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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Shia Islam (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃiːə/</a>) is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">branch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. It holds that the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> designated <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> (656–661 CE) as his <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">successor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: خليفة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: khalīfa) as <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imam</a> (امام, 'spiritual and political leader'), most notably at the event of <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>, but that after Muhammad's death, Ali was prevented from succeeding as leader of the Muslims as a result of the choice made by some of <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Muhammad's other companions</a> (صحابة, ṣaḥāba) at <a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">Saqifah</a>. This view primarily contrasts with that of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor before <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muhammad">his death</a> and consider <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, who was appointed <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> by a group of Muhammad's other companions at Saqifah, to be the first <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> ('rightful') caliph after Muhammad (632–634 CE). Shia Muslims' belief that Ali was the designated successor to Muhammad as Islam's spiritual and political leader later developed into the concept of <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imamah</a>, the idea that certain descendants of Muhammad, the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> (أَهْل البَيْت, 'People of the House'), are rightful rulers or Imams through the <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Ali">bloodline of Ali</a> and his two sons <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>, whom Shia Muslims believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>. Later events such as Husayn's martyrdom in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> (680 CE) further influenced the development of Shia Islam, contributing to the formation of a distinct religious sect with its own rituals and shared collective memory.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Shia Islam is followed by 10–15% of all Muslims. Although there are many <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa_Islam" title="Islamic schools and branches">Shia subsects</a> in the Muslim world, <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a> is by far the largest and most influential, comprising about 85% of all Shia Muslims. Others include the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawi</a>. Shia Muslims form a majority of the population in four countries across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_in_Bahrain" title="Shia in Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Significant Shia communities are also found in <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Shia Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Yemen" title="Shia Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Shia Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Iran stands as the world's only country where Shia Islam forms the foundation of both <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">its laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">governance system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmajani20201%E2%80%933-2">[2]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Beliefs">2 Beliefs</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Al%C4%AB:_Muhammad's_rightful_successor">2.1 Alī: Muhammad's rightful successor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Profession_of_faith_(Shahada)">2.2 Profession of faith (Shahada)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Infallibility_(Ismah)">2.3 Infallibility (Ismah)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Occultation_(Ghaybah)">2.4 Occultation (Ghaybah)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Hadith_tradition">2.4.1 Hadith tradition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Holy_Relics_(Tabarruk)">2.5 Holy Relics (Tabarruk)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Other_doctrines">2.6 Other doctrines</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Doctrine_about_necessity_of_acquiring_knowledge">2.6.1 Doctrine about necessity of acquiring knowledge</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Practices">3 Practices</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Holidays">3.1 Holidays</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Holy_sites">3.2 Holy sites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Purity">3.3 Purity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#History">4 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Origins">4.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Hasan,_Husayn,_and_Karbala">4.2 Hasan, Husayn, and Karbala</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Imamate_of_the_Ahl_al-Bayt">4.3 Imamate of the Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Imam_Mahdi,_last_Imam_of_the_Shia">4.4 Imam Mahdi, last Imam of the Shia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Dynasties">4.5 Dynasties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Fatimid_Caliphate">4.5.1 Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Safavid_Empire">4.5.2 Safavid Empire</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Demographics">5 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Significant_populations_worldwide">5.1 Significant populations worldwide</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Major_denominations_or_branches">6 Major denominations or branches</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Twelver">6.1 Twelver</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Doctrine">6.1.1 Doctrine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Books">6.1.2 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#The_Twelve_Imams">6.1.3 The Twelve Imams</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Jurisprudence">6.1.4 Jurisprudence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Islamists">6.1.5 Islamists</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl%C4%AB_(Sevener)">6.2 Ismāʿīlī (Sevener)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl%C4%AB_Imams">6.2.1 Ismāʿīlī Imams</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Pillars">6.2.2 Pillars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Contemporary_leadership">6.2.3 Contemporary leadership</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Zayd%C4%AB_(Fiver)">6.3 Zaydī (Fiver)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Doctrine_2">6.3.1 Doctrine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Jurisprudence_2">6.3.2 Jurisprudence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Timeline">6.3.3 Timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Persecution_of_Shia_Muslims">7 Persecution of Shia Muslims</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Notes">9.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Citations">9.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Sources">9.3 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The word Shia (or Shīʿa) (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃiːə/</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: شيعيّ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: shīʿī, <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr> shīʿiyyūn) is derived from شيعة علي, shīʿat ʿAlī, 'followers of Ali'.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica738-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-wehr-498-5">[5]</a> Shia Islam is also referred to in English as Shiism (or Shīʿism) (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃiːɪz(ə)m/</a>), and Shia Muslims as Shiites (or Shīʿites) (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃiːaɪt/</a>).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The term Shia was first used during Muhammad's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> At present, the word refers to the Muslims who believe that the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> after Muhammad belongs to <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a>, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, and his successors.<a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8">[8]</a> Nawbakhti states that the term Shia refers to a group of Muslims who at the time of Muhammad and after him regarded ʿAlī as the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a> expresses that the term Shia refers to those who believe that ʿAlī is designated as the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">heir</a>, Imam, and caliph by Muhammad<a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and that ʿAlī's authority is maintained through his descendants.<a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> For the adherents of Shia Islam, this conviction is implicit in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>. Shia Muslim scholars emphasize that the notion of authority is linked to the family of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">Abrahamic prophets</a> as the Quranic verses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=33">3:33</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=34">3:34</a> show: "Indeed, Allah chose <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Noah</a>, the family of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a>, and the family of <a href="/wiki/Amram" title="Amram">’Imrân</a> above all people. They are descendants of one another. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamic_beliefs_and_practices" title="Shia Islamic beliefs and practices">Shia Islamic beliefs and practices</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: cluttered, inconsistent, and confusing. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Shia Islam">improve this section</a> if you can. (October 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Shīʿa Islam encompasses <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa_Islam" title="Islamic schools and branches">various denominations and subgroups</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica738-3">[3]</a> all bound by the belief that the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (Ummah) should hail from <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a>, the family of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> It embodies a completely independent system of religious interpretation and political authority in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alī:_Muhammad's_rightful_successor">Alī: Muhammad's rightful successor</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Shia view of Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ali_in_the_Quran" title="Ali in the Quran">Ali in the Quran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/220px-InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="990"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/220px-InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/330px-InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/440px-InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Ḍarīẖ</a> over ʿAlī's qabr (grave), <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Sanctuary of Imām ʿAlī</a> in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, the holiest site in Shia Islam.</figcaption></figure> Shīʿa Muslims believe that just as a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">prophet</a> is appointed by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> alone, only God has the prerogative to appoint the successor to his prophet. They believe God chose <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> to be Muhammad's successor and the first <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: خليفة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: khalifa) of Islam. Shīʿa Muslims believe that Muhammad designated Ali as his successor by God's command on several instances, but most notably at <a href="/wiki/The_event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="The event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid Al Ghadir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-shiite-doctrine-17">[17]</a> Additionally, ʿAlī was Muhammad's first-cousin and closest living male relative as well as his son-in-law, having married Muhammad's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fāṭimah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profession_of_faith_(Shahada)">Profession of faith (Shahada)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg/220px-Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg/220px-Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg/330px-Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg/440px-Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kalema at <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, displaying the phrase Ali-un-Waliullah (علي ولي الله: "ʿAlī is the <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a> (custodian) of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>").</figcaption></figure> The Shīʿīte version of the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الشهادة‎), the Islamic profession of faith, differs from that of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shahada-20">[20]</a> The Sunnī version of the Shahada states La ilaha illallah, Muhammadun rasulullah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'There is no god except God, Muhammad is the messenger of God'), but in addition to this declaration of faith Shīʿa Muslims add the phrase Ali-un-Waliullah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: علي ولي الله, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Ali is the guardian of God'). The basis for the Shīʿīte belief in ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as the Wali of God is derived from the Qur'anic verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=55">5:55</a>. This additional phrase to the declaration of faith embodies the Shīʿīte emphasis on the inheritance of authority through <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Muhammad's family and lineage</a>. The three clauses of the Shīʿīte version of the Shahada thus address the fundamental Islamic beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تَوْحِيد, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'oneness of God'), <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Nubuwwah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: نبوة, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'prophethood'), and <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: إمامة, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Imamate or leadership').<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infallibility_(Ismah)">Infallibility (Ismah)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">Ismah</a></div> Ismah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عِصْمَة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: 'Iṣmah or 'Isma, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'protection') is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Infallibility" title="Infallibility">infallibility</a> or "divinely bestowed freedom from error and sin" in Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Dabashi-22">[22]</a> Muslims believe that Muhammad, along with the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">other prophets and messengers</a>, possessed ismah. <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> Shīʿa Muslims also attribute the quality to <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imams</a> as well as to <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fāṭimah</a>, daughter of Muhammad, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī Shīʿas</a>, who do not attribute ismah to the Imams.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Though initially beginning as a political movement, infallibility and sinlessness of the Imams later evolved as a distinct belief of (non-Zaydī) Shīʿīsm.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Shīʿa Muslim theologians</a>, infallibility is considered a rational, necessary precondition for spiritual and religious guidance. They argue that since <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> has commanded absolute obedience from these figures, they must only order that which is right. The state of infallibility is based on the Shīʿīte interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">verse of purification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Thus, they are the most pure ones, the only immaculate ones preserved from, and immune to, all uncleanness.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> It does not mean that supernatural powers prevent them from committing a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">sin</a>, but due to the fact that they have absolute belief in God, they refrain from doing anything that is a sin.<a href="#cite_note-Dabashi-22">[22]</a> They also have a complete knowledge of God's will. They are in possession of all knowledge brought by the <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ملائِكة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: malāʾikah) to the prophets (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: أنبياء, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: anbiyāʼ) and the messengers (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: رُسل, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: rusul). Their knowledge encompasses the totality of all times. Thus, they are believed to act without fault in religious matters.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Shi'a Muslims regard <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">successor of Muhammad</a> not only ruling over the entire <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> in justice, but also in interpreting the Islamic faith, practices, and its esoteric meaning. ʿAlī is regarded as a "<a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">perfect man</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الإنسان الكامل, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-insan al-kamil) similar to Muhammad, according to the Shīʿīte perspective.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occultation_(Ghaybah)">Occultation (Ghaybah)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation (Islam)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reappearance_of_Hujjat_Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi">Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Major_Occultation" title="Major Occultation">Major Occultation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_Occultation" title="Minor Occultation">Minor Occultation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg/220px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg/220px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg/330px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg/440px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamkaran_Mosque" title="Jamkaran Mosque">Jamkaran Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, is a popular pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims. Local belief holds that the <a href="/wiki/Hujjat-Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi">12th Shīʿīte Imam</a>—the promised <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelvers</a>—once appeared and offered prayers at Jamkaran.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">eschatological belief</a> held in various denominations of Shīʿa Islam concerning a <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianic figure</a>, the hidden and last Imam known as "the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>", that one day shall return on Earth and fill the world with justice. According to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shīʿīsm</a>, the main goal of Imam Mahdi will be to establish an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> and to apply <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic laws</a> that were revealed to Muhammad. The Quran does not contain verses on the Imamate, which is the basic doctrine of Shīʿa Islam.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa_Islam" title="Islamic schools and branches">Shīʿa subsects</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī Shīʿas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs</a>, do not believe in the idea of the Occultation. The groups which do believe in it differ as to which lineage of the Imamate is valid, and therefore which individual has gone into Occultation. They believe there are many signs that will indicate the time of his return. Twelver Shīʿa Muslims believe that the prophesied Mahdi and <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">12th Shīʿīte Imam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a>, is already on Earth in Occultation, and <a href="/wiki/Reappearance_of_Hujjat_Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi">will return at the end of time</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Ṭayyibi Ismāʿīlīs</a> and Fatimid/Bohra/<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> believe the same but for their 21st Ṭayyib, <a href="/wiki/At-Tayyib_Abi_l-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim">At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim</a>, and also believe that a <a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a> ("Unrestricted Missionary") maintains contact with him. <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī Muslims</a> believe that the future Mahdi has not yet arrived on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hadith_tradition">Hadith tradition</h4></div> Shīʿa Muslims believe that the status of ʿAlī is supported by numerous <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">ḥadīth reports</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Hadith of the pond of Khumm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Hadith of the two weighty things</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pen_and_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pen and paper">Hadith of the pen and paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of warning">Hadith of the invitation of the close families</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Twelve_Successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Twelve Successors">Hadith of the Twelve Successors</a>. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Hadith of the Cloak</a> is often quoted to illustrate Muhammad's feeling towards ʿAlī and his family by both Sunnī and Shia scholars. Shia Muslims prefer to study and read the hadith attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> and close associates, and most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books#Hadith_collections" title="List of Shia books">have their own separate hadith canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Relics_(Tabarruk)">Holy Relics (Tabarruk)</h3></div> Shīʿa Muslims believe that the armaments and sacred items of all of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">prophets</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>, were handed down in succession to the Imams of the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">6th Shīʿīte Imam</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a> mentions that "with me are the arms of the Messenger of Allah. It is not disputable."<a href="#cite_note-Kulayni-34">[34]</a> Further, he claims that with him is the sword of the Messenger of God, his coat of arms, his Lamam (pennon) and his helmet. In addition, he mentions that with him is the flag of the Messenger of God, the victorious. With him is the Staff of <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a>, the ring of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">David</a>, and the tray on which Moses used to offer his offerings. With him is the name that whenever the Messenger of God would place it between the Muslims and pagans no arrow from the pagans would reach the Muslims. With him is the similar object that angels brought.<a href="#cite_note-Kulayni-34">[34]</a> Al-Ṣādiq also narrated that the passing down of armaments is synonymous to receiving the Imamat (leadership), similar to how the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ark of Covenant">Ark of Covenant</a> in the house of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> signaled prophethood.<a href="#cite_note-Kulayni-34">[34]</a> Imam <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali al-Ridha</a> narrates that wherever the armaments among us would go, knowledge would also follow and the armaments would never depart from those with knowledge (Imamat).<a href="#cite_note-Kulayni-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_doctrines">Other doctrines</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doctrine_about_necessity_of_acquiring_knowledge">Doctrine about necessity of acquiring knowledge</h4></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rida_al-Muzaffar" title="Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar">Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar</a>, God gives humans the faculty of reason and argument. Also, God orders humans to spend time thinking carefully on creation while he refers to all creations as his signs of power and glory. These signs encompass all of the universe. Furthermore, there is a similarity between humans as the little world and the universe as the large world. God does not accept the faith of those who follow him without thinking and only with imitation, but also God blames them for such actions. In other words, humans have to think about the universe with reason and intellect, a faculty bestowed on us by God. Since there is more insistence on the faculty of intellect among Shia Muslims, even evaluating the claims of someone who claims prophecy is on the basis of intellect.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karbala_in_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karbala_in_2019.jpg/220px-Karbala_in_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karbala_in_2019.jpg/220px-Karbala_in_2019.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karbala_in_2019.jpg/330px-Karbala_in_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karbala_in_2019.jpg/440px-Karbala_in_2019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Shia Muslims gathered in <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">prayer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Shrine of Imam Ḥusayn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></figcaption></figure> Shia religious practices, such as prayers, differ only slightly from the Sunnīs. While all <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Muslims pray</a> five times daily, Shia Muslims have the option of combining <a href="/wiki/Dhuhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhuhr">Dhuhr</a> with <a href="/wiki/Asr" class="mw-redirect" title="Asr">Asr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maghrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib">Maghrib</a> with <a href="/wiki/Isha%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Isha'">Isha'</a>, as there are three distinct times mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. The Sunnīs tend to combine only under certain circumstances. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Shia days of remembrance</a></div> Shia Muslims celebrate the following annual holidays: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>, which marks the end of fasting during the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, which marks the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> or pilgrimage to Mecca</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid al-Ghadeer">Eid al-Ghadeer</a>, which is the anniversary of the Ghadir Khum, the occasion when Muhammad announced Ali's Imamate before a multitude of Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Eid al-Ghadeer is held on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Day of Ashura</a> for Shia Muslims commemorate the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan</a> and grandson of Muhammad, who was killed by Yazid ibn Muawiyah in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> (central Iraq). Ashura is a day of deep mourning which occurs on the 10th of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a> commemorates the suffering of the women and children of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī's household. After Ḥusayn was killed, they were marched over the desert, from Karbala (central Iraq) to Shaam (<a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria). Many children (some of whom were direct descendants of Muhammad) died of thirst and exposure along the route. Arbaein occurs on the 20th of <a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a>, 40 days after Ashura.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a>, Muhammad's birth date. Unlike Sunnī Muslims, who celebrate the 12th of <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi' al-awwal">Rabi' al-awwal</a> as Muhammad's day of birth or death (because they assert that his birth and death both occur in this week), Shia Muslims celebrate Muhammad's birthday on the 17th of the month, which coincides with the birth date of <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">6th Shīʿīte Imam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fāṭimah</a>'s birthday on 20th of <a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-Thani" title="Jumada al-Thani">Jumada al-Thani</a>. This day is also considered as the "'women and mothers' day"<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī</a>'s birthday on 13th of <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Sha%27ban" title="Mid-Sha'ban">Mid-Sha'ban</a> is the birth date of the 12th and final Twelver imam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>. It is celebrated by Shia Muslims on the 15th of <a href="/wiki/Sha%27aban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sha'aban">Sha'aban</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a>, anniversary of the night of the revelation of the Quran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Mubahila" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid al-Mubahila">Eid al-Mubahila</a> celebrates a meeting between the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> (household of Muhammad) and a Christian deputation from Najran. Al-Mubahila is held on the 24th of Dhu al-Hijjah.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_sites">Holy sites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Shia_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Shia Islam">Holiest sites in Shia Islam</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImamReza(A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/ImamReza%28A%29.jpg/230px-ImamReza%28A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="552"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/ImamReza%28A%29.jpg/230px-ImamReza%28A%29.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/ImamReza%28A%29.jpg/345px-ImamReza%28A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/ImamReza%28A%29.jpg/460px-ImamReza%28A%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Reza Shrine">Sanctuary of Imam Reza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, is a complex which contains the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a>, the 8th <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imam</a> in Shia Islam. 25 Million Shias visiting the shrine each year.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></figcaption></figure>After <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">two holiest cities of Islam</a>, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> are the most revered by Shīʿa Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sardeg-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Sanctuary of Imām ʿAlī</a> in Najaf, the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Shrine of Imam Ḥusayn</a> in Karbala, The <a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Reza Shrine">Sanctuary of Imam Reza</a> in Mashhad and the <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Shrine of Fāṭimah al-Maʿṣūmah</a> in Qom are very essential for Shīʿa Muslims. Other venerated pilgrimage sites include the <a href="/wiki/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque">Kadhimiya Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Askari Mosque">Al-Askari Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sahla_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahla Mosque">Sahla Mosque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kufa" title="Great Mosque of Kufa">Great Mosque of Kufa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jamkaran_Mosque" title="Jamkaran Mosque">Jamkaran Mosque</a> in Qom, and the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Daniel" title="Tomb of Daniel">Tomb of Daniel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Shīʿa sacred places and heritage sites in Saudi Arabia have been destroyed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> armies of the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>, the most notable being the tombs of the Imams located in the Al-Baqi' cemetery in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 2006, a bomb destroyed the shrine of Al-Askari Mosque.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> (See: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Anti-Shi'ism</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purity">Purity</h3></div> Shia orthodoxy, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a>, has considered non-Muslims as agents of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">impurity</a> (Najāsat). This categorization sometimes extends to kitābῑ, individuals belonging to the <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> explicitly labeled as impure by certain Shia religious scholars.<a href="#cite_note-:3-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians in Iran</a>, who have historically played a crucial role in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iranian economy</a>, received relatively more lenient treatment.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[46]</a> Shi'ite theologians and <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">mujtahids</a> (jurists), such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisῑ</a>, held that Jews' impurity extended to the point where they were advised to stay at home on rainy or snowy days to prevent contaminating their Shia neighbors. <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> from 1979 to 1989, asserted that every part of an unbeliever's body, including hair, nails, and bodily secretions, is impure. However, the current leader of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">ʿAlī Khameneʾī</a>, stated in a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> that Jews and other Peoples of the Book are not inherently impure, and touching the moisture on their hands does not convey impurity.<a href="#cite_note-:3-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-47">[47]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History of Shia Islam</a></div> The original Shia identity referred to the followers of Imam ʿAlī,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and Shia theology was formulated after the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">hijra</a> (8th century CE).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The first Shia governments and societies were established by the end of the 9th century CE. The 10th century CE has been referred to by the scholar of Islamic studies <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a> as "the Shiite Ismaili century in the history of Islam".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin of Shia Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Taleb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Taleb">Ali ibn Abi Taleb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/220px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/220px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/330px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/440px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The investiture of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rabigh#Ghadir_Khumm" title="Rabigh">Ghadir Khumm</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries" title="The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries">MS Arab 161</a>, fol. 162r, 1308–1309 CE, <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanid</a> manuscript illustration)</figcaption></figure> The Shia, originally known as the "partisans" of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a>, Muhammad's cousin and <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a>'s husband, first emerged as a distinct movement during the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a> from 656 to 661 CE. Shia doctrine holds that ʿAlī was meant to lead the community after Muhammad's death in 632. Historians dispute over the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">origins of Shia Islam</a>, with many Western scholars positing that Shīʿīsm began as a political faction rather than a truly religious movement.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-franc23-53">[53]</a> Other scholars disagree, considering this concept of religious-political separation to be an anachronistic application of a Western concept.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Shia Muslims believe that Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his heir during a speech at <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> The point of contention between different Muslim sects arises when Muhammad, whilst giving his speech, gave the proclamation "Anyone who has me as his <a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawla</a>, has ʿAlī as his mawla".<a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._40-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Some versions add the additional sentence "O God, befriend the friend of ʿAlī and be the enemy of his enemy".<a href="#cite_note-Amir-Moezzi-58">[58]</a> Sunnis maintain that Muhammad emphasized the deserving friendship and respect for ʿAlī. In contrast, Shia Muslims assert that the statement unequivocally designates ʿAlī as Muhammad's appointed successor.<a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Shia sources also record further details of the event, such as stating that those present congratulated ʿAlī and acclaimed him as <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a> ("commander of the believers").<a href="#cite_note-Amir-Moezzi-58">[58]</a> When Muhammad died in 632 CE, <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> and Muhammad's closest relatives made the funeral arrangements. While they were preparing his body, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abū Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al_Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah</a> met with the leaders of Medina and elected Abū Bakr as the first <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">rāshidūn</a> caliph. Abū Bakr served from 632 to 634, and was followed by Umar (634–644) and <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">ʿUthmān</a> (644–656).<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kufa_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kufa_Mosque.jpg/220px-Kufa_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kufa_Mosque.jpg/220px-Kufa_Mosque.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kufa_Mosque.jpg/330px-Kufa_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kufa_Mosque.jpg/440px-Kufa_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kufa" title="Great Mosque of Kufa">Great Mosque of Kufa</a>, site of ʿAlī's assassination (661 CE)<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> With the murder of ʿUthmān in 657 CE, the Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> invited ʿAlī to become the fourth caliph as the last source,<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525-18">[18]</a> and he established his capital in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica738-3">[3]</a> ʿAlī's rule over the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">early Islamic empire</a>, between 656 CE to 661 CE, was often contested.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> Tensions eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a>, the first major <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> between Muslims within the empire, which began as a series of revolts fought against ʿAlī. While the rebels had previously affirmed the legitimacy of ʿAlī's khilafāʾ (caliphate), they later turned against ʿAlī and fought him.<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525-18">[18]</a> Tensions escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel" title="Battle of the Camel">Battle of the Camel</a> in 656, where Ali's forces emerged victorious against <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_%27Ubayd_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Talha ibn 'Ubayd Allah">Talhah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">al-Zubayr</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a> in 657 turned the tide against ʿAlī, who lost due to arbitration issues with <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah</a>, the governor of Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> ʿAlī withdrew to Kufa, overcoming the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijis</a>, a faction that had transformed from supporters to bitter rivals, at Nahrawan in 658. In 661, ʿAlī was assassinated by a Khariji assassin in Kufa while in the act of prostration during prayer (<a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">sujud</a>). Subsequently, Muawiyah asserted his claim to the caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hasan,_Husayn,_and_Karbala">Hasan, Husayn, and Karbala</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg/220px-Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="778"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg/220px-Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg/330px-Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg/440px-Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdol-Azim_Shrine" title="Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine">S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Rey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, contains the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Azim_al-Hasani" title="Abd al-Azim al-Hasani">ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan ibn ‘Alī</a> and a companion of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Taqi" title="Muhammad al-Taqi">Muhammad al-Taqī</a>.</figcaption></figure> Upon the death of ʿAlī, his elder son <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan</a> became leader of the Muslims of Kufa. After a series of skirmishes between the Kufa Muslims and the army of Muawiyah, Ḥasan ibn Ali agreed to cede the caliphate to Muawiyah and maintain peace among Muslims <a href="/wiki/Hasan%E2%80%93Mu%27awiya_treaty" title="Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty">upon certain conditions</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_tradition_of_cursing_Ali" title="Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali">enforced public cursing of ʿAlī</a>, e.g. during prayers, should be abandoned; Muawiyah should not use tax money for his own private needs; There should be peace, and followers of Ḥasan should be given security and their rights; Muawiyah will never adopt the title of <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a> ("commander of the believers"); Muawiyah will not nominate any successor.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Ḥasan then retired to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, where in 670 CE he was poisoned by his wife <a href="/wiki/Ja%27da_bint_al-Ash%27ath" title="Ja'da bint al-Ash'ath">Ja'da bint al-Ash'ath</a>, after being secretly contacted by Muawiyah who wished to pass the caliphate to his own son <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Mu%27awiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah">Yazid</a> and saw Ḥasan as an obstacle.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg/250px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="826"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg/250px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg/375px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg/500px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Battle of Karbala, painting by the <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>-based Persian artist Abbas Al-Mousavi, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> (between 1868 and 1933)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a>, ʿAlī's younger son and brother to Ḥasan, initially resisted calls to lead the Muslims against Muawiyah and reclaim the caliphate. In 680 CE, Muawiyah died and passed the caliphate to his son <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid</a>, and breaking the treaty with Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī. Yazid asked Husayn to swear allegiance (<a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">bay'ah</a>) to him. ʿAlī's faction, having expected the caliphate to return to ʿAlī's line upon Muawiyah's death, saw this as a betrayal of the peace treaty and so Ḥusayn rejected this request for allegiance. There was a groundswell of support in Kufa for Ḥusayn to return there and take his position as caliph and Imam, so Ḥusayn collected his family and followers in Medina and set off for Kufa.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:358px;max-width:358px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/170px-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5074" data-file-height="3382"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/170px-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/255px-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/340px-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg/180px-Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg/180px-Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="180" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg/270px-Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg/360px-Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Shrine of Imam Ḥusayn</a>; right: the shrine premises during <a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></div></div></div></div> En route to Kufa, Husayn was blocked by an army of Yazid's men, which included people from Kufa, near <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>; rather than surrendering, Husayn and his followers chose to fight. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a>, Ḥusayn and approximately 72 of his family members and followers were killed, and Husayn's head was delivered to Yazid in Damascus. The Shi'a community regard Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī as a martyr (<a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">shahid</a>), and count him as an Imam from the Ahl al-Bayt. The Battle of Karbala and martyrdom of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī is often cited as the <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">definitive separation between the Shia and Sunnī sects of Islam</a>. Ḥusayn is the last Imam following ʿAlī mutually recognized by all branches of Shia Islam.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The martyrdom of Husayn and his followers is commemorated on the <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Day of Ashura</a>, occurring on the tenth day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imamate_of_the_Ahl_al-Bayt">Imamate of the Ahl al-Bayt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate in Shia doctrine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/220px-Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/220px-Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/330px-Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/440px-Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a> with and without the shield. The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid depiction</a> of ʿAlī's sword is carved on the gates of <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>, namely Bab al-Nasr (shown below). Two swords were captured from the temple of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabian deity</a> <a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Sa%27d_ibn_Zaid_al-Ashhali" title="Raid of Sa'd ibn Zaid al-Ashhali">Raid of Sa'd ibn Zaid al-Ashhali</a>. Muhammad gave them to ʿAlī, saying that one of them was "Zulfiqar", which became famously known as the sword of ʿAlī and a later symbol of Shīʿīsm.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate,_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/220px-Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/220px-Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/330px-Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/440px-Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Depiction of ʿAlī's sword and shield carved on the Bab al-Nasr gate wall in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> Later, most denominations of Shia Islam, including <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelvers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīs</a>, became <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-franc46-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Imami Shīʿītes believe that Imams are the spiritual and political <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">successors to Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> Imams are human individuals who not only rule over the Muslim community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret the divine law and its <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">esoteric meaning</a>. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the Imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin, and must be chosen by <a href="/wiki/Nass_(Islam)" title="Nass (Islam)">divine decree</a> (nass) through Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Nasr_a-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Momen_1985,_p._174-72">[72]</a> According to this view peculiar to Shia Islam, there is always an Imam of the Age, who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. ʿAlī was the first Imam of this line, the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa,_Qom,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-19,_DD_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg/220px-Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7494" data-file-height="3732"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg/220px-Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg/330px-Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg/440px-Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Fatima Masumeh Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, which contains the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fatima Masumeh</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a> and sister of <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Imam Reza</a>, the 7th and 8th <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shīʿīsm</a>.</figcaption></figure> This difference between following either the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> (Muhammad's family and descendants) or pledging allegiance to Abū Bakr has shaped the <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunnī divide</a> on the interpretation of some Quranic verses, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith literature</a> (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> during his lifetime), and other areas of Islamic belief throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_collections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hadith collections">hadith collections</a> venerated by Shia Muslims are centered on narrations by members of the Ahl al-Bayt and their supporters, while some hadith transmitted by narrators not belonging to or supporting the Ahl al-Bayt are not included. Those of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Hurairah</a>, for example, Ibn Asakir in his Taʿrikh Kabir, and Muttaqi in his Kanzuʿl-Umma report that <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb</a> lashed him, rebuked him, and forbade him to narrate ḥadīth from Muhammad. ʿUmar is reported to have said: "Because you narrate hadith in large numbers from the Holy Prophet, you are fit only for attributing lies to him. (That is, one expects a wicked man like you to utter only lies about the Holy Prophet.) So you must stop narrating hadith from the Prophet; otherwise, I will send you to the land of Dus." (An <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arab clan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, to which Abu Hurairah belonged). According to Sunnī Muslims, ʿAlī was the fourth successor to Abū Bakr, while Shia Muslims maintain that ʿAlī was the first divinely sanctioned "Imam", or successor of Muhammad. The seminal event in Shia history is the martyrdom at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> of ʿAlī's son, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a>, and 71 of his followers in 680 CE, who led a non-allegiance movement against the defiant caliph. It is believed in Twelver and Ismāʿīlī branches of Shia Islam that <a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">divine wisdom</a> (ʿaql) was the source of the souls of the prophets and Imams, which bestowed upon them <a href="/wiki/Hikmah" title="Hikmah">esoteric knowledge</a> (ḥikmah), and that their sufferings were a means of divine grace to their devotees.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Although the Imam was not the recipient of a <a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">divine revelation</a> (waḥy), he had a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, through which God guides him, and the Imam, in turn, guides the people. <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a>, or belief in the divine guide, is a fundamental belief in the Twelver and Ismāʿīlī branches of Shia Islam, and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.<a href="#cite_note-Imamat-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imam_Mahdi,_last_Imam_of_the_Shia">Imam Mahdi, last Imam of the Shia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation (Islam)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reappearance_of_Hujjat_Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi">Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History of Shia Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate in Shia doctrine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg/250px-Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="461"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg/250px-Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg/375px-Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ljait%C3%BC" title="Öljaitü">Öljaitü</a> both were tolerant of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">sectarian differences within the boundaries of Islam</a>, in contrast to the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>.</figcaption></figure> In Shia Islam, Imam <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">prophesied eschatological redeemer of Islam</a> who will rule for seven, nine, or nineteen years (according to differing interpretations) before the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a> and will rid the world of evil. According to Islamic tradition, the Mahdi's tenure will coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> (ʿĪsā), who is to assist the Mahdi against the <a href="/wiki/Masih_ad-Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Masih ad-Dajjal">Masih ad-Dajjal</a> (literally, the "false Messiah" or Antichrist). Jesus, who is considered the Masih ("<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>") in Islam, will descend at the point of a white arcade east of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, dressed in yellow robes with his head anointed. He will then join the Mahdi in his war against the Dajjal, where it is believed the Mahdi will slay the Dajjal and unite humankind. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynasties">Dynasties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_dynasties" title="List of Shia dynasties">List of Shia dynasties</a></div> In the century following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> (680 CE), as various Shia-affiliated groups diffused in the emerging Islamic world, several nations arose based on a Shia leadership or population. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> (788–985 CE): a <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a> dynasty in what is now <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> (899–1077 CE): an <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> dynasty. Their headquarters were in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi">Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a> (934–1055 CE): a <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> dynasty. at its peak consisted of large portions of Iran and Iraq.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Uqaylid Dynasty">Uqaylids</a> (990–1096 CE): a Shia <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">al-Jazira</a>, northern Syria and Iraq.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (1256–1335): a <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanate</a> established in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in the 13th century, considered a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmid Empire">Khwarezmid Empire</a> in 1219–1224, and founded by Genghis's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu</a>, in territories in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> which today comprise most of Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and Pakistan. The Ilkhanate initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a> in 1295, chose Islam as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>; his brother <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ljait%C3%BC" title="Öljaitü">Öljaitü</a> promoted Shia Islam.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmanids</a> (1347–1527): a Shia Muslim state of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a>, and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Bahmanid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic kingdom in Southern India.<a href="#cite_note-Ansari-79">[79]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/220px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="564"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/220px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/330px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/440px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> at its peak (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatimid_Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg/260px-El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5183" data-file-height="3454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg/260px-El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg/390px-El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg/520px-El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a> (985–1021), the 6th <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> caliph and 16th <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> Imam, in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> (909–1171 CE): Controlled much of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, and the holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. The group takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fāṭimah</a>, Muhammad's daughter, from whom they claim descent. <ul><li>In 909 CE, the Shia military leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah al-Shiʻi</a> overthrew the Sunni rulers in North Africa, an event which led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-80">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawhar_(general)" title="Jawhar (general)">Al-Qaid Jawhar ibn Abdallah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جوهر; <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 966–d. 992) was a Shia Fatimid general. Under the command of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Muʻizz</a>, he led the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of North Africa">North Africa</a> and then of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">al-Azhar Mosque</a>. A <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Greek slave by origin</a>, he was freed by al-Muʻizz.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Safavid_Empire">Safavid Empire</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Ismail_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shah_Ismail_A.jpg/220px-Shah_Ismail_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="993"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shah_Ismail_A.jpg/220px-Shah_Ismail_A.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shah_Ismail_A.jpg/330px-Shah_Ismail_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shah_Ismail_A.jpg/440px-Shah_Ismail_A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of the first actions performed by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismā'īl I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Empire</a> was the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> denomination of Shia Islam as the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">official religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, causing sectarian tensions in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> when he destroyed the tombs of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs" title="List of Abbasid caliphs">Abbasid caliphs</a>, the Sunnī Imam <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man">Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Ṣūfī Muslim</a> ascetic <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī</a> in 1508.<a href="#cite_note-Masters_2009-84">[84]</a> In 1533 the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>, upon their conquest of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, rebuilt various important Sunnī shrines.<a href="#cite_note-Masters_2009-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></figcaption></figure> A major turning point in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">history of Shia Islam</a> was the dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> (1501–1736) in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persia</a>. This caused a number of changes in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>: <ul><li>The ending of the relative mutual tolerance between Sunnīs and Shias that existed from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquests">Mongol conquests</a> onwards and the resurgence of antagonism between the two groups.</li> <li>Initial dependence of <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shīʿīte clerics</a> on the state followed by the emergence of an independent body of <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> capable of taking a political stand different from official policies.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>The growth in importance of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Persian</a> centers of Islamic education and religious learning, which resulted in the change of Twelver Shīʿīsm from being a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> phenomenon to become predominantly <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>The growth of the <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> school of thought, which taught that only the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">ḥadīth literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> during his lifetime) are to be bases for verdicts, rejecting the use of reasoning.</li></ul> With the fall of the Safavids, the state in Iran—including the state system of courts with government-appointed <a href="/wiki/Judge_(Islamic_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge (Islamic law)">judges</a> (qāḍī)—became much weaker. This gave the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharīʿa courts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a> an opportunity to fill the legal vacuum and enabled the ulama to assert their judicial authority. The <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> school of thought also increased in strength at this time.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The declaration of Twelver Shīʿīsm as the state religion of Safavids"><noscript><img alt="The declaration of Twelver Shīʿīsm as the state religion of Safavids" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg/76px-The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1282"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 76px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg/76px-The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg" data-alt="The declaration of Twelver Shīʿīsm as the state religion of Safavids" data-width="76" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg/115px-The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg/153px-The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The declaration of <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver Shīʿīsm</a> as the state religion of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Persia">Safavids</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Chaldiran_(1514).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 was a major sectarian crisis between Muslims in the Middle East."><noscript><img alt="Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 was a major sectarian crisis between Muslims in the Middle East." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg/106px-Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="901"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 106px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg/106px-Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg" data-alt="Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 was a major sectarian crisis between Muslims in the Middle East." data-width="106" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg/160px-Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg/213px-Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a> in 1514 was a major <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">sectarian crisis between Muslims</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran, where more than 7,000 Muslims of the Shia and Sunnī sects killed each other"><noscript><img alt="Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran, where more than 7,000 Muslims of the Shia and Sunnī sects killed each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG/97px-Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1062"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 97px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG/97px-Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG" data-alt="Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran, where more than 7,000 Muslims of the Shia and Sunnī sects killed each other" data-width="97" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG/146px-Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG/194px-Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a>, where more than 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> of the Shia and Sunnī sects <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">killed each other</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_by_country.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/400px-Islam_by_country.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="922"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/400px-Islam_by_country.png" data-width="400" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/600px-Islam_by_country.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/800px-Islam_by_country.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Islam by country <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Shia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhhab_Map3.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/400px-Madhhab_Map3.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="3882"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/400px-Madhhab_Map3.png" data-width="400" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/600px-Madhhab_Map3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/800px-Madhhab_Map3.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the Muslim world's schools of jurisprudence<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> Shia Islam is the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">second largest branch of Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PEW2009-90">[90]</a> It is estimated that either 10–20%<a href="#cite_note-CIA-91">[91]</a> or 10–13%<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaShiite1-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94">[94]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">global Muslim population</a> are Shias. They may number up to 200 million as of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-PRC-93">[93]</a> As of 1985, Shia Muslims are estimated to be 21% of the Muslim population in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, although the total number is difficult to estimate.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Shia Muslims form a distinct majority of the population in three countries of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mafhoum1-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Shia Muslims constitute 36.3% of the entire population (and 38.6% of the Muslim population) of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sha-98">[98]</a> Estimates have placed the proportion of Shia Muslims in Lebanon between 27% and 45% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-mafhoum1-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> 30–35% of the citizen population in <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a> (no figures exist for the non-citizen population),<a href="#cite_note-irfr2012-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssi-101">[101]</a> over 20% in <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PRC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> 5–20% of the population in <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93">[93]</a> and 10–19% of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>'s population,<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIAAFG-105">[105]</a> and 45% in <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> hosts a number of distinct Shia communities, including the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahrani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrani people">Baharna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakhawila" title="Nakhawila">Nakhawila</a> of Medina, and the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī Shias</a> of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>. Estimations put the number of Shīʿīte citizens at roughly 15% of the local population.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Approximately 40% of the population of Yemen are Shia Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Significant Shia communities also exist in the coastal regions of <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> in Indonesia (see <a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Leo-111">[111]</a> The Shia presence is negligible elsewhere in Southeast Asia, where Muslims are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shāfiʿī</a> Sunnīs. A significant <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Nigeria">Shia minority is present in Nigeria</a>, made up of modern-era converts to a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_(Nigeria)" title="Islamic Movement (Nigeria)">Shīʿīte movement</a> centered around <a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_State" title="Sokoto State">Sokoto</a> states.<a href="#cite_note-PRC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Several African countries like <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nairobi-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Matth%C3%A9e2008-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> etc. hold small minority populations of various Shia subsects, primarily descendants of immigrants from South Asia during the colonial period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HaseMiyake2002-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significant_populations_worldwide">Significant populations worldwide</h3></div> Figures indicated in the first three columns below are based on the October 2009 demographic study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> report, Mapping the Global Muslim Population.<a href="#cite_note-PRC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94">[94]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; float:left;"> <caption>Nations with over 100,000 Shia<a href="#cite_note-PRC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">Country </th> <th style="width:10%;">Article </th> <th style="width:10%;">Shia population in 2009 (Pew)<a href="#cite_note-PRC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94">[94]</a> </th> <th style="width:10%;">Percent of population that is Shia in 2009 (Pew)<a href="#cite_note-PRC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94">[94]</a> </th> <th style="width:10%;">Percent of global Shia population in 2009 (Pew)<a href="#cite_note-PRC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94">[94]</a> </th> <th style="width:20%;" class="unsortable">Population estimate ranges and notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><noscript><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" data-alt="Iran" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam in Iran</a> </td> <td align="right">66,000,000–69,500,000 </td> <td align="right">90–95 </td> <td align="right">37–40 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><noscript><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" data-alt="Pakistan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent">Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent</a> </td> <td align="right">25,272,000 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">A 2010 estimate was that Shia made up about 10–15% of Pakistan's population.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><noscript><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" data-alt="Iraq" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Iraq">Shi'a Islam in Iraq</a> </td> <td align="right">19,000,000–24,000,000 </td> <td align="right">55–65 </td> <td align="right">10–11 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><noscript><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="India" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent">Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent</a> </td> <td align="right">12,300,000–18,500,000 </td> <td align="right">1.3–2 </td> <td align="right">9–14 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><noscript><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" data-alt="Yemen" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Yemen" title="Shia Islam in Yemen">Shia Islam in Yemen</a> </td> <td align="right">7,000,000–8,000,000 </td> <td align="right">35–40 </td> <td align="right">~5 </td> <td align="right">Majority following <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaydi Shia</a> sect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Turkey">Shi'a Islam in Turkey</a> </td> <td align="right">6,000,000–9,000,000 </td> <td align="right">~10–15 </td> <td align="right">~3–4 </td> <td align="right">Majority following <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi Shia</a> sect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><noscript><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" data-alt="Azerbaijan" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Islam in Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td align="right">4,575,000–5,590,000 </td> <td align="right">45–55 </td> <td align="right">2–3 </td> <td align="right">Azerbaijan is majority Shia.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bedford-120">[120]</a> A 2012 work noted that in Azerbaijan, among believers of all faiths, 10% identified as Sunni, 30% identified as Shia, and the remainder of followers of Islam simply identified as Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Bedford-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><noscript><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" data-alt="Afghanistan" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan">Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan</a> </td> <td align="right">3,000,000 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">~2 </td> <td align="right">A reliable census has not been taken in Afghanistan in decades, but about 20% of Afghan population is Shia, mostly among ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a> minorities.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><noscript><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" data-alt="Syria" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Islam in Syria</a> </td> <td align="right">2,400,000 </td> <td align="right">13 </td> <td align="right">~2 </td> <td align="right">Majority following <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites Shia</a> sect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><noscript><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" data-alt="Lebanon" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shi'a Islam in Lebanon</a> </td> <td align="right">2,100,000 </td> <td align="right"> 31.2 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right">In 2020, the CIA World Factbook stated that Shia Muslims constitute 31.2% of Lebanon's population.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><noscript><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" data-alt="Saudi Arabia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shi'a Islam in Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td align="right">2,000,000 </td> <td align="right">~6 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><noscript><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" data-alt="Nigeria" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Nigeria">Shi'a Islam in Nigeria</a> </td> <td align="right"><2,000,000 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right">Estimates range from as low as 2% of Nigeria's Muslim population to as high as 17% of Nigeria's Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-125">[a]</a> Some, but not all, Nigerian Shia are affiliated with the banned <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Movement in Nigeria">Islamic Movement in Nigeria</a>, an Iranian-inspired Shia organization led by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Zakzaky" title="Ibrahim Zakzaky">Ibrahim Zakzaky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-123">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><noscript><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" data-alt="Tanzania" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Islam in Tanzania</a> </td> <td align="right">~1,500,000 </td> <td align="right">~2.5 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait"><noscript><img alt="Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" data-alt="Kuwait" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Kuwait">Shi'a Islam in Kuwait</a> </td> <td align="right">500,000–700,000 </td> <td align="right">20–25 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right">Among Kuwait's estimated 1.4 million citizens, about 30% are Shia (including <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadi">Ahmadi</a>, whom the Kuwaiti government count as Shia). Among <a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_Kuwait" title="Expatriates in Kuwait">Kuwait's large expatriate community</a> of 3.3 million noncitizens, about 64% are Muslim, and among expatriate Muslims, about 5% are Shia.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain"><noscript><img alt="Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" data-alt="Bahrain" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Islam in Bahrain</a> </td> <td align="right">400,000–500,000 </td> <td align="right">65–70 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><noscript><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" data-alt="Tajikistan" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Tajikistan">Shi'a Islam in Tajikistan</a> </td> <td align="right">~400,000 </td> <td align="right">~4 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right">Shi'a Muslims in Tajikistan are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari Ismaili</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Islam in Germany</a> </td> <td align="right">~400,000 </td> <td align="right">~0.5 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><noscript><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" data-alt="United Arab Emirates" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">Islam in the United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td align="right">~300,000 </td> <td align="right">~3 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Islam in the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Americas" title="Shia Islam in the Americas">Shia Islam in the Americas</a> </td> <td align="right">~225,000 </td> <td align="right">~0.07 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right">Shi'a form a majority amongst Arab Muslims in many American cities, e.g. Lebanese Shi'a forming the majority in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam in the United Kingdom</a> </td> <td align="right">~125,000 </td> <td align="right">~0.2 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><noscript><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" data-alt="Qatar" data-width="23" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Islam in Qatar</a> </td> <td align="right">~100,000 </td> <td align="right">~3.5 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman"><noscript><img alt="Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" data-alt="Oman" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Islam in Oman</a> </td> <td align="right">~100,000 </td> <td align="right">~2 </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td align="right">As of 2015, about 5% of Omanis are Shia (compared to about 50% <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> and 45% Sunni).<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Major_denominations_or_branches">Major denominations or branches</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa_Islam" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches § Shīʿa Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">List of extinct Shia sects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shia_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology § Shia schools of theology</a></div> The Shia community throughout its history split over the issue of the Imamate. The largest branch are the <a href="/wiki/Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelvers">Twelvers</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydīs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīs</a>. Each subsect of Shīʿīsm follows its own line of Imamate. All mainstream Twelver and Ismāʿīlī Shia Muslims follow the same school of thought, the <a href="/wiki/Ja%CA%BDfari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaʽfari jurisprudence">Jaʽfari jurisprudence</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">6th Shīʿīte Imam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shīʿīte clergymen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurists</a> usually carry the title of <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a> (i.e., someone authorized to issue legal opinions in Shia Islam). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelver">Twelver</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a></div> Twelver Shīʿīsm or Ithnāʿashariyyah is the largest branch of Shia Islam,<a href="#cite_note-Newman2013-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-PEW2009-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> and the terms Shia Muslim and Shia often refer to the Twelvers by default. The designation Twelver is derived from the doctrine of believing in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">the Twelve Imams</a>". Twelver Shia are otherwise known as Imami or Jaʿfari; the latter term derives from <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">6th Shīʿīte Imam</a>, who elaborated the Twelver jurisprudence.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Twelver Shia constitute the majority of the population in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (90%),<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (85%),<a href="#cite_note-Britannica738-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> (70%), <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (65%), and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (65% of Muslims).<a href="#cite_note-esp45-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-review-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h4></div> Twelver doctrine is based on <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">five principles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shiite-doctrine-17">[17]</a> These five principles known as Usul ad-Din are as follow:<a href="#cite_note-Rich2006-139">[138]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a>: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> is one and unique;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adl" title="Adl">Justice</a>: the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, fairness, and equity, along with the punishment of the breach of these ethics;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubuwwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubuwwah">Prophethood</a>: the institution by which God sends emissaries, or prophets, to guide humankind;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Leadership</a>: a divine institution which succeeded the institution of Prophethood. Its appointees (Imams) are divinely appointed;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Resurrection and Last Judgment</a>: God's final assessment of humanity.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4></div> Besides the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">sacred text</a> common to all Muslims, Twelver Shias derive scriptural and authoritative guidance from <a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hadith Books">collections of sayings and traditions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) attributed to Muhammad and the Twelve Imams. Below is a list of some of the most prominent of these books: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Radi" title="Al-Sharif al-Radi">Ash-Sharif Ar-Radhi</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> – the most famous collection of sermons, letters & narration attributed to Ali, the first Imam regarded by Shias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Kulayni" title="Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni">Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasa%27il_al-Shia" title="Wasa'il al-Shia">Wasa'il al-Shiʻah</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hurr_al-Amili" title="Al-Hurr al-Amili">al-Hurr al-Amili</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Twelve_Imams">The Twelve Imams</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamate in Twelver doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">Sunni reports about there being 12 successors to the Prophet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Twelve_Successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Twelve Successors">Hadith of the Twelve Successors</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation (Islam)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reappearance_of_Hujjat_Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi">Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></div> According to the theology of Twelvers, the successor of Muhammad is an <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">infallible</a> human individual who not only rules over the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> with justice but also is able to keep and interpret the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">divine law</a> (sharīʿa) and its esoteric meaning. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the Twelve Imams are a guide and model for the Muslim community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">sin</a>, and Imams must be chosen by <a href="/wiki/Nass_(Islam)" title="Nass (Islam)">divine decree</a> (nass) through Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Nasr_a-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Momen_1985,_p._174-72">[72]</a> The twelfth and final Imam is <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a>, who is believed by Twelvers to be currently alive and hidden in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Imamat-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shia clergy</a></div> The Twelver jurisprudence is called <a href="/wiki/Ja%CA%BDfari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaʽfari jurisprudence">Jaʽfari jurisprudence</a>. In this <a href="/wiki/Madhhab#Shia" title="Madhhab">school of Islamic jurisprudence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> is considered to be comprehensive of the oral traditions of Muhammad and their implementation and interpretation by the Twelve Imams. There are three schools of Jaʿfari jurisprudence: Usuli, Akhbari, and <a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a>; the Usuli school is by far the largest of the three. Twelver groups that do not follow the Jaʿfari jurisprudence include <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Five_pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Five pillars of Islam">five pillars of Islam</a> to the Jaʿfari jurisprudence are known as Usul ad-Din: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a>: unity and oneness of God;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Nubuwwah</a>: prophethood of Muhammad;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Resurrection_and_final_judgement" title="Islamic eschatology">Muʿad</a>: resurrection and final judgment;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adl" title="Adl">ʿAdl</a>: justice of God;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamah</a>: the rightful place of the Shīʿīte Imams.</li></ol> In Jaʿfari jurisprudence, there are eight secondary pillars, known as Furu ad-Din, which are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Rich2006-139">[138]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Salat</a> (prayer);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a> (fasting);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (pilgrimage) to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakāt</a> (alms giving to the poor);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihād</a> (struggle) for the righteous cause;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ruf" title="Ma'ruf">Directing others towards good</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidding_what_is_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidding what is evil">Directing others away from evil</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a> (20% tax on savings yearly, after deduction of commercial expenses).</li></ol> According to Twelvers, defining and interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)</a> is the responsibility of Muhammad and the Twelve Imams. Since the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">12th Imam</a> is currently in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a>, it is the duty of <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shīʿīte clerics</a> to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic literature</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, and identify legal decisions within the confines of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> to provide means to deal with current issues from an Islamic perspective. In other words, clergymen in Twelver Shīʿīsm are believed to be the guardians of fiqh, which is believed to have been defined by Muhammad and his twelve successors. This process is known as <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> and the clerics are known as <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">marjaʿ</a>, meaning "reference"; the labels <a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> are in use for Twelver clerics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamists">Islamists</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Islamist_Shi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist Shi'ism">Islamist Shīʿīsm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: تشیع اخوانی) is a new denomination within <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%E2%80%99ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi’ism">Twelver Shīʿīsm</a> greatly inspired by the political ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and mysticism of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>. It sees Islam as a political system and differs from the other mainstream <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> groups in favoring the idea of the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a> under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">12th Imam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalaji200964-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohdan2020243-143">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadi_Khosroshahi" title="Hadi Khosroshahi">Hadi Khosroshahi</a> was the first person to identify himself as <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_al-Muslimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhwan al-Muslimeen">ikhwani</a> (Islamist) Shia Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Because of the concept of the hidden Imam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>, Shia Islam is inherently secular in the age of Occultation, therefore Islamist Shia Muslims had to borrow ideas from Sunnī Islamists and adjust them in accordance with the doctrine of Shīʿīsm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohdan2020250%E2%80%93251-145">[144]</a> Its foundations were laid during the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a> at the start of 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Empire</a> (1905–1911), when <a href="/wiki/Fazlullah_Nouri" title="Fazlullah Nouri">Fazlullah Nouri</a> supported the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Persian king</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a> against the will of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kazim_Khurasani" title="Muhammad Kazim Khurasani">Muhammad Kazim Khurasani</a>, the Usuli <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">marjaʿ</a> of the time.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ismāʿīlī_(Sevener)">Ismāʿīlī (Sevener)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīs</a>, otherwise known as Sevener, derive their name from their acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar</a> as the divinely appointed spiritual successor (<a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imam</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">6th Shīʿīte Imam</a>, wherein they differ from the Twelvers, who recognize <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Mūsā al-Kāẓim</a>, younger brother of Ismāʿīl, as the true Imam. After the death or Occultation of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Imam Ismāʿīl</a> in the 8th century CE, the teachings of Ismāʿīlīsm further transformed into the belief system as it is known today, with an explicit concentration on the deeper, esoteric meaning (<a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">bāṭin</a>) of the Islamic faith. With the eventual development of Twelver Shīʿīsm into the more literalistic (<a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahīr</a>) oriented Akhbari and later Usuli schools of thought, Shīʿīsm further developed in two separate directions: the metaphorical Ismāʿīlī group focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> path and nature of God and the divine manifestation in the personage of the "Imam of the Time" as the "Face of God", with the more literalistic Twelver group focusing on <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">divine law</a> (sharī'ah) and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">deeds and sayings</a> (sunnah) attributed to Muhammad and <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">his successors</a> (the Ahl al-Bayt), who as A'immah were guides and a <a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">light</a> (nūr) to God.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_(15760993697).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg/220px-His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="2792"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg/220px-His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg/330px-His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg/440px-His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shāh</a> Karim al-Husayni, known as the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a>, is the 49th and current Imam of <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs</a>.</figcaption></figure> Though there are several subsects amongst the Ismāʿīlīs, the term in today's vernacular generally refers to the Shia Imami Ismāʿīlī <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī community</a>, often referred to as the Ismāʿīlīs by default, who are followers of the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a> and the largest group within Ismāʿīlīsm. Another Shia Imami Ismāʿīlī community are the <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawudi Bohras</a>, led by a <a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a> ("Unrestricted Missionary") as representative of a hidden Imam. While there are many other branches with extremely differing exterior practices, much of the spiritual theology has remained the same since the days of the faith's early Imams. In recent centuries, Ismāʿīlīs have largely been an Indo-Iranian community,<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> but they can also be found in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and in recent years several Ismāʿīlīs have emigrated to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> (primarily in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DaftaryShort1998p1-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ismāʿīlī_Imams">Ismāʿīlī Imams</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismaili imams">List of Ismaili imams</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> interpretation of Shia Islam, the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imam</a> is the guide and the intercessor between humans and God, and the individual through whom God is recognized. He is also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">esoteric interpretation of the Quran</a> (taʾwīl). He is the possessor of divine knowledge and therefore the "Prime Teacher". According to the "Epistle of the Right Path", a Persian Ismāʿīlī prose text from the post-<a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol period</a> of Ismāʿīlī history, by an anonymous author, there has been a chain of Imams since the beginning of time, and there will continue to be an Imam present on the Earth until the end of time. The worlds would not exist in perfection without this uninterrupted <a href="/wiki/List_of_Isma%27ili_imams" title="List of Isma'ili imams">chain of Imams</a>. The proof (<a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">hujja</a>) and gate (<a href="/wiki/Bab_(Shia_Islam)" title="Bab (Shia Islam)">bāb</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imam</a> are always aware of his presence and are witness to this uninterrupted chain.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar</a>, many Ismāʿīlīs believed that one day the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">eschatological figure</a> of Imam <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, whom they believed to be <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Imam Ismāʿīl</a>, would return and establish an age of justice. One group included the violent <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, who had a stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>. In contrast, some Ismāʿīlīs believed the Imamate did continue, and that the Imams were in Occultation and still communicated and taught their followers through a network of <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Da'i</a> ("Missionaries"). In 909 CE, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah</a>, a claimant to the Ismāʿīlī Imamate, established the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>. During this period, three lineages of Imams were formed. The first branch, known today as the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, began with <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153">[152]</a> Born in 985 CE, he ascended as ruler at the age of eleven. When in 1021 CE his mule returned without him, soaked in blood, a religious group that was forming in his lifetime broke off from mainstream Ismāʿīlīsm and did not acknowledge his successor.<a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153">[152]</a> Later to be known as the Druze, they believe Al-Ḥākim to be God incarnate<a href="#cite_note-Poonawala-154">[153]</a> and the prophesied Mahdi on Earth, who would one day return and bring justice to the world.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> The Druze faith further split from Ismāʿīlīsm as it developed into a distinct <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious group">ethno-religious group</a> with its own unique doctrines,<a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153">[152]</a> and finally separated from both Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153">[152]</a> Thus, the Druze do not identify themselves as Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153">[152]</a> and are not considered as such by Muslims either.<a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> The second split occurred between <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta‘lī</a> Ismāʿīlīs following the death of Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah in 1094 CE. His rule was the longest of any caliph in any Islamic empire. Upon his death, his sons, <a href="/wiki/Nizar_(Fatimid_Imam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizar (Fatimid Imam)">Nizār</a> (the older) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Al-Musta‘lī</a> (the younger), fought for political and spiritual control of the dynasty. Nizār was defeated and jailed, but according to the Nizārī tradition his son escaped to <a href="/wiki/Alamut" title="Alamut">Alamut</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> Ismāʿīlī had accepted his claim.<a href="#cite_note-DaftaryShort1998p106-160">[159]</a> From here on, the Nizārī Ismāʿīlī community has continued with a present, living Imam. The <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta‘lī Ismāʿīlīs</a> split between the <a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Ṭayyibi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Ḥāfiẓi</a>; Ṭayyibi Ismāʿīlīs, also known as "Bohras", are further divided between <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawudi Bohras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a>. The former denomination claims that <a href="/wiki/At-Tayyib_Abi_l-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim">At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami_l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah">Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah</a>, and the Imams following him went into a period of anonymity (Dawr-e-Satr) and appointed a <a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a> ("Unrestricted Missionary") to guide the community, in a similar manner as the Ismāʿīlīs had lived after the death of Muhammad ibn Imam Ismāʿīl. The latter denomination claims that the ruling Fatimid caliph was the Imam, and they died out with the fall of the Fatimid Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pillars">Pillars</h4></div> Ismāʿīlīs have categorized their practices which are known as <a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">seven pillars</a>: <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a> (Guardianship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Taharah</a> (Purity)</li></ul> </td> <td width="33%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Salat</a> (Prayer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zak%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakāt">Zakāt</a> (Charity)</li></ul> </td> <td width="33%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a> (Fasting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </td> <td width="33%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> (Struggle)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_leadership">Contemporary leadership</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārīs</a> place importance on a scholarly institution because of the existence of a present Imam. The Imam of the Age defines the jurisprudence, and his guidance may differ with Imams previous to him because of different times and circumstances. For Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs, the current Imam is Karim al-Husayni <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a>. The Nizārī line of Imams has continued to this day as an uninterrupted chain. Divine leadership has continued in the Bohra branch through the institution of the "Missionary" (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Dai_of_Dawoodi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra">Da'i</a>). According to the Bohra tradition, before the last Imam, At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim, went into seclusion, his father, the 20th Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah, had instructed <a href="/wiki/Al-Hurra_Al-Malika" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hurra Al-Malika">Al-Hurra Al-Malika</a> the <a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">Queen consort</a>) in Yemen to appoint a vicegerent after the seclusion—the <a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a> ("Unrestricted Missionary"), who as the Imam's vicegerent has full authority to govern the community in all matters both spiritual and temporal while the lineage of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta‘lī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Ṭayyibi</a> Imams remains in seclusion (Dawr-e-Satr). The three branches of Musta‘lī Ismāʿīlīs (<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawudi Bohras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a>) differ on who the current "Unrestricted Missionary" is. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaydī_(Fiver)">Zaydī (Fiver)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq,_AH_298.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg/220px-Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg/220px-Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg/330px-Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg/440px-Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">al-Ḥādī ila'l-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">first Zaydī Imam of Yemen</a>, minted in 910–911 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaydi_State_1675.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zaydi_State_1675.jpg/220px-Zaydi_State_1675.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zaydi_State_1675.jpg/220px-Zaydi_State_1675.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zaydi_State_1675.jpg/330px-Zaydi_State_1675.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zaydi_State_1675.jpg/440px-Zaydi_State_1675.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Zaidi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Zaidi State">Zaydī State of Yemen</a> under the rule of Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_Isma%27il" title="Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il">Al-Mutawakkil Ismāʿīl bin al-Qāsim</a> (1644–1676)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a>, otherwise known as Zaydiyya or as Zaydī Shīʿism, is a branch of Shia Islam named after <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn ʿAlī</a>. Followers of the Zaydī school of jurisprudence are called Zaydīs or occasionally Fivers. However, there is also a group called Zaydī Wāsiṭīs who are Twelvers (see below). Zaydīs constitute roughly 42–47% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">population of Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doctrine_2">Doctrine</h4></div> The Zaydīs, Twelvers, and Ismāʿīlīs all recognize the same first four Imams; however, the Zaydīs consider <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn ʿAlī</a> as the 5th Imam. After the time of Zayd ibn ʿAlī, the Zaydīs believed that <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">any descendant</a> (Sayyid) of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī</a> or <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a> could become the next Imam, after fulfilling certain conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Washington-163">[162]</a> Other well-known Zaydī Imams in history were Yahya ibn Zayd, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nafs_al-Zakiyya" title="Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya">Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya</a>, and Ibrahim ibn Abdullah. The <a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Zaydī doctrine of Imamah</a> does not presuppose the infallibility of the Imam, nor the belief that the Imams are supposed to receive divine guidance. Moreover, Zaydīs do not believe that the Imamate must pass from father to son but believe it can be held by any <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a> descended from either <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī</a> or <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a> (as was the case after the death of the former). Historically, Zaydīs held that Zayd ibn ʿAlī was the rightful successor of the 4th Imam since he led a <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Revolt of Zayd ibn Ali">rebellion against the Umayyads in protest of their tyranny and corruption</a>. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action, and the followers of Zayd ibn ʿAlī maintained that a true Imam must fight against corrupt rulers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisprudence_2">Jurisprudence</h4></div> In matters of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_proofs_in_Shia_jurisprudence" title="Intellectual proofs in Shia jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a>, Zaydīs follow the teachings of Zayd ibn ʿAlī, which are documented in his book Majmu'l Fiqh (in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مجموع الفِقه). <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Ḥādī ila'l-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">first Zaydī Imam and founder of the Zaydī State in Yemen</a>, is regarded as the codifier of Zaydī jurisprudence, and as such most Zaydī Shias today are known as Hadawis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Timeline">Timeline</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الأدارسة) were Arab<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī Shias</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> whose dynasty, named after its first sultan, <a href="/wiki/Idris_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris I">Idris I</a>, ruled in the western <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> from 788 to 985 CE. Another Zaydī State was established in the region of <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deylaman" title="Deylaman">Deylaman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a> (northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>) in 864 CE by the <a href="/wiki/Alavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavids">Alavids</a>;<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> in 928 CE. Roughly forty years later, the Zaydī State was revived in Gilan and survived under Hasanid leaders until 1126 CE. Afterwards, from the 12th to 13th centuries, the Zaydī Shias of Deylaman, Gilan, and Tabaristan then acknowledged the Zaydī <a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a> or rival Zaydī Imams within Iran.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a> were initially Zaydī Shias,<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> as were the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ukhaidhir" title="Banu Ukhaidhir">Banu Ukhaidhir</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">al-Yamama</a> in the 9th and 10th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> The leader of the Zaydī community took the title of <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>; thus, the ruler of Yemen was known by this title. Al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī</a>, founded the Zaydī Imamate at <a href="/wiki/Sa%27dah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'dah">Sa'dah</a> in 893–897 CE, and the <a href="/wiki/Rassid_dynasty" title="Rassid dynasty">Rassid dynasty</a> continued to rule over Yemen until the middle of the 20th century, when the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">republican revolution of 1962</a> deposed the last Zaydī Imam. (See: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a>). The founding Zaydī branch in Yemen was the Jarudiyya; however, with increasing interaction with the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shāfiʿī</a> schools of <a href="/wiki/Madhhab#Sunni" title="Madhhab">Sunnī jurisprudence</a>, there was a shift from the Jarudiyya group to the Sulaimaniyya, Tabiriyya, Butriyya, and Salihiyya.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Zaydī Shias form the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">second dominant religious group in Yemen</a>. Currently, they constitute about 40–45% of the population in Yemen; Jaʿfaris and Ismāʿīlīs constitute the 2–5%.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, it is estimated that there are over 1 million Zaydī Shias, primarily based in the western provinces. Currently, the most prominent Zaydī political movement is the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nevola-Shiban_2020-177">[176]</a> known by the name of Shabab al-Mu'mineen ("Believing Youth") or Ansar Allah ("Partisans of God").<a href="#cite_note-Glenn_2015-178">[177]</a> In 2014–2015, <a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthis took over the Yemeni government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>, which led to the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)">Saudi Arabian-backed government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abd_Rabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nevola-Shiban_2020-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glenn_2015-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-government-179">[178]</a> Houthis and their allies gained control of a significant part of Yemen's territory, and resisted the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a> seeking to restore Hadi in power.<a href="#cite_note-Nevola-Shiban_2020-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glenn_2015-178">[177]</a> (See: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a>). Both the Houthis and the Saudi Arabian-led coalition were being attacked by the Sunnī <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> group and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadist</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Badara_2017-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bunzel_2015-185">[184]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Persecution_of_Shia_Muslims">Persecution of Shia Muslims</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shiism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Shiism">Anti-Shiism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">Sectarian violence among Muslims</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh,_Shiraz,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-24,_DD_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg/249px-Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6589" data-file-height="4940"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 249px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg/249px-Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg" data-width="249" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg/374px-Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg/498px-Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shah_Cheragh" title="Shah Cheragh">Shāh Cherāgh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, houses the mausoleums of the two sons of <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a>, the seventh <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Imam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shia Islam</a> and a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.</figcaption></figure> The history of <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunnī relations</a> has often involved <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">persecution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence#Islam" title="Religious violence">violence</a>, dating back to the earliest development of the two competing sects. At various times throughout the history of Islam, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shiism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Shiism">Shia groups and minorities have faced persecution perpetrated by Sunnī Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Militarily established and holding control over the Umayyad government, many Sunnī rulers perceived the Shias as a threat—both to their political and religious authority.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> The Sunnī rulers under the Umayyad dynasty sought to marginalize the Shia minority, and later the Abbasids turned on their Shia allies and imprisoned, persecuted, and killed them. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shiism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Shiism">persecution of Shia Muslims throughout history by their Sunnī co-religionists</a> has often been characterized by <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence#Islam" title="Religious violence">brutal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> acts. Comprising only about 10–15% of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">global Muslim population</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PEW2009-90">[90]</a> Shia Muslims remain a marginalized community to this day in many Sunnī-dominant <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a>, without the rights to practice their religion and freely organize.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> In 1514, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (1512–1520) ordered the massacre of 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> (Anatolian Shia Muslims).<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a>, "Sultan Selim I carried things so far that he announced that the killing of one Shia had as much <a href="/wiki/Afterlife#Islam" title="Afterlife">otherworldly reward</a> as killing 70 <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christians</a>."<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> In 1802, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> armies of the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">First Saudi State</a> (1727–1818) <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">attacked and sacked the city of Karbala</a>, the Shia shrine in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> (eastern region of Iraq) that commemorates the martyrdom and death of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a>, Shia political activists were arrested, tortured, expelled or killed, as part of a crackdown launched after an assassination attempt against Iraq's Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a> in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> In March 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysian government</a> declared Shia Islam a "deviant" sect and banned Shia Muslims from promoting their faith to other Muslims, but left them free to practice it themselves privately.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> The most recent campaign of anti-Shia oppression was the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> organization's <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">persecution of Shias</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">territories</a> in Northern Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baele_2019-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> which occurred alongside the persecution of various religious groups and the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State">genocide of Yazidis</a> by the same organization during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Iraq War">Second Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Badara_2017-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bunzel_2015-185">[184]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/28px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/28px-Ghadir_logo.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/42px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/56px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Anti-Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History of Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate in Shia doctrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_and_guardianship_of_Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamate and guardianship of Ali ibn Abi Talib">Imamate and guardianship of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate in Ismaili doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imamate in Nizari doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamate in Twelver doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_proofs_in_Shia_jurisprudence" title="Intellectual proofs in Shia jurisprudence">Intellectual proofs in Shia jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_primary_rulings" title="Islamic primary rulings">Islamic primary rulings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">List of Shia books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Islamic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Shia Islamic dynasties">List of Shia Islamic dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" title="List of Shia Muslim scholars of Islam">List of Shia Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Muslims" title="List of Shia Muslims">List of Shia Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shia clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_crescent" title="Shia crescent">Shia crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent">Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia nations">Shia nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Rights_Watch" title="Shia Rights Watch">Shia Rights Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Shia view of Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_the_Quran" title="Shia view of the Quran">Shia view of the Quran</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> article states: "Nobody really knows the size of the Shia population in Nigeria. Credible estimates that its numbers range between 2 and 3 percent of Nigeria's population, which would amount to roughly four million."<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-123">[123]</a> A 2019 BBC News article said that "Estimates of [Nigerian Shia] numbers vary wildly, ranging from less than 5% to 17% of Nigeria's Muslim population of about 100 million."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArmajani2020" class="citation book cs1">Armajani, Jon (2020). Shia Islam and Politics: Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon. Lanham, MD: Lexington. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-2136-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-2136-8"><bdi>978-1-7936-2136-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shia+Islam+and+Politics%3A+Iran%2C+Iraq%2C+and+Lebanon&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Lexington&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-2136-8&rft.aulast=Armajani&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmajani20201–3-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmajani20201%E2%80%933_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmajani2020">Armajani 2020</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica738-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica738_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica738_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica738_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica738_3-3">d</a> The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed., Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-663-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-663-0">0-85229-663-0</a>, Vol. 10, p. 738 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_S._Ferguson2010" class="citation book cs1">Duncan S. Ferguson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPwHem3bV9sC&pg=PA192">Exploring the Spirituality of the World Religions: The Quest for Personal, Spiritual and Social Transformation</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4645-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-4645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Spirituality+of+the+World+Religions%3A+The+Quest+for+Personal%2C+Spiritual+and+Social+Transformation&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4645-8&rft.au=Duncan+S.+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPwHem3bV9sC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wehr-498-5"><a href="#cite_ref-wehr-498_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr" class="citation web cs1">Wehr, Hans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=594">"Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic"</a> (4th ed.). p. 598.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic&rft.pages=598&rft.edition=4th&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejtaal.net%2Faa%2F%23hw4%3D594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishforums.com/English/DifferenceBetweenMeaningShia-Shiite/dxnnw/post.htm">"Difference Between The Meaning Of Shia And Shiite? However the term Shiite is being used less and is considered less proper than simply using the term "Shia""</a>. English forums. 2 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731194040/https://www.englishforums.com/English/DifferenceBetweenMeaningShia-Shiite/dxnnw/post.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+forums&rft.atitle=Difference+Between+The+Meaning+Of+Shia+And+Shiite%3F+However+the+term+Shiite+is+being+used+less+and+is+considered+less+proper+than+simply+using+the+term+%22Shia%22.&rft.date=2007-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishforums.com%2FEnglish%2FDifferenceBetweenMeaningShia-Shiite%2Fdxnnw%2Fpost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF%E1%B9%ACabataba'i1977">Ṭabataba'i 1977</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-jaarel_2015-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoody2015" class="citation journal cs1">Foody, Kathleen (September 2015). Jain, Andrea R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfv029">"Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Religion" title="Journal of the American Academy of Religion">Journal of the American Academy of Religion</a>. 83 (3). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a>: 599–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfv029">10.1093/jaarel/lfv029</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-4585">1477-4585</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7189">0002-7189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24488178">24488178</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sc76000837">sc76000837</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1479270">1479270</a>. <q>For Shiʿi Muslims, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> not only designated <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī</a> as his friend, but appointed him as his <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">successor</a>—as the "lord" or "master" of the new <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>. ʿAlī and <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Ali">his descendants</a> would become known as <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">the Imams</a>, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">special insight into the Qurʾanic text</a>. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Islamic texts</a> and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">disappearance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">twelfth and final Imam</a> in the ninth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Interiorizing+Islam%3A+Religious+Experience+and+State+Oversight+in+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=599-623&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24488178%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.eissn=1477-4585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfv029&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1479270&rft.issn=0002-7189&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsc76000837&rft.aulast=Foody&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjaarel%252Flfv029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSobhaniShah-Kazemi2001">Sobhani & Shah-Kazemi 2001</a>, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSobhaniShah-Kazemi2001">Sobhani & Shah-Kazemi 2001</a>, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaezi2004" class="citation book cs1">Vaezi, Ahmad (2004). Shia political thought. London: Islamic Centre of England. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1"><bdi>978-1-904934-01-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59136662">59136662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shia+political+thought&rft.place=London&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Islamic+Centre+of+England&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59136662&rft.isbn=978-1-904934-01-1&rft.aulast=Vaezi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornell2007">Cornell 2007</a>, p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C. (2003). "Shīʿa". Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. New York: Macmillan reference USA. pp. 621–624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865603-8"><bdi>978-0-02-865603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=621-624&rft.pub=Macmillan+reference+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865603-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americandruze.com/Druze%20And%20Islam.html">"Druze and Islam"</a>. americandruze.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514143649/http://americandruze.com/Druze%20And%20Islam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Druze+and+Islam&rft.pub=americandruze.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericandruze.com%2FDruze%2520And%2520Islam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alqazwini.org/qazwini_org/articles/by_articles/ijtihad.htm">"Ijtihad in Islam"</a>. AlQazwini.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050102023635/http://alqazwini.org/qazwini_org/articles/by_articles/ijtihad.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ijtihad+in+Islam&rft.pub=AlQazwini.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falqazwini.org%2Fqazwini_org%2Farticles%2Fby_articles%2Fijtihad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-shiite-doctrine-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shiite-doctrine_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shiite-doctrine_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2005" class="citation web cs1">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (20 July 2005). Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shiite-doctrine">"Shiʻite Doctrine"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517022711/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shiite-doctrine">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBite+Doctrine&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2005-07-20&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fshiite-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-3">d</a> Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Wendy Doniger, Consulting Editor, Merriam-Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2">0-87779-044-2</a>, LoC: BL31.M47 1999, p. 525 </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46_19-2">c</a> "Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam" Oxford University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0">978-0-19-515713-0</a>. p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Shahada-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Shahada_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/shahada.htm">"Encyclopedia of the Middle East"</a>. Mideastweb.org. 14 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174339/http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/shahada.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Mideastweb.org&rft.date=2008-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mideastweb.org%2FMiddle-East-Encyclopedia%2Fshahada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://article.tebyan.net/145755">"اضافه شدن نام حضرت علی (ع) به شهادتین"</a>. fa. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fa&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87+%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%28%D8%B9%29+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticle.tebyan.net%2F145755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabashi-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dabashi_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabashi_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashi2006" class="citation book cs1">Dabashi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTFdNNQP4ewC&pg=PA463">Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundatation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412839723" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412839723"><bdi>978-1412839723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+Discontent%3A+The+Ideological+Foundatation+of+the+Islamic+Revolution+in+Iran&rft.pages=463&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1412839723&rft.au=Dabashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTFdNNQP4ewC%26pg%3DPA463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Francis Robinson, Atlas of the Muslim World, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii">"Shīʿite"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFite&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=33">33:33</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Corbin (1993), pp. 48, 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Corbin (1993), p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417082653/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1.shtml">"How do Sunnis and Shias differ theologically?"</a>. BBC. 19 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1.shtml">the original</a> on 17 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+do+Sunnis+and+Shias+differ+theologically%3F&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fsubdivisions%2Fsunnishia_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Nasr, Sayyed Hossein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btmNZgztDrAC&pg=PA19">Expectation of the Millennium : Shiìsm in History</a>, State University of New York Press, 1989, p. 19, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-843-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-843-0">978-0-88706-843-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/comparison_charts/islamic_sects.htm">"Compare Shia and Sunni Islam"</a>. ReligionFacts. 17 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429101140/http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/comparison_charts/islamic_sects.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compare+Shia+and+Sunni+Islam&rft.pub=ReligionFacts&rft.date=2004-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fislam%2Fcomparison_charts%2Fislamic_sects.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPokHByS3N0C&pg=PA135">The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions</a>", Brandon Toropov, Father Luke Buckles, Alpha; 3rd ed., 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-222-9">978-1-59257-222-9</a>, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Shiʻite Islam, by Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i (1979), pp. 41–44 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulayni-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kulayni_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kulayni_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kulayni_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kulayni_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Kulayni2015" class="citation book cs1">Al-Kulayni, Abu Jaʼfar Muhammad ibn Yaʼqub (2015). Kitab al-Kafi. 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CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4928-5884-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4928-5884-3"><bdi>978-1-4928-5884-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422181325/http://www.al-islam.org/khilafah-ali-over-abu-bakr-toyib-olawuyi/preface">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Khilafah+of+Ali+over+Abu+Bakr&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4928-5884-3&rft.aulast=Olawuyi&rft.aufirst=Toyib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fkhilafah-ali-over-abu-bakr-toyib-olawuyi%2Fpreface&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alhewar.com/SadekShura.htm">"The Shura Principle in Islam – by Sadek Sulaiman"</a>. www.alhewar.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727210611/http://www.alhewar.com/SadekShura.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alhewar.com&rft.atitle=The+Shura+Principle+in+Islam+%E2%80%93+by+Sadek+Sulaiman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alhewar.com%2FSadekShura.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16047709">"Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism"</a>. BBC News. 4 January 2016. 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Ahmed </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa1968" class="citation book cs1">Mustafa, Ghulam (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906045928/https://books.google.com/books?id=tMVkAAAAMAAJ">Religious trends in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</a>. p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMVkAAAAMAAJ">the original</a> on 6 September 2015. <q>Similarly, swords were also placed on the Idols, as it is related that Harith b. Abi Shamir, the Ghassanid king, had presented his two swords, called Mikhdham and Rasub, to the image of the goddess, Manat....to note that the famous sword of Ali, the fourth caliph, called Dhu-al-Fiqar, was one of these two swords</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+trends+in+pre-Islamic+Arabic+poetry&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Ghulam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMVkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-franc46-68"><a href="#cite_ref-franc46_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/principles-shiite-creed-ayatullah-ibrahim-amini/lesson-13-imams-traits">"Lesson 13: Imam's Traits"</a>. Al-Islam.org. 13 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150209161456/http://www.al-islam.org/principles-shiite-creed-ayatullah-ibrahim-amini/lesson-13-imams-traits">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=Lesson+13%3A+Imam%27s+Traits&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fprinciples-shiite-creed-ayatullah-ibrahim-amini%2Flesson-13-imams-traits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldziher,_I.van_Arendonk,_C.Tritton,_A.S.2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goldziher, I.; van Arendonk, C.; Tritton, A.S. (2012). "Ahl al- Bayt". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ensani.ir/fa/article/69853/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%91%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C">the original</a> on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%91%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C+%D9%88+%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fensani.ir%2Ffa%2Farticle%2F69853%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25B8%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25D9%2591%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D8%25B9%25DB%258C-%25D9%2588-%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2581%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr_a-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_a_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_a_71-1">b</a> Nasr (1979), p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen_1985,_p._174-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Momen_1985,_p._174_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momen_1985,_p._174_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFعسکری" class="citation book cs1">عسکری, سید مرتضی. ولایت علی در قرآن کریم و سنت پیامبر، مرکز فرهنگی انتشاراتی منیر، چاپ هفتم.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA+%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%8C+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2+%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%8C+%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE+%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85&rft.aulast=%D8%B9%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C&rft.aufirst=%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Corbin 1993, pp. 45–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Nasr (1979), p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Imamat-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imamat_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imamat_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleave2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gleave, Robert (2004). 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Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5"><bdi>978-0-02-865604-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imamate&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world%3B+vol.1&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865604-5&rft.aulast=Gleave&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412101802/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/45590/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%B9">"نقد و بررسى گرایش ایلخانان به اسلام و تشیّع"</a>. پرتال جامع علوم انسانی (in Persian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ensani.ir/fa/article/45590/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%B9">the original</a> on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C&rft.atitle=%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF+%D9%88+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89+%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%88+%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fensani.ir%2Ffa%2Farticle%2F45590%2F%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589-%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2591%25D8%25B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223071144/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/ibrahimII_adil_shahi/5_provinces.html">"The Five Kingdoms of the Bahmani Sultanate"</a>. orbat.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/ibrahimII_adil_shahi/5_provinces.html">the original</a> on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Five+Kingdoms+of+the+Bahmani+Sultanate&rft.pub=orbat.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbat.com%2Fsite%2Fcimh%2Fkings_master%2Fkings%2FibrahimII_adil_shahi%2F5_provinces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansari-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Ansari_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ansari, N.H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019004703/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/home/index.isc">Bahmanid Dynasty</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/home/index.isc">the original</a> on 19 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahmanid+Dynasty&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=N.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2Fhome%2Findex.isc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-80"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2015" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Elizabeth (2015). Worlds Together Worlds Apart. New York: W.W. Norton Company Inc. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91847-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91847-2"><bdi>978-0-393-91847-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+Together+Worlds+Apart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+Company+Inc&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-393-91847-2&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodorow,_StanleyKnox,_MacGregorShirokauer,_ConradStrayer,_Joseph_R.1994" class="citation book cs1">Chodorow, Stanley; Knox, MacGregor; Shirokauer, Conrad; Strayer, Joseph R.; <a href="/wiki/Hans_W._Gatzke" title="Hans W. Gatzke">Gatzke, Hans W.</a> (1994). The Mainstream of Civilization. Harcourt Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-501197-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-501197-7"><bdi>978-0-15-501197-7</bdi></a>. <q>The architect of his military system was a general named Jawhar, an islamicized Greek slave who had led the conquest of North Africa and then of Egypt</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mainstream+of+Civilization&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Harcourt+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-15-501197-7&rft.au=Chodorow%2C+Stanley&rft.au=Knox%2C+MacGregor&rft.au=Shirokauer%2C+Conrad&rft.au=Strayer%2C+Joseph+R.&rft.au=Gatzke%2C+Hans+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFossier,_RobertSondheimer,_JanetAirlie,_StuartMarsack,_Robyn1997" class="citation book cs1">Fossier, Robert; Sondheimer, Janet; Airlie, Stuart; Marsack, Robyn (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00robe/page/170">The Cambridge illustrated history of the Middle Ages</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00robe/page/170">170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26645-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26645-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26645-1</bdi></a>. <q>When the Sicilian Jawhar finally entered Fustat in 969 and the following year founded the new dynastic capital, Cairo, 'The Victorious', the Fatimids ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+illustrated+history+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26645-1&rft.au=Fossier%2C+Robert&rft.au=Sondheimer%2C+Janet&rft.au=Airlie%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Marsack%2C+Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeillustr00robe%2Fpage%2F170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders,_John_Joseph1990" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, John Joseph (1990). A History of Medieval Islam. Routledge. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05914-5"><bdi>978-0-415-05914-5</bdi></a>. <q>Under Muʼizz (955-975) the Fatimids reached the height of their glory, and the universal triumph of Isma ʻilism appeared not far distant. The fourth Fatimid Caliph is an attractive character: humane and generous, simple and just, he was a good administrator, tolerant and conciliatory. Served by one of the greatest generals of the age, Jawhar al-Rumi, a former Greek slave, he took fullest advantage of the growing confusion in the Sunnite world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Islam&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05914-5&rft.au=Saunders%2C+John+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masters_2009-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_2009_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_2009_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Masters, Bruce (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71">"Baghdad"</a>. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-6259-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008020716">2008020716</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516202344/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baghdad&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008020716&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford_J._ShawEzel_Kural_Shaw1976" class="citation book cs1">Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC">History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7"><bdi>978-0-521-29163-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111152233/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey%3A+Volume+1%2C+Empire+of+the+Gazis%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1280%E2%80%931808&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29163-7&rft.au=Stanford+J.+Shaw&rft.au=Ezel+Kural+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9-YfgVZDBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Francis Robinson, Atlas of the Muslim World, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 130, 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veil.unc.edu/religions/islam/law/">"Jurisprudence and Law – Islam: Reorienting the Veil"</a>. University of North Carolina. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jurisprudence+and+Law+%E2%80%93+Islam%3A+Reorienting+the+Veil&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveil.unc.edu%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Flaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEW2009-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEW2009_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEW2009_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEW2009_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population"</a>. 7 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151214172939/http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014. <q>The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F10%2F07%2Fmapping-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-91"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604221011/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">"Religions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010. <q>Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA&rft.atitle=Religions&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaShiite1-92"><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaShiite1_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii/Shii-dynasties">"Shīʿite"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 18 January 2022. <q>In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFite&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShii%2FShii-dynasties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRC-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 7 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151214172939/http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2010. <q>Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. Most Shias (between 68% and 80%) live in just four countries: Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F10%2F07%2Fmapping-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mgmpPRC-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113140829/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fnewassets%2Fimages%2Freports%2FMuslimpopulation%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 277 </li> <li id="cite_note-mafhoum1-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mafhoum1_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mafhoum1_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mafhoum.com/press9/282S26.htm">"Foreign Affairs – When the Shiites Rise – Vali Nasr"</a>. Mafhoum.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115124722/http://www.mafhoum.com/press9/282S26.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Affairs+%E2%80%93+When+the+Shiites+Rise+%E2%80%93+Vali+Nasr&rft.pub=Mafhoum.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mafhoum.com%2Fpress9%2F282S26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6213248.stm">"Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias"</a>. BBC News. 11 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228101639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6213248.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Quick+guide%3A+Sunnis+and+Shias&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F6213248.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sha-98"><a href="#cite_ref-sha_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Atlas of the Middle East (Second ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>. 2008. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0221-6"><bdi>978-1-4262-0221-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=80-81&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0221-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148830.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2010"</a>. U.S. Government Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213121147/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148830.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2010&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2010%2F148830.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-irfr2012-100"><a href="#cite_ref-irfr2012_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208398#wrapper">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+State+Department&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2012&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2Freligiousfreedom%2Findex.htm%3Fyear%3D2012%26dlid%3D208398%23wrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssi-101"><a href="#cite_ref-ssi_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub861.pdf">"The New Middle East, Turkey, and the Search for Regional Stability"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Studies_Institute" title="Strategic Studies Institute">Strategic Studies Institute</a>. April 2008. p. 87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318173523/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub861.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Studies+Institute&rft.atitle=The+New+Middle+East%2C+Turkey%2C+and+the+Search+for+Regional+Stability&rft.pages=87&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil%2Fpdffiles%2Fpub861.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankland2003" class="citation book cs1">Shankland, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFFRzTqLp6AC&pg=PP1">The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1606-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1606-7"><bdi>978-0-7007-1606-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alevis+in+Turkey%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+Secular+Islamic+Tradition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1606-7&rft.aulast=Shankland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFFRzTqLp6AC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf">"Country Profile: Pakistan"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a> on Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050717171649/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2010. <q>Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni and 5 percent Shia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+on+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Country+Profile%3A+Pakistan&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FPakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-104"><a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408085103/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf">"Shia women too can initiate divorce"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a> on Afghanistan. August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2010. <q>Religion: Virtually the entire population is Muslim. Between 80 and 85 percent of Muslims are Sunni and 15 to 19 percent, Shia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shia+women+too+can+initiate+divorce&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+on+Afghanistan&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FAfghanistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAFG-105"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAFG_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528122742/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af">"Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA). <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> on Afghanistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af">the original</a> on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010. <q>Religions: Sunni Muslim 80%, Shia Muslim 19%, other 1%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency+%28CIA%29&rft.atitle=Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html%3FcountryName%3DAfghanistan%26countryCode%3Daf%26regionCode%3Dsas%26%23af&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>: [], 1973, retrieved 14 February 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce2012" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, Miriam (2012). Bahrain from the Twentieth Century to the Arab Spring. 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Retrieved 24 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Shia+press+for+rights&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.aulast=al-Qudaihi&rft.aufirst=Anees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7959531.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrickSengupta2009" class="citation news cs1">Merrick, Jane; Sengupta, Kim (20 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-the-land-with-more-guns-than-people-1790461.html">"Yemen: The land with more guns than people"</a>. The Independent. London. 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E-international Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829054650/https://www.e-ir.info/2011/06/30/the-arab-spring-the-initiating-event-for-a-new-arab-world-order/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2020. <q>In Yemen, Zaidists, a Shia offshoot, constitute 30% of the total population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-international+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Spring%3A+The+Initiating+Event+for+a+New+Arab+World+Order&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Hriday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2011%2F06%2F30%2Fthe-arab-spring-the-initiating-event-for-a-new-arab-world-order%2F%23_ednref24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leo-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Leo_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_Leo" class="citation book cs1">Leonard Leo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYSA2uew3CUC&pg=PA261">International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report to Congress</a>. Diane Publishing. pp. 261–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-4439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-4439-6"><bdi>978-1-4379-4439-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101201437/http://books.google.com/books?id=eYSA2uew3CUC&pg=PA261">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+%282010%29%3A+Annual+Report+to+Congress&rft.pages=261-&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-4439-6&rft.au=Leonard+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYSA2uew3CUC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Ohia2010" class="citation news cs1">Paul Ohia (16 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201011170502.html">"Nigeria: 'No Settlement With Iran Yet'"</a>. This Day. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018004932/http://allafrica.com/stories/201011170502.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=This+Day&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+%27No+Settlement+With+Iran+Yet%27&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft.au=Paul+Ohia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201011170502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nairobi-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Nairobi_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharton-BigotRodriguez-Torres2010" class="citation book cs1">Charton-Bigot, Helene; Rodriguez-Torres, Deyssi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLX9n4fG5V8C&pg=PA239">Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City</a>. African Books Collective. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9987080939" title="Special:BookSources/978-9987080939"><bdi>978-9987080939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nairobi+Today%3A+the+Paradox+of+a+Fragmented+City&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=African+Books+Collective&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9987080939&rft.aulast=Charton-Bigot&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft.au=Rodriguez-Torres%2C+Deyssi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLX9n4fG5V8C%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthée2008-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Matth%C3%A9e2008_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich_Matthée2008" class="citation book cs1">Heinrich Matthée (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwGjbDurQ5IC&pg=PA136">Muslim Identities and Political Strategies: A Case Study of Muslims in the Greater Cape Town Area of South Africa, 1994–2000</a>. kassel university press GmbH. pp. 136–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89958-406-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89958-406-6"><bdi>978-3-89958-406-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009062019/http://books.google.com/books?id=hwGjbDurQ5IC&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2013. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2"><bdi>978-0-313-31333-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+customs+of+Somalia&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31333-2&rft.aulast=Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Diriye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Nu918tYMB8C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaseMiyake2002-116"><a href="#cite_ref-HaseMiyake2002_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasurō_HaseHiroyuki_MiyakeFumiko_Oshikawa2002" class="citation book cs1">Yasurō Hase; Hiroyuki Miyake; Fumiko Oshikawa (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh0EAQAAIAAJ">South Asian migration in comparative perspective, movement, settlement and diaspora</a>. 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Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+migration+in+comparative+perspective%2C+movement%2C+settlement+and+diaspora&rft.pub=Japan+Center+for+Area+Studies%2C+National+Museum+of+Ethnology&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Yasur%C5%8D+Hase&rft.au=Hiroyuki+Miyake&rft.au=Fumiko+Oshikawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQh0EAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">"Pakistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. 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Council on Foreign Relations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Trouble+Between+Nigeria%27s+Shia+Minority+and+the+Police&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fmore-trouble-between-nigerias-shia-minority-and-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangaza2019" class="citation news cs1">Tangaza, Haruna Shehu (5 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49175639">"Islamic Movement in Nigeria: The Iranian-inspired Shia group"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islamic+Movement+in+Nigeria%3A+The+Iranian-inspired+Shia+group&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft.aulast=Tangaza&rft.aufirst=Haruna+Shehu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-49175639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/kuwait/">"2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_International_Religious_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of International Religious Freedom">Office of International Religious Freedom</a>, United States Department of State.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Kuwait&rft.pub=Office+of+International+Religious+Freedom%2C+United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fkuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Aswad, B. and Abowd, T., 2013. Arab Americans. Race and Ethnicity: The United States and the World, pp. 272–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlich2015" class="citation news cs1">Erlich, Reese (4 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-08-04/mitigating-sunni-shia-conflict-world-s-most-charming-police-state">"Mitigating Sunni-Shia conflict in 'the world's most charming police state'"</a>. Agence France-Presse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mitigating+Sunni-Shia+conflict+in+%27the+world%27s+most+charming+police+state%27&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.aulast=Erlich&rft.aufirst=Reese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2015-08-04%2Fmitigating-sunni-shia-conflict-world-s-most-charming-police-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman2013-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Newman2013_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2013" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Andrew J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18">"Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ">Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722</a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-7833-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-7833-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-7833-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2016. 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Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (3): 437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828">10.1080/00263206.2013.783828</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143672216">143672216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Akhund+Khurasani+and+the+Iranian+Constitutional+Movement&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143672216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jrcole/ahsai1.htm">"Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218072512/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jrcole/ahsai1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2007. 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Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 724–742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_038">10.1163/9789004435544_038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43554-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+5%3A+In+Between+and+on+the+Fringes+of+Islam+%E2%80%93+The+Druze&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=724-742&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_038&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43554-4&rft.aulast=Timani&rft.aufirst=Hussam+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poonawala-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Poonawala_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoonawala1999" class="citation journal cs1">Poonawala, Ismail K. (July–September 1999). "Review: The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning by Heinz Halm". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a>. 119 (3). <a href="/wiki/American_Oriental_Society" title="American Oriental Society">American Oriental Society</a>: 542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605981">10.2307/605981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605981">605981</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/12032032">12032032</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47785421">47785421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Fatimids+and+Their+Traditions+of+Learning+by+Heinz+Halm&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=542&rft.date=1999-07%2F1999-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47785421&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F12032032&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft.aulast=Poonawala&rft.aufirst=Ismail+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baheyeldin.com/history/al-hakim-bi-amr-allah-fatimid-caliph-of-egypt.html">"al-Hakim bi Amr Allah: Fatimid Caliph of Egypt"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406065948/http://baheyeldin.com/history/al-hakim-bi-amr-allah-fatimid-caliph-of-egypt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=al-Hakim+bi+Amr+Allah%3A+Fatimid+Caliph+of+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaheyeldin.com%2Fhistory%2Fal-hakim-bi-amr-allah-fatimid-caliph-of-egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintak2019" class="citation book cs1">Pintak, Lawrence (2019). America & Islam: Soundbites, Suicide Bombs and the Road to Donald Trump. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-559-3"><bdi>978-1-78831-559-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+%26+Islam%3A+Soundbites%2C+Suicide+Bombs+and+the+Road+to+Donald+Trump&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78831-559-3&rft.aulast=Pintak&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas2011" class="citation book cs1">Jonas, Margaret (2011). The Templar Spirit: The Esoteric Inspiration, Rituals and Beliefs of the Knights Templar. Temple Lodge Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906999-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906999-25-4"><bdi>978-1-906999-25-4</bdi></a>. <q>[Druze] often they are not regarded as being Muslim at all, nor do all the Druze consider themselves as Muslim</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Templar+Spirit%3A+The+Esoteric+Inspiration%2C+Rituals+and+Beliefs+of+the+Knights+Templar&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Temple+Lodge+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-906999-25-4&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/">"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are"</a>. Arab America. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+America&rft.atitle=Are+the+Druze+People+Arabs+or+Muslims%3F+Deciphering+Who+They+Are&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabamerica.com%2Fare-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Stewart2008" class="citation book cs1">J. Stewart, Dona (2008). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98079-5"><bdi>978-1-135-98079-5</bdi></a>. <q>Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today%3A+Political%2C+Geographical+and+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-135-98079-5&rft.aulast=J.+Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaftaryShort1998p106-160"><a href="#cite_ref-DaftaryShort1998p106_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1998" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (1998). A Short History of the Ismailis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 106–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0687-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0687-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-0687-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Ismailis&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=106-108&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0687-0&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127175930/http://www.yemenincanada.ca/map.php">"About Yemen"</a>. Yemeni in Canada. Embassy of the Republic of Yemen in Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yemenincanada.ca/map.php">the original</a> on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yemeni+in+Canada&rft.atitle=About+Yemen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yemenincanada.ca%2Fmap.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populstat.info/Asia/yemeng.htm">"Yemen [Yamaniyyah]: general data of the country"</a>. Population Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041925/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/yemeng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Statistics&rft.atitle=Yemen+%5BYamaniyyah%5D%3A+general+data+of+the+country&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.populstat.info%2FAsia%2Fyemeng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050423070201/http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105024.htm">"Sunni-Shiʻa Schism: Less There Than Meets the Eye"</a>. 1991. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105024.htm">the original</a> on 23 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunni-Shi%CA%BBa+Schism%3A+Less+There+Than+Meets+the+Eye&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrmea.com%2Fbackissues%2F0591%2F9105024.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1961" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Marshall (1961). Venture of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venture+of+Islam&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Abī_Zarʻ_al-Fāsī1340" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Abī Zarʻ al-Fāsī, ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh (1340). <a href="/wiki/Rawd_al-Qirtas" title="Rawd al-Qirtas">Rawḍ al-Qirṭās: Anīs al-Muṭrib bi-Rawd al-Qirṭās fī Akhbār Mulūk al-Maghrib wa-Tārīkh Madīnat Fās</a>. ar-Rabāṭ: Dār al-Manṣūr (published 1972). p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raw%E1%B8%8D+al-Qir%E1%B9%AD%C4%81s%3A+An%C4%ABs+al-Mu%E1%B9%ADrib+bi-Rawd+al-Qir%E1%B9%AD%C4%81s+f%C4%AB+Akhb%C4%81r+Mul%C5%ABk+al-Maghrib+wa-T%C4%81r%C4%ABkh+Mad%C4%ABnat+F%C4%81s&rft.place=ar-Rab%C4%81%E1%B9%AD&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr&rft.date=1340&rft.aulast=Ibn+Ab%C4%AB+Zar%CA%BB+al-F%C4%81s%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+ibn+%CA%BBAbd+All%C4%81h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hespress.com/?browser=view&EgyxpID=5116">"حين يكتشف المغاربة أنهم كانوا شيعة وخوارج قبل أن يصبحوا مالكيين !"</a>. hespress.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612182657/http://www.hespress.com/?browser=view&EgyxpID=5116">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hespress.com&rft.atitle=%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7+%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC+%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84+%D8%A3%D9%86+%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7+%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhespress.com%2F%3Fbrowser%3Dview%26EgyxpID%3D5116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnác_Goldziher1981" class="citation book cs1">Ignác Goldziher (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000gold">Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000gold/page/218">218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10099-9"><bdi>978-0-691-10099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Islamic+Theology+and+Law&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10099-9&rft.au=Ign%C3%A1c+Goldziher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontois0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hastings2003" class="citation book cs1">James Hastings (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBwOF6jXBdIC&pg=PA844">Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics</a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 844. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3704-2"><bdi>978-0-7661-3704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pages=844&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3704-2&rft.au=James+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBwOF6jXBdIC%26pg%3DPA844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=101310">"The Initial Destination of the Fatimid caliphate: The Yemen or The Maghrib?"</a>. The Institute of Ismaili Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706101911/http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=101310">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Initial+Destination+of+the+Fatimid+caliphate%3A+The+Yemen+or+The+Maghrib%3F&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iis.ac.uk%2Fview_article.asp%3FContentID%3D101310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_25.htm">"Shiʻah tenets concerning the question of the imamate – New Page 1"</a>. muslimphilosophy.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829024816/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_25.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muslimphilosophy.com&rft.atitle=Shi%CA%BBah+tenets+concerning+the+question+of+the+imamate+%E2%80%93+New+Page+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fik%2FMuqaddimah%2FChapter3%2FCh_3_25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi,At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shiʻites), 2005 Referencing: Iranian Influence on Moslem Literature </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shiʻites), 2005 Referencing: Encyclopædia Iranica </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1999" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Paul Ernest (1999). Hamid Al-Din Al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age of Al-Hakim. Ismaili Heritage Series. Vol. 3. London; New York: I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-321-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-321-7"><bdi>978-1-86064-321-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamid+Al-Din+Al-Kirmani%3A+Ismaili+Thought+in+the+Age+of+Al-Hakim&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Ismaili+Heritage+Series&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+in+association+with+the+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-321-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Paul+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Madelung, W. (7 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7693">"al-Uk̲h̲ayḍir"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Uk%CC%B2h%CC%B2ay%E1%B8%8Dir&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brillonline.nl%2Fsubscriber%2Fentry%3Fentry%3Dislam_SIM-7693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Article by Sayyid Ali ibn ' Ali Al-Zaidi, At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shiʻites), 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502125032/http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Asia/yemeng.htm">"Universiteit Utrecht Universiteitsbibliotheek"</a>. Library.uu.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Asia/yemeng.htm">the original</a> on 2 May 2006. 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The Islamists. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307094845/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/who-are-yemens-houthis">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Islamists&rft.atitle=Who+are+Yemen%27s+Houthis%3F&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Fwho-are-yemens-houthis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-government-179"><a href="#cite_ref-government_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/02/yemen-houthi-rebels-announce-presidential-council-150206122736448.html">"Yemen's Houthis form own government in Sanaa"</a>. Al Jazeera. 6 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207102231/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/02/yemen-houthi-rebels-announce-presidential-council-150206122736448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Houthis+form+own+government+in+Sanaa&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2015%2F02%2Fyemen-houthi-rebels-announce-presidential-council-150206122736448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/yemen-govt-vows-stay-aden-despite-bombings-102423218.html">"Yemen govt vows to stay in Aden despite IS bombings"</a>. Yahoo News. 7 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222173259/http://news.yahoo.com/yemen-govt-vows-stay-aden-despite-bombings-102423218.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Yemen+govt+vows+to+stay+in+Aden+despite+IS+bombings&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fyemen-govt-vows-stay-aden-despite-bombings-102423218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/arab-coalition-faces-new-islamic-state-foe-in-yemen-conflict-1229476">"Arab Coalition Faces New Islamic State Foe in Yemen Conflict"</a>. NDTV.com. 7 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064145/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/arab-coalition-faces-new-islamic-state-foe-in-yemen-conflict-1229476">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Arab+Coalition+Faces+New+Islamic+State+Foe+in+Yemen+Conflict&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fworld-news%2Farab-coalition-faces-new-islamic-state-foe-in-yemen-conflict-1229476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_182-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoljarevic2021" class="citation book cs1">Poljarevic, Emin (2021). 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Giles, Howard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0261927X19868494">"Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Language_and_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Language and Social Psychology">Journal of Language and Social Psychology</a>. 38 (5–6). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 706–734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0261927X19868494">10.1177/0261927X19868494</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F37355">10871/37355</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-6526">1552-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195448888">195448888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Conspiratorial+Narratives+in+Violent+Political+Actors%27+Language&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=706-734&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F37355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195448888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1552-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0261927X19868494&rft.aulast=Baele&rft.aufirst=Stephane+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0261927X19868494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhasemi2020" class="citation thesis cs1">Ghasemi, Faezeh (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342697889">Anti-Shiism Discourse</a> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Anti-Shiism+Discourse&rft.inst=University+of+Tehran&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ghasemi&rft.aufirst=Faezeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F342697889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhasemi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ghasemi, Faezeh (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magiran.com/paper/1713990">"Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts"</a>. Discourse. 11 (3): 75–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discourse&rft.atitle=Anti-Shiite+and+Anti-Iranian+Discourses+in+ISIS+Texts&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=75-96&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Ghasemi&rft.aufirst=Faezeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magiran.com%2Fpaper%2F1713990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiesen2015" class="citation web cs1">Matthiesen, Toby (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=60799">"The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement"</a>. Sada. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sada&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+State+Exploits+Entrenched+Anti-Shia+Incitement&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.aulast=Matthiesen&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fsada%2F%3Ffa%3D60799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cornell" title="Vincent Cornell">Cornell, Vincent J.</a> (2007). Voices of Islam. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98732-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98732-9"><bdi>978-0-275-98732-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Islam&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98732-9&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/">Encyclopædia Iranica Online</a>. Columbia University Center for Iranian Studies. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Online&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Center+for+Iranian+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Martin, Richard C. (2004). Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 1: Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A–L. MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5"><bdi>978-0-02-865604-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865604-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (1993) [1964]. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sherrard" title="Philip Sherrard">History of Islamic Philosophy</a>. Translated by Liadain Sherrard and Philip Sherrard. London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0416-2"><bdi>978-0-7103-0416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pub=London%3B+Kegan+Paul+International+in+association+with+Islamic+Publications+for+The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0416-2&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakake2008" class="citation book cs1">Dakake, Maria Massi (2008). The Charismatic Community: Shiʻite Identity in Early Islam. Suny Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7033-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7033-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-7033-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charismatic+Community%3A+Shi%CA%BBite+Identity+in+Early+Islam&rft.pub=Suny+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7033-6&rft.aulast=Dakake&rft.aufirst=Maria+Massi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltLewis1977a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_M._Holt" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter M. Holt">Holt, P. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1977a). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29136-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29136-1"><bdi>978-0-521-29136-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Islam%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29136-1&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ira_M._Lapidus" title="Ira M. Lapidus">Lapidus, Ira</a> (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3"><bdi>978-0-521-77933-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77933-3&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachedina1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina">Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein</a> (1988). The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511915-2"><bdi>978-0-19-511915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Just+Ruler+%28al-sult%C4%81n+Al-%CA%BB%C4%81dil%29+in+Sh%C4%AB%CA%BBite+Islam%3A+The+Comprehensive+Authority+of+the+Jurist+in+Imamite+Jurisprudence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511915-2&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+Abdulhussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobhaniShah-Kazemi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Sobhani, Ja'afar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah-Kazemi" title="Reza Shah-Kazemi">Shah-Kazemi, Reza</a> (2001). Doctrines of Shiʻi Islam: A Compendium of Imami Beliefs and Practices ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). London: I. B. Tauris [u.a.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-780-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-780-2"><bdi>978-1-86064-780-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrines+of+Shi%CA%BBi+Islam%3A+A+Compendium+of+Imami+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=London&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-780-2&rft.aulast=Sobhani&rft.aufirst=Ja%27afar&rft.au=Shah-Kazemi%2C+Reza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabaei1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei">Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1979). Shiʻite Islam. Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-272-9"><bdi>978-0-87395-272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBite+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-272-9&rft.aulast=Tabatabaei&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṬabataba'i1977" class="citation book cs1">Ṭabataba'i, Allamah Sayyid Muḥammad Husayn (1977). Shiʻite Islam. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-390-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-390-0"><bdi>978-0-87395-390-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBite+Islam&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-390-0&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%ACabataba%27i&rft.aufirst=Allamah+Sayyid+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Husayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaezi2004" class="citation book cs1">Vaezi, Ahmad (2004). Shia political thought. London: Islamic Centre of England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1"><bdi>978-1-904934-01-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59136662">59136662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shia+political+thought&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Islamic+Centre+of+England&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59136662&rft.isbn=978-1-904934-01-1&rft.aulast=Vaezi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChelkowski2010" class="citation book cs1">Chelkowski, Peter J. (2010). Eternal Performance: Taziyah and Other Shiite Rituals. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906497-51-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906497-51-4"><bdi>978-1-906497-51-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Performance%3A+Taziyah+and+Other+Shiite+Rituals&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-906497-51-4&rft.aulast=Chelkowski&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Shiites" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Shiites">Shiites</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Shi%27ites" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shi'ites">Shi'ites</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shiism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shiism">Shia Islam</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashi2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Dabashi, Hamid</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?">Shiʻism: A Religion of Protest</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06428-7"><bdi>978-0-674-06428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBism%3A+A+Religion+of+Protest&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06428-7&rft.aulast=Dabashi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2004). Shiʻism. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1888-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-1888-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBism&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1888-0&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2007" class="citation book cs1">Halm, Heinz (2007). The Shiʻites: A Short History. Markus Wiener Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-437-8"><bdi>978-1-55876-437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%CA%BBites%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-437-8&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalani2000" class="citation book cs1">Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shiʻi Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-434-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-434-4"><bdi>978-1-86064-434-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Shi%CA%BBi+Thought%3A+The+Teachings+of+Imam+Muhammad+Al-Baqir&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-434-4&rft.aulast=Lalani&rft.aufirst=Arzina+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcinkowski2010" class="citation book cs1">Marcinkowski, Christoph (2010). Shiʻite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts. Lit Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80049-7"><bdi>978-3-643-80049-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBite+Identities%3A+Community+and+Culture+in+Changing+Social+Contexts&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-643-80049-7&rft.aulast=Marcinkowski&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen, Moojan</a> (1985). An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03499-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03499-8"><bdi>978-0-300-03499-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%CA%BBi+Islam%3A+The+History+and+Doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%CA%BBism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03499-8&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirazi2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Wa%27izin_Shirazi" title="Sultan al-Wa'izin Shirazi">Shirazi, Sultanu'l-Wa'izin</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/peshawar/index.html">Peshawar Nights, A Transcript of a Dialogue between Shia and Sunni scholars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ansariyan_Publications" title="Ansariyan Publications">Ansariyan Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-964-438-320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-964-438-320-5"><bdi>978-964-438-320-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peshawar+Nights%2C+A+Transcript+of+a+Dialogue+between+Shia+and+Sunni+scholars&rft.pub=Ansariyan+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-964-438-320-5&rft.aulast=Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Sultanu%27l-Wa%27izin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fpeshawar%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrHamid_Dabashi1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Hamid Dabashi</a> (1989). Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-843-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-843-0"><bdi>978-0-88706-843-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expectation+of+the+Millennium%3A+Shi%CA%BBism+in+History&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-843-0&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=Hamid+Dabashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rogerson" title="Barnaby Rogerson">Rogerson, Barnaby</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heirsofmuhammadi00roge">The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni Shia split</a>. Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-896-9"><bdi>978-1-58567-896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+Muhammad%3A+Islam%27s+First+Century+and+the+Origins+of+the+Sunni+Shia+split&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-896-9&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheirsofmuhammadi00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollaston2005" class="citation book cs1">Wollaston, Arthur N. (2005). The Sunnis and Shias. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-7916-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-7916-9"><bdi>978-1-4254-7916-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunnis+and+Shias&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4254-7916-9&rft.aulast=Wollaston&rft.aufirst=Arthur+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa1988" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Matti (1988). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2411-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-2411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremist+Shiites%3A+The+Ghulat+Sects&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2411-0&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shi'a Minorities in the Contemporary World: Migration, Transnationalism and Multilocality. United Kingdom, Edinburgh University Press, 2020.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalaji2009" class="citation journal cs1">Khalaji, Mehdi (27 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hudson.org/research/9859-the-dilemmas-of-pan-islamic-unity-">"The Dilemmas of Pan-Islamic Unity"</a>. Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. 9: 64–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Trends+in+Islamist+Ideology&rft.atitle=The+Dilemmas+of+Pan-Islamic+Unity&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=64-79&rft.date=2009-11-27&rft.aulast=Khalaji&rft.aufirst=Mehdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F9859-the-dilemmas-of-pan-islamic-unity-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohdan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bohdan, Siarhei (Summer 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mei/mei/2020/00000074/00000002/art00005;jsessionid=3669aj37j07cl.x-ic-live-03">""They Were Going Together with the Ikhwan": The Influence of Muslim Brotherhood Thinkers on Shi'i Islamists during the Cold War"</a>. The Middle East Journal. 74 (2): 243–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3751%2F74.2.14">10.3751/74.2.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-3461">1940-3461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225510058">225510058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=%22They+Were+Going+Together+with+the+Ikhwan%22%3A+The+Influence+of+Muslim+Brotherhood+Thinkers+on+Shi%27i+Islamists+during+the+Cold+War&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-262&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225510058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1940-3461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3751%2F74.2.14&rft.aulast=Bohdan&rft.aufirst=Siarhei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fmei%2Fmei%2F2020%2F00000074%2F00000002%2Fart00005%3Bjsessionid%3D3669aj37j07cl.x-ic-live-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604053950/https://shiism.wcfia.harvard.edu/research/shia-history-and-identity">"Shi'a History and Identity"</a>. shiism.wcfia.harvard.edu. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: Project on Shi'ism and Global Affairs at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs (<a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>). 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shiism.wcfia.harvard.edu/research/shia-history-and-identity">the original</a> on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=shiism.wcfia.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Shi%27a+History+and+Identity&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshiism.wcfia.harvard.edu%2Fresearch%2Fshia-history-and-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftaryNanji2018" class="citation web cs1">Daftary, Farhad; Nanji, Azim (2018) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331025405/https://www.iis.ac.uk/academic-article/what-shia-islam">"What is Shi'a Islam?"</a>. www.iis.ac.uk. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Ismaili_Studies" title="Institute of Ismaili Studies">Institute of Ismaili Studies</a> at the Aga Khan Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/academic-article/what-shia-islam">the original</a> on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iis.ac.uk&rft.atitle=What+is+Shi%27a+Islam%3F&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft.au=Nanji%2C+Azim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iis.ac.uk%2Facademic-article%2Fwhat-shia-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuharrami2003" class="citation web cs1">Muharrami, Ghulam-Husayn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/history-shiism-advent-islam-end-minor-occultation-ghulam-husayn-muharrami">"History of Shi'ism: From the Advent of Islam up to the End of Minor Occultation"</a>. Al-Islam.org. Translated by Limba, Mansoor L. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=History+of+Shi%27ism%3A+From+the+Advent+of+Islam+up+to+the+End+of+Minor+Occultation&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Muharrami&rft.aufirst=Ghulam-Husayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fhistory-shiism-advent-islam-end-minor-occultation-ghulam-husayn-muharrami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyatullāh_Jaʿfar_Subḥānī" class="citation news cs1">Ayatullāh Jaʿfar Subḥānī. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.shafaqna.com/tag/shia-islam-history-and-doctrines/">"Shia Islam: History and Doctrines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shafaqna" title="Shafaqna">Shafaqna</a> (International Shia News Agency). Retrieved 18 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shia+Islam%3A+History+and+Doctrines&rft.au=Ayatull%C4%81h+Ja%CA%BFfar+Sub%E1%B8%A5%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.shafaqna.com%2Ftag%2Fshia-islam-history-and-doctrines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shia_Islam&oldid=1260236888">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shia_Islam&oldid=1260236888</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Shia_Islam&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 29 November 2024, at 17:25 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjia" title="Sjia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sjia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schia" title="Schia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BA%E1%8B%93_%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%93" title="ሺዓ እስልምና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሺዓ እስልምና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="الشيعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشيعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiismo" title="Chiismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chiismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%C3%ADsmu" title="Xiísmu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xiísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A3_ch%C3%ADa" title="Islã chía – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Islã chía" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="ШигӀиял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ШигӀиял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C9%99lik" title="Şiəlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şiəlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87%E2%80%8C" title="شیعه‌ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیعه‌" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="শিয়া ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিয়া ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia" title="Shia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Shia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шиғыйҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шиғыйҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шыіты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шыіты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шыізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шыізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Шиитски ислям – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шиитски ислям" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schia" title="Schia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iizam" title="Šiizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šiizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_chiit" title="Islam chiit – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Islam chiit" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шиизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шиизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiisme" title="Xiisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xiisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C3%AD%27itsk%C3%BD_isl%C3%A1m" title="Ší'itský islám – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ší'itský islám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%AFa" title="Shïa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shïa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia-islam" title="Shia-islam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shia-islam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شيعية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شيعية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schia" title="Schia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A9%DE%A2%DE%A9_%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%9B%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%AA" title="ޝީޢީ މަޛްހަބު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝީޢީ މަޛްހަބު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iiidid" title="Šiiidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šiiidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σιισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiismo" title="Chiismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chiismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cijaismo" title="Ŝijaismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝijaismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiismo" title="Xiismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xiismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87" title="شیعه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیعه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shia Islam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Shia Islam" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiisme" title="Chiisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chiisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sji%C3%AFsme" title="Sjiïsme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sjiïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siach" title="Siach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%C3%ADsmo" title="Xiísmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xiísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="ШиӀий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ШиӀий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87" title="شيعه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="شيعه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%ED%8C%8C" title="시아파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시아파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a" title="Shi'a – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shi'a" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D5%A1_%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Շիա իսլամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շիա իսլամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="शिया इस्लाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिया इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ijizam" title="Šijizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šijizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiismo" title="Shiismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Shiismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_nga_Islam" title="Shia nga Islam – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Shia nga Islam" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiah" title="Syiah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Syiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_shiiste" title="Islam shiiste – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Islam shiiste" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шиизм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шиизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%ADa" title="Sjía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciismo" title="Sciismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sciismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99" title="אסלאם שיעי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסלאם שיעי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singah" title="Singah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Singah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შიიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შიიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81" title="شیعہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شیعہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шииттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шииттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Shia" title="Islam Shia – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Islam Shia" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washia" title="Washia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Washia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Şiîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şiîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шииттер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шииттер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scii%C4%87" title="Sciić – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sciić" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secta_Siitica" title="Secta Siitica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Secta Siitica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C4%ABtu_isl%C4%81ms" title="Šiītu islāms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šiītu islāms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Шиияр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Шиияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iizmas" title="Šiizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia" title="Xia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciism" title="Sciism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sciism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADita_iszl%C3%A1m" title="Síita iszlám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Síita iszlám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Шиизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шиизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siisma" title="Siisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ഷിയാ ഇസ്‌ലാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷിയാ ഇസ്‌ലാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xig%C4%A7a" title="Xigħa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Xigħa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="शिया इस्लाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिया इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შიიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შიიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87" title="شيعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9" title="تشیع – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تشیع" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiah" title="Syiah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiah" title="Syiah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Syiah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шиизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шиизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA(%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA)" title="ရှီအာမွတ်စလင်(မ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှီအာမွတ်စလင်(မ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiisme" title="Sjiisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sjiisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2%E6%B4%BE" title="シーア派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シーア派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ШийӀаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ШийӀаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiaislam" title="Sjiaislam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjiaislam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiaislam" title="Sjiaislam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjiaislam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiisme" title="Shiisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Shiisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shialik" title="Shialik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shialik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸ਼ੀਆ ਇਸਲਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੀਆ ਇਸਲਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81" title="شیعہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیعہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87" title="شيعه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شيعه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Siita" title="Islam Siita – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Islam Siita" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schia" title="Schia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schia" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szyizm" title="Szyizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szyizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiismo" title="Xiismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xiismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiiylik" title="Şiiylik – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şiiylik" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamul_%C8%99iit" title="Islamul șiit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Islamul șiit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%96%D1%97%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шіїты – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шіїты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шииты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шииты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shia Islam" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Shia" title="Islami Shia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islami Shia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciismu" title="Sciismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sciismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="ෂියා ඉස්ලාම් ආගම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෂියා ඉස්ලාම් ආගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shia Islam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%DB%81" title="شيعہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شيعہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iitizmus" title="Šiitizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šiitizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iitizem" title="Šiitizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šiitizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szyjity" title="Szyjity – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szyjity" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiica" title="Shiica – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shiica" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%95" title="شیعە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیعە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Шиизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шиизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ijitizam" title="Šijitizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šijitizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiah" title="Syiah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Syiah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iialaisuus" title="Šiialaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Šiialaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia" title="Shia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiismo" title="Shiismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Shiismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சியா இசுலாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியா இசுலாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taci%C9%9Bit" title="Taciɛit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taciɛit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Шигыйчылык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шигыйчылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82" title="షియా ఇస్లాం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షియా ఇస్లాం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ชีอะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีอะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%8A%D0%B0" title="Шиъа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шиъа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiilik" title="Şiilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şiilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шиїзм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шиїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9" title="اہل تشیع – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اہل تشیع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="شىئەلەر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شىئەلەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciismo" title="Sciismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sciismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o_Shia" title="Hồi giáo Shia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồi giáo Shia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E8%91%89%E6%B4%BE" title="什葉派 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="什葉派" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Shia Islam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="什叶派" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="שיא איסלאם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שיא איסלאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E8%91%89%E6%B4%BE" title="什葉派 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="什葉派" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1iyiye" title="Şıiyiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şıiyiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ij%C4%97zmos" title="Šijėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šijėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="什叶派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syi%27_ah" title="Syi' ah – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Syi' ah" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Syi%27ah" title="Islam Syi'ah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Islam Syi'ah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 17:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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