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<span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Art and Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1211" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1211"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1211</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1211-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.2</span> <span>Mongol Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.4</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1212" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1212"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1212</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1212-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1213" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1213"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1213</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1213-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1214" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1214"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1214</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1214-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1215" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1215"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1215</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1215-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>By continent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.1</span> <span>Art and Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1216" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1216"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1216</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1216-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_continent_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_continent_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>By continent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_continent_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.2</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1217" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1217"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1217</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1217-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fifth_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>Fifth Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_events_by_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_events_by_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>Other events by place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_events_by_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.3</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.3.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1218" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1218"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1218</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1218-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fifth_Crusade_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Crusade_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.1</span> <span>Fifth Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Crusade_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_Empire_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_Empire_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.2</span> <span>Mongol Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_Empire_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.3</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.5</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.6</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1219" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1219"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1219</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1219-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fifth_Crusade_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Crusade_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.1</span> <span>Fifth Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Crusade_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_Empire_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_Empire_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.2</span> <span>Mongol Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_Empire_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.1</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1210s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1210" title="عقد 1210 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1210" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1210" title="Anyos 1210 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1210" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1210" title="Década del 1210 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1210" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-an" title="1210-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1210-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১২১০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২১০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1210 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1210 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%D1%8F" title="1210-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1210-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%D1%8F" title="1210-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1210-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-e" title="1210-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1210-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1210" title="Bloavezhioù 1210 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1210" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1210" title="Dècada del 1210 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1210" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1210-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1210-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210au" title="1210au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1210au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210%27erne" title="1210'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1210'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1210" title="عوام 1210 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1210" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210er" title="1210er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1210er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210._aastad" title="1210. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1210. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1210" title="An 1210 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1210" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1210 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1210 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1210" title="Años 1210 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1210" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-aj_jaroj" title="1210-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1210-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210eko_hamarkada" title="1210eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1210eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B1%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۲۱۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۲۱۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%C3%A1rini" title="1210-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1210-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1210" title="Années 1210 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1210" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210id%C3%AD" title="1210idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1210idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210an" title="1210an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1210an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1210" title="Década de 1210 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1210" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1210年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1210年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1210년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1210년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-an" title="1210-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1210-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1211-1220" title="1211-1220 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1211-1220" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1210" title="Anni 1210 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1210" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-13" title="העשור השני של המאה ה-13 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העשור השני של המאה ה-13" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-an" title="1210-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1210-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1210-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1210-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1210" title="Miaka ya 1210 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1210" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1210-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1210-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_am%C5%BEiaus_2-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XIII amžiaus 2-as dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIII amžiaus 2-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1210" title="Anni 1210 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1210" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1210-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1210-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1210-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1210-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १२१० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १२१० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1210-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1210-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1210" title="عقد 1210 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1210" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-an" title="1210-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1210-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1210 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1210 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-1219" title="1210-1219 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1210-1219" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1210年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1210年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%C3%A5rene" title="1210-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1210-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1210" title="Annaées 1210 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1210" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1210 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1210 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-lar" title="1210-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1210-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1210" title="Década de 1210 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1210" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1210" title="Anii 1210 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1210" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210_watakuna" title="1210 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1210 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1210-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1210-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%D1%81" title="1210-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1210-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210s" title="1210s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1210s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1210" title="Vitet 1210 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1210" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210ini" title="1210ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1210ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210s" title="1210s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1210s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._roky_13._storo%C4%8Dia" title="10. roky 13. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="10. roky 13. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210." title="1210. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1210." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%D0%B5" title="1210-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1210-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-e" title="1210-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1210-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-an" title="1210-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1210-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-luku" title="1210-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1210-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-talet" title="1210-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1210-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1210-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1210-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1210" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1210 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1210" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1210_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1210 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1210 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1210ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1210ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1210-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1210-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1210ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1210ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1210" title="Thập niên 1210 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1210" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1210" title="Anêyes 1210 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1210" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210_nga_dekada" title="1210 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1210 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1210年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1210年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1210年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1210年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1210年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1210年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81250#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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century">13th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1190s" title="1190s">1190s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200s_(decade)" title="1200s (decade)">1200s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1210s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1220s" title="1220s">1220s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1230s" title="1230s">1230s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1210" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1210">1210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1211" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1211">1211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1212" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1212">1212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1213" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1213">1213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1214" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1214">1214</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1215" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1215">1215</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1216" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1216">1216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1217" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1217">1217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1218" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1218">1218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1219">1219</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1210s_births" title="Category:1210s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1210s_deaths" title="Category:1210s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1210s_by_country" title="Category:1210s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1210s_establishments" title="Category:1210s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1210s_disestablishments" title="Category:1210s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1210s</b> was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1210">1210</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1210&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1210&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – The Second <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ravennika_(1210)" title="Parliament of Ravennika (1210)">Parliament of Ravennika</a>, convened by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Flanders" title="Henry of Flanders">Henry of Flanders</a>, is held in the town of <a href="/wiki/Ravennika" title="Ravennika">Ravennika</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>), in order to resolve the differences between the princes of <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish Greece</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> clergy of their domains. The assembled nobles and prelates conclude a <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a>, which recognizes the independence and immunity of all Church property in Frankish Greece from any feudal duties.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gestilren" title="Battle of Gestilren">Battle of Gestilren</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sverker_the_Younger" title="Sverker the Younger">Sverker the Younger</a>, the exiled former King of Sweden, is defeated and killed by the reigning King <a href="/wiki/Erik_Knutsson" title="Erik Knutsson">Erik Knutsson</a>. After the battle, Erik takes the Swedish throne and marries Princess <a href="/wiki/Rikissa_of_Denmark" title="Rikissa of Denmark">Rikissa of Denmark</a>, daughter of the late King <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I of Denmark</a> to improve the relations with <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, which had supported King Sverker.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a> is excommunicated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> after he occupies <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>. Otto annuls the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a> and demands from Innocent recognition of the imperial crown's right. A German civil war breaks out, and Otto prepares an invasion against <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – Eric X is crowned – which is the first known coronation of a Swedish king. He strengthens his relationship with his brother-in-law, King <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar II of Denmark">Valdemar II of Denmark</a> ("the Conqueror"). Shortly after, Valdemar conquers Danzig (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coast, and <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Eastern Pomerania</a> from the Slavonic <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%9Cmera" title="Battle of Ümera">Battle of Ümera</a>: Estonian forces defeat the Crusaders of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a>. The Estonians pursue the fleeing Crusaders and according to the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Chronicle" title="Livonian Chronicle">Livonian Chronicle</a> some of the prisoners are burned alive, while others have crosses carved on their backs with swords before being executed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Papal_Interdict_of_1208" title="Papal Interdict of 1208">Papal Interdict of 1208</a> remains in force.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> extends his taxes and raises £100,000 from church property as an extraordinary fiscal levy; the operation is described as an “inestimable and incomparable exaction” by contemporary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – John orders that <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> across the country have to pay a <a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">tallage</a>, a sum of money to the king. Those who do not pay are arrested and imprisoned. Many Jews are executed or leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> – The 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Montferrat" title="Maria of Montferrat">Maria of Montferrat</a> marries the French nobleman <a href="/wiki/John_of_Brienne" title="John of Brienne">John of Brienne</a>, who brings a dowry of 40,000 silver pounds (from King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> and Pope Innocent III). On <a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a>, the couple is crowned as King and Queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in the Crusader Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a>, Mongol leader and eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, begins a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>. Meanwhile, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiangzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia">Xiang Zong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> agrees to submit to Mongol rule, he gives his daughter, Chaka, in marriage to Genghis and pays him a tribute of camels, falcons, and textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Tsuchimikado">Emperor Tsuchimikado</a> abdicates the throne in favor of his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Juntoku" title="Emperor Juntoku">Juntoku</a>, after a 12-year reign. He is the second son of the former <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Emperor Go-Toba</a> and becomes the 84th <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor of Japan</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Culture"> Art and Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Art and Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1210–<a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a> – Shazi creates the <i>Pen Box</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (it is now kept at <a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer Gallery of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a> writes his epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a></i> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Astronomy"> Astronomy</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> occults <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (the last such occurrence until <a href="/wiki/1570" title="1570">1570</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> allows the formation of the mendicant order of <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>, to begin the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a>.</li> <li>The church of <a href="/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Bishopsgate" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helen's Bishopsgate">St Helen's Bishopsgate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> is founded, as a priory of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Benedictine</a> nuns.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1211">1211</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1211&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1211&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_2"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1211&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1211&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antioch_on_the_Meander" title="Battle of Antioch on the Meander">Battle of Antioch on the Meander</a>: Seljuk forces led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Kaykhusraw_I" title="Kaykhusraw I">Kaykhusraw I</a> are initially victorious with the Latin mercenary cavalry (some 800 men) bearing the brunt of the casualties due to their flanking charge; exhausted by the effort in their attack, the Latin army under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> is struck in the flank and rear by the Seljuk forces. However, the Seljuks stop the fight in order to plunder the Latin camp – which allows Theodore's forces to rally and counter-attack the now disorganized Turks. Meanwhile, Kaykhusraw seeks out Theodore and engages him in single combat, but he is unhorsed and beheaded. The Seljuks are routed and the former Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a>, Theodore's father-in-law, is captured and imprisoned, ending his days in enforced monastic seclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Rhyndacus_(1211)" title="Battle of the Rhyndacus (1211)">Battle of the Rhyndacus</a>: Latin emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Flanders" title="Henry of Flanders">Henry of Flanders</a> lands with an expeditionary force (some 3,000 men) at <a href="/wiki/Biga,_%C3%87anakkale" title="Biga, Çanakkale">Pegai</a>, and marches eastwards to the <a href="/wiki/Mustafakemalpa%C5%9Fa_River" title="Mustafakemalpaşa River">Rhyndacus River</a>. The Byzantine army (much larger in force overall) under Theodore I prepare an ambush, but Henry assaults his positions along the river and defeats the Byzantine army in a day-long battle. Henry marches unopposed through the remaining Byzantine lands, reaching south as far as <a href="/wiki/Kemalpa%C5%9Fa#Nymphaion_–_Nif_–_Kemalpaşa" title="Kemalpaşa">Nymphaion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Mongol_Empire"> Mongol Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1211&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Mongol Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> summons his Mongol chieftains, and prepares to wage war against the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. He advances across the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> with a massive army of 100,000 warriors with 300,000 horses, strung out in perhaps 10–20 groups of 5,000–10,000 men each, each with camel-drawn carts, and all linked by fast-moving messengers. Meanwhile, the Jin Government mobilizes an army of 800,000 men, most of which are untrained peasants with low morale, and some 150,000 highly-trained cavalry. This vast army, however, is spread across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a>, and garrisoned separate fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yehuling" title="Battle of Yehuling">Battle of Yehuling</a>: Genghis Khan bypasses the Great Wall with little opposition, and splits his forces into two armies. The main army (60,000 men) is led by himself, and the other army is taken by his son <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei</a> to attack the city of <a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a>. Genghis heads for the strategic <a href="/wiki/Juyong_Pass" title="Juyong Pass">Juyong Pass</a> ("Young Badger's Mouth") – which leads down to the capital of <a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>), but along the way he is halted at the pass of Yehuling where the bulk of the Jin army awaits him. Between March and October, the battle is fought in three stages, after Genghis has defeated the Jin forces, he begins raiding the countryside before he withdraws for the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_2"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1211&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>: Crusader forces led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_5th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a> conquer <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> and besiege <a href="/wiki/Lavaur,_Tarn" title="Lavaur, Tarn">Lavaur</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>. On <a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a>, the city is retaken; on orders of Montfort the senior knights are hanged and some 400 <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a> are burned alive.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I of Portugal</a> ("the Populator") dies after a 25-year reign at <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>. He is succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Afonso II of Portugal">Afonso II</a> ("the Fat") as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>. During his reign, he designs the first set of Portuguese written laws.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a>: Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Viljandi" title="Battle of Viljandi">Viljandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turaida_(1211)" title="Battle of Turaida (1211)">Turaida</a> – The Crusaders fail to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Viljandi" title="Viljandi">Viljandi</a> stronghold, but manage to baptize <a href="/wiki/Sakala_County" title="Sakala County">Sakala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ugandi_County" title="Ugandi County">Ugandi</a> counties (Southern <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>).</li> <li>September – The 16-year-old <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> is elected <i>in absentia</i> as German king by rebellious nobleman (supported by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Diets_of_Nuremberg" title="Diets of Nuremberg">Diet of Nuremberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1211&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – King <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a> ("Lackland") campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> against <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn the Great">Llywelyn the Great</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>. In July, after the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_uprising_of_1211" title="Welsh uprising of 1211">Welsh uprising</a>, John and Llywelyn reach an agreement and a peace treaty is signed.</li> <li>June – Papal legate <a href="/wiki/Pandulf_Verraccio" title="Pandulf Verraccio">Pandulf Verraccio</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a> to serve John with his excommunication ordered by Innocent III. For John this is a serious blow to his ability to rule the country.</li> <li>John sends a gift of <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herrings</a> to nunneries in almost every <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shire</a>, despite his status as an excommunicant.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Papal_Interdict_of_1208" title="Papal Interdict of 1208">Papal Interdict of 1208</a> laid by Innocent III remains in force after John refuses to accept the pope's appointee.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_2"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1211&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>June – <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Shams ud-Din Iltutmish</a>, son-in-law of the former Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a>, becomes ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and quells the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> rebellions in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_2"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1211&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_2"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1211&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral" title="Santiago de Compostela Cathedral">Santiago de Compostela Cathedral</a> (begun in the <a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th century</a>) is consecrated, in the presence of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX of León</a>.</li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_(archbishop_of_Reims)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubrey (archbishop of Reims)">Aubrey</a> (or 'Alberic of Humbert') lays the first stone of the <a href="/wiki/Apse#Chevet-apse_chapels" title="Apse">chevet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1212">1212</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1212" title="1212">1212</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1212&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1212&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_3"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1212&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_2"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1212&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Early_fires_of_London#Great_Fire_of_1212" title="Early fires of London">Great Fire</a>: The most severe of several <a href="/wiki/Early_fires_of_London" title="Early fires of London">early fires of London</a> burns most of the city to the ground; over 3,000 people die, many of them by drowning in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>. According to a contemporary account: "An awful fire broke out on the <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> side of <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a>; while it was raging, a fire broke out at the other end also and so hemmed in the numerous crowds who had assembled to help the distressed. The sufferers, to avoid the flames, threw themselves over the bridge into boats and barges; but many of these sunk, the people crowding into them.".<sup id="cite_ref-Fires_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fires-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a>, impounds the revenue of all prelates appointed by bishops, who have deserted him at his excommunication. He remains on good terms, however, with churchmen who stood by him, including Abbot Sampson, who this year bequeaths John his jewels.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_3"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1212&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a> the Crusaders complete their conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. The city, along with <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nauplia</a>, is given to <a href="/wiki/Othon_de_la_Roche" title="Othon de la Roche">Othon de la Roche</a>, a Burgundian nobleman, as a fief, along with an income of 400 <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperpyron" title="Hyperpyron">hyperpyron</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Venetians conquer <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and evict <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Count_of_Malta" title="Henry, Count of Malta">Henry, Count of Malta</a> ("Enrico Pescatore"), a Genoese adventurer and pirate, active in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a>: The Christian forces of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII of Castile</a> ("the Noble") decisively defeat the Almohad army (some 30,000 men) led by Caliph <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a>. The victory gives a further impulse to the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> but this leaves the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> in a difficult financial position, as numerous soldiers have to be paid by the treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-linehan1999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linehan1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade" title="Children's Crusade">Children's Crusade</a> is organized. There are probably two separate movements of young people, both led by shepherd boys, neither of which embark for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> – but both of which suffer considerable hardship.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Early Spring – Nicholas leads a group from the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and crosses the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">alps</a> into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>. In August, he arrives with some 7,000 children in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. Nicholas travels to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> where he meets <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>.</li> <li>June – The 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes leads a group across <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me" title="Vendôme">Vendôme</a>. Attracting a following of over 30,000 adults and children. After arriving in <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a> the vast majority return home to their families.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a> – The 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> is crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Germans">King of the Germans</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>. Frederick's authority in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> remains tenuous, and he is recognized only in southern Germany. In the region of northern Germany, the center of <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelph</a> power, his rival <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a> continues to hold the imperial power despite his excommunication.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> builds <a href="/wiki/Bran_Castle" title="Bran Castle">Bran Castle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Burzenland" title="Burzenland">Burzenland</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>) as a fortified position at the entrance of a mountain pass through which traders can travel. The Teutonic Knights build another five castles, some of them made of stone. Their rapid expansion in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> makes the nobility and clergy, who are previously uninterested in those regions, jealous and suspicious.</li> <li>A storm surge in the north of Holland claims approximately 60,000 lives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_3"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1212&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Autumn – <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> invades Jin territory and besieges <a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a>. During the assault, he is wounded by an arrow in his knee and orders a withdrawal for rest and relaxation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_3"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1212&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Literature"> Literature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1212&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamo_no_Ch%C5%8Dmei" title="Kamo no Chōmei">Kamo no Chōmei</a>, a Japanese poet and <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essayist</a>, writes the <i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dki" title="Hōjōki">Hōjōki</a></i>, one of the great works of classical Japanese prose.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_3"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1212&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">contemplative Order</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a> (approximate date).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Papal_Interdict_of_1208" title="Papal Interdict of 1208">Papal Interdict of 1208</a> laid on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> by Innocent III remains in force.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1213">1213</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1213&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1213&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – King <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a> submits to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>, who in turn lifts <a href="/wiki/Papal_Interdict_of_1208" title="Papal Interdict of 1208">the interdict of 1208</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damme" title="Battle of Damme">Battle of Damme</a>: The English fleet under <a href="/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury">William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury</a>, destroys a French fleet off the Belgian port in the first major victory for the fledgling Royal Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muret" title="Battle of Muret">Battle of Muret</a>: The Toulousain and Aragonese forces of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_VI_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond VI of Toulouse">Raymond VI of Toulouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II of Aragon</a> are defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_5th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Dynasty,_1115%E2%80%931234" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin Dynasty, 1115–1234">Jin</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is overrun by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> under <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> remains free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> issues a charter calling for the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> to recapture Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1214">1214</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1214&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1214&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_4"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1214&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_2"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1214&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sinope" title="Siege of Sinope">Siege of Sinope</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Kaykaus_I" title="Kaykaus I">Kaykaus I</a> capture the strategic <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> port city of <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> – at the time held by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> (one of the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor states</a> formed after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>). Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I of Trebizond</a> leads an army to break the siege, but he is defeated and captured. His capture forces the Byzantines to accept <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary status</a> to Kaykaus.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_4"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1214&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a> ("Lackland") lands with an invasion force (accompanied by mercenaries) at <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>; many barons of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> refuse to join him in the campaign. John sends his half-brother <a href="/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury">William Longespée</a> ("Long Sword") to <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, with money to assemble a mercenary army there. John pushes the French forces northeast from <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, while Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a> marches southwest from Flanders.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> (Augustus) decides to defend his territories by leaving a third of his army under his son, Prince <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a> to confront John in the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a> – while Philip heads for Flanders to raid the region. On <a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a>, John's forces are confronted by a French relief force while they besiege the castle of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Roche-au-Moine" title="Siege of Roche-au-Moine">Roche-au-Moine</a>. John retreats to La Rochelle, but his rearguard suffers immensely by the French army.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – Otto IV arrives in Flanders with a small army; four German nobles have joined him, but he is soon reinforced by troops of <a href="/wiki/Renaud_I,_Count_of_Dammartin" title="Renaud I, Count of Dammartin">Renaud I</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Boulogne" title="County of Boulogne">Boulogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Ferdinand, Count of Flanders">Ferdinand</a>, (<i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i>) count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> and the mercenaries under William Longespée. On July 26, Philip II arrives at the Flemish town of <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> with his army (some 7,000 men), while the allied forces encamp 12 kilometers south at the Castle of <a href="/wiki/Mortagne-du-Nord" title="Mortagne-du-Nord">Mortagne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Papal_Interdict_of_1208" title="Papal Interdict of 1208">Papal Interdict of 1208</a>, laid against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, is lifted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines" title="Battle of Bouvines">Battle of Bouvines</a>: Philip II defeats an army (some 9,000 men) of German, English and Flemish soldiers led by Otto IV near <a href="/wiki/Bouvines" title="Bouvines">Bouvines</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1213%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French War (1213–14)">Anglo-French War</a>. The French forces have taken a considerable number of soldiers prisoner, including 131 knights and five counts with Ferdinand, Renaud I and William Longespée among them.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Chinon" title="Truce of Chinon">Treaty of Chinon</a>: John of England makes a truce with Philip II at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon" title="Château de Chinon">Castle of Chinon</a>, and recognizes the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Capetian</a> (French) territorial gains at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – Upon the death of their father, King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII of Castile</a> ("the Noble"), and of their mother, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile">Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile</a> on <a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berenguela_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenguela of Castile">Berenguela</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of her 10-year-old brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile" title="Henry I of Castile">Henry I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-linehan1999_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linehan1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – A group of English nobles, after finding a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Liberties" title="Charter of Liberties">Charter of Liberties</a>, swear an oath at the altar of <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, to force King John to acknowledge their rights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> – King <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> dies after a 49-year reign at <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>. He is succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a>, who is crowned at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_4"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1214&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Jin">Xuan Zong</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led Chinese <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> surrenders to the Mongols under <a href="/wiki/Genghis_khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghis khan">Genghis khan</a> – who have besieged the capital of <a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) for a year. He is forced to pay <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> (including some 3,000 horses, 10,000 'bolts' of silk and his daughter), along with subjugation to the Mongol Khan. Xuan Zong abandons northern China and moves his court to <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After securing all Jin lands north of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, Genghis Khan receives a message that Xuan Zong has moved his capital to Kaifeng. He returns to Zhongdu and precedes the city with the help of thousands of Chinese engineers. The Mongols starve the city out (the inhabitants are forced to eat the dead). The garrison, with a short supply of ammunition for the cannons holds out for the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In his campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong</a>, the Mongol general <a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a> (or Mukhali) forms a newly <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>-Chinese army and a special corps of some 12,000 Chinese auxiliary troops.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_4"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1214&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Education"> Education</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1214&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – A papal ordinance defines the rights of the scholars at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_4"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1214&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Apulia" title="Simon of Apulia">Simon of Apulia</a> is elected bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Exeter" title="Diocese of Exeter">Exeter</a> in England (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1215">1215</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1215&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_continent"> By continent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By continent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_5"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_5th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester</a>, is elected lord of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> in a council at <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a>), after his campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathar</a> heretics during the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>. The Crusaders capture <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Castelnaud-la-Chapelle" title="Château de Castelnaud-la-Chapelle">Château de Castelnaud-la-Chapelle</a> and enter <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>; the town pays an indemnity of 30,000 marks and is gifted to Montfort.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – King <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a> ("Lackland"), hoping to gain the support of Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a> against the Barons, takes the oath to go on Crusade. By doing so, Innocent declares John to be his vassal and claims ownership of the whole kingdom (with political protection under church law).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a>, Innocent sends a letter to the Barons, asking them to halt their actions against John.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzwalter" title="Robert Fitzwalter">Robert Fitzwalter</a> is elected by the Barons as their general, with the title of "<a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Army_of_God_and_Holy_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church">Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church</a>". He solemnly renounces his homage to John of England and begins to siege <a href="/wiki/Northampton_Castle" title="Northampton Castle">Northampton Castle</a>. While this fails, Robert consolidates his forces. He turns to Prince <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis of France</a>, son and heir apparent of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> for support.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – The gates to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> are opened by supporters of the rebellious Barons. The houses of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> are targeted for ransacking and burning. The rebels, under Robert Fitzwalter, call for the English nobles still on the side of King John to join them, and repair the walls. The <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, held by John's supporters, is too well defended to fall into the hands of the rebels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – A large number of barons, led by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">Stephen Langton</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, meet King John of England on an island in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> at <a href="/wiki/Runnymede" title="Runnymede">Runnymede</a>. They force John to sign <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, a document that grants liberties to the "free men" – the Barons, the church and the towns. He is subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rule of law in the United Kingdom">rule of law</a>, by confirming the status of <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_jury_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial by jury in the United Kingdom">trial by jury</a>, on <a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Summer – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a> is excommunicated and forced to abdicate as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The German nobles, supported by Innocent III, again elect the 20-year-old <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> who is crowned in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, on <a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a>. The same day, Frederick takes the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">Cross</a> and promises to go on Crusade.</li> <li>August – King John of England rejects Magna Carta and writes to Innocent III – asking him to cancel the charter on grounds that he signed it against his will. At the same time, John continues to build up his mercenary army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> annuls Magna Carta, freeing King John from its limitations. He annuls the charter on the grounds that John signed it because he is forced and that the document is illegal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a>–<a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">30</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a> (or "Great Council") convened by Innocent III ends at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and approves the papal proposal for a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope promulgates a canon against clerical participation in <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by ordeal</a>, replacing it by <a href="/wiki/Compurgation" title="Compurgation">compurgation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – King John of England seeks help from Innocent III in his fight against the Barons. In a letter, written while staying at <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a>, he states that the defense of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> is the responsibility of God and the Pope.</li> <li>October – The Barons offer the English crown to Louis of France and invite him to England. King John England confiscates the Barons' land and besieges <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Castle" title="Rochester Castle">Rochester Castle</a>; the garrison is starved out and surrenders to him.</li> <li>December – <a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a>: King John of England campaigns successfully in the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> and captures <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Castle" title="Nottingham Castle">Nottingham Castle</a>, on <a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> joins the Barons and invades <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_5"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Jin_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Jin China">Mongol conquest of Jin China</a>: After the long <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zhongdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zhongdu">Battle of Zhongdu</a>, the Mongol forces capture <a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> has decamped to the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Grasslands_of_China" title="Grasslands of China">grasslands</a> and is on his way back to the <a href="/wiki/Kherlen_River" title="Kherlen River">Kherlen River</a>. Without his restraining influence, the Mongols run wild. They devastate and ransack the city, killing thousands. The royal palace goes up in flames, and a part of the capital burns for a month.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Magha" title="Kalinga Magha">Kalinga Magha</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> Province in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, lands in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> with a force of 24,000 men, to capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a> and depose its king, <a href="/wiki/Parakrama_Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Parakrama Pandya">Parakrama Pandya</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_5"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Science"> Art and Science</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Art and Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1215–1216 – The <i>Macy Jug</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, is made. It is now kept at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Literature_2"> Literature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/13th_century_in_literature" title="13th century in literature">13th century in literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1216">1216</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1216&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1216&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_continent_2">By continent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1216&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By continent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_6"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1216&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a>: The English army, led by <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a> ("Lackland"), sacks the town of <a href="/wiki/Berwick-on-Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwick-on-Tweed">Berwick-on-Tweed</a> and raids southern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>. John pushes up towards <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> over a ten-day period. On his return, he puts down a revolt in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>. On <a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a>, he arrives at <a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a> to deal with the challenge of a coming French invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – Ten-year-old <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="John I of Sweden">John I</a>, son of the former King <a href="/wiki/Sverker_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverker II of Sweden">Sverker II</a> ("the Younger") succeeds <a href="/wiki/Eric_X_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric X of Sweden">Eric X</a> ("Knutsson") as King of Sweden, when Eric dies of fever at the end of a 8-year reign, at <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4s_Castle" title="Näs Castle">Näs Castle</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Visings%C3%B6" title="Visingsö">Visingsö</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lipitsa" title="Battle of Lipitsa">Battle of Lipitsa</a>: The Kievan princes <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Mstislavich" title="Mstislav Mstislavich">Mstislav Mstislavich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_of_Rostov" title="Konstantin of Rostov">Konstantin of Rostov</a> defeat Konstantin's younger brothers <a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yaroslav II of Vladimir">Yaroslav II</a> for the rule of the Principality of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – King John of England assembles a naval force to defend against a French invasion. Bad storms disperse the fleet, and John spends the summer reorganizing defenses across the country. He sees several of his military household desert to the barons, including his half-brother, <a href="/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury">William Longespée</a>, who is the commander of John's army in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> – Prince <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis of France</a>, son of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> ("Augustus"), invades <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> in support of the barons, landing in <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet" title="Isle of Thanet">Thanet</a>. He enters <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> without opposition, and is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>. In June, Louis captures <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Castle" title="Rochester Castle">Rochester Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, and soon controls over half of the English kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – The rebel English barons besiege <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a>; the latter is strategically important as the 'gateway to England', controlling the shortest route to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>. Meanwhile, King John uses <a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castle</a> in the southwest as his base of operations while he plans his campaign against the barons and the French invading army under Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>: French forces under <a href="/wiki/Raymond_VI,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse">Raymond VII</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, besiege <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beaucaire" title="Château de Beaucaire">Castle Beaucaire</a> in May. After three months, the occupants are running low on supplies and surrender to Raymond.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – Ten-year-old <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> succeeds his father, King John of England, when the latter dies of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newark_Castle,_Nottinghamshire" title="Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire">Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(2nd_Creation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (2nd Creation) (page does not exist)">William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke</a>, becomes <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> – William Marshal and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Guala_Bicchieri" title="Guala Bicchieri">Guala Bicchieri</a>, Italian diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> to England, issue a <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Liberties" title="Charter of Liberties">Charter of Liberties</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, in the new king's name.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_2"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1216&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo I, King of Armenia</a> ("the Magnificent"), with support of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, reconquers the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a>. Armenian troops enter <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> while Prince <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_IV_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond IV of Antioch">Bohemond IV of Antioch</a> ("the One-Eyed") is absent. The <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, supporting Bohemond, abandon the citadel, and <a href="/wiki/Raymond-Roupen" title="Raymond-Roupen">Raymond-Roupen</a> is installed as <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Antioch" title="Prince of Antioch">Prince of Antioch</a> by the Latin Patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Lucedio" title="Peter of Lucedio">Peter II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">Az-Zahir Ghazi</a>, Ayyubid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, dies after a 23-year reign. He is succeeded by his 3-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Muhammad" title="Al-Aziz Muhammad">Al-Aziz Muhammad</a>. Because of his young age, Toghril becomes Al-Aziz's regent or guardian (<i><a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">atabeg</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_6"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1216&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Literature_3"> Literature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1216&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/13th_century_in_literature" title="13th century in literature">13th century in literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_5"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1216&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>May – Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a> travels to <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> to try to settle the long feud between <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a>, that both states might contribute to the transport of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a>. There, after a short illness, Innocent dies on <a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a>. Two days after his death the aged Cardinal Cencio Savelli (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a>) is elected as the 177th pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – Honorius III officially approves the Order of Preachers (the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>), by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Religiosam_vitam" title="Religiosam vitam">Religiosam vitam</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballintubber_Abbey" title="Ballintubber Abbey">Ballintubber Abbey</a> is founded by King <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Crobhdearg_Ua_Conchobair" title="Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair">Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair</a> of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1217">1217</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1217&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1217&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fifth_Crusade"> Fifth Crusade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1217&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Fifth Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – Various groups of French knights reach the Italian ports. King <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II of Hungary</a> arrives with his army in <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>. He is joined by German forces, led by Duke <a href="/wiki/Leopold_VI,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold VI, Duke of Austria">Leopold VI</a> (<b>the Glorious</b>). At the end of July, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a> orders the crusaders assembled in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> to proceed to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, but there is no transport provided by the Italian city-states, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a>: Leopold VI finds some ships in Split, that bring him and a small force to <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. Andrew follows him about a fortnight later; in Split, he receives only two ships. The rest of Andrew's army is left behind. Meanwhile, King <a href="/wiki/Hugh_I_of_Cyprus" title="Hugh I of Cyprus">Hugh I of Cyprus</a> lands at Acre, with troops to support the Crusade.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a> – The Crusader army (some 15,000 men) under Andrew II sets out from Acre, and marches up the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Plain of Esdraelon</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Al-Adil I</a>, on hearing that the crusaders are assembling, sends some Muslim troops to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, to halt their advance. The crusaders move towards <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beisan</a>, while Al-Adil waits at <a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a>, ready to intercept any attack on <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. He sends his son, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Isa" title="Al-Mu'azzam Isa">Al-Mu'azzam</a>, to cover <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. On <a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a>, Andrew's well-mounted army defeats Al-Adil at <a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. Beisan is occupied and sacked; the Muslims retreat to their fortresses and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-A_History_of_The_Crusades._Vol_III:_The_Kingdom_of_Acre_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_The_Crusades._Vol_III:_The_Kingdom_of_Acre-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – King <a href="/wiki/John_of_Brienne" title="John of Brienne">John I of Jerusalem</a> leads an expedition into <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. On <a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a>, he undertakes fruitless assaults on Muslim fortresses and on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a>. Meanwhile, the Crusader army under Andrew II wanders across the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> and up the eastern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>. During the occupation, Andrew spends his time collecting alleged relics. By the end of December, supplies run out, and the crusaders retreat to Acre.<sup id="cite_ref-A_History_of_The_Crusades._Vol_III:_The_Kingdom_of_Acre_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_The_Crusades._Vol_III:_The_Kingdom_of_Acre-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_events_by_place"> Other events by place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1217&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Other events by place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_7"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1217&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a>: English forces of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> besiege the French-controlled <a href="/wiki/Mountsorrel" title="Mountsorrel">Mountsorrel Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>. Prince <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a> sends reinforcements (some 20,000 men) to assist the Barons in the castle. The English army lifts the siege and withdraws to <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>. Louis makes the mistake of moving the French forces to <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Castle" title="Lincoln Castle">Lincoln Castle</a> – where the English garrison holds out against previous attacks. Meanwhile, Henry's forces return to Mountsorrel Castle. This time Louis fails to arrive in time to prevent the razing to the ground of the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Courtenay" title="Peter II of Courtenay">Peter II of Courtenay</a> is crowned emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a>. Shortly after his coronation, Peter borrows some ships from the Venetians, promising in return to conquer <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durazzo</a> for them. He fails in this enterprise and seeks to make his way to Constantinople by land. On the journey, he is seized by troops of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Theodore Komnenos Doukas">Theodore Komnenos Doukas</a>, despot of <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>, and is put in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1217)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1217)">Battle of Lincoln</a>: Henry III's forces led by <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke</a> defeat the French army of Prince Louis and the rebel barons who are besieging <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Castle" title="Lincoln Castle">Lincoln Castle</a>. During the battle, <a href="/wiki/Thomas,_Count_of_Perche" title="Thomas, Count of Perche">Thomas, Comte du Perche</a> is killed and Louis is expelled from his base in the southeast of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>. The looting that takes place afterward is known as the "Lincoln Fair". The citizens of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a> are loyal to Louis so Henry's forces sack the city. To the south, inhabitants of towns between Lincoln and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> ambush and kill many of the French soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – The 13-year-old King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile" title="Henry I of Castile">Henry I of Castile</a> dies from the fall of a roof tile in <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a>, an event which his regent, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Lara_(died_1218)" title="Álvaro Núñez de Lara (died 1218)">Álvaro Núñez de Lara</a>, attempts to conceal. He is succeeded by his sister <a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile" title="Berengaria of Castile">Berengaria</a>, who renounces the throne in favour of her son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a>, on <a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a>. The young king begins his reign (supported by his mother as adviser and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>) by a war against his father, King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX of León</a>, and the Castilian nobles.</li> <li>June – The 13-year-old <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Haakon IV</a> becomes king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a>, following the death of <a href="/wiki/Inge_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Inge II of Norway">Inge II</a> (<b>Bårdsson</b>) – this largely ends the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_era_in_Norway" title="Civil war era in Norway">civil war era in Norway</a>. During his minority, Earl <a href="/wiki/Skule_B%C3%A5rdsson" title="Skule Bårdsson">Skule Bårdsson</a> becomes Haakon's regent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1217)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1217)">Battle of Sandwich</a>: An English fleet under <a href="/wiki/Hubert_de_Burgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert de Burgh">Hubert de Burgh</a> defeats the French armada (10 large ships and 70 supply ships) in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a>. The French fleet is commanded by <a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a>, a mercenary and pirate, who fights for both the French and English when it suits his needs. The French fleet is bringing more men and supplies to assist Prince Louis, in his quest to take the English throne. The English capture Eustace's flagship, and Eustace himself is (while offering 10,000 marks for ransom) beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lambeth" title="Treaty of Lambeth">Treaty of Kingston</a>: The First Baron's War ends. After the defeat of the French fleet, Prince Louis is without hope of taking the English throne. William Marshal blockades London from the sea and land. At <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a> Louis accepts peace terms. He waives his claim for the throne and promises to restore <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> to Henry III but does not. The French and Scots are to leave England, and an amnesty is granted to the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a> and allied <a href="/wiki/Livonian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian people">Livs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Letts</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonian</a> army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Matthew%27s_Day" title="Battle of St. Matthew's Day">Battle of St. Matthew's Day</a>, and kill their leader <a href="/wiki/Lembitu" title="Lembitu">Lembitu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>: The city of <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcácer do Sal Municipality">Alcácer do Sal</a>, located along the <a href="/wiki/Sado_River" title="Sado River">Sado River</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Siege of Alcácer do Sal">conquered from the Moors</a> by troops of King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Afonso II of Portugal">Afonso II of Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-picard2000_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard2000-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November – In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>, former regent and Castilian nobleman, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Lara_(died_1218)" title="Álvaro Núñez de Lara (died 1218)">Álvaro Núñez de Lara</a>, is captured and forced to relinquish all his castles.<sup id="cite_ref-linehan1999_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linehan1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>unknown date</i> – <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanji%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Nemanjić">Stefan Nemanjić</a> is elevated to be the first <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">King of the Serbian lands</a> by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a> and crowned by Stefan's brother, <a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">Archimandrite</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Sava</a>, in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Da" title="Žiča">Žiča</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_6"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1217&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Mongol army under <a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a> (or <b>Mukhali</b>) attacks <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei Province</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi Province</a> (controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin Dynasty</a>). He returns to <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s camp in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and receives the hereditary of prince with the title "Grand Preceptor of the Empire", a golden seal, and a white standard with nine tails and a black crescent in the middle. He is appointed as commander-in-chief of operations in <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_7"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1217&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Literature_4"> Literature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1217&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/13th_century_in_literature" title="13th century in literature">13th century in literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1218">1218</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1218&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_5"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Fifth_Crusade_2"> Fifth Crusade</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Fifth Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – A Crusader expeditionary force, (some 30,000 men) under King <a href="/wiki/John_of_Brienne" title="John of Brienne">John I of Jerusalem</a>, embarks at <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (supported by Frisian ships), and sails for <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>. They arrive at the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>, on the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, on <a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Adil">Al-Adil</a>, surprised by the invasion, recruits an army in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, while his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">Al-Kamil</a> marches an Egyptian force northwards from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and encamps at Al-Adiliya, a few miles south of Damietta.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1218%E2%80%931219)" title="Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)">Siege of Damietta</a>: The Crusader army assaults the fortified city of Damietta, but they repeatedly fail. As a result, the Crusaders create a new type of naval siege weaponry, attributed by the German chronicler <a href="/wiki/Oliver_of_Paderborn" title="Oliver of Paderborn">Oliver of Paderborn</a>: two ships are bound together, with a siege tower and ladder constructed on top.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – After a fierce fight, the Crusaders manage to establish themselves on the ramparts of Damietta, and capture the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pelagio_Galvani" title="Pelagio Galvani">Pelagius</a> arrives with reinforcements at the Crusader camp, and proceeds to challenge the command of John I, claiming that the Church holds greater authority than a secular leader. Meanwhile, the Crusaders spend time clearing out an old canal, so that their ships can surround Damietta. Pelagius also brings news that King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> has promised to follow soon, with a German expeditionary force.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Al-Kamil decides to offer the Crusaders a deal, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in exchange for their departure from Egypt. John I favored accepting this offer but Pelagius refuses, unless it also includes <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak Castle</a> and other former castles of Jerusalem, to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. Al-Kamil refuses these strategically important sites, and Pelagius rejects the offer. This angers the Crusaders – who consider Jerusalem their important goal.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – Al-Kamil conducts a surprise attack on the Crusader camp. Discovering their movements, John I and his retinue counter-attack and annihilates the Egyptian advance guard. On <a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a>, Al-Kamil attacks by using a bridge across the Nile, after a fierce onslaught the Egyptians are driven back into the river. The Crusaders strengthen their siege lines and receive French and English reinforcements at Damietta.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – A storm, lasting for 3 days, floods the Crusader camp – devastating the Crusaders' supplies and transportation. To prevent a recurrence Pelagius orders a dyke to be constructed. After the camp is repaired, a serious epidemic strikes the Crusader forces. The victims suffer from a high fever, and at least a sixth of the soldiers die. During the severe winter, the survivors are left enfeebled and depressed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Mongol_Empire_2"> Mongol Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Mongol Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> dispatches a Mongolian army (some 20,000 cavalry) under <a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a>, to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (or Western Liao) threat. Meanwhile, he sends <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a> with another army on a simultaneous campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkits</a>. Jebe defeats a force of 30,000 men led by Prince <a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a> at the Khitan capital <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a>. Kuchlug flees south to modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, but is captured by hunters – who hands him over to the Mongols. After Kuchlug is beheaded and paraded through the cities of his new domains, Genghis annexes the entire Khitai empire under Mongol rule.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a>, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a successful campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>. Meanwhile, Genghis sends a caravan with precious gifts to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Muhammad II</a>, ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a>, hoping to establish trade relations. However, <a href="/wiki/Inalchuq" title="Inalchuq">Inalchuq</a>, Khwarazmian governor of <a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a>, attacks the caravan, claiming that the caravan contains spies. Genghis then sends a second group of three ambassadors to Muhammad to demand the merchants be set free. Muhammad refuses, and the merchants along with one of the ambassadors are executed.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain_2"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great#Treaty_of_Worcester_and_border_campaigns_1218–1229" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn the Great">Treaty of Worcester</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> writes to the Welsh ruler <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn the Great">Llywelyn the Great</a> and promises safe-conduct if they meet at <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>. A peace treaty is signed, which confirms Llywelyn's ownership of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. In return, Llywelyn agrees to pay homage to Henry and to return those castles that he has captured during his recent conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_8"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulouse_(1217%E2%80%931218)" title="Siege of Toulouse (1217–1218)">Siege of Toulouse</a>: During a counter-assault, <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_5th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a> is killed by a stone from one of the defender's siege engines. The leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> falls to Simon's son <a href="/wiki/Amaury_de_Montfort_(died_1241)" title="Amaury de Montfort (died 1241)">Amaury de Montfort</a>, who lifts the siege a month later. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_VI,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse">Raymond VI</a> is restored as count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">Toulouse</a> after a popular rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July – In order to facilitate the movement of <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a> reverses <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a>’s earlier judgement, and declares King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a> (<b>the Saint</b>) legitimate heir to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-linehan1999_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linehan1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II" title="Ivan Asen II">Ivan Asen II</a> becomes ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>, during his reign he will add <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> to his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_3"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – Al-Adil I falls ill and dies at <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> after an 18-year reign. He is succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> by his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Isa" title="Al-Mu'azzam Isa">Al-Mu'azzam</a> and in Egypt by his younger son, Al-Kamil.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_7"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Sanetomo" title="Minamoto no Sanetomo">Minamoto no Sanetomo</a> becomes <i><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Right" title="Minister of the Right">Udaijin</a></i> ("Minister of the Right"), the third-highest post of the Japanese imperial court.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> rebuilds the city of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a>, including the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_8"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Education_2"> Education</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>August – King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX of León</a> grants a royal charter to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheims">Rheims</a> emits the first recorded public <a href="/wiki/Life_annuity" title="Life annuity">life annuity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval Europe</a>. This type of instrument had been mostly issued by religious institutions. The emission by Rheims is the first evidence of a consolidation of public debt that is to become common in the <a href="/wiki/Langue_d%27O%C3%AFl" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue d'Oïl">Langue d'Oïl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_6"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1218&action=edit&section=T-11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nolasco" title="Pedro Nolasco">Pedro Nolasco</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona, Spain">Barcelona, Spain</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1219">1219</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1219" title="1219">1219</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1219&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1219&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_6"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1219&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Fifth_Crusade_3"> Fifth Crusade</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1219&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Fifth Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pelagio_Galvani" title="Pelagio Galvani">Pelagius</a> orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">Al-Kamil</a>, in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen#Ayyubids_(1174–1229)" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Emirate of Yemen</a>, ruled by his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27ud_Yusuf" title="Al-Mas'ud Yusuf">Al-Mas'ud Yusuf</a>, but the arrival of his brother <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Isa" title="Al-Mu'azzam Isa">Al-Mu'azzam</a>, with reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> they occupy the town on <a href="/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">February 5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> to the east – and King <a href="/wiki/John_of_Brienne" title="John of Brienne">John I of Jerusalem</a> with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> arrive led by <a href="/wiki/Walter_III_of_Caesarea" title="Walter III of Caesarea">Walter III of Caesarea</a>. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a> and other defensive positions, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a>, but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">April 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_II_Mahmud" title="Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud">Al-Muzaffar II</a>, Ayyubid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, arrives <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Carroccio" title="Carroccio">carroccio</a></i>, confounding the defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a> – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on <a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">July 31</a> by their new Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Peire_de_Montagut" title="Peire de Montagut">Peire de Montagut</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a> – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1219)" title="Battle of Fariskur (1219)">Battle of Faraskur</a> and the Muslims pretend a <a href="/wiki/Feigned_retreat" title="Feigned retreat">feigned retreat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mansoura,_Egypt" title="Mansoura, Egypt">Mansoura</a>. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manzalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Manzalah">Lake Manzalah</a>. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>, an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a>) and they can have Jerusalem, all central <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1218%E2%80%931219)" title="Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)">Siege of Damietta</a>: The Crusaders enter Damietta and find it abandoned. Seeing the Crusader standards flying from the towers, Al-Kamil hastily abandons his camp at Faraskur and withdraws to Mansoura. Survivors in the city are either sent into slavery or held as hostages to trade for Christian prisoners. On <a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a>, the Crusader army captures the city of <a href="/wiki/Tennis,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis, Egypt">Tinnis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Mongol_Empire_3"> Mongol Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1219&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Mongol Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Winter – <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a> to cross the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>, in the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm Empire">Khwarezm Empire</a>. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks this is Genghis' main force. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Muhammad II</a> dispatches his elite cavalry reserve to protect the fertile regions with force. Meanwhile, another Mongol army under his second and third sons <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei</a> passes through the <a href="/wiki/Dzungarian_Gate" title="Dzungarian Gate">Dzungarian Gate</a>, and immediately start laying siege to the border city of <a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mongol forces under Chagatai and Ögedei capture Otrar after a 5-month siege. The city becomes the first of many settlements to have its entire population slain or enslaved before it is razed to the ground. <a href="/wiki/Inalchuq" title="Inalchuq">Inalchuq</a>, the Khwarezmian governor of Otrar, is captured and executed by pouring molten silver into his eyes and ears – an unlikely and unnecessarily expensive end.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>By letter, Genghis Khan summons <a href="/wiki/Qiu_Chuji" title="Qiu Chuji">Qiu Chuji</a> (<b>Master Changchun</b>) to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher's Stone">Philosopher's Stone</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_9"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1219&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a>: Danish Crusaders led by King <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar II of Denmark">King Valdemar II</a> (<b>the Victorious</b>), conquer <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyndanisse" title="Battle of Lyndanisse">Battle of Lyndanisse</a>. What is to become the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Denmark" title="Flag of Denmark">flag of Denmark</a> (<i>Dannebrog</i>) allegedly falls from the sky during that battle. Their stronghold in Tallinn will help the Danes conquer the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish Estonia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Lithuanian_dukes" title="List of early Lithuanian dukes">Twenty-four Lithuanian dukes and nobles</a> purportedly sign a peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Halych-Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Halych-Volhynia">Halych-Volhynia</a>, stating a common cause against invading Christian <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_8"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1219&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo II</a> (or <b>Levon</b>) of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Cilicia</a> dies, leaving only two daughters. The elder, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_of_Armenia" title="Stephanie of Armenia">Stephanie</a>, is the wife of John I; the younger, <a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Queen_of_Armenia" title="Isabella, Queen of Armenia">Isabella</a>, daughter of Princess <a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Cyprus" title="Sibylla of Cyprus">Sibylla of Cyprus</a> and Jerusalem, is three years old. Leo has promised the succession to his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Raymond-Roupen" title="Raymond-Roupen">Raymond-Roupen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Antioch</a>, but on his death-bed he names Isabella as his heir.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_9"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1219&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Technology"> Technology</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1219&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmill</a> is first introduced to <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Song_dynasty#Wind_power" title="Science and technology of the Song dynasty">China</a>, with the travels of <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai" title="Yelü Chucai">Yelü Chucai</a> to <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a> pottery production in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> ceases as a result of the Mongol conquests.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_people">Significant people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significant people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1210s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>, <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>, <a href="/wiki/1212" title="1212">1212</a>, <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>, <a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a>, <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>, <a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a>, <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>, <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1219" title="1219">1219</a></div> <p><b>1210</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a> (the Boulonnais), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Floris_IV,_Count_of_Holland" title="Floris IV, Count of Holland">Floris IV, Count of Holland</a>, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Joan of England, Queen of Scotland">Joan of England</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>unknown date</i> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_of_Montferrat" title="Alice of Montferrat">Alice of Montferrat</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1233" title="1233">1233</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1211</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Bohemia" title="Agnes of Bohemia">Agnes of Prague</a>, Bohemian abbess (d. <a href="/wiki/1282" title="1282">1282</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Frederick II, Duke of Austria">Frederick II</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a>, Barmakid historian (d. 1282)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lippi" title="Francesco Lippi">Francesco Lippi</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Ajall Shams al-Din Omar</a>, Khwarezmian governor (d. <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_of_Kuyavia" title="Casimir I of Kuyavia">Casimir I of Kuyavia</a>, Polish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1267" title="1267">1267</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Queen_of_Denmark" title="Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark">Eleanor of Portugal</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry VII</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">Rex Romanorum</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bigod_(Justiciar)" title="Hugh Bigod (Justiciar)">Hugh Bigod</a>, English nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Justiciar" title="Justiciar">Justiciar</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Lord_of_Mecklenburg" title="John I, Lord of Mecklenburg">John I, Lord of Mecklenburg</a> ("the Theologian"), German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1264" title="1264">1264</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad III of Alamut">Muhammad III</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili State</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1255" title="1255">1255</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prijezda_I,_Ban_of_Bosnia" title="Prijezda I, Ban of Bosnia">Prijezda I</a>, Bosnian nobleman (<i><a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">Ban</a></i>) and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1287" title="1287">1287</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinnyo" title="Shinnyo">Shinnyo</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Buddhist nun</a> and writer (d. 1282)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William of Villehardouin</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Achaea</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1212</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Horikawa" title="Emperor Go-Horikawa">Go-Horikawa</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria,_Margravine_of_Meissen" title="Constance of Austria, Margravine of Meissen">Constance</a>, margravine of <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Meissen</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Bahram" title="Muiz ud din Bahram">Muiz ud-Din Bahram</a>, Indian ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Shushtari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari">Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari</a>, Andalusian poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1269" title="1269">1269</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinata_degli_Uberti" title="Farinata degli Uberti">Farinata degli Uberti</a>, Italian military leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1264" title="1264">1264</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sahl_of_Seville" title="Ibn Sahl of Seville">Ibn Sahl of Seville</a>, Almohad poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1251" title="1251">1251</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Isabella II of Jerusalem">Isabella II</a>, queen and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malatesta_da_Verucchio" title="Malatesta da Verucchio">Malatesta da Verucchio</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Chernigov" title="Maria of Chernigov">Maria of Chernigov</a>, Kievan Rus' princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Dreux,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" title="Yolande of Dreux, Duchess of Burgundy">Yolande of Dreux</a>, French noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zita" title="Zita">Zita</a> (or Sitha), Italian maid and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1213</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_IV,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy</a>, French crusader (d. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi</a>, Persian philosopher and Sufi mystic<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a>, polymath (d. <a href="/wiki/1288" title="1288">1288</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-مكتب_المطبوعات_الإسلامية_-_الطبعة_العاشرة,_حلب_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-مكتب_المطبوعات_الإسلامية_-_الطبعة_العاشرة,_حلب-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hethum_I,_King_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hethum I, King of Armenia">Hethum I, King of Armenia</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1214</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a> ("the Saint"), king of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sturla_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Sturla Þórðarson">Sturla Þórðarson</a>, Icelandic chieftain (d. <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Bergamo" title="Alberto da Bergamo">Alberto da Bergamo</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Dominican tertiary</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurtubi" title="Al-Qurtubi">Al-Qurtubi</a>, Moorish scholar, <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1273" title="1273">1273</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_England" title="Isabella of England">Isabella of England</a>, Holy Roman Empress (d. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_degli_Ubaldini" title="Ottaviano degli Ubaldini">Ottaviano degli Ubaldini</a>, Italian cardinal (d. 1273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca" title="Ugolino della Gherardesca">Ugolino della Gherardesca</a>, Italian nobleman (approximate date) (d. <a href="/wiki/1289" title="1289">1289</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1215</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, Mongol emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1294" title="1294">1294</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Merania_(1215-1263)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of Merania (1215-1263)">Agnes of Merania</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noblewoman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1263" title="1263">1263</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este,_Queen_of_Hungary" title="Beatrice d'Este, Queen of Hungary">Beatrice d'Este</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Sunesdotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Sunesdotter">Catherine Sunesdotter</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_VII_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David VII of Georgia">David VII</a> (or David Ulugh), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Leicester" title="Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester">Eleanor of England</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Aschersleben" title="Henry II, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben">Henry II</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Aschersleben" title="Principality of Anhalt-Aschersleben">Anhalt-Aschersleben</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Henry III, Margrave of Meissen">Henry III, Margrave of Meissen</a> ("the Illustrious"), German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1288" title="1288">1288</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a>, Arab Jewish philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Dreux" title="John I, Count of Dreux">John I</a>, French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a>, pope of the Catholic Church (d. <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Ibelin_(jurist)" title="John of Ibelin (jurist)">John of Ibelin</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon" title="County of Jaffa and Ascalon">Jaffa and Ascalon</a> (d. 1266)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch-Armenia" title="Maria of Antioch-Armenia">Maria of Antioch-Armenia</a>, lady of <a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1257" title="1257">1257</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9cia_Lopes_de_Haro" title="Mécia Lopes de Haro">Mécia Lopes de Haro</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (d. 1270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" title="Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg">Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg</a> ("the Pious"), German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1267" title="1267">1267</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Leybourne" title="Roger de Leybourne">Roger de Leybourne</a>, English landowner (d. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1216</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Artois" title="Robert I, Count of Artois">Robert I</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Ahmad_bin_al-Husayn" title="Al-Mahdi Ahmad bin al-Husayn">Al-Mahdi Ahmad bin al-Husayn</a>, Arab ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ayglerius" title="Bernard Ayglerius">Bernard Ayglerius</a> (or <b>Aygler</b>), French cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1282" title="1282">1282</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Contardo_of_Este" title="Saint Contardo of Este">Contardo of Este</a>, Italian nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_IV_of_Denmark" title="Eric IV of Denmark">Eric IV</a> (<b>the Plowpenny</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (d. 1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XI_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric XI of Sweden">Eric XI</a> (<b>the Lisp and Lame</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (d. 1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry V of Luxembourg">Henry V</a> (<b>the Great</b>), count of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1281" title="1281">1281</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bingzhong" title="Liu Bingzhong">Liu Bingzhong</a> (or <b>Liu kan</b>), Chinese adviser (d. <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshizane" title="Nijō Yoshizane">Nijō Yoshizane</a>, Japanese nobleman (<i><a href="/wiki/Kugy%C5%8D" title="Kugyō">kugyō</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safi_al-Din_al-Urmawi" title="Safi al-Din al-Urmawi">Safi al-Din al-Urmawi</a>, Persian musician (d. <a href="/wiki/1294" title="1294">1294</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Longesp%C3%A9e" title="Stephen Longespée">Stephen Longespée</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">seneschal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahed_Gilani" title="Zahed Gilani">Zahed Gilani</a>, Arab <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> leader and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1301" title="1301">1301</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1217</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Cyprus" title="Henry I of Cyprus">Henry I</a> (<b>the Fat</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1253" title="1253">1253</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ninsh%C5%8D" title="Ninshō">Ninshō</a>, Japanese priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1303" title="1303">1303</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Latin_Emperor" title="Baldwin II, Latin Emperor">Baldwin II of Courtenay</a>, Latin emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1273" title="1273">1273</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_6th_Earl_of_Devon" title="Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon">Baldwin de Redvers</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Savoy_(bishop)" title="Boniface of Savoy (bishop)">Boniface of Savoy</a>, English archbishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando,_Lord_of_Serpa" title="Fernando, Lord of Serpa">Ferdinand</a>, Portuguese prince (<i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infante</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Akropolites" title="George Akropolites">George Akropolites</a>, Byzantine statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1282" title="1282">1282</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_III_des_Porcellets" title="Guillaume III des Porcellets">Guillaume III</a>, French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1288" title="1288">1288</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a>, Chinese general and governor (d. <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Antioch" title="Henry of Antioch">Henry of Antioch</a>, co-ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1276" title="1276">1276</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a>, Flemish philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1293" title="1293">1293</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a>, Andalusian <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad">Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad</a>, Arab historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John I, Duke of Brittany">John I</a> (<b>the Red</b>), English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1286" title="1286">1286</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangan_Giin" title="Kangan Giin">Kangan Giin</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen Master</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1218</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Yoritsune" title="Kujō Yoritsune">Kujō Yoritsune</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/List_of_sh%C5%8Dguns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of shōguns">shōgun</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="John I, Count of Hainaut">John I</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1257" title="1257">1257</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D" title="Emperor Chūkyō">Chūkyō</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel,_King_of_Denmark" title="Abel, King of Denmark">Abel</a> (<b>Valdemarsen</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Bernhard I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernhard I</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Anhalt-Bernburg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1287" title="1287">1287</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Ch%C5%8Dshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujiwara no Chōshi">Fujiwara no Chōshi</a>, Japanese empress (d. <a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Komnene_Palaiologina" title="Irene Komnene Palaiologina">Irene Komnene</a>, Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noblewoman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaromar_II,_Prince_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Jaromar II, Prince of Rügen">Jaromar II</a>, German prince and co-ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Chi%C3%AAu_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Lý Chiêu Hoàng">Lý Chiêu Hoàng</a>, empress of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Coucy" title="Marie de Coucy">Marie de Coucy</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Berkeley" title="Maurice de Berkeley">Maurice de Berkeley</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1281" title="1281">1281</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Courtenay,_Lord_of_Conches" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Courtenay, Lord of Conches">Peter of Courtenay</a>, French nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Cantilupe" title="Thomas de Cantilupe">Thomas de Cantilupe</a>, English bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1282" title="1282">1282</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Brittany" title="Yolande of Brittany">Yolande of Brittany</a>, French noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1219</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tetts%C5%AB_Gikai" title="Tettsū Gikai">Tettsū Gikai</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen Master</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1309" title="1309">1309</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Wonjong of Goryeo">Wonjong of Goryeo</a>, Korean ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Mursi" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi">Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi</a>, Moorish <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1287" title="1287">1287</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a> (or <b>Buka</b>), Mongol ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Avesnes" title="Baldwin of Avesnes">Baldwin of Avesnes</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1295" title="1295">1295</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I_of_Denmark" title="Christopher I of Denmark">Christopher I</a> (or <b>Christoffer</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiliana_de%27_Cerchi" title="Umiliana de' Cerchi">Umiliana de' Cerchi</a>, Italian noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Devereux_(1219%E2%80%931265)" title="William Devereux (1219–1265)">William Devereux</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1265" title="1265">1265</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>, <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>, <a href="/wiki/1212" title="1212">1212</a>, <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>, <a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a>, <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>, <a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a>, <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>, <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1219" title="1219">1219</a></div> <p><b>1210</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>, Persian <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Margrave_of_Lusatia" title="Conrad II, Margrave of Lusatia">Conrad II, Margrave of Lusatia</a>, German nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1159" title="1159">1159</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Princess_Noriko_(1177%E2%80%931210)" title="Princess Noriko (1177–1210)">Noriko</a> (or Hanshi), Japanese empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1177" title="1177">1177</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sverker_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverker II of Sweden">Sverker II</a> (the Younger), king of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Boulogne,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Matilda of Boulogne, Duchess of Brabant">Matilda of Boulogne</a>, duchess of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a>, Indian ruler (b. 1150)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Florence_of_Holland" title="Florence of Holland">Florence of Holland</a>, Scottish bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soffredo" title="Soffredo">Soffredo</a>, Italian cardinal and patriarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aonghus_mac_Somhairle" title="Aonghus mac Somhairle">Aonghus mac Somhairle</a>, Norse-Gaelic chieftain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a>, German poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3ra_Eyj%C3%B3lfsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halldóra Eyjólfsdóttir">Halldóra Eyjólfsdóttir</a>, Icelandic nun and abbess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodel" title="Jean Bodel">Jean Bodel</a>, French poet and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a> (or Chinul), Korean <a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen Master</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1158" title="1158">1158</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_You" title="Lu You">Lu You</a>, Chinese historian, poet and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majd_ad-D%C4%ABn_Ibn_Athir" title="Majd ad-Dīn Ibn Athir">Majd ad-Dīn Ibn Athir</a>, Zangid historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1149" title="1149">1149</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_de_Braose" title="Maud de Braose">Maud de Braose</a>, English noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad II of Alamut">Muhammad II</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Alamut state</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praepositinus" title="Praepositinus">Praepositinus</a>, Italian philosopher and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riste%C3%A1rd_de_Ti%C3%BAit" title="Risteárd de Tiúit">Risteárd de Tiúit</a>, Norman warrior and nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Braybrooke" title="Robert of Braybrooke">Robert of Braybrooke</a>, English landowner (b. <a href="/wiki/1168" title="1168">1168</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_FitzAlan,_1st_Lord_of_Oswestry_and_Clun" title="William FitzAlan, 1st Lord of Oswestry and Clun">William FitzAlan</a>, Norman nobleman and knight</li></ul> <p><b>1211</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Meissen" title="Adelaide of Meissen">Adelaide of Meissen</a>, duchess of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gallocia" title="Pietro Gallocia">Pietro Gallocia</a> (or Galluzzi), Italian cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I</a> ("the Populator"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">May 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot" title="Mieszko IV Tanglefoot">Mieszko IV Tanglefoot</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Poland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II,_Baron_of_Vitr%C3%A9" title="Andrew II, Baron of Vitré">Andrew II, Baron of Vitré</a>, French nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kaykhusraw_I" title="Kaykhusraw I">Kaykhusraw I</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">August 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_de_Braose,_4th_Lord_of_Bramber" title="William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber">William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber</a>, Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Narapatisithu" title="Narapatisithu">Narapatisithu</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> (Burma) (b. 1150)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Castile_(died_1211)" title="Ferdinand of Castile (died 1211)">Ferdinand of Castile</a>, Spanish prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1189" title="1189">1189</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ll_J%C3%B3nsson" title="Páll Jónsson">Páll Jónsson</a>, Icelandic bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Poland" title="Adelaide of Poland">Adelaide of Poland</a>, Polish princess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sh%C5%8Dshi_(1195%E2%80%931211)" title="Princess Shōshi (1195–1211)">Shōshi</a>, Japanese empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_al-Jazuli" title="Abu Musa al-Jazuli">Abu Musa al-Jazuli</a>, Almohad <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologian</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1146" title="1146">1146</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a>, Byzantine emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Doukaina_Kamatera" title="Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera">Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera</a>, Byzantine empress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_I_of_Arborea" title="Hugh I of Arborea">Hugh I</a>, Sardinian ruler (<a href="/wiki/Judge_of_Arborea" title="Judge of Arborea">Judge of Arborea</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1178" title="1178">1178</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Blois" title="Peter of Blois">Peter of Blois</a>, French cleric and diplomat (b. 1130)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Thornham" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert of Thornham">Robert of Thornham</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">seneschal</a> and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Lacy_(1170%E2%80%931211)" title="Roger de Lacy (1170–1211)">Roger de Lacy</a> (<i>le Constable</i>), English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Tottington" title="Samson of Tottington">Samson of Tottington</a>, English monk and <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuka_Gozen" title="Shizuka Gozen">Shizuka Gozen</a>, Japanese court dancer (b. <a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svyatoslav_III_Igorevich" title="Svyatoslav III Igorevich">Svyatoslav III Igorevich</a>, Kievan prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1176" title="1176">1176</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morosini" title="Thomas Morosini">Thomas Morosini</a>, Latin patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa_Gyare" title="Tsangpa Gyare">Tsangpa Gyare</a>, Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Buddhist</a> leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1161" title="1161">1161</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Portugal" title="Urraca of Portugal">Urraca of Portugal</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiangzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia">Xiang Zong</a>, Chinese emperor of <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> (b. 1170)</li></ul> <p><b>1212</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernhard,_Count_of_Anhalt" title="Bernhard, Count of Anhalt">Bernhard III</a>, German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_29" title="February 29">February 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhist</a> reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1133" title="1133">1133</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bertram_of_Metz" title="Bertram of Metz">Bertram of Metz</a> (or Berthold), German bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_the_Big_Nest" title="Vsevolod the Big Nest">Vsevolod III</a>, Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kiev</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dagmar_of_Bohemia" title="Dagmar of Bohemia">Dagmar of Bohemia</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I_(archbishop_of_Trier)" title="John I (archbishop of Trier)">John I</a> (or Johann), German archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_de_Brus,_3rd_Lord_of_Annandale" title="William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale">William de Brus</a>, Scottish lord of <a href="/wiki/Annandale,_Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Annandale, Dumfries and Galloway">Annandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Swabia" title="Beatrice of Swabia">Beatrice</a>, Holy Roman Empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Michael IV of Constantinople">Michael IV</a>, patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_fitz_Ailwin" title="Henry fitz Ailwin">Henry fitz Ailwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Namur" title="Philip I of Namur">Philip I of Namur</a> ("the Noble"), Flemish nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Comyn_(bishop)" title="John Comyn (bishop)">John Comyn</a>, English archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Valois" title="Felix of Valois">Felix of Valois</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1127" title="1127">1127</a>)</li> <li>November – <a href="/wiki/Azzo_VI_of_Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Azzo VI of Este">Azzo VI of Este</a> (or Azzolino), Italian nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dirk_van_Are" title="Dirk van Are">Dirk van Are</a>, bishop and lord of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Utrecht_(695%E2%80%931580)" title="Diocese of Utrecht (695–1580)">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Geoffrey (archbishop of York)">Geoffrey</a>, Anglo-Norman archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_York" title="Diocese of York">York</a> and Chancellor of England (b. <a href="/wiki/1152" title="1152">1152</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matilda_de_Bailleul" title="Matilda de Bailleul">Matilda de Bailleul</a>, Flemish abbess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Jarawi" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Jarawi">Abu al-Abbas al-Jarawi</a>, Moroccan poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Angelina" title="Anna Komnene Angelina">Anna Komnene Angelina</a>, Nicene empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1176" title="1176">1176</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_B%C3%A9thune" title="Baldwin of Béthune">Baldwin of Béthune</a>, French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David Komnenos</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1184" title="1184">1184</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud" title="Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud">Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillem_de_Cabestany" title="Guillem de Cabestany">Guillem de Cabestany</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1162" title="1162">1162</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Longchamp" title="Henry de Longchamp">Henry de Longchamp</a>, English <a href="/wiki/High_sheriff" title="High sheriff">High Sheriff</a> (b. 1150)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Montferrat" title="Maria of Montferrat">Maria of Montferrat</a>, queen of Jerusalem (b. <a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_de_Preaux" title="Peter de Preaux">Peter de Preaux</a>, Norman nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Auxerre" title="Robert of Auxerre">Robert of Auxerre</a>, French chronicler and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Shrewsbury" title="Robert of Shrewsbury">Robert of Shrewsbury</a>, English cleric and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Walter of Montbéliard">Walter of Montbéliard</a>, constable of Jerusalem</li></ul> <p><b>1213</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – Queen <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar of Georgia</a> (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Thouars" title="Guy of Thouars">Guy of Thouars</a>, regent of Brittany<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Montpellier" title="Maria of Montpellier">Maria of Montpellier</a>, Lady of Montpellier, Queen of Aragon (b. <a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II of Aragon</a> (killed in battle) (b. <a href="/wiki/1174" title="1174">1174</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Merania" title="Gertrude of Merania">Gertrude of Merania</a>, queen consort regent of Hungary (<a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Gertrude_of_Merania" title="Assassination of Gertrude of Merania">murdered</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine">Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fitz_Peter,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" title="Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex">Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharafeddin_Tusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharafeddin Tusi">Sharafeddin Tusi</a>, Persian mathematician (b. <a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1214</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">January 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Tokuko" title="Taira no Tokuko">Taira no Tokuko</a>, Japanese empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Bar" title="Theobald I, Count of Bar">Theobald I, Count of Bar</a> (or Thibauld), French <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a></li> <li>April 16 or 26 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_Palatine_of_the_Rhine" title="Henry VI, Count Palatine of the Rhine">Henry VI, Count Palatine of the Rhine</a> ("the Younger"), German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1196" title="1196">1196</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ford" title="John of Ford">John of Ford</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> prior and <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Glanvill" title="Gilbert Glanvill">Gilbert Glanvill</a> (or Glanville), bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rochester" title="Diocese of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Longchamp" title="Stephen Longchamp">Stephen Longchamp</a>, Norman nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Castro_(died_1214)" title="Pedro Fernández de Castro (died 1214)">Pedro Fernández de Castro</a>, Spanish nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Capua_the_Elder" title="Peter of Capua the Elder">Peter of Capua the Elder</a>, Italian cardinal and <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Vercelli" title="Albert of Vercelli">Albert of Vercelli</a>, Latin patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Diego_L%C3%B3pez_II_de_Haro" title="Diego López II de Haro">Diego López II de Haro</a>, Spanish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1152" title="1152">1152</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a> ("the Noble"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_de_Gray" title="John de Gray">John de Gray</a> (or de Grey), bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Norwich" title="Diocese of Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile">Eleanor of England</a>, queen of Castile (b. <a href="/wiki/1161" title="1161">1161</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1142" title="1142">1142</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sasaki_Takatsuna" title="Sasaki Takatsuna">Sasaki Takatsuna</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Atsiz" title="Ala al-Din Atsiz">Ala al-Din Atsiz</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Sultanate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1159" title="1159">1159</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_Vere,_2nd_Earl_of_Oxford" title="Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford">Aubrey de Vere</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1163" title="1163">1163</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filocalo_Navigajoso" title="Filocalo Navigajoso">Filocalo Navigajoso</a>, Latin ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Megadux" class="mw-redirect" title="Megadux">megadux</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytos_of_Cyprus" title="Neophytos of Cyprus">Neophytos of Cyprus</a>, Cypriot priest and <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1134" title="1134">1134</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_fitzRoger" title="Robert fitzRoger">Robert fitzRoger</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Norfolk_and_Suffolk" title="Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk">Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Cagliari" title="William I of Cagliari">William I of Cagliari</a>, ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Judge_of_Cagliari" title="Judge of Cagliari">judge</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (b. 1160)</li></ul> <p><b>1215</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> (or <a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Eustace_(bishop_of_Ely)" title="Eustace (bishop of Ely)">Eustace</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ely" title="Diocese of Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimasa" title="Hōjō Tokimasa">Hōjō Tokimasa</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1138" title="1138">1138</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Manegold_of_Berg" title="Manegold of Berg">Manegold of Berg</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a>, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. <a href="/wiki/1141" title="1141">1141</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_I_(bishop_of_Utrecht)" title="Otto I (bishop of Utrecht)">Otto I</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1194" title="1194">1194</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Valognes" title="Philip de Valognes">Philip de Valognes</a>, Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giles_de_Braose" title="Giles de Braose">Giles de Braose</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hereford" title="Diocese of Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a>, Arab theologian<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al-Harawi" title="Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi">Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi</a>, Persian traveller and explorer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a>, French nobleman, poet and <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esclarmonde_of_Foix" title="Esclarmonde of Foix">Esclarmonde of Foix</a>, French noblewoman and <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraut_de_Bornelh" title="Giraut de Bornelh">Giraut de Bornelh</a> (or de Borneil), French troubadour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopino_della_Scala" title="Jacopino della Scala">Jacopino della Scala</a>, Italian merchant and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_II_of_Saluzzo" title="Manfred II of Saluzzo">Manfred II</a> (del Vasto), marquis of <a href="/wiki/Saluzzo" title="Saluzzo">Saluzzo</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicard_of_Cremona" title="Sicard of Cremona">Sicard of Cremona</a>, Italian bishop and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Apsevdis" title="Theodore Apsevdis">Theodore Apsevdis</a>, Byzantine painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1216</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guy_II_of_Dampierre" title="Guy II of Dampierre">Guy II of Dampierre</a>, French nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_of_Constantinople" title="Theodore II of Constantinople">Theodore II</a>, patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_FitzGeoffrey_de_Mandeville,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex">Geoffrey de Mandeville</a>, English nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eric_X_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric X of Sweden">Eric X</a> (<b>Knutsson</b>), king of Sweden (b. <a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sukeko" title="Princess Sukeko">Sukeko</a>, Japanese princess and empress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Flanders" title="Henry of Flanders">Henry of Flanders</a>, Latin emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1178" title="1178">1178</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Lucedio" title="Peter of Lucedio">Peter II</a> (<b>of Ivrea</b>), patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">Az-Zahir Ghazi</a>, Ayyubid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> (<b>Lackland</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1166" title="1166">1166</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_de_Vesci" title="Eustace de Vesci">Eustace de Vesci</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1169" title="1169">1169</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Ariie" title="Fujiwara no Ariie">Fujiwara no Ariie</a>, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida,_Countess_of_Boulogne" title="Ida, Countess of Boulogne">Ida of Boulogne</a>, French noblewoman and ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetsun_Dragpa_Gyaltsen" title="Jetsun Dragpa Gyaltsen">Jetsun Dragpa Gyaltsen</a>, Tibetan spiritual leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamo_no_Ch%C5%8Dmei" title="Kamo no Chōmei">Kamo no Chōmei</a>, Japanese poet and <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essayist</a> (b. 1155)</li></ul> <p><b>1217</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raynald_of_Nocera" title="Raynald of Nocera">Raynald of Nocera</a>, Italian monk and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Samuel_of_Regensburg" title="Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg">Judah ben Samuel</a>, German Jewish <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> (b. 1150)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kanefusa" title="Fujiwara no Kanefusa">Fujiwara no Kanefusa</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neckam" title="Alexander Neckam">Alexander Neckam</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1157" title="1157">1157</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Abdallah" title="Al-Mansur Abdallah">Al-Mansur Abdallah</a>, Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1166" title="1166">1166</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Inge_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Inge II of Norway">Inge II</a> (<b>Bårdsson</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hermann_I,_Landgrave_of_Thuringia" title="Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia">Hermann I</a> (or <b>III</b>), German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas,_Count_of_Perche" title="Thomas, Count of Perche">Thomas of Perche</a>, French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile" title="Henry I of Castile">Henry I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)">Toledo</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hadmar_II_of_Kuenring" title="Hadmar II of Kuenring">Hadmar II of Kuenring</a>, German nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a>, French mercenary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Robert I, Count of Alençon">Robert I</a>, French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_de_Redvers,_5th_Earl_of_Devon" title="William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon">William de Redvers</a>, English nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caupo_of_Turaida" title="Caupo of Turaida">Caupo of Turaida</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembitu" title="Lembitu">Lembitu</a>, Estonian military leader</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Montmirail" title="Jean de Montmirail">Jean de Montmirail</a>, French monk (b. <a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Gloucester" title="Isabella, Countess of Gloucester">Isabella</a>, English noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1174" title="1174">1174</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Dreux" title="Philip of Dreux">Philip of Dreux</a>, French bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1158" title="1158">1158</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr">Ibn Jubayr</a>, Andalusian traveller (b. <a href="/wiki/1145" title="1145">1145</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%8Di" title="Gyōi">Gyōi</a>, Japanese monk and poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1177" title="1177">1177</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Haqq_I" title="Abd al-Haqq I">Abd al-Haqq I</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid Sultanate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigten_Sumg%C3%B6n" title="Jigten Sumgön">Jigten Sumgön</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Ferentino" title="John of Ferentino">John of Ferentino</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">notary</a> and cardinal (b. 1150)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Comnena,_Queen_consort_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Comnena, Queen consort of Jerusalem">Maria Komnene</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8Din_no_Sanuki" title="Nijōin no Sanuki">Nijōin no Sanuki</a>, Japanese noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1141" title="1141">1141</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a>, Byzantine historian (b. 1155)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Simonsson" title="Philip Simonsson">Philip Simonsson</a>, Norwegian nobleman (b. 1185)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_of_Bar_(bishop_of_Chartres)" title="Reginald of Bar (bishop of Chartres)">Reginald of Bar</a> (or <b>de Mouçon</b>), French bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_3rd_Earl_of_Hertford" title="Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford">Richard de Clare</a>, Norman nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Pattishall" title="Simon of Pattishall">Simon of Pattishall</a> (or <b>Pateshull</b>), English judge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torchitorio_IV_of_Cagliari" title="Torchitorio IV of Cagliari">Torchitorio IV de Serra</a>, Sardinian judge (b. <a href="/wiki/1190" title="1190">1190</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuyi" title="Wang Chuyi">Wang Chuyi</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Daoist</a> philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1142" title="1142">1142</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_Count_of_Sancerre" title="William I, Count of Sancerre">William I</a>, French nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1176" title="1176">1176</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Lanvallei" title="William de Lanvallei">William de Lanvallei</a>, English landowner and knight</li></ul> <p><b>1218</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_I_of_Cyprus" title="Hugh I of Cyprus">Hugh I</a> (or <b>Hugo</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wolfger_von_Erla" title="Wolfger von Erla">Wolfger von Erla</a>, German bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_of_Rostov" title="Konstantin of Rostov">Konstantin of Rostov</a>, Kievan Grand Prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_of_Courtenay" title="Alice of Courtenay">Alice of Courtenay</a>, French noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Berthold_V,_Duke_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen">Berthold V</a>, German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theresa_of_Portugal,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Theresa of Portugal, Countess of Flanders">Theresa of Portugal</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a>, Holy Roman Emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1175" title="1175">1175</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_5th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a>, French nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Odo_III,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Odo III, Duke of Burgundy">Odo III</a> (or <b>Eudes</b>), duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1166" title="1166">1166</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolf_VI,_Count_of_Berg" title="Adolf VI, Count of Berg">Adolf VI</a> (or <b>III</b>), German nobleman (b. 1175)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_of_Chartres_(Templar)" title="William of Chartres (Templar)">William of Chartres (Templar)</a>, French Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Al-Adil I</a>, Ayyubid general and sultan (b. <a href="/wiki/1145" title="1145">1145</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Knaresborough" title="Robert of Knaresborough">Robert of Knaresborough</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Abergavenny" title="Henry de Abergavenny">Henry de Abergavenny</a>, English bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Dreux" title="Robert II, Count of Dreux">Robert II</a>, French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Guelders" title="Adelaide of Guelders">Adelaide of Guelders</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Lara_(died_1218)" title="Álvaro Núñez de Lara (died 1218)">Álvara Núñez de Lara</a>, Castilian nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comita_III_of_Torres" title="Comita III of Torres">Comita III of Torres</a>, Sardinian ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms#Judges" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">judge</a></i>) (b. 1160)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Wanga" title="Federico Wanga">Federico Wanga</a> (or <b>Vanga</b>), prince-bishop of <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franca_Visalta" title="Franca Visalta">Franca Piacenza</a>, Italian nun and abbess (b. 1170)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Luterel" title="Geoffrey de Luterel">Geoffrey de Luterel</a>, English landowner and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giolla_Ernain_%C3%93_Martain" title="Giolla Ernain Ó Martain">Giolla Ernain Ó Martain</a>, Irish poet and <a href="/wiki/Ollamh_%C3%89renn" title="Ollamh Érenn">Chief Ollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Abergavenny" title="Henry de Abergavenny">Henry de Abergavenny</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1122" title="1122">1122</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II,_Bishop_of_Gy%C5%91r" title="Peter II, Bishop of Győr">Peter II</a>, Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a>, chancellor and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_VI,_Count_of_Blois" title="Theobald VI, Count of Blois">Theobald VI of Blois</a>, French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umadevi" title="Umadevi">Umadevi</a>, Indian queen and general (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Baux" title="William I of Baux">William I of Baux</a>, French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1219</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Cour%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert of Courçon">Robert of Courçon</a>, English cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Sanetomo" title="Minamoto no Sanetomo">Minamoto no Sanetomo</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I,_Count_Palatine_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="Rudolph I, Count Palatine of Tübingen">Rudolph I</a>, Count Palatine of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> (b. 1160)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Kietlicz" title="Henryk Kietlicz">Henryk Kietlicz</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gniezno" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno">Gniezno</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aldebrandus" title="Aldebrandus">Aldebrandus</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Fossombrone" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Fossombrone">Fossombrone</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1119" title="1119">1119</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raoul_I_of_Lusignan" title="Raoul I of Lusignan">Raoul I of Lusignan</a>, French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo II</a> (or <b>Levon</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Cilicia</a> (b. 1150)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1146" title="1146">1146</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theoderich_von_Treyden" title="Theoderich von Treyden">Theoderich von Treyden</a>, German missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/David,_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="David, Earl of Huntingdon">David of Scotland</a>, Scottish nobleman (b <a href="/wiki/1152" title="1152">1152</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ch%27oe_Ch%27ung-h%C5%8Fn" title="Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn">Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn</a>, Korean ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1149" title="1149">1149</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saer_de_Quincy,_1st_Earl_of_Winchester" title="Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester">Saer de Quincy</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_IX_of_Lusignan" title="Hugh IX of Lusignan">Hugh IX</a> (<b>the Brown</b>), French nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a>, French knight (b. 1150)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania">Casimir II</a> (or <b>Kasimir</b>), duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania-Demmin</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_de_Furnival" title="Gerard de Furnival">Gerard de Furnival</a>, Norman nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1175" title="1175">1175</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Grey" title="Henry de Grey">Henry de Grey</a>, English nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtier</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalchuq" title="Inalchuq">Inalchuq</a> (or <b>Inalchuk</b>), Khwarezmian governor of <a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_B%C3%A9thune_(died_1219)" title="John of Béthune (died 1219)">John of Béthune</a>, French nobleman and bishop (b. 1160)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Courcy" title="John de Courcy">John de Courcy</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. 1150)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Courtenay" title="Peter II of Courtenay">Peter II of Courtenay</a>, Latin emperor of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richalmus" title="Richalmus">Richalmus</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> abbot and biographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholastique_of_Champagne" title="Scholastique of Champagne">Scholastique of Champagne</a>, French noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1172" title="1172">1172</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_III_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Walter III of Châtillon">Walter III of Châtillon</a>, French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Valognes" title="William de Valognes">William de Valognes</a>, Scoto-Norman <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda,_Latin_Empress" title="Yolanda, Latin Empress">Yolanda of Flanders</a>, Latin empress and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (b. 1175)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1210s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1210s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1210s">1210s</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)" title="William Miller (historian)">Miller, William</a> (1908). <i>The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)</i>, p. 75. London: John Murray. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/563022439">563022439</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunham, S. A. (1835). <i>A History of the Germanic Empire, Vol I</i>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 133. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrena, Jean-Jacques (2004). <i>Estonia: Identity and Independence</i>, p. 301. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0890-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0890-3">90-420-0890-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris1902" class="citation journal cs1">Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832571">10.2307/1832571</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832571">1832571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Financial+Relations+of+the+Knights+Templars+to+the+English+Crown&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832571&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832571%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, David (2004). <i>The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain (1066–1284)</i>, p. 272. London: Penguin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014824-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014824-4">978-0-14-014824-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 113. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Man_(author)" title="John Man (author)">Man, John</a> (2004). <i>Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection</i>, p. 162. New York City: St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9">978-0-553-81498-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macrides, Ruth (2007). <i>George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary</i>, pp. 131–132. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921067-1">978-0-19-921067-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macrides, Ruth (2007). <i>George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary</i>, pp. 148–153. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921067-1">978-0-19-921067-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Man, John (2011). <i>Genghis Khan: Life, death and Resurrection</i>, p. 164. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9">978-0-553-81498-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolter J. Fabrycky; P. M. Ghare; Paul E. Torgersen (1972). <i>Industrial operations research</i>, p. 313. Prentice-Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-464263-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-464263-5">978-0-13-464263-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter of les Vaux de Cernay (1998). <i>The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis</i>, p. 215. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-807-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-807-2">0-85115-807-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 133. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fires-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fires_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Fires, Great", in <i>The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance</i>, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p26 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, W. L. (1961). <i>King John</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 169–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). <i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i>, p. 90. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4">0-472-08260-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linehan1999-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linehan1999_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linehan1999_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linehan1999_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linehan1999_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinehan1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Linehan" title="Peter Linehan">Linehan, Peter</a> (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In <a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">David Abulafia</a> (ed.). <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–671. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36289-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36289-X"><bdi>0-521-36289-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21%3A+Castile%2C+Portugal+and+Navarre&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History+c.1198-c.1300&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=668-671&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-36289-X&rft.aulast=Linehan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridge1980" class="citation book cs1">Bridge, Antony (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crusades00brid"><i>The Crusades</i></a></span>. London: Granada Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-531-09872-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-531-09872-9"><bdi>0-531-09872-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Granada+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-531-09872-9&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrusades00brid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toch, Michael (1999). "Welffs, Hohenstaufen and Habsburgs". In Abulafia, David; McKitterick, Rosamond (eds.). <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1198– c. 1300</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Man, John (2011). <i>Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection</i>, p. 166. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9">978-0-553-81498-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulman2002" class="citation book cs1">Schulman, Jana K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_jLbHTM_zgC&q=1213+king+john+Pope+Innocent+III&pg=PR29"><i>The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. The Great Cultural Eras of the Western World. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. xxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313308178" title="Special:BookSources/9780313308178"><bdi>9780313308178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Medieval+World%2C+500-1300%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT+and+London&rft.series=The+Great+Cultural+Eras+of+the+Western+World&rft.pages=xxix&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313308178&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Jana+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_jLbHTM_zgC%26q%3D1213%2Bking%2Bjohn%2BPope%2BInnocent%2BIII%26pg%3DPR29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2003" class="citation book cs1">Moore, John Clare (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPweZnz4nJgC&q=1213+king+john+Pope+Innocent+III&pg=PA212"><i>Pope Innocent 3rd 1160/61-1216: To Root Up and to Plant</i></a>. The Medieval Mediterranean. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 212–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004129252" title="Special:BookSources/9789004129252"><bdi>9789004129252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+Innocent+3rd+1160%2F61-1216%3A+To+Root+Up+and+to+Plant&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=The+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.pages=212-214&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789004129252&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=John+Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPweZnz4nJgC%26q%3D1213%2Bking%2Bjohn%2BPope%2BInnocent%2BIII%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=1213+Battle+of+Damme&pg=PA269"><i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i></a>. Vol. I: ca. 3000 BCE - 1499 CE. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851096725" title="Special:BookSources/9781851096725"><bdi>9781851096725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+Denver%2C+CO+and+Oxford&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781851096725&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26q%3D1213%2BBattle%2Bof%2BDamme%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1993" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Austin Lane (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PN6MO0_mwaAC&q=1213+Battle+of+Damme&pg=PA459"><i>From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216</i></a>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 459–461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192852878" title="Special:BookSources/9780192852878"><bdi>9780192852878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Domesday+Book+to+Magna+Carta%2C+1087-1216&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=459-461&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780192852878&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Austin+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPN6MO0_mwaAC%26q%3D1213%2BBattle%2Bof%2BDamme%26pg%3DPA459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Puylaurens2003" class="citation book cs1">de Puylaurens, Guillaume (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mIQTe2VaZQsC&q=1213+Battle+of+Muret&pg=PA45"><i>The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath</i></a>. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851159256" title="Special:BookSources/9780851159256"><bdi>9780851159256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+William+of+Puylaurens%3A+The+Albigensian+Crusade+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780851159256&rft.aulast=de+Puylaurens&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIQTe2VaZQsC%26q%3D1213%2BBattle%2Bof%2BMuret%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1872" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Constantina E. (June–November 1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTAZAAAAYAAJ&q=1213+Battle+of+Muret&pg=PA449">"The Battle of Muret, A.D. 1213"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_New_Monthly_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's New Monthly Magazine">Harper's New Monthly Magazine</a></i>. <b>XLV</b>: 449.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+New+Monthly+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Muret%2C+A.D.+1213&rft.volume=XLV&rft.pages=449&rft.date=1872-06%2F1872-11&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Constantina+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTAZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D1213%2BBattle%2Bof%2BMuret%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1998" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Matthew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04S4YdDarD0C&q=1213+Genghis+Khan+Jin&pg=PA73"><i>The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare</i></a>. Chicago, London: Taylor & Francis. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579581169" title="Special:BookSources/9781579581169"><bdi>9781579581169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hutchinson+Dictionary+of+Ancient+%26+Medieval+Warfare&rft.place=Chicago%2C+London&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781579581169&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04S4YdDarD0C%26q%3D1213%2BGenghis%2BKhan%2BJin%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNab2017" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCpmDwAAQBAJ&q=1213+Genghis+Khan+Jin&pg=PA47"><i>Famous Battles of the Medieval Period</i></a>. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781502632470" title="Special:BookSources/9781502632470"><bdi>9781502632470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Battles+of+the+Medieval+Period&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781502632470&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCpmDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1213%2BGenghis%2BKhan%2BJin%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMylodPerrySmithVandeburie2016" class="citation book cs1">Mylod, E. J.; Perry, Guy; Smith, Thomas W.; Vandeburie, Jan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PshCDQAAQBAJ&q=1213+charter&pg=PT173"><i>The Fifth Crusade in Context: The Crusading Movement in the Early Thirteenth Century</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317160175" title="Special:BookSources/9781317160175"><bdi>9781317160175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+Crusade+in+Context%3A+The+Crusading+Movement+in+the+Early+Thirteenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317160175&rft.aulast=Mylod&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Guy&rft.au=Smith%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Vandeburie%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPshCDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1213%2Bcharter%26pg%3DPT173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyerman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Tyerman, Christopher</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer"><i>God's War: A New History of the Crusades</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer/page/612">612</a>–613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674023871" title="Special:BookSources/9780674023871"><bdi>9780674023871</bdi></a>. <q>1213 Fifth Crusade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=612-613&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780674023871&rft.aulast=Tyerman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodswarnewhistor00tyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdPetersPowell2013" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Jessalynn; Peters, Edward; Powell, James M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKTTPaUjur8C&q=1213"><i>Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 106–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812207651" title="Special:BookSources/9780812207651"><bdi>9780812207651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusade+and+Christendom%3A+Annotated+Documents+in+Translation+from+Innocent+III+to+the+Fall+of+Acre%2C+1187-1291&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=106-112&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780812207651&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Jessalynn&rft.au=Peters%2C+Edward&rft.au=Powell%2C+James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKTTPaUjur8C%26q%3D1213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treadgold, Warren (1997). <i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i>, p. 718. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-804-72630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-804-72630-2">0-804-72630-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. London: Century Ltd. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2"><bdi>0-7126-5616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=77-79&rft.pub=Century+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-5616-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oman, Charles (2012). <i>A History of the Art of War: The Middle Ages from the Fourth to the Fourteenth Century</i>, p. 539. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62358-003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62358-003-2">978-1-62358-003-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Man, John (2011). <i>Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection</i>, pp. 169–170. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9">978-0-553-81498-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Man, John (2011). <i>Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection</i>, p. 171. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9">978-0-553-81498-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter of les Vaux de Cernay (1998). <i>The History of the Albigensian Crusade</i>, pp. 554–559. 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F.</a>(1889). "Fitzwalter, Robert". In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.) <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 225–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Hywel (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/133"><i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i></a></span>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/133">133–135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8"><bdi>0-304-35730-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Chronology+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=133-135&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-304-35730-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcassellschronolo0000will%2Fpage%2F133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel, Williams (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 134. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ordeals"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ordeals">"Ordeals" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 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(2009). <i>King John: England's Evil King?</i>, p. 194. Stroud, UK: History Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4850-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4850-3">978-0-7524-4850-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, Neal (2021). <i>The Siege of Berkhamsted Castle - a reappraisal</i>, p. 4. Academia Letters, Article 1834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dell'Umbria, Alèssi (2006). <i>Histoire universelle de Marseille. De l'an mil à l'an deux mille</i>, p. 27. Marseille: Agone. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7489-0061-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-7489-0061-8">2-7489-0061-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowicke1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._M._Powicke" title="F. M. Powicke">Powicke, Maurice</a> (1962). <i>The Thirteenth Century 1216–1307</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_History_of_England" title="Oxford History of England">Oxford History of England</a>, vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteenth+Century+1216%E2%80%931307&rft.series=Oxford+History+of+England%2C+vol.+4&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Powicke&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth M; Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry (eds.). <i>A History of The Crusades, Vol II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311</i>, pp. 522–554. The University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-04844-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-04844-6">0-299-04844-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 123. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 124–125. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_History_of_The_Crusades._Vol_III:_The_Kingdom_of_Acre-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_History_of_The_Crusades._Vol_III:_The_Kingdom_of_Acre_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_History_of_The_Crusades._Vol_III:_The_Kingdom_of_Acre_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 125. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pevsner, Nikolaus (1960). <i>The Buildings of England: Leicestershire and Rutland</i>, p. 195. Penguin Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostrogorsky, George (1995). <i>History of the Byzantine State</i>, p. 433. Translated by Hussey, Joan. Rutgers University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powicke, Frederick Maurice (1947). <i>King Henry III and the Lord Edward</i>, pp. 15–16. Oxford: Clarendon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1044503">1044503</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>, pp. 77–79. 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Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 131. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver of Paderborn, <i>The Capture of Damietta</i>, Translated by John J. Gavigan. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. 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Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Man (2011). <i>Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection</i>, pp. 179–180. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9">978-0-553-81498-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Man (2011). <i>Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection</i>, p. 184. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9">978-0-553-81498-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/principality01.shtml">"BBC Wales History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071125170839/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/principality01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Wales+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fhistory%2Fsites%2Fnation%2Fpages%2Fprincipality01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel Williams (2011). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 135. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 129. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2005). "Minamoto no Sanetomo" in <a href="/wiki/Japan_Encyclopedia" title="Japan Encyclopedia">Japan Encyclopedia</a>, p. 633. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00770-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00770-0">0-674-00770-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuijderduijn2009" class="citation book cs1">Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). <i>Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for rent, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)</i>. Leiden; Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00417565-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00417565-5"><bdi>978-9-00417565-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Capital+Markets.+Markets+for+rent%2C+state+formation+and+private+investment+in+Holland+%281300-1550%29&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9-00417565-5&rft.aulast=Zuijderduijn&rft.aufirst=Jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 132–133. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. 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(1969). <i>The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege</i>, pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). <i>The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege</i>, p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 134–135. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 136. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ausis.gf.vu.lt/mg/nr/2003/07/7mlk.html">the original</a> on 2007-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mokslas+Ir+Gyvenimas&rft.atitle=Mindaugas+%E2%80%94+Lietuvos+karalius&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=547&rft.date=2003-07&rft.aulast=Butkevi%C4%8Dien%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Birut%C4%97&rft.au=Gricius%2C+Vytautas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fausis.gf.vu.lt%2Fmg%2Fnr%2F2003%2F07%2F7mlk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 138. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Ewan2006" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Ewan, ed. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ewan"><i>The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004</i></a></span> (Reprinted ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ewan/page/n466">400</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1713-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1713-2"><bdi>0-7486-1713-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+biographical+dictionary+of+Scottish+women+%3A+from+the+earliest+times+to+2004&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=400&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Edinburgh+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7486-1713-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicaldict00ewan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommire1999" class="citation book cs1">Commire, Anne (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUMOAQAAMAAJ&q=1213+Hugh"><i>Women in World History</i></a>. Vol. I. Waterford, CT: Gale. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787640613" title="Special:BookSources/9780787640613"><bdi>9780787640613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+History&rft.place=Waterford%2C+CT&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780787640613&rft.aulast=Commire&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUMOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D1213%2BHugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Matthew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9CUlDwAAQBAJ&q=1213+Fakhr-al-Din+Iraqi&pg=PA87">"Religious Sects, Syncretism, and Claims of Antiquity: The Dashanami–Sannyasis and South Asian Sufis'. In Literary, Religious and Political Cultures in Medieval and Early Modern India"</a>. In Aquil, Raziuddin; Curley, David L. (eds.). <i>Literary and Religious Practices in Medieval and Early Modern India</i>. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351987325" title="Special:BookSources/9781351987325"><bdi>9781351987325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Sects%2C+Syncretism%2C+and+Claims+of+Antiquity%3A+The+Dashanami%E2%80%93Sannyasis+and+South+Asian+Sufis%E2%80%99.+In+Literary%2C+Religious+and+Political+Cultures+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+India&rft.btitle=Literary+and+Religious+Practices+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+India&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351987325&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9CUlDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1213%2BFakhr-al-Din%2BIraqi%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashi2012" class="citation book cs1">Dabashi, Hamid (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQFNfOPAS04C&q=1213+Fakhr-al-Din+Iraqi&pg=PA176"><i>The World of Persian Literary Humanism</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. Cambridge, MA and London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674067592" title="Special:BookSources/9780674067592"><bdi>9780674067592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Persian+Literary+Humanism&rft.pages=Cambridge%2C+MA+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780674067592&rft.aulast=Dabashi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQFNfOPAS04C%26q%3D1213%2BFakhr-al-Din%2BIraqi%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-مكتب_المطبوعات_الإسلامية_-_الطبعة_العاشرة,_حلب-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-مكتب_المطبوعات_الإسلامية_-_الطبعة_العاشرة,_حلب_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFأبو_غدة1984" class="citation book cs1">أبو غدة, عبد الفتاح (1984). <i>قيمة الزمن عند العلماء</i>. مكتب المطبوعات الإسلامية – الطبعة العاشرة, حلب. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%E2%80%93+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9%2C+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88+%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A9&rft.aufirst=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsoli2013" class="citation book cs1">Consoli, Joseph P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_lk-wKzYZAC&pg=PA158"><i>The Novellino or One Hundred Ancient Tales: An Edition and Translation based on the 1525 Gualteruzzi editio princeps</i></a>. Routledge. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51105-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51105-9"><bdi>978-1-136-51105-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Novellino+or+One+Hundred+Ancient+Tales%3A+An+Edition+and+Translation+based+on+the+1525+Gualteruzzi+editio+princeps&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-51105-9&rft.aulast=Consoli&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_lk-wKzYZAC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2006" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&q=1213+Tamar+of+Georgia&pg=PA579"><i>Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 579. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851097708" title="Special:BookSources/9781851097708"><bdi>9781851097708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+War%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+Denver%2C+CO+and+Oxford&rft.pages=579&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781851097708&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Bernard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlyZYS_GxglIC%26q%3D1213%2BTamar%2Bof%2BGeorgia%26pg%3DPA579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmermund2017" class="citation book cs1">Schmermund, Elizabeth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nARiDwAAQBAJ&q=1213+Tamar+of+Georgia&pg=PA39"><i>Women Warriors</i></a>. New York: Enslow Publishing, LLC. pp. 39–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780766081529" title="Special:BookSources/9780766081529"><bdi>9780766081529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Warriors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39-43&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780766081529&rft.aulast=Schmermund&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnARiDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1213%2BTamar%2Bof%2BGeorgia%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1991" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, John W. (1991) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IojohYAe4EC&q=1213+Guy+of+Thouars&pg=PA199"><i>The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520911116" title="Special:BookSources/9780520911116"><bdi>9780520911116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+of+Philip+Augustus%3A+Foundations+of+French+Royal+Power+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780520911116&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IojohYAe4EC%26q%3D1213%2BGuy%2Bof%2BThouars%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverardJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Everard, Judith; Jones, Michael C. E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZS9rOweF8TIC&q=1213+Guy+of+Thouars"><i>The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and Her Family, 1171-1221</i></a>. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851157511" title="Special:BookSources/9780851157511"><bdi>9780851157511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charters+of+Duchess+Constance+of+Brittany+and+Her+Family%2C+1171-1221&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780851157511&rft.aulast=Everard&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael+C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZS9rOweF8TIC%26q%3D1213%2BGuy%2Bof%2BThouars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardCates1872" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke; Cates, William Leist Readwin (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeI0AQAAMAAJ&q=1213+Guy+of+Thouars&pg=PA227"><i>Encyclopaedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical</i></a>. London: Lee and Shepard. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Chronology%3A+Historical+and+Biographical&rft.place=London&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Lee+and+Shepard&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Bolingbroke&rft.au=Cates%2C+William+Leist+Readwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeI0AQAAMAAJ%26q%3D1213%2BGuy%2Bof%2BThouars%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2012" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Therese (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpYz-JIpjR8C&q=1213+Maria+of+Montpellier&pg=PA352"><i>Reassessing the Roles of Women as 'Makers' of Medieval Art and Architecture (2 Vol. Set)</i></a>. Visualizing the Middle Ages. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004185555" title="Special:BookSources/9789004185555"><bdi>9789004185555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reassessing+the+Roles+of+Women+as+%27Makers%27+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture+%282+Vol.+Set%29&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=Visualizing+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004185555&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Therese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpYz-JIpjR8C%26q%3D1213%2BMaria%2Bof%2BMontpellier%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Puylaurens2003" class="citation book cs1">de Puylaurens, Guillaume (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mIQTe2VaZQsC&q=1213+Maria+of+Montpellier&pg=PA30"><i>The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath</i></a>. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851159256" title="Special:BookSources/9780851159256"><bdi>9780851159256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+William+of+Puylaurens%3A+The+Albigensian+Crusade+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780851159256&rft.aulast=de+Puylaurens&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIQTe2VaZQsC%26q%3D1213%2BMaria%2Bof%2BMontpellier%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2012" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Ernest E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KSnHAAAAQBAJ&q=1213+Peter+II+Aragon&pg=PA1"><i>The Mediterranean World of Alfonso II and Peter II of Aragon (1162–1213)</i></a>. The New Middle Ages. New York: Springer. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137078261" title="Special:BookSources/9781137078261"><bdi>9781137078261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+World+of+Alfonso+II+and+Peter+II+of+Aragon+%281162%E2%80%931213%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+New+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781137078261&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Ernest+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKSnHAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1213%2BPeter%2BII%2BAragon%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarfaty2010" class="citation book cs1">Sarfaty, David E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_RioduTrpwC&q=1213+Peter+II+Aragon&pg=PA160"><i>Buy Columbus Re-discovered: Why the King of Aragon Suppressed the Discoverer's Identity and How He Did</i></a>. Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance Publishing. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434997500" title="Special:BookSources/9781434997500"><bdi>9781434997500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buy+Columbus+Re-discovered%3A+Why+the+King+of+Aragon+Suppressed+the+Discoverer%27s+Identity+and+How+He+Did&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+PA&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781434997500&rft.aulast=Sarfaty&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_RioduTrpwC%26q%3D1213%2BPeter%2BII%2BAragon%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerend2017" class="citation book cs1">Berend, Nora (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SgokDwAAQBAJ&q=1213+Gertrude+of+Merania&pg=PT491"><i>The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages</i></a>. The Expansion of Latin Europe, 1000 - 1500. New York and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351890083" title="Special:BookSources/9781351890083"><bdi>9781351890083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=The+Expansion+of+Latin+Europe%2C+1000+-+1500&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351890083&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSgokDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1213%2BGertrude%2Bof%2BMerania%26pg%3DPT491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorkClarkMcGehee2016" class="citation book cs1">Bork, Robert; Clark, William W.; McGehee, Abby (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCmoDQAAQBAJ&q=1213+Gertrude+of+Merania&pg=PT117"><i>New Approaches to Medieval Architecture</i></a>. New York and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351915137" title="Special:BookSources/9781351915137"><bdi>9781351915137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Approaches+to+Medieval+Architecture&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781351915137&rft.aulast=Bork&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Clark%2C+William+W.&rft.au=McGehee%2C+Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCmoDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1213%2BGertrude%2Bof%2BMerania%26pg%3DPT117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoudSchenk2017" class="citation book cs1">Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkwrDwAAQBAJ&q=1213+Gertrude+of+Merania&pg=PR24"><i>The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians</i></a>. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. pp. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317022008" title="Special:BookSources/9781317022008"><bdi>9781317022008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+German+Principalities%2C+1100-1350%3A+Essays+by+German+Historians&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317022008&rft.aulast=Loud&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft.au=Schenk%2C+Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkwrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1213%2BGertrude%2Bof%2BMerania%26pg%3DPR24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeep2001" class="citation book cs1">Jeep, John M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4uHav3mZLsC&q=1213+Frederick+II+Lorraine&pg=PA467"><i>Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. New York and London: Psychology Press. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824076443" title="Special:BookSources/9780824076443"><bdi>9780824076443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Germany%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780824076443&rft.aulast=Jeep&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp4uHav3mZLsC%26q%3D1213%2BFrederick%2BII%2BLorraine%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeis1992" class="citation book cs1">Weis, Frederick Lewis (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XLqEWwa7fT8C&q=1213+Geoffrey+Fitz+Peter&pg=PA213"><i>Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: The Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants</i></a>. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806313672" title="Special:BookSources/9780806313672"><bdi>9780806313672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestral+Roots+of+Certain+American+Colonists+who+Came+to+America+Before+1700%3A+The+Lineage+of+Alfred+the+Great%2C+Charlemagne%2C+Malcolm+of+Scotland%2C+Robert+the+Strong%2C+and+Some+of+Their+Descendants&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780806313672&rft.aulast=Weis&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXLqEWwa7fT8C%26q%3D1213%2BGeoffrey%2BFitz%2BPeter%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2005" class="citation book cs1">West, Francis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LO5O22Zbz2cC&q=1213+Geoffrey+Fitz+Peter&pg=PA137"><i>Justiceship England 1066-1232</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521619646" title="Special:BookSources/9780521619646"><bdi>9780521619646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justiceship+England+1066-1232&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521619646&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLO5O22Zbz2cC%26q%3D1213%2BGeoffrey%2BFitz%2BPeter%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahan-DalmédicoPeiffer2010" class="citation book cs1">Dahan-Dalmédico, Amy; Peiffer, Jeanne (2010) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f7jXVXcn09wC&q=1213+Sharaf+al-D%C4%ABn+al-%E1%B9%AC%C5%ABs%C4%AB&pg=PA109"><i>History of Mathematics: Highways and Byways</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883855621" title="Special:BookSources/9780883855621"><bdi>9780883855621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mathematics%3A+Highways+and+Byways&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Mathematical+Association+of+America&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780883855621&rft.aulast=Dahan-Dalm%C3%A9dico&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Peiffer%2C+Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df7jXVXcn09wC%26q%3D1213%2BSharaf%2Bal-D%25C4%25ABn%2Bal-%25E1%25B9%25AC%25C5%25ABs%25C4%25AB%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGharipour2015" class="citation book cs1">Gharipour, Mohammad (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dhzCgAAQBAJ&q=1213+Sharaf+al-D%C4%ABn+al-%E1%B9%AC%C5%ABs%C4%AB&pg=PA66"><i>The Historiography of Persian Architecture</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317427223" title="Special:BookSources/9781317427223"><bdi>9781317427223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+Persian+Architecture&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317427223&rft.aulast=Gharipour&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dhzCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1213%2BSharaf%2Bal-D%25C4%25ABn%2Bal-%25E1%25B9%25AC%25C5%25ABs%25C4%25AB%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2011" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Roger L. (2011) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOGh7XPowAMC&q=1213+Sharaf+al-D%C4%ABn+al-%E1%B9%AC%C5%ABs%C4%AB&pg=PA426"><i>The History of Mathematics.: A Brief Course</i></a> (Second ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118030240" title="Special:BookSources/9781118030240"><bdi>9781118030240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Mathematics.%3A+A+Brief+Course&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=426&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781118030240&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOGh7XPowAMC%26q%3D1213%2BSharaf%2Bal-D%25C4%25ABn%2Bal-%25E1%25B9%25AC%25C5%25ABs%25C4%25AB%26pg%3DPA426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeberdyWaller2020" class="citation book cs1">Peberdy, Robert; Waller, Philip (23 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rKwEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA673"><i>A Dictionary of British and Irish History</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 673. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20155-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20155-7"><bdi>978-0-631-20155-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+British+and+Irish+History&rft.pages=673&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020-11-23&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20155-7&rft.aulast=Peberdy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Waller%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrKwEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoonawala2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Poonawala, Ismail K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932">"ʿAlī b. al-Walīd"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+b.+al-Wal%C4%ABd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Poonawala&rft.aufirst=Ismail+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1210s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Artists <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81250#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b1d4d10a-1a1e-4db0-9296-18b864499515">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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