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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabriel_Bonno_de_Mabli" title="Qabriel Bonno de Mabli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qabriel Bonno de Mabli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گابریل بونو دو مبلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گابریل بونو دو مبلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%B8_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Գաբրիել Բոննո դը Մաբլի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գաբրիել Բոննո դը Մաբլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99" title="גבריאל בונו דה מבלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גבריאל בונו דה מבלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Габриэль Бонно де Мабли – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Габриэль Бонно де Мабли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%89" title="جابريل بونوت د مابلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جابريل بونوت د مابلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گابریل بونو دو مبلی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گابریل بونو دو مبلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Mably" title="Gabriel Mably – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gabriel Mably" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Мабли, Габриэль Бонно де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мабли, Габриэль Бонно де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8E%D9%84_%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گابریێل بۆنۆ دو مابلی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گابریێل بۆنۆ دو مابلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Габріель Бонно де Маблі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Габріель Бонно де Маблі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%83%E5%88%A9" title="加布里埃尔·博诺·马布利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加布里埃尔·博诺·马布利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q202555#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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He was a popular 18th-century writer.<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_-_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_1784.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An official dressed as a 'noble of the robe'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_-_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_1784.jpg/150px-Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_-_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_1784.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_-_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_1784.jpg/225px-Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_-_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_1784.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_-_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_1784.jpg/300px-Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_-_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_1784.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>An official dressed as a <a href="/wiki/Nobles_of_the_Robe" title="Nobles of the Robe">Noblesse de robe</a>; Gabriel Bonnet came from this class</figcaption></figure> <p>Gabriel Bonnot was born at <a href="/wiki/Mably,_Loire" title="Mably, Loire">Mably, Loire</a> into a family that belonged to the <i>Noblesse de robe</i> or <a href="/wiki/Nobles_of_the_Robe" title="Nobles of the Robe">Nobles of the Robe</a>. This class formed the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm#Second_Estate" title="Estates of the realm">Second Estate</a> whose rank derived from holding judicial or administrative posts and were often hard-working professionals, unlike the aristocratic <i>Noblesse d'épée</i> or <a href="/wiki/Nobles_of_the_Sword" title="Nobles of the Sword">Nobles of the Sword</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his older brother Jean added "de Mably" to their names; his younger brother <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Étienne</a> used another family property, at <a href="/wiki/Condillac,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Condillac, Drôme">Condillac, Drôme</a>. As 'Condillac', he also became a noted writer and philosopher. </p><p>Gabriel and his brothers were educated in an institution run by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> or Jesuits; he enrolled in a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Sulpice (Paris)">Saint-Sulpice</a>. In 1742, he became a confidant of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gu%C3%A9rin_de_Tencin" title="Pierre Guérin de Tencin">Cardinal Tencin</a>, then Minister of State without Portfolio, for whom he carried out various diplomatic roles during the 1740 to 1748 <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. They included negotiating an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1743 and preparing terms for the 1746 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a>, which sought to agree a separate peace with Britain. However, he fell out with Cardinal Tencin and thereafter focused on scholarly pursuits.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise-Louise_de_Warens" title="Françoise-Louise de Warens">Françoise-Louise de Warens</a>, in April 1740, Mably's older brother Jean employed the 28-year-old <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> as tutor for his two oldest sons. Rousseau produced two short works addressed to Jean de Mably: "Memorandum Presented to Monsieur de Mably on the Education of Monsieur His Son" and the shorter "Plan for the Education of Monsieur de Sainte-Marie". These outline a proposed system of education for Jean de Mably's sons and also present one of his earliest public self-reflections and self-justifications. By summer 1741, Rousseau realized he was ill-suited to the position and the two agreed to end his employment, parting on friendly terms. </p><p>The historian Leo Damrosch explains that at this time, Abbé de Mably </p> <blockquote><p>had just published a treatise comparing Roman institutions of government with French ones and celebrating the progress of civilization ... Conversing with Mably, Condillac, [and friends he had met at Lyon's reading club] Parisot, Bordes, and their friends, Rousseau found himself in a stimulating intellectual milieu, and the studies he had put himself through in <a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a> suddenly came to life.<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rousseau would remain lifelong friends with Mably and his family. Both Mably and his brother Condillac visited Rousseau when he moved to <a href="/wiki/Montmorency,_Val-d%27Oise" title="Montmorency, Val-d'Oise">Montmorency, Val-d'Oise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rousseau later reflected upon his experience tutoring Jean de Mably's sons in <i>The Confessions</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurent-Pierre-B%C3%A9renger-et-al-Esprit-de-Mably-et-de-Condillac_MG_1083.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Laurent-Pierre-B%C3%A9renger-et-al-Esprit-de-Mably-et-de-Condillac_MG_1083.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Laurent-Pierre-B%C3%A9renger-et-al-Esprit-de-Mably-et-de-Condillac_MG_1083.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Laurent-Pierre-B%C3%A9renger-et-al-Esprit-de-Mably-et-de-Condillac_MG_1083.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Laurent-Pierre-B%C3%A9renger-et-al-Esprit-de-Mably-et-de-Condillac_MG_1083.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Laurent-Pierre-B%C3%A9renger-et-al-Esprit-de-Mably-et-de-Condillac_MG_1083.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Laurent-Pierre-B%C3%A9renger-et-al-Esprit-de-Mably-et-de-Condillac_MG_1083.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</figcaption></figure><p>In 1909, the anarchist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> credited Mably several achievements: he is credited with being responsible for why the study of politics, constitutions, and elective representation in the 18th century was so popular,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with inspiring the <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_ownership" title="Community ownership">communal</a>, and anti-inequality ethos of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for being an early advocate of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> or communal possession of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abbé de Mably's legacy is often associated with his views on the authority of the social body, which he considered synonymous with liberty. However, this perspective has been criticized, notably by the political theorist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a>. In his essay "The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns," Constant argues that Mably, along with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, misunderstood the concept of liberty by equating it with the authority of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. Constant wrote, "The abbé de Mably, like Rousseau and many others, had followed the ancient government in thinking that the authority of the social body is liberty; and to him any means seemed good if it extended the active scope of that authority over the recalcitrant part of human existence whose independence he deplored."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constant further elaborated that Mably desired the law to reach beyond actions and into thoughts, even "the most fleeting impressions," advocating for a level of control that would leave no aspect of life free from legislative authority. </p><p> This perspective highlights Mably's intellectual contribution to the ideological underpinnings of the revolution's excesses. Specifically, Constant noted the influence of Mably's ideas on the leaders of the French Revolution:</p><blockquote><p>"The men whom the flow of events swept to the head of our revolution were—inevitably, given the education they had received—steeped in ancient views that have become false, views that Rousseau and de Mably had made respectable. Rousseau’s metaphysics, in the middle of which there are sudden flashes of sublime truth, and passages of stirring eloquence; and Mably’s austerity: his intolerance, his hatred of all human passions, his eagerness to enslave everyone, his extravagant principles about what the law can achieve, the difference between what he recommended and what had previously existed, his denunciation of wealth and even of property;—all these things were bound to charm men who were lit up by a recent victory, and who, having gained control of the law’s power, were happy about the idea of extending this power to everything. They found valuable support in the fact that two writers—ones with no axe to grind, and haters of human despotism—put the text of the law into the form of axioms. They wanted to use public power in the way (so they had learned from their guides) it had once been used in the free states. They believed that everything should give way before the collective will, and that all restrictions on individual rights would be amply compensated for by participation in social power."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In essence, Mably's legacy, as interpreted by Constant and other contemporaries in France following the immediate aftermath of the revolution, is one of statism and despotism, where he mistook the liberty of ancient city-states for the principles of modern representative government. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mably's most well-known work is <i>Entretiens de Phocion</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> first published in 1763, which introduced themes of his mature thought. Two of his works were published posthumously and they had a profound effect on the early deliberations on the assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates-General of 1789">Estates-General of 1789</a>: an enlarged version of his <i>Histoire de France</i> (first published in 1765), which was published in May 1789 to great acclaim. Authorities tried unsuccessfully to suppress it by confiscating many copies. Secondly, <i>Des droits et des devoirs du citoyen</i>, written in 1758, was also published after his death. He warned against events that later developed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p><p>These two works were seen to contribute to the later concepts of both communism and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>. He advocated the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, which he stated incompatible with sympathy and <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a>, and conducive to one's antisociality or egotism. He praises <a href="/wiki/Elitist" class="mw-redirect" title="Elitist">elitist</a> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, but also the enlightened <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> views on natural human <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a>. Mably went further than the traditional Stoic argument that all men possessed a <a href="/wiki/Divine_spark" title="Divine spark">divine spark</a>. He also went beyond the liberal concept of <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality before the law</a>, and argued for the <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality of needs</a>. He argued that <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> was more valued than the acquisition or possession of material wealth, and criticized idleness. He found an audience among those who were critical of the inherited wealth and privilege of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, who did no work. </p><p>Mably's complete works were published in 15 volumes in 1794–1795, with an obituary/biography by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Brizard" title="Gabriel Brizard">Gabriel Brizard</a>. </p><p><b>List of 18 published works by Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</b> (1709–1785) </p> <div title="French-language text"><div lang="fr"> <ul><li><i> Parallèle des Romains et des François par rapport au gouvernement (1740)</i></li> <li><i> Lettres à Madame la Marquise de P... sur l'Opéra (1741)</i></li> <li><i> Le droit public de l'Europe fondé sur les traités conclus jusqu'en l'année 1740 (1746)</i></li> <li><i> Observations sur les Grecs (1749)</i></li> <li><i> Observations sur les Romains (1751)</i></li> <li><i> Des principes des négociations pour servir au Droit public fondé sur les traités@ (1757)</i></li> <li><i> Entretiens de Phocion, sur l'introduction de la morale avec la politique, traduits du grec de Nicoclès, avec des remarques (1763)</i></li> <li><i> Réponse de M. Abbé de Mably à M. Abbé Rome (1764)</i></li> <li><i> Observations sur l'histoire de France, Books I – IV (1765)</i></li> <li><i> Observations sur l'histoire de la Grèce, ou Des causes de la Prospérité et des malheurs des Grecs (1766)</i></li> <li><i> Doutes proposées aux philosophes économistes sur l' Ordre naturel et essentiel des sociétés politiques (1768)</i></li> <li><i> Du commerce des grains (1775)</i></li> <li><i> De l'étude de l'histoire à Monseigneur le prince de Parme Tome XVI du cours d'études pour l'instruction du Prince de Parme, aujourd'hui S.A.R. l'Infant D. Ferdinand, duc de Parme, Plaisance, Gasuelle etc. par M. l'Abbé de Condillac (1775)</i></li> <li><i> De la législation, ou Principes des lois (1776)</i></li> <li><i> Du gouvernement et des lois de la Pologne (1771 or 1776 ?)</i></li> <li><i> De la manière d'écrire l'histoire (1783)</i></li> <li><i> Principes de morale (1784)</i></li> <li><i> Observations sur le gouvernement et les lois des États-Unis d'Amérique (1784)</i></li></ul></div></div> <p><b>Posthumous publications of individual works, published in 1786-1794</b> </p> <div title="French-language text"><div lang="fr"> <ul><li><i> Observations sur l'histoire de France, nouvelle édition précédée de l'éloge historique de L'auteur par M. l'abbé Brizard (1788)</i></li> <li><i> De la situation politique en Pologne en 1776</i></li> <li><i> Le Banquet des politiques</i></li> <li><i> De l'étude de la politique</i></li> <li><i> Des maladies politiques et de leur traitement</i></li> <li><i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desdroitsetdesde00mabl">Des droits et des devoirs du citoyen</a> (1789; reprinted in 1793; written in 1758)</i></li> <li><i> Du commerce des grains</i></li> <li><i> De la superstition</i></li> <li><i> Notre gloire et nos rêves</i></li> <li><i> De la paix d'Allemagne</i></li> <li><i> De la mort de l'impératrice-reine</i></li> <li><i> L'oracle d'Apollon</i></li> <li><i> Des talens</i></li> <li><i> Du beau</i></li> <li><i> Du développement, des progrès et des bornes de la raison</i></li> <li><i> Le compte rendu</i></li> <li><i> La retraite de M. Necker</i></li> <li><i> Du cours et de la marche des passions dans la société</i></li></ul></div></div> <p><b>Posthumous Complete works to 1795</b> </p> <div title="French-language text"><div lang="fr"> <ul><li><i> Œuvres complètes de l'Abbé Mably précédées nouvelle édition précédée de l'éloge historique de l'auteur par M. l'abbé Brizard, 12 vol., slightly incomplete London edition (1789)</i></li> <li><i> Œuvres complètes de l'abbé Mably, 19 vol., Toulouse (Sens) & Nîmes (Gaude) edition, (1791)</i></li> <li><i> Œuvres complètes de l'abbé Mably, nouvelle édition; revue, corrigée et augmentée, 19 vols. Toulouse (Sens) & Nîmes (Gaudeedition), (1793)</i></li> <li><i> Collection complète des œuvres de l'abbé Mably, 15 vols. Paris edition (Desbrières), (1794/1795) more complete than previous editions.</i></li></ul></div></div> <p><b>Recent Translations in English by Simon de Vries</b> </p> <ul><li>Concerning the Rights & Duties of the Citizen – Comtal Publications, 2008 – <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9557974-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9557974-0-3">0-9557974-0-3</a></li> <li>Letters to Madame the Marchioness of P **** on the Opera – Comtal Publications, 2010 – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9557974-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9557974-1-5">978-0-9557974-1-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Damrosch2007" class="citation book cs1">Leo Damrosch (2007). <i>Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius</i>. Mariner Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Jacques+Rousseau%3A+Restless+Genius&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Leo+Damrosch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Bonnot+de+Mably" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaspar2013" class="citation book cs1">Gaspar, Julia (2013). <i>The Marquis d'Argens: A Philosophical Life</i>. Lexington. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739182338" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739182338"><bdi>978-0739182338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marquis+d%27Argens%3A+A+Philosophical+Life&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Lexington&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0739182338&rft.aulast=Gaspar&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Bonnot+de+Mably" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieber1836" class="citation book cs1">Lieber, Francis (1836). <i>Encyclopædia Americana: Volume VIII</i>. Deliver, Thomas & Co. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Americana%3A+Volume+VIII&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Deliver%2C+Thomas+%26+Co&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Lieber&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Bonnot+de+Mably" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Kropotkin1909" class="citation book cs1">Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 2". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=214"><i>The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793</i></a>. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2&rft.btitle=The+Great+French+Revolution%2C+1789-1793&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Vanguard+Printings&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Peter+Kropotkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revoltlib.com%2F%3Fid%3D214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Bonnot+de+Mably" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Kropotkin1909" class="citation book cs1">Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 58". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=270"><i>The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793</i></a>. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+58&rft.btitle=The+Great+French+Revolution%2C+1789-1793&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Vanguard+Printings&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Peter+Kropotkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revoltlib.com%2F%3Fid%3D270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Bonnot+de+Mably" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Kropotkin1909" class="citation book cs1">Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 3". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=215"><i>The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793</i></a>. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3&rft.btitle=The+Great+French+Revolution%2C+1789-1793&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Vanguard+Printings&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Peter+Kropotkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revoltlib.com%2F%3Fid%3D215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Bonnot+de+Mably" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Constant (1819). "The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns," Translated by Biancamaria Fontana. In <i>Political Writings</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1988.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Johnson Kent Wright, <i>A Classical Republican in Eighteenth-Century France: The Political Thought of Mably</i> (Stanford University Press, 1997).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Guerrier" title="Vladimir Guerrier">V. I. Guerrier</a>, <i>L'Abbé de Mably, moraliste et politique</i> (Paris: 1886)</li> <li>Mably's work is catalogued at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr">French National Library</a></li> <li>Charles Philippe Dijon de Monteton, <i>Der lange Schatten des Abbé Bonnot de Mably. Divergenzen und Analogien seines Denkens in der Politischen Theorie des Grafen Sieyès</i>, in: Thiele, U. (ed.): Volkssouveränität und Freiheitsrechte. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes' Staatsverständnis, Nomos, Baden-Baden, 2009, S. 43–110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Whitfield,_1st_Baron_Kenswood" title="Ernest Whitfield, 1st Baron Kenswood">Ernest A. Whitfield</a>, <i><a href="//archive.org/details/mablywhitfield" class="extiw" title="iarchive:mablywhitfield">Gabriel Bonnot De Mably</a>.</i> (London, UK: George Routledge and Sons, 1930, reprinted as New York, NY: Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, 1969).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture19a.html">The French Revolution and the Socialist Tradition: Early French Communists</a>, History Guide</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/hpt/1992/00000013/00000003/239"><i>Conversations with Phocion: the political thought of Mably</i>, History of Political Thought, 1992, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 391–415(25), JK Wright</a>, abstract only</li> <li>[./<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="Https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/47301">Https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/47301</a> Works At Project Gutenberg In French] <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/47301">[1]</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Cantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202555#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3857" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202555#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3857" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202555#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118575643">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de, 1709-1785"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50053368">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913723c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913723c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001174158">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mably, Gabriel : Bonnot de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV039567">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35731389">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003197389&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1446742">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/98897">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070697264">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02269506?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1062027">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118575643.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118575643">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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