gift should include one hat, one belt, and three pairs of shoes<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (one pair for each of the three main annual festivals: <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabu%27ot" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabu'ot">Shabu'ot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sukkoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukkoth">Sukkoth</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncCos_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncCos-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The husband was also expected by the classical rabbis to provide his wife with jewelry and perfumes if he lived in an area where this was customary.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Physical_obligations">Physical obligations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Physical obligations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Talmud argues that a husband is responsible for the protection of his wife's body. If his wife became ill, then he would be compelled, by the Talmud, to defray any medical expense which might be incurred in relation to this;<sup id="cite_ref-Ket46b47b_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket46b47b-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Talmud requires him to ensure that the wife receives care.<sup id="cite_ref-Ket46b47b_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket46b47b-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he technically had the right to divorce his wife, enabling him to avoid paying for her medical costs, several prominent rabbis throughout history condemned such a course of action as inhuman behaviour, even if the wife was suffering from a prolonged illness.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the wife dies, even if not due to illness, the Talmud's stipulations require the husband to arrange, and pay for, her burial;<sup id="cite_ref-Ket46a47b_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket46a47b-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the burial must, in the opinion of the Talmud, be one conducted in a manner befitting the husband's social status, and in accordance with the local custom.<sup id="cite_ref-Ket46a47b_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket46a47b-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent rabbis of the Middle Ages clarified this, stating that the husband must make any provisions required by local burial customs, potentially including the hiring of mourners and the erection of a tombstone.<sup id="cite_ref-MaMiTorIs142324_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaMiTorIs142324-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JabAshEbEz89_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JabAshEbEz89-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Talmud, and later rabbinic writers, if the husband was absent, or refused to do these things, a rabbinical court should arrange the wife's funeral, selling some of the husband's property in order to defray the costs.<sup id="cite_ref-MaMiTorIs142324_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaMiTorIs142324-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JabAshEbEz89_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JabAshEbEz89-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the wife was captured, the husband was required by the Talmud and later writers to pay the ransom demanded for her release;<sup id="cite_ref-Ket51a_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket51a-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MaMiTorIs141822_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaMiTorIs141822-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JabAshEbEz78_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JabAshEbEz78-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JKShuArYD25210_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKShuArYD25210-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is some debate whether the husband was required only to pay up to the wife's market value as a slave,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or whether he must pay any ransom, even to the point of having to sell his possessions to raise the funds.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the husband and wife were both taken captive, the historic Jewish view was that the rabbinic courts should first pay the ransom for the wife, selling some of the husband's property in order to raise the funds.<sup id="cite_ref-Ket51a_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ket51a-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MaMiTorIs141822_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaMiTorIs141822-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JabAshEbEz78_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JabAshEbEz78-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JKShuArYD25210_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKShuArYD25210-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fidelity">Fidelity</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fidelity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the classical era of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbinic</a> scholars, the death penalty for adultery was rarely applied. It forbids conviction if: </p> <ul><li>the woman had been raped, rather than consenting to the crime;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the woman had mistaken the paramour for her husband;<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncAdu-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the woman was unaware of the laws against adultery before she committed the crime;<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncAdu-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the woman had not been properly warned. This requires that the two witnesses testifying against her warn her that the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> prohibits adultery; that the penalty for adultery is death; and that she immediately responded that she is doing so with full knowledge of those facts. Even if she was warned, but did not acknowledge those facts immediately upon hearing them, and immediately before doing the act, she is not put to death. These conditions apply in all death-penalty convictions.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These rules made it practically impossible to convict any woman of adultery; in nearly every case, women were acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncAdu-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the belief that a priest should be untainted, a <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a> was compelled to divorce his wife if she had been raped.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncAdu-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Talmudic</a> times, once the death penalty was no longer enforced for any crime,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even when a woman was convicted, the punishment was comparatively mild: adulteresses were flogged instead.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncAdu-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the husbands of convicted adulteresses were not permitted by the Talmud to forgive their guilty wives, instead being compelled to divorce them;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, a conviction for adultery nullified any right that the wife's <a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">marriage contract</a> (Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ketubah</i></span>) gave her to a compensation payment for being divorced.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once divorced, an adulteress was not permitted, according to the Talmudic writers, to marry her paramour.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for men who committed adultery (with another man's wife), <a href="/wiki/Abba_ben_Joseph_bar_Hama" class="mw-redirect" title="Abba ben Joseph bar Hama">Abba ben Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abba_Arika" class="mw-redirect" title="Abba Arika">Abba Arika</a> are both quoted in the Talmud as expressing abhorrence, and arguing that such men would be condemned to <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Family_purity">Family purity</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Family purity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></div> <p>The laws of "family purity" (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">taharat hamishpacha</i></span>) are considered an important part of an Orthodox Jewish marriage, and adherence to them is (in Orthodox Judaism) regarded as a prerequisite of marriage. This involves observance of the various details of the menstrual <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">niddah</a></i></span> laws. Orthodox brides and grooms attend classes on this subject prior to the wedding. The niddah laws are regarded as an intrinsic part of marital life (rather than just associated with women). Together with a few other rules, including <a href="/wiki/Keri" title="Keri">those about the ejaculation of semen</a>, these are collectively termed "family purity". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sexual_relations">Sexual relations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sexual relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In marriage, conjugal relations are guaranteed as a fundamental right for a woman, along with food and clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This obligation is known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Onah" title="Onah">onah</a></i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sex within marriage is the woman's right, and the man's duty. The husband is forbidden from raping his wife, they are not to be intimate while drunk or while either party is angry at the other. A woman should be granted a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">get</a></i></span> (divorce) if she seeks it because her husband is disgusting or loathsome to her. If either partner consistently refuses to participate, that person is considered rebellious, and the other spouse can sue for divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very large number of Jewish texts attempting to regulate marital sexuality exist. This category can vary: it can mean a few biblical verse, chapters in medieval books of law, or self-standing modern traditional Jewish guides to marital sexuality. One should always remember that the fact a certain activity is recommended or forbidden, does not mean that in reality the advice is followed. We can know what generally traditional Jews were told to do or not to do in their bedrooms. We can very rarely know what actually happened.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_of_marriage">Age of marriage<span class="anchor" id="Child_marriage"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Age of marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citing the primacy of the divine command given in Genesis 1:28, the time between puberty and age twenty has been considered the ideal time for men and women to be wed in traditional Jewish thought. Some rabbis have gone further to commend the age of eighteen as most ideal, while others have advocated for the time immediately following puberty, closer to the age of fourteen, essentially "as early in life as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babylonian rabbis understood marriage as God's means of keeping male sexuality from going out of control, so they advocated for early marriage to prevent men from succumbing to temptation in their youth.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ḳeṭannah (children aged three to twelve) might be given in marriage by her father, and the marriage was valid, necessitating a formal divorce if separation was desired. Some commended early marriage for its benefits: Rabbi Ḥisda maintained that early marriage could lead to increased intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large age gap between spouses, in either direction, is advised against as unwise.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A younger woman marrying a significantly older man however is especially problematic: marrying one's young daughter to an old man was declared as reprehensible as forcing her into prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it is problematic for an older man to be unmarried in the first place. Marriage is held to be uniquely mandatory for men, and an unmarried man over the age of twenty is considered "cursed by God Himself."<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence however that in some communities males did not marry until "thirty or older."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Jew">Jewish Ashkenazi</a> communities, women continued to be married young.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, young marriage has become rarer among Jewish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consent">Consent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Talmud, a father is commanded not to marry his daughter to anyone until she grows up and says, "I want this one".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A marriage that takes place without the consent of the girl is not an effective legal marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ketannah</i></span> (literally meaning "little [one]") was any girl between the age of 3 years and that of 12 years plus one day;<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMaj_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMaj-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was subject to her father's authority, and he could arrange a marriage for her without her agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMaj_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMaj-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after reaching the age of maturity, she would have to agree to the marriage to be considered as married.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the father was dead or missing, the brothers of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ketannah</i></span>, collectively, had the right to arrange a marriage for her, as had her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMaj_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMaj-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these situations, a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ketannah</i></span> would always have the right to <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annul</a> her marriage, even if it was the first.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMiu_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMiu-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the marriage did end (due to divorce or the husband's death), any further marriages were optional; the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ketannah</i></span> retained her right to annul them.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMiu_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMiu-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ketannah</i></span> to annul a marriage, known in Hebrew as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mi'un</i></span> (literally meaning "refusal", "denial", "protest"),<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMiu_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMiu-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to a true annulment, not a divorce; a divorce document (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">get</a></i></span>) was not necessary,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ketannah</i></span> who did this was not regarded by legal regulations as a divorcee, in relation to the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeb108a_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeb108a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike divorce, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mi'un</i></span> was regarded with distaste by many rabbinic writers,<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncMiu_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncMiu-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even in the Talmud;<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in earlier classical Judaism, one major faction – the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Shammai" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Shammai">House of Shammai</a> – argued that such annulment rights only existed during the betrothal (not engagement) period (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">erusin</a></i></span>) and not once the actual marriage (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nissuin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissuin">nissu'in</a></i></span>) had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intermarriage">Intermarriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Intermarriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism" title="Interfaith marriage in Judaism">Interfaith marriage in Judaism</a></div> <p>Rates of marriage between Jews and non-Jews have increased in countries other than Israel (the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>). According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Population_Survey" title="National Jewish Population Survey">National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01</a>, 47% of marriages involving Jews in the United States between 1996 and 2001 were with non-Jewish partners. Jewish leaders in different branches generally agree that possible assimilation is a crisis, but they differ on the proper response to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_intermarriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish intermarriage">intermarriage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes">Attitudes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Halakha#Restrictions_on_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Halakha">Conservative Halakha § Restrictions on marriage</a></div> <ul><li>All branches of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> do not sanction the validity or legitimacy of intermarriages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> does not sanction intermarriage, but encourages acceptance of the non-Jewish spouse within the family, hoping that such acceptance will lead to conversion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> permit total personal autonomy in interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish Law</a>, and intermarriage is not forbidden. Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis are free to take their own approach to performing marriages between a Jewish and non-Jewish partner. Many, but not all, seek agreement from the couple that the children will be raised as Jewish.</li></ul> <p>There are also differences between streams on what constitutes an intermarriage, arising from their <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Who is a Jew">differing criteria for being Jewish</a> in the first place. Orthodox Jews only consider a child to be Jewish if the mother is of Jewish ancestry or has undergone a proper conversion as conducted by proper rabbinical authorities. </p><p>Among the general Jewish population in Israel, interfaith marriages are extremely rare; only about two percent were in an interfaith marriage. In addition, about 97 percent of Jews in the same <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study, conducted in 2014-2015, did not approve of their child marrying a Muslim while 89 percent expressed similar views when asked about a hypothetical marriage to a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interracial_Marriage">Interracial Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Interracial Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish prohibitions on marriage typically concern <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism" title="Interfaith marriage in Judaism">interfaith marriages</a>. There is no historical prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a>, nor is there explicit permission of such. However, debates around <a href="/wiki/Numbers_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers 12">Numbers 12:1</a> suggest that <a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Zipporah</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, is described as a "<a href="/wiki/Cushite_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushite people">Cushite</a> woman" to highlight a potentially much darker skin tone. Under modern social constructs, this would constitute Moses's marriage as an interracial one. However, there is no concrete proof that the Cushite woman referred to in Numbers is the same Zipporah from Exodus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_in_Israel">Marriage in Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marriage in Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel" title="Marriage in Israel">Marriage in Israel</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the only institutionalized form of Jewish marriage is the religious one, i.e., a marriage conducted under the auspices of the rabbinate. Specifically, marriage of Israeli Jews must be conducted according to Jewish Law (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i></span>), as viewed by <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>. One consequence is that Jews in Israel who cannot marry according to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a> (e.g., a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">kohen</a></i></span> and a <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorcée</a>, or a Jew and one who is not <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">halachically Jewish</a>), cannot marry each other. This has led for calls, mostly from the secular segment of the Israeli public, for the institution of civil marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some secular-Jewish Israelis travel abroad to have <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil marriages">civil marriages</a>, either because they do not wish an Orthodox wedding or because their union cannot be sanctioned by <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">halakha</i></span>. These marriages are legally recognized by the State, but are not recognized by the State Rabbinate. </p><p>Marriages performed in Israel must be carried out by religious authorities of an official religion (Judaism, Islam, Christianity, or Druze), unless both parties are without religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divorce">Divorce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Divorce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Halakha</i></span> (Jewish Law) allows for divorce. The document of divorce is termed a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">get</a></i></span>. The final divorce ceremony involves the husband giving the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">get</i></span> document into the hand of the wife or her agent, but the wife may sue in rabbinical court to initiate the divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_divorce_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_divorce-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such a case, a husband may be compelled to give the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">get</i></span>, if he has violated any of his numerous obligations outlined in Jewish law and the couple's specific <i>ketubah</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, this was sometimes accomplished by beating and or monetary coercion.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rationale was that since he was required to divorce his wife due to his (or her) violations of the contract, his good inclination desires to divorce her, and the community helps him to do what he wants to do anyway. In this case, the wife may or may not be entitled to a payment.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since around the 12th century, some officials within Judaism have recognized the right of a wife abused physically or psychologically to a forced divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> follows halacha, although differently than <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>. Reform Jews usually use an egalitarian form of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ketubah</i></span> at their weddings. They generally do not issue Jewish divorces, seeing a civil divorce as both necessary and sufficient; however, some Reform rabbis encourage the couple to go through a Jewish divorce procedure. Orthodox Judaism does not recognize civil law as overriding religious law, and thus does not view a civil divorce as sufficient. Therefore, a man or woman may be considered divorced by the Reform Jewish community, but still married by the Conservative community. Orthodox Judaism usually does not recognize Reform weddings because according to Talmudic law, the witnesses to the marriage must be Jews who observe <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">halakha</i></span>, which is believed by Orthodox authorities to seldom be the case in Reform weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agunah"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Agunah</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Agunah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agunah" title="Agunah">Agunah</a></div> <p>Traditionally, when a husband fled, or his whereabouts were unknown for any reason, the woman was considered an <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Agunah" title="Agunah">agunah</a></i></span> (literally "an anchored woman"), and was not allowed to remarry; in traditional Judaism, divorce can only be initiated by the husband. Prior to modern communication, the death of the husband while in a distant land was a common cause of this situation. In modern times, when a husband refuses to issue a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">get</i></span> due to money, property, or custody battles, the woman who cannot remarry is considered a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Agunah#Mesorevet_get_(Get_refusal)" title="Agunah">Mesorevet get</a></i></span>, not an agunah. A man in this situation would not be termed a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Misarev Get</i></span> (literally, "a refuser of a divorce document"), unless a legitimate Beis Din had required him to issue a Get. The term <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">agunah</i></span> is often used in such circumstances, but it is not technically accurate. </p><p>Within both the Conservative and Orthodox communities, there are efforts to avoid situations where a woman is not able to obtain a Jewish divorce from her husband. The <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">ketubah</a></i></span> serves this function in <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> in order to prevent husbands from refusing to give their wives a divorce. To do this, the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ketubah</i></span> has built in provisions; so, if predetermined circumstances occur, the divorce goes into effect immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fact, various Jewish and secular legal methods are used to deal with such problems. None of the legal solutions addresses the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">agunah</i></span> problem in the case of a missing husband. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Same-sex_marriage">Same-sex marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Same-sex marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Judaism">Homosexuality and Judaism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Orthodox_Judaism">In Orthodox Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In Orthodox Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homophobic_protestors-02._Haifa_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Homophobic_protestors-02._Haifa_2010.jpg/220px-Homophobic_protestors-02._Haifa_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Homophobic_protestors-02._Haifa_2010.jpg/330px-Homophobic_protestors-02._Haifa_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Homophobic_protestors-02._Haifa_2010.jpg/440px-Homophobic_protestors-02._Haifa_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> protesters holding anti-LGBT signs during the Gay Pride parade in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel (2010)</figcaption></figure> <p>Orthodox Judaism does not have a Jewish legal construct of same-gender marriage. While any two Jewish adults may be joined by a Jewish legal contract, the rites of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kiddushin</i></span> are reserved for a union of a man and woman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Conservative_Judaism">In Conservative Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In Conservative Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2012, the American branch of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> formally approved same-sex marriage ceremonies in a 13–0 vote with one abstention.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_2015_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_2015-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Reform_Judaism">In Reform Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In Reform Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a> passed a resolution approving same-sex civil marriage. However, this same resolution made a distinction between civil marriages and religious marriages; this resolution thus stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>However we may understand homosexuality, whether as an illness, as a genetically based dysfunction or as a sexual preference and lifestyle – we cannot accommodate the relationship of two homosexuals as a "marriage" within the context of Judaism, for none of the elements of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">qiddushin</i></span> (sanctification) normally associated with marriage can be invoked for this relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Central Conference of American Rabbis support the right of gay and lesbian couples to share fully and equally in the rights of civil marriage, and </p><p>That the CCAR oppose governmental efforts to ban gay and lesbian marriage. </p><p> That this is a matter of civil law, and is separate from the question of rabbinic officiation at such marriages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (August 2022)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1998, an ad hoc CCAR committee on human sexuality issued its majority report (11 to 1, 1 abstention) which stated that the holiness within a Jewish marriage "may be present in committed same gender relationships between two Jews and that these relationships can serve as the foundation of stable Jewish families, thus adding strength to the Jewish community." The report called for CCAR to support rabbis in officiating at same-sex marriages. Also in 1998, the Responsa Committee of the CCAR issued a lengthy <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">teshuvah</i></span> (rabbinical opinion)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that offered detailed argumentation in support of both sides of the question whether a rabbi may officiate at a commitment ceremony for a same-sex couple. </p><p>In March 2000, CCAR issued a new resolution stating that "We do hereby resolve that the relationship of a Jewish, same gender couple is worthy of affirmation through appropriate Jewish ritual, and further resolve, that we recognize the diversity of opinions within our ranks on this issue. We support the decision of those who choose to officiate at rituals of union for same-sex couples, and we support the decision of those who do not." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Reconstructionist_Judaism">In Reconstructionist Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In Reconstructionist Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_Association" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association">Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association</a> (RRA) encourages its members to officiate at same-sex marriages, though it does not require it of them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_weddings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jewish weddings">Jewish weddings</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prenuptial_agreement" title="Jewish prenuptial agreement">Jewish prenuptial agreement</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Negiah" title="Negiah">Negiah</a></i></span> (guidelines for physical contact)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shadchan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadchan">Shadchan</a></i></span> (matchmaker)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></i></span> (modest behavior)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yichud" title="Yichud">Yichud</a></i></span> (prohibitions of seclusion with the opposite sex)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes the word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kiddushin</i></span> may be used to refer to marriage as a whole, and not just the betrothal.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_marriage&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JEmarriage-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JEmarriage_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchechter,_SolomonGreenstone,_Julius_H.1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Schechter, Solomon</a>; Greenstone, Julius H. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10435-marriage-laws">"Marriage Laws"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marriage+Laws&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.au=Schechter%2C+Solomon&rft.au=Greenstone%2C+Julius+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F10435-marriage-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/marriage-in-judaism">"Marriage in Judaism"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Marriage+in+Judaism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmarriage-in-judaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/465162/jewish/The-Jewish-Marriage-Ceremony.htm">"The Jewish Marriage Ceremony"</a>. <i>chabad.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chabad.org&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Marriage+Ceremony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F465162%2Fjewish%2FThe-Jewish-Marriage-Ceremony.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewfaq.org/marriage">"Marriage - Judaism 101 (JewFAQ)"</a>. <i>www.jewfaq.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewfaq.org&rft.atitle=Marriage+-+Judaism+101+%28JewFAQ%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewfaq.org%2Fmarriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/opinion/386405/we-asked-22-rabbis-is-intermarriage-a-problem-or-an-opportunity/">"We asked 22 rabbis: Is intermarriage a problem or an opportunity?"</a>. Forward.com. 31 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+asked+22+rabbis%3A+Is+intermarriage+a+problem+or+an+opportunity%3F&rft.pub=Forward.com&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fopinion%2F386405%2Fwe-asked-22-rabbis-is-intermarriage-a-problem-or-an-opportunity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0101.htm#28">Genesis 1:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babylonian Talmud, Yebomoth 62b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224153323/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/448425/jewish/Why-Marry.htm">"Why Marry?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/448425/jewish/Why-Marry.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Marry%3F&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F448425%2Fjewish%2FWhy-Marry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/conservative-jews-approve-gay-wedding-guidelines/">"Conservative Jews approve gay wedding guidelines"</a>. Fox News. 2012-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservative+Jews+approve+gay+wedding+guidelines&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fconservative-jews-approve-gay-wedding-guidelines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/2000/03/Text-Of-The-Reform-Judaism-Gay-Marriage-Resolution.aspx#">"Text of the Reform Judaism Gay Marriage Resolution"</a>. Beliefnet.com. 2011-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+Reform+Judaism+Gay+Marriage+Resolution&rft.pub=Beliefnet.com&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2FFaiths%2F2000%2F03%2FText-Of-The-Reform-Judaism-Gay-Marriage-Resolution.aspx%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/DAAT/toshba/ishut/ishut2.htm">Kiddushin ve-nesuin</a> (Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c287-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c287_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuttenberg2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danya_Ruttenberg" title="Danya Ruttenberg">Ruttenberg, Danya</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHcRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384">"Jewish Sexual Ethics"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Elliot_N._Dorff" title="Elliot N. Dorff">Dorff, Elliot N.</a>; Crane, Jonathan K. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Ethics and Morality</i>. Oxford Handbooks Series. Oxford University Press. pp. 384–385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060838-5"><bdi>978-0-19-060838-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Sexual+Ethics&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Jewish+Ethics+and+Morality&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+Series&rft.pages=384-385&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-060838-5&rft.aulast=Ruttenberg&rft.aufirst=Danya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHcRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiddushin 1:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Nashim" title="Nashim">Kiddushin</a> 9b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffpost.com/entry/hasidic-marriages-are-not-forced_b_1334785">"Hasidic Marriages Are Not Forced, nor Arranged. They Are Perhaps Recommended"</a>. 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hasidic+Marriages+Are+Not+Forced%2C+nor+Arranged.+They+Are+Perhaps+Recommended&rft.date=2012-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fhasidic-marriages-are-not-forced_b_1334785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a></i> 76b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaMe59b-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BaMe59b_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaMe59b_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Baba_Metzia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Metzia">Baba Metzia</a></i> 59b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Gittin" title="Gittin">Gittin</a></i> 6b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEncHusWif-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncHusWif_20-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=H&artid=986">"Husband and Wife"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Husband+and+Wife&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fletter%3DH%26artid%3D986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Nedarim_(tractate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedarim (tractate)">Nedarim</a></i> 66b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a></i> 65:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a></i> 140b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sotah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotah">Sotah</a></i> 17a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#10">Exodus 21:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEncMar-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncMar_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncMar_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncMar_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncMar_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=M&artid=213">"marriage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=marriage&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fletter%3DM%26artid%3D213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ket48a-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ket48a_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ket48a_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ketubot</i> 48a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ket61a-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ket61a_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ket61a_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ketubot</i> 61a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1302.htm#18">Hosea 2:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRSKinship167-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WRSKinship167_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRSKinship167_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">William Robertson Smith</a>, <i>Kinship and Marriage in early Arabia</i>, (1885), 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0704.htm#7">Judges 4:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0124.htm#26">Genesis 24:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0131.htm#33">Genesis 31:33–34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0715.htm#1">Judges 15:1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0716.htm#9">Judges 16:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a07.htm#8">1 Kings 7:8</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b24.htm#15">2 Kings 24:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0129.htm#9">Genesis 29:9</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0202.htm#16">Exodus 2:16</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a02.htm#19">1 Samuel 2:19</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a08.htm#13">1 Samuel 8:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2831.htm#10">Proverbs 31:10–31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#10">Exodus 21:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#11">Exodus 21:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CheyneAndBlackJeal-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CheyneAndBlackJeal_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CheyneAndBlackJeal_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This article incorporates text from the 1903 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica" title="Encyclopaedia Biblica">Encyclopaedia Biblica</a></i> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Jannaeus-Jerah#Jealousy,_Ordeal_of" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Encyclopaedia Biblica/Jannaeus-Jerah">"Jealousy, Ordeal of"</a>, a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEncAdu-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncAdu_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=865&letter=A">"Adultery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adultery&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D865%26letter%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1216.htm#40">Ezekiel 16:40</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0320.htm#10">Leviticus 20:10</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0522.htm#22">Deuteronomy 22:22–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0405.htm#11">Numbers 5:11–31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1107.htm#9">Jeremiah 7:9</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1123.htm#10">Jeremiah 23:10</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1304.htm#2">Hosea 4:2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2403.htm#5">Malachi 3:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ketubot</i> 77a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moses Schreiber, <i>Hatam Sofer</i> on <i><a href="/wiki/Eben_ha-%27Ezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eben ha-'Ezer">Eben ha-'Ezer</a></i>, 131-132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaMiTI121022-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaMiTI121022_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaMiTI121022_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i>, <i>Ishut</i> 12:10-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JabAshEbEz70-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JabAshEbEz70_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JabAshEbEz70_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a>, <i>Eben ha-'Ezer</i>, 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ket46b47b-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ket46b47b_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ket46b47b_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ket46b47b_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ket46b47b_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ket46b47b_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ketubot</i> 46b-47b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ketubot</i> 61b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, <i>Mishneh Torah</i>, <i>Ishut</i> 14:1-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob ben Asher, <i>Eben ha-'Ezer</i>, 76-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ketubot</i> 59b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEncCos-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncCos_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncCos_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=822&letter=C">"Costume"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Costume&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D822%26letter%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ketubot_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketubot (Talmud)">Ketubot</a> 64b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ket46a47b-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ket46a47b_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ket46a47b_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ketubot</i> 46a-47b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaMiTorIs142324-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaMiTorIs142324_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaMiTorIs142324_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, <i>Mishneh Torah</i>, <i>Ishut</i> 14:23-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JabAshEbEz89-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JabAshEbEz89_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JabAshEbEz89_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob ben Asher, <i>Eben ha-'Ezer</i>, 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ket51a-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ket51a_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ket51a_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ketubot</i> 51a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaMiTorIs141822-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaMiTorIs141822_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaMiTorIs141822_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, <i>Mishneh Torah</i>, <i>Ishut</i> 14:18-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JabAshEbEz78-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JabAshEbEz78_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JabAshEbEz78_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob ben Asher, <i>Eben ha-'Ezer</i>, 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JKShuArYD25210-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JKShuArYD25210_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JKShuArYD25210_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Joseph Karo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a></i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 252:10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Gittin" title="Gittin">Gittin</a></i>, 45a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ketubot</i> 51b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, Ketubot 33a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yebamot</i> 56b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sanhedrin</i> 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sotah</i> 6:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, <i>Mishneh Torah</i>, <i>Ishut</i> 24:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sotah</i> 5:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sotah</i> 4b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/465161/jewish/The-Purposes-of-Marriage-in-Judaism.htm">"The Purposes of Marriage in Judaism"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>.</cite><span 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Leiden ; Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51900-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51900-8"><bdi>978-90-04-51900-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Jewish+sex+guidance%3A+a+history&rft.place=Leiden+%3B+Boston&rft.series=Brill%27s+series+in+Jewish+studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51900-8&rft.aulast=Marienberg&rft.aufirst=Evyatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10435-marriage-laws">"MARRIAGE LAWS - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=MARRIAGE+LAWS+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F10435-marriage-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Satlow1984" class="citation book cs1">Michael Satlow (1984). William Horbury; John Sturdy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjtWLZhhMoYC&pg=PA1134"><i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 622–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>. <q>Their answer to the problem of sexual desire centered on advocating early marriage. For Babylonian rabbis, the primary goal of marriage meant channeling and controlling male sexuality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+4%2C+The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.pages=622-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.au=Michael+Satlow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjtWLZhhMoYC%26pg%3DPA1134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Yebamot" class="mw-redirect" title="Yebamot">Yebamot</a></i> 44a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sanhedrin</i> 76a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2301528/jewish/Chapter-Six-The-Appropriate-Age-for-Marriage.htm">"Chapter Six: The Appropriate Age for Marriage"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=Chapter+Six%3A+The+Appropriate+Age+for+Marriage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F2301528%2Fjewish%2FChapter-Six-The-Appropriate-Age-for-Marriage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kiddushin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">tosafot</a>) 41a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenstein1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lowenstein, Steven M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20101195">"Ashkenazic Jewry and the European Marriage Pattern: A Preliminary Survey of Jewish Marriage Age"</a>. <i>Jewish History</i>. <b>8</b> (1/2): 155–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01915912">10.1007/BF01915912</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-701X">0334-701X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20101195">20101195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162228288">162228288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Ashkenazic+Jewry+and+the+European+Marriage+Pattern%3A+A+Preliminary+Survey+of+Jewish+Marriage+Age&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=155-175&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0334-701X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162228288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20101195%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01915912&rft.aulast=Lowenstein&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20101195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulchan Aruch, Even Ha'ezer, 37:8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulchan Aruch, Even Ha'ezer, 42:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEncMaj-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncMaj_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncMaj_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncMaj_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. 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New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Majority&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fletter%3DM%26artid%3D91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirzah_Meacham" class="citation web cs1">Tirzah Meacham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/legal-religious-status-of-married-woman">"CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR LEGAL MARRIAGE"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CONDITIONS+NECESSARY+FOR+LEGAL+MARRIAGE&rft.au=Tirzah+Meacham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Flegal-religious-status-of-married-woman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon_SchechterJulius_H._Greenstone" class="citation web cs1">Solomon Schechter; Julius H. Greenstone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10435-marriage-laws">"MARRIAGE LAWS"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Intergroup marriage and friendship"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="width:1%">Jewish wedding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">Erusin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish views on marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prenuptial_agreement" title="Jewish prenuptial agreement">Prenuptial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheva_Brachot" title="Sheva Brachot">Sheva Brachot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichud" title="Yichud">Yichud</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Marriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_Judaism" title="Template:Women in Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_Judaism" title="Template talk:Women in Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_in_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Women in Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Women in Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">In the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_women_in_early_modern_period" title="Jewish women in early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_women_in_the_Holocaust" title="Jewish women in the Holocaust">In the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">In Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender and Judaism">Gender and Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism" title="Matrilineality in Judaism">Matrilineality in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat-Kohen" title="Bat-Kohen">Bat-Kohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bat Levi">Bat Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Jewish_studies" title="Gender and Jewish studies">Gender and Jewish studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="History" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Congress" title="Jewish Women's Congress">Jewish Women's Congress</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Kosher_Meat_Boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="1902 Kosher Meat Boycott">1902 Kosher Meat Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_New_York_City_Rent_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 New York City Rent Strike">1904 New York City Rent Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Tonsil_Riots" title="1906 Tonsil Riots">1906 Tonsil Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_New_York_City_Rent_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 New York City Rent Strike">1907 New York City Rent Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_shirtwaist_strike_of_1909" title="New York shirtwaist strike of 1909">1909 Shirtwaist Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_World_Congress_of_Jewish_Women" title="First World Congress of Jewish Women">World Congress of Jewish Women</a> (1923, 1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Torah_Project" title="Women's Torah Project">Women's Torah Project</a> (2003–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Siyum_HaShas" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Siyum HaShas">Women's Siyum HaShas</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feminism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life cycle events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat"><i>Zeved habat</i> / <i>Simchat bat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><i>Bar</i> and <i>bat mitzvah</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Adult bar and bat mitzvah">For adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_Day_(Judaism)" title="Girls' Day (Judaism)">Girls' Day (<i>Chag habanot</i>)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marriage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_bayit" title="Shalom bayit">Marital harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_covering_for_Jewish_women" title="Head covering for Jewish women">Head covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balabusta" title="Balabusta">Homemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Ritual purity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Ritual immersion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agunah" title="Agunah">Agunah</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Gender separation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negiah" title="Negiah">Negiah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yichud" title="Yichud">Yichud</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Abortion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">In Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_contraception" title="Jewish views on contraception">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Judaism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tkhine" title="Tkhine">Tkhine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tseno_Ureno" class="mw-redirect" title="Tseno Ureno">Tseno Ureno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership_minyan" title="Partnership minyan">Partnership <i>minyan</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin_Barbie" title="Tefillin Barbie">Tefillin Barbie</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midrasha" title="Midrasha">Midrasha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza">Mechitza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Women" title="Court of the Women">Court of the Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebbetzin" title="Rebbetzin">Rebbetzin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_rabbis_and_Torah_scholars" title="Women rabbis and Torah scholars">Rabbis and Torah scholars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_rabbis" title="Timeline of women rabbis">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoetzet_halacha" title="Yoetzet halacha">Yoetzet halacha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toanot_Rabniyot" title="Toanot Rabniyot">Toanot Rabniyot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soferet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soferet">Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazante" class="mw-redirect" title="Chazante">Cantor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_hazzans" title="Timeline of women hazzans">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firzogerin" title="Firzogerin">Firzogerin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminadav_(organization)" title="Aminadav (organization)">Aminadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Kol_(organization)" title="Bat Kol (organization)">Bat Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%27not_Esh" title="B'not Esh">B'not Esh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Women%27s_Justice" title="Center for Women's Justice">CWJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochmat_Nashim" title="Chochmat Nashim">Chochmat Nashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshel_(organization)" title="Eshel (organization)">Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadran_(organization)" title="Hadran (organization)">Hadran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Women%27s_Coalition" title="Haifa Women's Coalition">Haifa Women's Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Women%27s_Network" title="Israel Women's Network">Israel Women's Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Orthodox_Feminist_Alliance" title="Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance">JOFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Archive" title="Jewish Women's Archive">JWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women_Artists%27_Circle" title="Jewish Women Artists' Circle">Women Artists' Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Committee_to_End_the_Occupation" title="Jewish Women's Committee to End the Occupation">JWCEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Collaborative_International_Fund" title="Jewish Women's Collaborative International Fund">JWCIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women_International" title="Jewish Women International">JWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kohenet_Institute" title="The Kohenet Institute">Kohenet Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolech" title="Kolech">Kolech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Jewish_Women" title="League of Jewish Women">League of Jewish Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharat" title="Maharat">Maharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27yan" title="Ma'yan">Ma'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27shei_Chabad" title="N'shei Chabad">N'shei Chabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27amat" title="Na'amat">Na'amat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Jewish_Women" title="National Council of Jewish Women">NCJW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Nivcharot,_Lo_Bocharot" title="Lo Nivcharot, Lo Bocharot">Nivcharot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomath_Club" title="Philomath Club">Philomath Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Alpha_Tau" title="Pi Alpha Tau">Pi Alpha Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Jewish_Women" title="Union of Jewish Women">Union of Jewish Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Cantors_Network" title="Women Cantors Network">Cantors Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Reform_Judaism" title="Women of Reform Judaism">Women of Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">WoW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_the_Wall" title="Women for the Wall">W4W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">WIZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_League_for_Conservative_Judaism" title="Women's League for Conservative Judaism">WLCJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_League_for_Israel" title="Women's League for Israel">WLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rabbinic_Network" title="Women's Rabbinic Network">Women's Rabbinic Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Spirit" title="Women's Spirit">Women's Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocolot" title="Vocolot">Vocolot</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic / defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_de_Hirsch_Home_for_Working_Girls" title="Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls">Clara de Hirsch Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Vilde_Chayes" title="Di Vilde Chayes">Di Vilde Chayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Jewish_Women_(Germany)" title="League of Jewish Women (Germany)">League of Jewish Women (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_League_for_Woman_Suffrage" title="Jewish League for Woman Suffrage">Jewish League for Woman Suffrage (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Orchestra_of_Auschwitz" title="Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz">Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Binah_(magazine)" title="Binah (magazine)">Binah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Magazine" title="Hadassah Magazine">Hadassah Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(magazine)" title="Lilith (magazine)">Lilith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Jewess" title="The American Jewess">The American Jewess</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Jewish_schools_for_women" title="Category:Orthodox Jewish schools for women">Orthodox Jewish schools for women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Matriarchs" title="Tomb of the Matriarchs">Tomb of the Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_women" title="Category:Judaism and women">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jewish_women" class="extiw" title="commons:Jewish women">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Jewish_Women" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Jewish Women">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_life" title="Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_life" title="Template talk:Jewish life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jewish life</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and infancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_birthday" title="Hebrew birthday">Hebrew birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Zachar" title="Shalom Zachar">Shalom Zachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit milah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/72px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/108px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/144px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/64px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/96px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/128px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coming of age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upsherin" title="Upsherin">Upsherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimpel" title="Wimpel">Wimpel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">Ritual washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">Prayers and blessings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Grace after meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marriage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriageable age in Judaism">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Role of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichus" title="Yichus">Yichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">Engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheva_Brachot" title="Sheva Brachot">Sheva Brachot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Mikvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Divorce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religious practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daf_Yomi" title="Daf Yomi">Daf Yomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyum" title="Siyum">Siyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidush" class="mw-redirect" title="Chidush">Chidush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machzor" title="Machzor">Machzor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra Kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit" title="Yahrzeit">Yahrzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit_candle" title="Yahrzeit candle">Yahrzeit candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor" title="Yizkor">Yizkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_for_the_dead_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics for the dead in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a 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Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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