CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html dir="ltr" lang="en"> <head> <title>Galatians 1 — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/> <meta name="description" content="This is an authorized Web site of Jehovah’s Witnesses. It is a research tool for publications in various languages produced by Jehovah’s Witnesses."/> <meta name="keywords" content="jehovah's witnesses, jehovah, witness, watchtower, library, online, publications"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/icon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/icon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/icon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/icon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#799FCC"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/icon/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/icon/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="WOL"> <meta name="application-name" content="WOL"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#799fcc"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black"/> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://b.jw-cdn.org/code/media-player/v3.0.0/css/media-player.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/+0+974f270baf9554651558d525c4fb9b2bbaba7049.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/+1+eda9e25e8d65b8146f2068ea6cf0d4486172ce3d.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/+2+8bc20ec72a3d6bdee112c222e4724ab91daca5e0.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/+3+5fe81ac8c80b601f07459195d4af94edf92bb720.css"/> <script> var localizedNumbers = ["0","1"]; window.VIDEOJS_NO_DYNAMIC_STYLE = true; </script> <input id="insightApi" type="hidden" value="https://b.jw-cdn.org/apis/insight/events" /> <script src="/assets/js/+0+3b23965c032d57f4d3f2965f87b3740e2c650208.js"></script> </head> <body class="showRuby cc-theme--light DynamicLayout"> <style id="scalableui"></style> <script> if (window.Cookies != null) { // Apply user preferred font size // Doesn't apply to static pages, all of which don't scale text var fontScale = Cookies.get('fontScale'); if (fontScale) { var scalableuiStyleContainer = document.getElementById('scalableui'); var scalableuiStyleSheet = scalableuiStyleContainer.sheet; scalableuiStyleSheet.insertRule( '.scalableui{font-size:' + fontScale * 100 + '%;}', scalableuiStyleSheet.cssRules.length ); } } </script> <div id="wrapper" class="dropShadow50"> <input id="locale" type="hidden" value="en" /> <input id="tooltipContentErrorMessage" type="hidden" value="Please click here to open the document." /> <input id="rsconf" type="hidden" value="r1" /> <input id="lib" type="hidden" value="lp-e" /> <input id="libLang" type="hidden" value="English" /> <input id="libTitle" type="hidden" value="English Publications (1950-2025)" /> <input id="libDir" type="hidden" value="ltr" /> <input id="libLangSym" type="hidden" value="E" /> <input id="libLangScript" type="hidden" value="ROMAN" /> <input id="libLangIsSignLanguage" type="hidden" value="" /> <input id="libraryLocale" type="hidden" value="en" /> <input id="contentLocale" type="hidden" value="en" /> <input id="contentRsconf" type="hidden" value="r1" /> <input id="contentLib" type="hidden" value="lp-e" /> <input id="contentLibLang" type="hidden" value="English" /> <input id="contentLibTitle" type="hidden" value="English Publications (1950-2025)" /> <input id="rubyAvailable" type="hidden" value="false" /> <input id="contentLibDir" type="hidden" value="ltr" /> <input id="contentLibLangSym" type="hidden" value="E" /> <input id="contentLibLangScript" type="hidden" value="ROMAN" /> <input id="contentLibLangIsSignLanguage" type="hidden" value="false" /> <input id="siteCookieDomain" type="hidden" value="wol.jw.org" /> <input id="audioMultiselect" type="hidden" value="" /> <input id="site" type="hidden" value="unified" /> <input id="updatedMediaPlayer" type="hidden" value="1" /> <div id="regionHeader" class="chrome showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="siteBanner"> <div class="title"> <a href="/en/wol/h/r1/lp-e"> <span class="logo"><span class="icon"></span></span> <div class="ellipsized label"> <span class="ellipsized titleBig">Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY</span> <div class="ellipsized titleLittle siteTitleLine1">Watchtower</div> <div class="ellipsized titleLittle siteTitleLine2">ONLINE LIBRARY</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="language"> <a class="chrome librarySelectionLink spriteLink" data-lang="E" href="/en/wol/li/r1/lp-e"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">English</span> </a> </div> </div> <div id="toolbarFrame"> <div id="standardSearch" class="searchControl"> <form class="searchForm" role="search" method="GET" action="/en/wol/qt/r1/lp-e"> <div class="searchFieldContainer"> <input type="hidden" id="st" name="st" /> <input class="searchField" name="q" accept-charset="utf-8" type="text" title="Search operators: * = any text; ? = any character; " " = exact phrase; & = AND; | = OR; ! = NOT; () = group" aria-label="Type search text or a Bible citation" placeholder="Enter Topic" autocomplete="off" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autofocus="autofocus" spellcheck="false" maxlength="256" value=""/> <span class="searchFieldCancel"><span class="icon"></span></span> </div> <div class="searchControlContainer"> <input type="hidden" name="p" value="par"/> <input type="hidden" name="r" value="occ"/> <input class="searchButton" type="submit" value="SEARCH"/> </div> <div class="searchControlButtons"> <button class="searchIcon menuButton" type="button" aria-label="search"><span class="icon"></span></button> <button class="closeIcon menuButton" type="button" aria-label="cancel"><span class="icon"></span></button> </div> <div class="suggestions hidden"></div> </form> </div> <div id="toolbarMenu"> <ul class="menu" role="menu"> <li id="menuToolsPreferences" class="menuButton iconOnly menuRight" role="menuitem" aria-label="preferences"> <a href="/en/wol/pref/r1/lp-e?url=%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fb%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2Fnwtsty%2F48%2F1" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span> </a> </li> <li id="menuToolsShare" class="menuButton iconOnly menuRight" role="menuitem" aria-label="share"> <a id="shareButton" class="shareButtonIcon hidden" href="#"> <span class="icon"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="menuHome" role="menuitem" class="showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a href="/en/wol/h/r1/lp-e" aria-label="home"> <span class="icon"></span> </a> </div> <div id="menuFrame"> <ul id="menuBar" class="menu" role="menubar"> <li id="menuBible" class="chrome menuButton showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" role="menuitem" aria-label="bible" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a href="/en/wol/binav/r1/lp-e" role="menuitem" aria-label="bible"><span class="icon"></span><span class="label">BIBLE</span></a> </li> <li id="menuPublications" class="chrome menuButton showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" role="menuitem" aria-label="publications" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a href="/en/wol/library/r1/lp-e/all-publications" role="menuitem" aria-label="publications"><span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">PUBLICATIONS</span></a> </li> <li id="menuToday" class="chrome menuButton showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" role="menuitem" aria-label="meetings" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a class="todayNav" href="/en/wol/meetings/r1/lp-e" role="menuitem" aria-label="meetings"><span class="icon"></span><span class="label">MEETINGS</span></a> </li> <li id="menuSynchronizeControls" class="hidden"> <ul> <li id="menuSynchronize" class="chrome menuButton tbSync hidden" role="menuitem" aria-label="synchronize"> <a id="linkSynchronize" href="#" rel="nofollow"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label"></span> </a> </li> <li id="menuSynchronizeSwitch" class="chrome menuButton tbSync" role="menuitem"> <a id="linkSynchronizeSwitch" href="#" rel="nofollow"> <span class="icon"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menuSearchHitNext" class="chrome menuButton iconOnly menuRight hidden showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a href="#"><span class="icon"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="publicationNavigation" class="chrome"> <div class="secondaryNavToggle"><span class="icon"></span></div> <div class="pubNavTitle"> <div class="chrome showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <ul> <li class="resultsNavigationSelected documentLocation navChapter"> <a href="/en/wol/binav/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48" class="spriteLink ellipsized"><span class="icon"></span>Galatians 1</a> </li> <li class="resultDocumentPubTitle"> New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Study Edition) </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="studyPaneToggle"><span class="icon"></span></div> <div class="chrome forwardBackNavControls resultNavControls "><ul><li class="resultNavLeft disabled"><span class="resultsNavDocumentLink"><span class="icon"></span></span></li><li class="resultNavRight "><a class="resultsNavDocumentLink" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/2"><span class="icon"></span></a></li></ul></div> <div class="navPosition hidden showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div class="scrollPositionDisplay"></div> </div> </div> <div id="playerwrapper" class="hidden headerPosition"></div> </div> <div id="regionMain" class="unified navLeft showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr hasStudyPane showStudy hasSecondaryNav" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" > <div id="videoWrapperContainer" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="videoWrapper" class="hidden headerPosition constrainedHeight hasStudyPane showStudy hasSecondaryNav showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div class="topShadow"></div> <div class="videoNoticeContainer"> <p class="noticeText noMarkerNotice">No video available for this selection.</p> <p class="noticeText videoErrorNotice">Sorry, there was an error loading the video.</p> </div> <div id="playerShared" class="uninitialized"></div> </div> </div> <div id="study" class="clearfix activePane jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr"> <div id="studyWrapper"> <div class="navigationTabsContainer"> <ul class="navigationTabs"> <li class="active tabItem discover" data-related-content="studyDiscover" aria-label="discover"> <span class="icon"></span> </li> <li class="tabItem parallel" data-related-content="studyParallel" aria-label="parallel"> <span class="icon"></span> </li> <li class="tabItem marginal" data-related-content="studyMarginals" aria-label="marginal"> <span class="icon"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigationContents"> <div id="studyDiscover" class="studyPane active tabContent"> <div class="section"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui"><strong>Overview of Galatians</strong></span></h3><div class="summaryOverview"><ul class="content"><li class='scalableui'><div class="overview chapterOnly"> <ul class="outline"><li class="L1 collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><p class="se title"><span class="itemLabel"><strong>A.</strong> </span><strong>INTRODUCTION (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1#h=2:0-5:0"><strong>1:1-9</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><span class="icon"></span></div><ul><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Paul’s introductory greeting (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1#h=2:0-4:0">1:1-5</a>)</p></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Warning against a distorted form of good news (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1#h=4:0-5:0">1:6-9</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L1 collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><p class="se title"><span class="itemLabel"><strong>B.</strong> </span><strong>PAUL DEFENDS HIS APOSTLESHIP (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1#h=5:0-12:0"><strong>1:10–2:14</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><span class="icon"></span></div><ul><li class="L2"><p class="s5">God chooses Paul to be an apostle; Paul’s early activity (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1#h=5:0-9:0">1:10-24</a>)</p></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Paul meets with the apostles in Jerusalem (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/2#h=9:0-11:0">2:1-10</a>)</p></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Paul relates how he corrected Cephas (Peter) in Syrian Antioch (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/2#h=11:0-12:0">2:11-14</a>)</p></li></ul></li></ul></div> </li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">To the Galatians</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="studyNote item"><span class="scalableui"><p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="s5"><strong>To the Galatians:</strong> Titles like this were apparently not part of the original text. Ancient manuscripts, such as the papyrus codex known as P<sup>46</sup>, show that they were added later, doubtless to make it easier to identify the letters. (See Media Gallery, “<a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/1">Paul’s Letter to the Galatians</a>.”) Other early manuscripts, such as Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus of the fourth century C.E., contain the same title as the P<sup>46</sup> codex.</p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-1" data-section-citation="048001001048001001"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:1</span></h3><div class="group media"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Media</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="scalableui item hasVideo"><div class="clearfix"><a class="galleryItem" href="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1001072243#chapter=1"><img class="studyItemMedia" src="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1001072243/thumbnail" data-img-large-src="/en/wol/mp/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/2024/877" ><span class="caption"><p>Video Introduction to the Book of Galatians</p> </span></a></div></li><li class="scalableui item"><div class="clearfix"><a class="galleryItem" href="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1001072246#chapter=1"><img class="studyItemMedia" src="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1001072246/thumbnail" data-img-large-src="/en/wol/mp/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/2024/880" ><span class="caption"><p>Paul’s Letter to the Galatians</p> </span></a></div></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/0" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-1"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:15; 26:15, 16</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-1" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/1" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-2"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 22:14, 15</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-2" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-2" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p2" data-pid="2" class="se"></p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/0/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 880</a></p> <p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p2" data-pid="2" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/0/0">it-1 880;</a></p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sx"></p> <p id="p2" data-pid="2" class="sx"><span class="ni">g61 12/22 27;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/0/1"> w57 486</a></p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-2" data-section-citation="048001002048001002"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:2</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="s5"><strong>to the congregations of Galatia:</strong> When traveling through Galatia (see study note on <strong>Galatia</strong> in this verse) during Paul’s first missionary tour about 47-48 C.E., Paul and Barnabas visited such cities as Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe—all located in the southern part of the region. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/1/0" data-bid="2-1" class="b">Ac 13:14,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/1/1" data-bid="2-2" class="b"> 51;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/1/2" data-bid="2-3" class="b"> 14:1,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/1/3" data-bid="2-4" class="b"> 5, 6</a>) The men found many who were eager to learn the good news, so they established Christian congregations in those cities. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/2/0" data-bid="3-1" class="b">Ac 14:19-23</a>) It seems that the seeds of Christianity sown among the Galatians bore good fruit. Timothy, for instance, came from Galatia. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/3/0" data-bid="4-1" class="b">Ac 16:1</a>) “The congregations of Galatia” to whom Paul wrote were composed of a mixture of Jews and non-Jews, the latter including both circumcised proselytes and uncircumcised Gentiles. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/4/0" data-bid="5-1" class="b">Ac 13:14,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/4/1" data-bid="5-2" class="b"> 43;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/4/2" data-bid="5-3" class="b"> 16:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/4/3" data-bid="5-4" class="b"> Ga 5:2</a>) No doubt some were of Celtic descent. The congregations in this region were also mentioned in other letters in the Christian Greek Scriptures. For example, about 55 C.E. when writing to the Corinthians, Paul mentioned the instructions he had given “to the congregations of Galatia” regarding the laying aside of contributions for the poor. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/5/0" data-bid="6-1" class="b">1Co 16:1, 2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/5/1" data-bid="6-2" class="b"> Ga 2:10</a>) Some years later (c. 62-64 C.E.), Peter addressed his first letter to, among others, “the temporary residents scattered about in . . . Galatia.”—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/6/0" data-bid="7-1" class="b">1Pe 1:1</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/0/0">study note on Ga 3:1</a>.</p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="s5"><strong>Galatia:</strong> In the first century C.E., Galatia was the region as well as the Roman province that occupied the central portion of what is now known as Asia Minor.—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/1/0">Glossary</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/2" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-3"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 18:23</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-3" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-3" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="se"></p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/1/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 880</a></p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/2/0"><em>“All Scripture,”</em> p. 217</a></p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/1/0">it-1 880;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/1/2"> si 217;</a></p> <p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sx"></p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/1/0">ad 615;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/1/1"> w63 250</a></p> <p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-3" data-section-citation="048001003048001003"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:3</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="s5"><strong>May you have undeserved kindness and peace:</strong> See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/2/0">study note on Ro 1:7</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sx"><span class="ni">g65 3/8 7</span></p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-4" data-section-citation="048001004048001004"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:4</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="s5"><strong>system of things:</strong> The Greek word <em>ai·onʹ,</em> having the basic meaning “age,” can refer to a state of affairs or to features that distinguish a certain period of time, epoch, or age. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/9/0" data-bid="10-1" class="b">2Ti 4:10</a>; see Glossary, “<a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/3/0">System(s) of things</a>.”) What Paul here calls “the present wicked system of things” apparently began sometime after the Flood. Humans started to develop an unrighteous way of life, one characterized by sin and rebellion against God and his will. While Christians in the first century C.E. lived at the same time as the prevailing “wicked system of things,” they were no part of it. They had been rescued from it by the ransom sacrifice of Jesus Christ.—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/4/0">study note on 2Co 4:4</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/3" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-4"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Jo 2:1, 2</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-4" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-4" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/4" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-5"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Joh 15:19</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-5" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-5" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/5" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-6"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Ti 2:3, 4</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-6" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-6" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="se"></p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/3/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 1054-1055</a></p> <p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/2/0">it-2 1054-1055;</a></p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sx"></p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/3/0">ad 1567;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/3/1"> w64 43,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/3/2"> 45;</a><span class="ni"> g64 11/22 27;</span><span class="ni"> mg63 8;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/3/5"> w61 240</a></p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-5" data-section-citation="048001005048001005"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:5</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="s5"><strong>Amen:</strong> See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/5/0">study note on Ro 1:25</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-6" data-section-citation="048001006048001006"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:6</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p15" data-pid="15" class="s5"><strong>you are so quickly turning away:</strong> Paul here pinpoints an important reason for writing this letter. Though it had not been long since Paul visited the region, some in the Galatian congregations were already turning away from Christian truths. The “evil influence” that Paul talks about in this letter (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/12/0" data-bid="13-1" class="b">Ga 3:1</a>) includes those whom he calls “false brothers,” who had “slipped in” to the congregations. (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/6/0">study notes on Ga 2:4;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/7/0"> 3:1</a>.) Some of these false brothers were Judaizers, who insisted that Christians abide by the Mosaic Law. (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/8/0">study note on Ga 1:13</a>.) The Judaizers persisted even though the apostles and elders in Jerusalem had already directed that Gentiles were not obligated to obey the Mosaic Law. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/13/0" data-bid="14-1" class="b">Ac 15:1, 2,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/13/1" data-bid="14-2" class="b"> 23-29;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/13/2" data-bid="14-3" class="b"> Ga 5:2-4</a>) Paul indicates that the Judaizers feared persecution and wanted to appease Jewish opposers. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/14/0" data-bid="15-1" class="b">Ga 6:12, 13</a>) These false brothers may also have claimed that Paul was no real apostle, and they sought to alienate the congregations from him. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/15/0" data-bid="16-1" class="b">Ga 1:11, 12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/15/1" data-bid="16-2" class="b"> 4:17</a>) Some of the Galatians may have been inclined toward immorality, strife, and egotism. These fleshly tendencies that Paul addresses in the latter part of his letter would cause them to turn away from God.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/16/0" data-bid="17-1" class="b">Ga 5:13–6:10</a>.</p> <p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="s5"><strong>another sort of good news:</strong> “False brothers” were preaching (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/17/0" data-bid="18-1" class="b">Ga 2:4</a>) a different teaching that was “something beyond” what the Galatian Christians had learned. The good news that Paul had declared to them included “the good news about the Christ.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/18/0" data-bid="19-1" class="b">Ga 1:7, 8</a>) It had to do with the freedom that Christ brings—freedom from bondage to inherited sin and freedom from bondage to the Mosaic Law. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/19/0" data-bid="20-1" class="b">Ga 3:13;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/19/1" data-bid="20-2" class="b"> 5:1,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/19/2" data-bid="20-3" class="b"> 13</a> and <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/9/0">study note</a>) That good news was “not of human origin.”—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/20/0" data-bid="21-1" class="b">Ga 1:8, 9,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/20/1" data-bid="21-2" class="b"> 11, 12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/20/2" data-bid="21-3" class="b"> 2Co 11:4</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/10/0">study note on Ga 1:8</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/6" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-7"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">2Co 11:3, 4; Ga 5:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-7" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-7" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="se"></p> <p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/4/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> pp. 881,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/5/0"> 1007</a></p> <p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/3/0">it-1 881,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/3/2"> 1007;</a></p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sx"></p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/4/0">w82 11/15 28</a></p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-7" data-section-citation="048001007048001007"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:7</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="s5"><strong>are causing you trouble:</strong> According to one lexicon, the Greek verb that Paul here uses conveys the sense of “stir up; disturb; unsettle; throw into confusion.” In this and other contexts, the expression refers to mental or spiritual disturbance. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/22/0" data-bid="23-1" class="b">Ac 15:24;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/22/1" data-bid="23-2" class="b"> Ga 5:10</a>) The same verb is also used at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/23/0" data-bid="24-1" class="b">Ac 17:13</a> about the Jews who came to <em>“agitate</em> the crowds” in Beroea.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/7" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-8"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 5:10, 12; 6:17</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-8" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-8" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/5/0">w51 273</a></p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-8" data-section-citation="048001008048001008"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:8</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p20" data-pid="20" class="s5"><strong>let him be accursed:</strong> Paul warns the Galatian Christians of “certain ones” who were “wanting to distort the good news about the Christ.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/25/0" data-bid="26-1" class="b">Ga 1:7</a>) These were apparently men who endorsed Jewish traditions rather than the message of the good news. Paul says that Christians should consider to be “accursed” anyone, even angels, who declared to them as good news something beyond that which they had received. He repeats this warning in <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/26/0" data-bid="27-1" class="b">verse 9</a>. The Greek word for “accursed” (<em>a·naʹthe·ma</em>) literally means that which is “laid up.” The word originally applied to votive offerings laid up, or set apart, as sacred in a temple. In this context it applies to that which is set apart to be declared bad or evil. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/27/0" data-bid="28-1" class="b">1Co 12:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/27/1" data-bid="28-2" class="b"> 16:22</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/11/0">study note on Ro 9:3</a>.) In the <em>Septuagint,</em> the translators generally used the same Greek word to render the Hebrew word <em>cheʹrem,</em> which means a thing or a person “devoted to destruction” or “set apart for destruction.”—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/28/0" data-bid="29-1" class="b">De 7:26;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/28/1" data-bid="29-2" class="b"> 13:17</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/8" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-9"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">2Jo 9-11</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-9" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-9" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="se"></p> <p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/6/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> pp. 558,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/7/0"> 987</a></p> <p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/4/0">it-1 558,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/4/2"> 987;</a></p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sx"></p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sx"><span class="ni">cj 116;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/6/2"> w64 195;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/6/3"> w52 172</a></p> <p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-9" data-section-citation="048001009048001009"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:9</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="sx"><span class="ni">cj 116</span></p> <p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-10" data-section-citation="048001010048001010"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:10</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p22" data-pid="22" class="s5"><strong>Is it, in fact, men I am now trying to persuade or God?:</strong> Paul defends himself because “false brothers” in Galatia apparently claimed that he had adapted his message so as to persuade the Galatian Christians to side with him. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/30/0" data-bid="31-1" class="b">Ga 2:4</a>) For example, those opponents seem to have claimed that Paul would preach circumcision when it suited him. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/31/0" data-bid="32-1" class="b">Ga 5:11</a>) The Greek word <em>peiʹtho,</em> here rendered “persuade,” also conveys the meaning “appeal to; win over; gain the approval of.” Paul is, in effect, asking: “Am I trying to win the approval of people or of God?” Paul is, of course, concerned about gaining the approval of God, not of humans. While Paul was adaptable in how he presented the good news (see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/12/0">study note on 1Co 9:22</a>), he never changed the basic message just to win over different groups of people. (See study note on <strong>Or am I trying to please men</strong> in this verse.) In the preceding verses, he made it very clear that there was just one message of truth, “the good news about the Christ.”—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/32/0" data-bid="33-1" class="b">Ga 1:6-9</a>.</p> <p id="p23" data-pid="23" class="s5"><strong>Or am I trying to please men?:</strong> Some claimed that Paul was flattering men in an attempt to win their approval. The implied answer to Paul’s question is: “Of course not!” If he were trying to please humans, he would be disclaiming that he was a slave of Christ.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/33/0" data-bid="34-1" class="b">1Th 2:4</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="sx"><span class="ni">w39 342</span></p> <p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-11" data-section-citation="048001011048001011"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:11</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/9" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-10"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Th 2:13</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-10" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-10" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-12" data-section-citation="048001012048001012"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:12</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p25" data-pid="25" class="s5"><strong>a revelation:</strong> Paul uses the Greek word <em>a·po·kaʹly·psis,</em> which literally means “an uncovering” or “a disclosure.” As used in the Christian Greek Scriptures, the word often refers to the revealing of spiritual matters to humans by God and Jesus. In this verse, Paul shows that the good news he preached was revealed to him, not by a human, but by Jesus Christ himself. This fact further established that Paul was a true apostle. Like the other apostles, Paul learned the good news and received his commission directly from Jesus. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/35/0" data-bid="36-1" class="b">1Co 9:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/35/1" data-bid="36-2" class="b"> Eph 3:3</a>) Later in this letter, Paul refers to a specific revelation from Christ directing him to take the circumcision issue to the apostles and elders in Jerusalem.—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/13/0">study note on Ga 2:2</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="sx"><span class="ni">g61 12/22 27;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/9/1"> w57 486</a></p> <p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-13" data-section-citation="048001013048001013"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:13</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p27" data-pid="27" class="s5"><strong>Judaism:</strong> The religious system that was prevalent among the Jewish people in Paul’s day. In the Christian Greek Scriptures, this word occurs only at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/37/0" data-bid="38-1" class="b">Ga 1:13, 14</a>. While adherents claimed to follow the Hebrew Scriptures closely, first-century Judaism focused great attention on “the traditions of [the] fathers.” (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/14/0">study note on Ga 1:14</a>.) Jesus denounced the traditions and the men who made God’s Word invalid.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/38/0" data-bid="39-1" class="b">Mr 7:8,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/38/1" data-bid="39-2" class="b"> 13</a>.</p> <p id="p28" data-pid="28" class="s5"><strong>intensely:</strong> Paul here uses the Greek word <em>hy·per·bo·leʹ</em> to describe how “intensely” (lit., “to the point of excess,” that is, to an extraordinary or extreme degree) he used to persecute the Christian congregation. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/39/0" data-bid="40-1" class="b">Ac 8:1,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/39/1" data-bid="40-2" class="b"> 3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/39/2" data-bid="40-3" class="b"> 9:1, 2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/39/3" data-bid="40-4" class="b"> 26:10, 11;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/39/4" data-bid="40-5" class="b"> Php 3:6</a>) This Greek word occurs eight times in the Christian Greek Scriptures.—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/15/0">study notes on 2Co 4:7;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/16/0"> 12:7</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/10" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-11"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 23:6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-11" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-11" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/11" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-12"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 8:3; 9:1, 2; 22:4; 26:9-11; 1Ti 1:13</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-12" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-12" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="se"></p> <p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/8/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 128</a></p> <div id="p15" data-pid="15"><p data-pid="15" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/9/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="15" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/9/0">6/15/1999, pp. 29-31</a></p> </div><p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/5/0">it-2 128;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/5/2"> w99 6/15 29-31;</a></p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sx"></p> <p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="sx"><span class="ni">g64 2/22 28;</span><span class="ni"> lg 16;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/10/2"> w51 345</a></p> <p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-14" data-section-citation="048001014048001014"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:14</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p30" data-pid="30" class="s5"><strong>the traditions of my fathers:</strong> The Greek word for “tradition” (<em>pa·raʹdo·sis</em>) refers to information, instructions, or practices that have been handed down to others to follow. Paul here refers to the system of religious traditions practiced by the Jewish religious leaders, especially those of the Pharisees and scribes. Their religion was based on the Hebrew Scriptures, but those religious teachers had added many unscriptural traditions. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/41/0" data-bid="42-1" class="b">Mt 15:2, 3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/41/1" data-bid="42-2" class="b"> Mr 7:3,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/41/2" data-bid="42-3" class="b"> 5,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/41/3" data-bid="42-4" class="b"> 13</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/17/0">study note on Ga 1:13</a>.) As “a son of Pharisees,” Paul was educated by Jewish religious teachers, such as Gamaliel, who was a highly esteemed teacher in the Pharisaic tradition. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/42/0" data-bid="43-1" class="b">Ac 22:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/42/1" data-bid="43-2" class="b"> 23:6;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/42/2" data-bid="43-3" class="b"> Php 3:5</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/18/0">study note on Ac 5:34</a>.) Paul explains, however, that his zeal for the traditional beliefs of his ancestors led to his “persecuting the congregation of God and devastating it.”—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/43/0" data-bid="44-1" class="b">Ga 1:13;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/43/1" data-bid="44-2" class="b"> Joh 16:2, 3</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/12" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-13"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 22:3; Php 3:4-6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-13" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-13" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="se"></p> <p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/10/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 128</a></p> <p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/6/0">it-2 128;</a></p> <p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="sx"></p> <p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/11/0">g73 11/8 27;</a><span class="ni"> lg 16;</span><span class="ni"> w43 199</span></p> <p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-15" data-section-citation="048001015048001015"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:15</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/13" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-14"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Co 15:10</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-14" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-14" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-16" data-section-citation="048001016048001016"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:16</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p32" data-pid="32" class="s5"><strong>any human:</strong> Lit., “flesh and blood,” a common Jewish idiom. In this context, it is used to refer to a human being.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/45/0" data-bid="46-1" class="b">1Co 15:50;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/45/1" data-bid="46-2" class="b"> Eph 6:12</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/19/0">study note on Mt 16:17</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/14" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-15"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:15; Ro 11:13</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-15" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-15" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/12/0">w76 333-334;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/12/2"> w73 570</a></p> <p id="p15" data-pid="15" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-17" data-section-citation="048001017048001017"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:17</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p34" data-pid="34" class="s5"><strong>I went to Arabia, and then I returned to Damascus:</strong> Paul’s journey to Arabia is not mentioned in Luke’s brief account of the events that followed Paul’s conversion in Damascus. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/47/0" data-bid="48-1" class="b">Ac 9:18-20,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/47/1" data-bid="48-2" class="b"> 23-25</a>) So Paul’s statement here complements Luke’s record. Paul may have preached about his newfound faith in Damascus before he departed for Arabia, possibly to the Syrian deserts. (See Glossary, “<a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/20/0">Arabia</a>.”) After that, he may have returned to Damascus, continuing to preach there until “many days had passed,” and the Jews there plotted to kill him. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/48/0" data-bid="49-1" class="b">Ac 9:23</a>) The purpose of going to Arabia is not revealed, but the newly converted Saul may have sought time for quiet meditation on the Scriptures.—Compare <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/49/0" data-bid="50-1" class="b">Mr 1:12</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group media"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Media</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="scalableui item"><div class="clearfix"><a class="galleryItem" href="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1001072151#chapter=1"><img class="studyItemMedia" src="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1001072151/thumbnail" data-img-large-src="/en/wol/mp/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/2024/773" ><span class="caption"><p>Saul and Damascus</p> </span></a></div></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/15" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-16"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:19</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-16" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-16" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="se"></p> <p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/11/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 141</a></p> <p id="p20" data-pid="20" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/12/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 586</a></p> <div id="p21" data-pid="21"><p data-pid="21" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/13/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="21" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/13/0">5/15/2008, p. 22</a></p><p data-pid="21" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/14/0">1/15/2005, pp. 28-29</a></p> </div><p id="p22" data-pid="22" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/7/0">it-1 141;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/7/2"> it-2 586;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/7/4"> w08 5/15 22;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/7/6"> w05 1/15 28-29;</a></p> <p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="sx"></p> <p id="p15" data-pid="15" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/13/0">ad 101,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/13/1"> 1276;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/13/2"> w53 607</a></p> <p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-18" data-section-citation="048001018048001018"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:18</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p36" data-pid="36" class="s5"><strong>Then three years later:</strong> Paul may mean that after his conversion, parts of three years elapsed; he may have arrived in Jerusalem in 36 C.E. That visit was likely the first time that Paul was in Jerusalem as a Christian.</p> <p id="p37" data-pid="37" class="s5"><strong>to visit:</strong> Some scholars suggest that the Greek verb rendered “to visit” may include the idea of visiting with the purpose of obtaining information. When Saul visited Peter and James, he would have many things to ask them, and they would have many questions for him regarding his vision and his commission.</p> <p id="p38" data-pid="38" class="s5"><strong>Cephas:</strong> One of the names of the apostle Peter.—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/21/0">study note on 1Co 1:12</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/16" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-17"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:26</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-17" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-17" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/17" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-18"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Joh 1:42; 1Co 15:5</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-18" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-18" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p22" data-pid="22" class="se"></p> <p id="p23" data-pid="23" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/15/0"><em>Bearing Witness,</em> p. 12</a></p> <p id="p24" data-pid="24" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/16/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 586</a></p> <div id="p25" data-pid="25"><p data-pid="25" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/17/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="25" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/17/0">6/15/2007, pp. 15-17</a></p> </div><p id="p26" data-pid="26" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/8/0">bt 12;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/8/2"> it-2 586;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/8/4"> w07 6/15 15-17;</a></p> <p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="sx"></p> <p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/14/0">ad 1276;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/14/1"> w53 607;</a><span class="ni"> ep 307</span></p> <p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-19" data-section-citation="048001019048001019"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:19</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p40" data-pid="40" class="s5"><strong>apostles:</strong> Likely referring to Peter (“Cephas,” <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/52/0" data-bid="53-1" class="b">Ga 1:18;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/52/1" data-bid="53-2" class="b"> 2:9</a>) and James <strong>the brother of the Lord,</strong> that is, Jesus’ half brother. (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/22/0">study notes on Mt 13:55;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/23/0"> Ac 1:14;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/24/0"> 12:17</a>.) The term “apostle” basically means “someone sent out,” and it is most frequently used of the 12 apostles of Jesus. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/53/0" data-bid="54-1" class="b">Lu 8:1</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/25/0">study note on Joh 13:16</a> and Glossary, “<a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/26/0">Apostle</a>.”) However, it also has a broader usage, as in this case regarding James. He was apparently viewed as an apostle, that is, one selected and sent forth as a representative of the Jerusalem congregation. Such a use of this word would explain why the account at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/54/0" data-bid="55-1" class="b">Ac 9:26, 27</a> uses the title in the plural, saying that Paul was led “to the apostles.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/18" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-19"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Mt 13:55; Ac 12:17</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-19" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-19" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p26" data-pid="26" class="se"></p> <p id="p27" data-pid="27" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/18/0"><em>Bearing Witness,</em> p. 112</a></p> <p id="p28" data-pid="28" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/19/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> pp. 129-130,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/20/0"> 369-370,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/21/0"> 1252</a></p> <div id="p29" data-pid="29"><p data-pid="29" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/22/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="29" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/22/0">6/15/2007, pp. 16-17</a></p> </div><p id="p30" data-pid="30" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/9/0">bt 112;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/9/2"> it-1 129-130,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/9/4"> 369-370,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/9/6"> 1252;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/9/8"> w07 6/15 16-17;</a></p> <p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="sx"></p> <p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/15/0">ad 93;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/15/1"> w53 607</a></p> <p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-20" data-section-citation="048001020048001020"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:20</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="sx"><span class="ni">g61 4/8 28</span></p> <p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-21" data-section-citation="048001021048001021"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:21</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p42" data-pid="42" class="s5"><strong>Syria and Cilicia:</strong> Paul seems to use the word <strong>regions</strong> in a general sense. “Syria” may simply refer to the area around Antioch, and “Cilicia,” to the area around Tarsus, where Paul grew up. (See <a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/2">App. B13</a>.) After his visit to Jerusalem about 36 C.E., Paul was sent back to Tarsus, and then Barnabas brought him to Antioch about 45 C.E., where the two men preached for a whole year. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/56/0" data-bid="57-1" class="b">Ac 9:28-30;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/56/1" data-bid="57-2" class="b"> 11:22-26</a>) While little is known of how Paul spent the eight or so years prior to that, he was apparently so busy in his preaching work that news of his activity reached all the way to Judea. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/57/0" data-bid="58-1" class="b">Ga 1:21-24</a>) Paul’s summary of his trials and challenges, recorded at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/58/0" data-bid="59-1" class="b">2Co 11:23-27</a>, mentions a number of events that are not recorded in the book of Acts. Some of those events might have taken place during this time. (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/27/0">study note on 2Co 11:25</a>.) Sometime during that period, it seems that he was granted a supernatural vision that had a profound impact on his teaching.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/59/0" data-bid="60-1" class="b">2Co 12:1-4</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/28/0">study notes on 2Co 12:2,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070763/29/0"> 4</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/19" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-20"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:29, 30</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-20" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-20" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p30" data-pid="30" class="se"></p> <p id="p31" data-pid="31" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/23/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 468</a></p> <div id="p32" data-pid="32"><p data-pid="32" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/24/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="32" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204438/24/0">7/15/2000, p. 26</a></p> </div><p id="p33" data-pid="33" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/10/0">it-1 468;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270048/10/2"> w00 7/15 26;</a></p> <p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="sx"></p> <p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020048/17/0">ad 349</a></p> <p id="p20" data-pid="20" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="48-1-23" data-section-citation="048001023048001023"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Galatians 1:23</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/20" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-21"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 1:13</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-21" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-21" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/21" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-22"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 8:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-22" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-22" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div id="studyParallel" class="studyPane tabContent"> <div class="section"> <h3 class="title">Parallel Translations</h3> <div class="helpText">Click a verse number to display parallel Bible verses.</div> <div class="parallel"> <div class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div> <div class="extract"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="studyMarginals" class="studyPane tabContent"> <div class="section marginalsGeneral"><h3 class="title"><span class="sectionIcon"></span><span class="scalableui">General</span></h3><div class="content categorizedMarginal"><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/0/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-1-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:1</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:15; 26:15, 16</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-1-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-1-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/1/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-2-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:1</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 22:14, 15</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-2-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-2-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/2/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-3-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:2</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 18:23</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-3-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-3-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/3/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-4-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:4</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Jo 2:1, 2</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-4-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-4-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/4/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-5-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:4</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Joh 15:19</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-5-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-5-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/5/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-6-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:4</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Ti 2:3, 4</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-6-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-6-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/6/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-7-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:6</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">2Co 11:3, 4; Ga 5:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-7-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-7-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/7/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-8-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:7</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 5:10, 12; 6:17</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-8-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-8-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/8/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-9-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:8</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">2Jo 9-11</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-9-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-9-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/9/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-10-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:11</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Th 2:13</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-10-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-10-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/10/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-11-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:13</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 23:6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-11-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-11-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/11/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-12-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:13</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 8:3; 9:1, 2; 22:4; 26:9-11; 1Ti 1:13</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-12-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-12-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/12/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-13-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:14</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 22:3; Php 3:4-6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-13-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-13-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/13/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-14-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:15</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Co 15:10</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-14-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-14-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/14/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-15-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:16</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:15; Ro 11:13</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-15-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-15-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/15/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-16-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:17</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:19</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-16-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-16-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/16/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-17-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:18</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:26</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-17-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-17-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/17/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-18-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:18</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Joh 1:42; 1Co 15:5</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-18-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-18-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/18/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-19-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:19</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Mt 13:55; Ac 12:17</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-19-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-19-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/19/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-20-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:21</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:29, 30</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-20-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-20-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/20/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-21-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:23</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 1:13</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-21-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-21-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48/1/21/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-22-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Gal. 1:23</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 8:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-22-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-22-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="studyPaneGalleryModel" class="jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr"> <div id="galleryModalContainer" class="underlay full fadeOut"> <div id="galleryModal"> <div class="header"> <div class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div> <div class="galleryHeaderButtons"> <div class="galleryPlayCaption"> <div class="galleryBtn playPauseBtn hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div> </div> <div class="galleryView"> <a href="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/48" class="galleryBtn pictureBtn"><span class="icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="galleryBtn galleryClose"> <div class="closeBtn"><span class="icon"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contents"> <div class="gallery"> <div class="galleryWrapper"> <div class="navWrapper"> <div class="itemContainer"></div> </div> <div class="carouselContainer noTooltips"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="secondaryNavContent" class="chrome showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="secondaryNav" role="navigation"> <nav> <div id="resultNavigation"> <div class="resultNavTitle"> <ul> <li class="resultDocumentPubTitle"> New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Study Edition) </li> </ul> </div> <div class="resultAlternatePubList"> <ul> <li class="resultAlternatePubTitle showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> Read in <a class="altPub showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" data-pub="nwt" data-audio-pub="nwt" data-lang="E" data-year="2013" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwt/48/1">New World Translation (nwt)</a> </li> <li class="resultAlternatePubTitle showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> Read in <a class="altPub showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" data-pub="int" data-audio-pub="int" data-lang="E" data-year="1985" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/int/48/1">Kingdom Interlinear (int)</a> </li> <li class="resultAlternatePubTitle showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> Read in <a class="altPub showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" data-pub="Rbi8" data-audio-pub="bi12" data-lang="E" data-year="1984" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/Rbi8/48/1">Reference Bible (Rbi8)</a> </li> <li class="resultAlternatePubTitle showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> Read in <a class="altPub showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" data-pub="by" data-audio-pub="by" data-lang="E" data-year="1972" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/by/48/1">Byington (by)</a> </li> <li class="resultAlternatePubTitle showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> Read in <a class="altPub showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" data-pub="bi22" data-audio-pub="bi22" data-lang="E" data-year="1901" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/bi22/48/1">American Standard Version (bi22)</a> </li> <li class="resultAlternatePubTitle showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> Read in <a class="altPub showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" data-pub="rh" data-audio-pub="rh" data-lang="E" data-year="1897" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/rh/48/1">Rotherham (rh)</a> </li> <li class="resultAlternatePubTitle showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> Read in <a class="altPub showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" data-pub="bi10" data-audio-pub="bi10" data-lang="E" data-year="1611" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/bi10/48/1">King James Version (bi10)</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="documentNavigation" class="chrome"> <div class="bible"> <div class="navVerses"> <ul class="verses grid"> <li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:1">1</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:2">2</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:3">3</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:4">4</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:5">5</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:6">6</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:7">7</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:8">8</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:9">9</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:10">10</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:11">11</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:12">12</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:13">13</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:14">14</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:15">15</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:16">16</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:17">17</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:18">18</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:19">19</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:20">20</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:21">21</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:22">22</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:23">23</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=48:1:24">24</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="documentCitationInformation"> <div>New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Study Edition)</div> <div>Galatians 1:1-24</div> </div> <div id="content" class="content"> <div class="articlePositioner" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="banner" class="documentBanner showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> </div> <article id="article" class="article bible html5 pub-nwtsty jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr includeSecondaryNav" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" role="article"> <div class="scalableui"> <header> <h1>To the Galatians</h1> </header> <p id="p2" data-pid="2" class="sb"><span id="v48-1-1-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29150" class="cl vx vp"><strong>1</strong> </a>Paul, an apostle, neither from men nor through a man, but through Jesus Christ<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/0" data-bid="1-1" class="b">+</a> and God the Father,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/1" data-bid="2-1" class="b">+</a> who raised him up from the dead, </span><span id="v48-1-2-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29151" class="vl vx vp study">2 </a>and all the brothers with me, to the congregations of Ga·laʹti·a:<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/2" data-bid="3-1" class="b">+</a></span></p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sb"><span id="v48-1-3-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29152" class="vl vx vp study">3 </a>May you have undeserved kindness and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. </span><span id="v48-1-4-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29153" class="vl vx vp study">4 </a>He gave himself for our sins<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/3" data-bid="4-1" class="b">+</a> so that he might rescue us from the present wicked system of things<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/4" data-bid="5-1" class="b">+</a> according to the will of our God and Father,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/5" data-bid="6-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v48-1-5-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29154" class="vl vx vp study">5 </a>to whom be the glory forever and ever. Amen.</span></p> <p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sb"><span id="v48-1-6-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29155" class="vl vx vp study">6 </a>I am amazed that you are so quickly turning away from the One who called you with Christ’s undeserved kindness to another sort of good news.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/6" data-bid="7-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v48-1-7-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29156" class="vl vx vp study">7 </a>Not that there is another good news; but there are certain ones who are causing you trouble<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/7" data-bid="8-1" class="b">+</a> and wanting to distort the good news about the Christ. </span><span id="v48-1-8-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29157" class="vl vx vp study">8 </a>However, even if we or an angel out of heaven were to declare to you as good news something beyond the good news we declared to you, let him be accursed.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/8" data-bid="9-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v48-1-9-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29158" class="vl vx vp">9 </a>As we have said before, I now say again, Whoever is declaring to you as good news something beyond what you accepted, let him be accursed.</span></p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sb"><span id="v48-1-10-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29159" class="vl vx vp study">10 </a>Is it, in fact, men I am now trying to persuade or God? Or am I trying to please men? If I were still pleasing men, I would not be Christ’s slave. </span><span id="v48-1-11-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29160" class="vl vp">11 </a>For I want you to know, brothers, that the good news I declared to you is not of human origin;<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/9" data-bid="10-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v48-1-12-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29161" class="vl vx vp study">12 </a>for neither did I receive it from man, nor was I taught it, but it was through a revelation by Jesus Christ.</span></p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sb"><span id="v48-1-13-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29162" class="vl vx vp study">13 </a>Of course, you heard about my conduct formerly in Juʹda·ism,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/10" data-bid="11-1" class="b">+</a> that I kept intensely persecuting the congregation of God and devastating it;<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/11" data-bid="12-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v48-1-14-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29163" class="vl vx vp study">14 </a>and I was making greater progress in Juʹda·ism than many of my own age in my nation, as I was far more zealous for the traditions of my fathers.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/12" data-bid="13-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v48-1-15-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29164" class="vl vp">15 </a>But when God, who separated me from my mother’s womb and called me through his undeserved kindness,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/13" data-bid="14-1" class="b">+</a> thought good </span><span id="v48-1-16-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29165" class="vl vx vp study">16 </a>to reveal his Son through me so that I might declare the good news about him to the nations,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/14" data-bid="15-1" class="b">+</a> I did not immediately consult with any human; </span><span id="v48-1-17-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29166" class="vl vx vp study">17 </a>nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before I was, but I went to Arabia, and then I returned to Damascus.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/15" data-bid="16-1" class="b">+</a></span></p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sb"><span id="v48-1-18-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29167" class="vl vx vp study">18 </a>Then three years later I went up to Jerusalem<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/16" data-bid="17-1" class="b">+</a> to visit Ceʹphas,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/17" data-bid="18-1" class="b">+</a> and I stayed with him for 15 days. </span><span id="v48-1-19-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29168" class="vl vx vp study">19 </a>But I did not see any of the other apostles, only James<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/18" data-bid="19-1" class="b">+</a> the brother of the Lord. </span><span id="v48-1-20-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29169" class="vl vx vp">20 </a>Now regarding the things I am writing you, I assure you before God that I am not lying.</span></p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sb"><span id="v48-1-21-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29170" class="vl vx vp study">21 </a>After that I went into the regions of Syria and Ci·liʹcia.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/19" data-bid="20-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v48-1-22-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29171" class="vl vp">22 </a>But I was personally unknown to the congregations of Ju·deʹa that were in union with Christ. </span><span id="v48-1-23-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29172" class="vl vp">23 </a>They only used to hear: “The man who formerly persecuted us<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/20" data-bid="21-1" class="b">+</a> is now declaring the good news about the faith that he formerly devastated.”<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070152/21" data-bid="22-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v48-1-24-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070152/29173" class="vl vp">24 </a>So they began glorifying God because of me.</span></p>  <div class="pswp" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pswp__bg"></div> <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div> <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar"> <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button> <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <input type="hidden" id="bibleDocumentNavigationChapterManyVerseFormat" value="Galatians 1:{StartingBibleVerse}-{EndingBibleVerse}"/> <input type="hidden" id="bibleDocumentNavigationChapterVerseFormat" value="Galatians 1:{BibleVerse}"/> <input type="hidden" id="bibleDocumentNavigationChapterVerseRangeFormat" value="Galatians {StartingBibleChapter}:{StartingBibleVerse}-{EndingBibleChapter}:{EndingBibleVerse}"/> <input type="hidden" id="bibleDocumentNavigationSingleChapterManyVerseFormat" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="bibleDocumentNavigationSingleChapterSingleVerseFormat" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="documentNavigationMultiplePagesPositionFormat" value="{PublicationSymbol} p. {StartingPageNumber}-{EndingPageNumber}"/> <input type="hidden" id="documentNavigationSinglePagePositionFormat" value="{PublicationSymbol} p. {PageNumber}"/> <input type="hidden" id="pubMediaServer" value="https://b.jw-cdn.org/apis/pub-media/GETPUBMEDIALINKS"/> <input type="hidden" id="englishSym" value="nwtsty" /> <input type="hidden" id="audioPubSym" value="nwt" /> <input type="hidden" id="pubYear" value="2024" /> <input type="hidden" id="langSym" value="E" /> <input type="hidden" id="bookNo" value="48" /> <input type="hidden" id="chapNo" value="1" /> <input type="hidden" id="hasRuby" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" id="isRuby" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" id="shareBaseUrl" value="https://www.jw.org/finder?wtlocale=E&pub=nwtsty&srctype=wol&bible=48001000&srcid=share"/> <input type="hidden" id="shareType" value="bible-chapter"/> <input type="hidden" id="contentTitle" value="Galatians 1"/> <input type="hidden" id="contentThumbnail" value="/en/wol/publication/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/thumbnail"/> <input type="hidden" id="parentTitle" value="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Study Edition)"/> <input type="hidden" id="sourcePreferredBible" value="nwtsty"/> </article> </div></div> </div> <div id="regionFooter" class="chrome showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <input id="returnToLibrary" type="hidden" value="Return to {LibraryName}" /> <div id="userStatus" class="hidden" data-library-color=""> <div class="ellipsized currentLibrary"> <a class="chrome librarySelectionLink spriteLink" data-lang="E" href="/en/wol/li/r1/lp-e"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label ellipsized showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr">English Publications (1950-2025)</span> </a> <div id="cookieLibrary"> </div> </div> <div class="currentUser ellipsized"> <a id="userStatusLabel" class="statusLabel" href="#"> <span class="userName ellipsized"></span> </a> <div id="userControls" class="userControls hidden"> <span id="headerLogout" class="hidden"> <a class="statusItem userLogoutLink" href="#">Log Out</a> </span> </div> </div> <div id="headerLogin" class="hidden"> <a class="statusButton userLoginLink" href="#">Log In</a> </div> </div> <div id="contentFooterNavigation" role="navigation" class=" showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <ul class="contentFooterIcons" role="menubar" class="chrome"> <li id="libraryTitle" class="chrome" role="menuitem" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a class="spriteLink" data-lang="E" href="/en/wol/li/r1/lp-e"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">English</span> </a> </li> <li id="contentFooterShare" role="menuitem" aria-label="share"> <a id="shareButtonFooter" class="shareButtonFooterIcon spriteLink hidden" href="#"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">Share</span> </a> </li> <li id="contentFooterPreferences" role="menuitem" aria-label="preferences"> <a class="spriteLink" href="/en/wol/pref/r1/lp-e?url=%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fb%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2Fnwtsty%2F48%2F1" rel="nofollow"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">Preferences</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="contentFooterLegal" class=" showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <ul class="contentFooterList" role="menubar"> <li class="showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a href="https://www.jw.org/finder?prefer=content&wtlocale=E&docid=1011511" target="_blank">Copyright</a> © 2024 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jw.org/finder?prefer=content&wtlocale=E&docid=1011511" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jw.org/finder?prefer=content&wtlocale=E&docid=1011512" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jw.org/finder?prefer=content&wtlocale=E&docid=1011512" id="privacySettingsButton" class="hidden" target="_blank">Privacy Settings</a> </li> <li id="jworg" role="menuitem" aria-label="jw.org"> <a id="jworgLogo" class="spriteLink" target="_blank" href="https://www.jw.org/finder?wtlocale=E&docid=1011200"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">JW.ORG</span> </a> </li> <li id="footerLogin" class="clickable hidden"> <a class="statusButton userLoginLink" href="#">Log In</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="dialogContainer" class=" showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"></div> <div id="modalUnderlayContainer" class="underlay" tabindex="-1"></div> <div id="underlayContainer" class="underlay" touch-action="none"></div>  <input type="hidden" id="mobileNativeShare" value=""/> <div class="jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="shareForm" class="hidden"> <div> <div class="header chrome"> Share <div class="closeBtn" aria-label="close" onclick="app.modal.removeModals();"> <span class="icon"></span> </div> </div> <form class="content"> <div class="shareFormWrapper"> <div> <img class="sharePublicationImage" /> </div> <div class="shareInfoContainer"> <div class="jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div class="shareContentParentTitle"></div> <div class="shareContentTitle"></div> </div> <input id="shareLink" class="shareLink" type="text" readonly dir="ltr" /> <button type="button" class="grayButton small shareCopyButton" aria-label="copy" onClick="app.utilities.copyToClipboard(document.getElementById('shareLink').value)"> <span class="icon"></span> </button> <div class="shareButtonContainer"> <button type="button" class="grayButton shareMailButton" onClick="app.share.sendEmail();"> <span class="icon"></span> Share Via Email </button> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <input type="hidden" id="newMeetingsPage" value="yes"/> <script src="https://b.jw-cdn.org/code/media-player/v3.0.0/js/media-player.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/+1+d47041617fdb857d64eb29a3250d908664adf0ef.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/+2+78d2ab9b80a87e1396c3a1b7455ec10cece44b68.js"></script> </body> </html>