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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prosody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prosody </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Rhythm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Meter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metrical_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metrical_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Metrical patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metrical_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhyme,_alliteration,_assonance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhyme,_alliteration,_assonance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rhyme, alliteration, assonance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhyme,_alliteration,_assonance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhyming_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhyming_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Rhyming schemes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhyming_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form_in_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form_in_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Form in poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form_in_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lines_and_stanzas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lines_and_stanzas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Lines and stanzas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lines_and_stanzas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Visual presentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Diction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Forms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Forms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sonnet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonnet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Sonnet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonnet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Shi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villanelle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villanelle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Villanelle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villanelle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limerick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limerick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Limerick </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limerick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Tanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Haiku </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khlong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khlong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Khlong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khlong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khlong_si_suphap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khlong_si_suphap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Khlong si suphap </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khlong_si_suphap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Ode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghazal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghazal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Ghazal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghazal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Genres </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genres subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Narrative_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrative_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Narrative poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyric_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyric_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Lyric poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyric_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epic_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epic_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Epic poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epic_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satirical_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satirical_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Satirical poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satirical_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elegy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elegy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Elegy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elegy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_fable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_fable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Verse fable </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_fable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatic_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatic_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Dramatic poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramatic_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculative_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculative_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Speculative poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculative_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Prose poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Light poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slam_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slam_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Slam poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slam_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Performance poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_happenings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_happenings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Language happenings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_happenings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Poetry</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 191 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-191" aria-hidden="true" > 191 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Poësie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesie" title="Poesie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Poesie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%85%E1%8A%94" title="ቅኔ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቅኔ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1_(%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8)" title="شعر (أدب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعر (أدب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poes%C3%ADa" title="Poesía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Poesía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="কবিতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কবিতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poes%C3%ADa" title="Poesía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Poesía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कविता – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कविता" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDpoty" title="Ñe'ẽpoty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽpoty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawi" title="Jarawi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jarawi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeziya" title="Poeziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Poeziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1" title="شعر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شعر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="কবিতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কবিতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koa-si" title="Koa-si – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Koa-si" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D2%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82" title="Шиғриәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шиғриәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паэзія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паэзія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паэзія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паэзія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="कबिताई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कबिताई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawitdawit" title="Rawitdawit – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rawitdawit" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Поезия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поезия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%99%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%82" title="སྙན་ངག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྙན་ངག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezija" title="Poezija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poezija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barzhoniezh" title="Barzhoniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Barzhoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Уран шүлэг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уран шүлэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poesia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Поэзи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Поэзи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balak" title="Balak – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Balak" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezie" title="Poezie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poezie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puesia" title="Puesia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Puesia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barddoniaeth" title="Barddoniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Barddoniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesi" title="Poesi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Poesi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B1" title="شيعر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شيعر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesie" title="Poesie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Poesie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luule" title="Luule – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luule" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poes%C3%ADa" title="Poesía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poesía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezio" title="Poezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poes%C3%ADa" title="Poesía – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Poesía" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olerkigintza" title="Olerkigintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Olerkigintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1" title="شعر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شعر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Poetry" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A9sie" title="Poésie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poésie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%ABzy" title="Poëzy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poëzy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%ADocht" title="Filíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Filíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeleeaght" title="Feeleeaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Feeleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0rdachd" title="Bàrdachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bàrdachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poes%C3%ADa" title="Poesía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Poesía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Оазарле – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Оазарле" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9" title="詩 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="詩" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कविता – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कविता" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%82" title="Sṳ̂ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ̂" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C_(%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99)" title="시 (문학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시 (문학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C6%99a" title="Waƙa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Waƙa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պոեզիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոեզիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="काव्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काव्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezija" title="Poezija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poezija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezio" title="Poezio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Poezio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81bu" title="Ábu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ábu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandaniw" title="Dandaniw – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dandaniw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="কবিতা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কবিতা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisi" title="Puisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Puisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Poesia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesie" title="Poesie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Poesie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Поэзи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Поэзи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkondlo" title="Inkondlo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkondlo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3%C3%B0list" title="Ljóðlist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljóðlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Poesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="שירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geguritan" title="Geguritan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Geguritan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C9%A3a_mat%CA%8A_t%C9%94m" title="Keɣa matʊ tɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Keɣa matʊ tɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ಕವನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawat%C3%A1san" title="Kawatásan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kawatásan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Поэзия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Поэзия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოეზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოეზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%B2%DB%8C%D9%90%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شٲیِری – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شٲیِری" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Поэзия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Поэзия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhonieth" title="Bardhonieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bardhonieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushairi" title="Ushairi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ushairi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwezi" title="Pwezi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwezi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A9zi" title="Poézi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Poézi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helbest" title="Helbest – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Helbest" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Поэзия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Поэзия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poejia" title="Poejia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Poejia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeziya" title="Poeziya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Poeziya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ກາບກອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກາບກອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%ABsis" title="Poësis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Poësis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeja" title="Dzeja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzeja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezija" title="Poezija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Poezija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poexia" title="Poexia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Poexia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%ABzie" title="Poëzie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Poëzie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Poesia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runohus" title="Runohus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Runohus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pemci" title="pemci – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="pemci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puesia" title="Puesia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Puesia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lt%C3%A9szet" title="Költészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Költészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="काव्य – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="काव्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Поезија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Поезија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4ezia" title="Pôezia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôezia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4" title="കവിത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കവിത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poe%C5%BCija" title="Poeżija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Poeżija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कविता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कविता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოეზია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოეზია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1" title="شعر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%BB" title="ကဗျ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကဗျ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisi" title="Puisi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Puisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%95" title="ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%AD" title="Sĭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Валморамась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Валморамась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Шүлэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шүлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%ABzie" title="Poëzie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poëzie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichtk%C3%BCnst" title="Dichtkünst – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dichtkünst" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कविता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कविता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%81" title="चिनाखँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिनाखँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9" title="詩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="詩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Поэзи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Поэзи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesi" title="Poesi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Poesi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikt" title="Dikt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dikt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pou%C3%A9sie" title="Pouésie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pouésie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Poesia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Мурпаша – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мурпаша" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="କାବ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାବ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walaloo" title="Walaloo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Walaloo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%CA%BCriyat" title="Sheʼriyat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sheʼriyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਵਿਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਵਿਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شاعری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شاعری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Poesia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1" title="شعر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شعر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puoychri" title="Puoychri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puoychri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A9sie" title="Poésie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Poésie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poes%C3%ACa" title="Poesìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Poesìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesie" title="Poesie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Poesie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezja" title="Poezja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poezja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CE%BD" title="Ποιητικήν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ποιητικήν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poesia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeziya" title="Poeziya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Poeziya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiiriyet" title="Şiiriyet – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şiiriyet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezie" title="Poezie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poezie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harawi" title="Harawi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Harawi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Поезія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Поезія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Поэзия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поэзия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="काव्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="काव्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8" title="ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poetry" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichtenge" title="Dichtenge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Dichtenge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poko" title="Poko – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Poko" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezia" title="Poezia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Poezia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="කාව්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාව්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poetry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="شاعري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شاعري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkondlo" title="Bunkondlo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Bunkondlo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A9zia" title="Poézia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poézia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesni%C5%A1tvo" title="Pesništvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pesništvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabay" title="Gabay – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gabay" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%B1" title="شیعر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیعر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Поезија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поезија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezija" title="Poezija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poezija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisi" title="Puisi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Puisi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runous" title="Runous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Runous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesi" title="Poesi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Poesi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panulaan" title="Panulaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panulaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="கவிதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கவிதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Шигърият – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шигърият" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="కవి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కవి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="กวีนิพนธ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กวีนิพนธ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Назм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Назм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B8_%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%AE%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiir" title="Şiir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şiir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Поезія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поезія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شاعری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شاعری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1" title="شېئىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شېئىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei" title="Sei – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sei" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezia" title="Poezia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Poezia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoi%C5%A1t" title="Runoišt – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Runoišt" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%A1" title="Thơ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poedav" title="Poedav – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Poedav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powezeye" title="Powezeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Powezeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9" title="詩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="詩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichtkunste" title="Dichtkunste – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Dichtkunste" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siday" title="Siday – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Siday" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%97" title="诗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/VUTLHOKOVETSERI" title="VUTLHOKOVETSERI – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="VUTLHOKOVETSERI" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="דיכטונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דיכטונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ew%C3%AC" title="Ewì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ewì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C" title="詩歌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詩歌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1ir" title="Şıir – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şıir" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puoez%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Puoezėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Puoezėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C" title="诗歌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诗歌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sair" title="Sair – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sair" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisi" title="Puisi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Puisi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisindiron" title="Sisindiron – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sisindiron" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Poetry" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q482#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Poetry" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Poetry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poetry (disambiguation)">Poetry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Love poem" redirects here. For the EP, see <a href="/wiki/Love_Poem_(EP)" title="Love Poem (EP)">Love Poem (EP)</a>. 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class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">Lacuna</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Poetry (from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <a href="/wiki/Poiesis" title="Poiesis">poiesis</a>, "making") is a form of <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary art</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> and often <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmic</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> qualities of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> to evoke <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meanings</a> in addition to, or in place of, <a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">literal</a> or surface-level meanings. Any particular instance of poetry is called a poem and is written by a <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>. Poets use a variety of techniques called poetic devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonaesthetics#Euphony_and_cacophony" title="Phonaesthetics">euphony and cacophony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sound_symbolism" title="Sound symbolism">sound symbolism</a>, to produce <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> or other artistic effects. They also frequently organize these effects into <a href="/wiki/Category:Poetic_forms" title="Category:Poetic forms">poetic structures</a>, which may be strict or loose, conventional or invented by the poet. Poetic structures vary dramatically by language and cultural convention, but they often use <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">rhythmic metre</a> (patterns of <a href="/wiki/Syllable_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable stress">syllable stress</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">syllable (mora) weight</a>). They may also use repeating patterns of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> groups, tones (phonemic pitch shifts found in <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal languages</a>), words, or entire phrases. These include <a href="/wiki/Literary_consonance" title="Literary consonance">consonance</a> (or just <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliteration</a>), <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonance</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dróttkvætt">dróttkvætt</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme schemes</a> (patterns in <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Rime" title="Syllable">rimes</a>, a type of phoneme group). Poetic structures may even be <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Volta_(literature)" title="Volta (literature)">volta</a> required in a <a href="/wiki/Petrachan_sonnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrachan sonnet">Petrachan sonnet</a>). Most written poems are formatted in <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a>: a series or stack of <a href="/wiki/Line_(poetry)" title="Line (poetry)">lines</a> on a page, which follow the poetic structure. For this reason, verse has also become a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a>) for poetry.<a href="#cite_note-4">[note 1]</a> Some poetry types are unique to particular <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> and respond to characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. Readers accustomed to identifying poetry with <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> may think of it as written in <a href="/wiki/Line_(poetry)" title="Line (poetry)">lines</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a> and regular <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">meter</a>. There are, however, traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a>, that use other means to create rhythm and <a href="/wiki/Euphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphony">euphony</a>. Much modern poetry reflects a critique of poetic tradition,<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> testing the principle of euphony itself or altogether forgoing rhyme or set rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Poetry has a long and varied <a href="/wiki/History_of_poetry" title="History of poetry">history</a>, evolving differentially across the globe. It dates back at least to prehistoric times with hunting poetry in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elegiac" title="Elegiac">elegiac</a> court poetry of the empires of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volta_River" title="Volta River">Volta River</a> valleys.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Some of the earliest written poetry in Africa occurs among the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> written during the 25th century BCE. The earliest surviving Western Asian <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, was written in the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian language</a>. Early poems in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> continent include folk songs such as the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Shijing</a>, religious <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gatha_(Zoroaster)" title="Gatha (Zoroaster)">Gathas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_songs" title="Hurrian songs">Hurrian songs</a>, and the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>); and retellings of oral epics (such as the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Story_of_Sinuhe" title="Story of Sinuhe">Story of Sinuhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epic poetry</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> epics, the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>). Ancient Greek attempts to define poetry, such as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a>, focused on the uses of <a href="/wiki/Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">speech</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>. Later attempts concentrated on features such as <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(rhetorical_device)" title="Repetition (rhetorical device)">repetition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_(poetry)" title="Line (poetry)">verse form</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a>, and emphasized aesthetics which distinguish poetry from the format of more objectively-informative, academic, or typical writing, which is known as <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>. Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">interpretations</a> of words, or to evoke <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotive</a> responses. The use of <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Stylistics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylistics (linguistics)">stylistic</a> elements of <a href="/wiki/Poetic_diction" title="Poetic diction">poetic diction</a> often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly, figures of speech such as <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">simile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> establish a resonance between otherwise disparate images—a layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between individual <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verses</a>, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm. Poets – as, from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>, "makers" of language – have contributed to the evolution of the linguistic, expressive, and utilitarian qualities of their languages. In an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalized</a> world, poets often adapt forms, styles, and techniques from diverse cultures and languages. A <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western cultural</a> tradition (extending at least from <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a>) associates the production of poetry with <a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">inspiration</a> – often by a <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muse</a> (either classical or contemporary), or through other (often canonised) poets' work which sets some kind of example or challenge. In first-person poems, the lyrics are spoken by an "I", a <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">character</a> who may be termed the speaker, distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> (the author). Thus if, for example, a poem asserts, "I killed my enemy in Reno", it is the speaker, not the poet, who is the killer (unless this "confession" is a form of <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> which needs to be considered in closer <a href="/wiki/Context_(linguistics)" title="Context (linguistics)">context</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Close_reading" title="Close reading">close reading</a>). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_poetry" title="History of poetry">History of poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early works">edit</a>]</div> Some scholars believe that the art of poetry may predate <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, and developed from folk <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epics</a> and other oral genres.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Others, however, suggest that poetry did not necessarily predate writing.<a href="#cite_note-Goody,_Jack_1987_98-12">[11]</a> The oldest surviving epic poem, the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, dates from the 3rd millennium BCE in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>), and was written in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> script on clay tablets and, later, on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_2461" title="Istanbul 2461">Istanbul tablet#2461</a>, dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BCE, describes an annual rite in which the king <a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">symbolically married</a> and mated with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> to ensure fertility and prosperity; some have labelled it the world's oldest love poem.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-oldest_poem-15">[14]</a> An example of Egyptian epic poetry is <a href="/wiki/Story_of_Sinuhe" title="Story of Sinuhe">The Story of Sinuhe</a> (c. 1800 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Other ancient epics includes the Greek <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>; the Persian <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> books (the <a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> (written between 29 and 19 BCE); and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. Epic poetry appears to have been composed in poetic form as an aid to memorization and oral transmission in ancient societies.<a href="#cite_note-Goody,_Jack_1987_98-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Other forms of poetry, including such ancient collections of religious <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> as the Indian <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>-language <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, the Avestan <a href="/wiki/Gatha_(Zoroaster)" title="Gatha (Zoroaster)">Gathas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_songs" title="Hurrian songs">Hurrian songs</a>, and the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>, possibly developed directly from <a href="/wiki/Folk_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk song">folk songs</a>. The earliest entries in the oldest extant collection of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Chinese poetry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a> (Shijing), were initially <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ebrey-18">[17]</a> The Shijing, with its collection of poems and folk songs, was heavily valued by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> and is considered to be one of the official <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Confucian classics</a>. His remarks on the subject have become an invaluable source in <a href="/wiki/Music_theory#China" title="Music theory">ancient music theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form, and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "<a href="/wiki/Poetics" title="Poetics">poetics</a>"—the study of the aesthetics of poetry.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Some ancient societies, such as China's through the Shijing, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oku_no_Hosomichi" title="Oku no Hosomichi">Oku no Hosomichi</a>, as well as differences in content spanning <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">religious poetry</a>, love poetry, and <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Until recently, the earliest examples of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stressed_poetry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stressed poetry (page does not exist)">stressed poetry</a> had been thought to be works composed by <a href="/wiki/Romanos_the_Melodist" title="Romanos the Melodist">Romanos the Melodist</a> (fl. 6th century CE). However, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Whitmarsh" title="Tim Whitmarsh">Tim Whitmarsh</a> writes that an inscribed Greek poem predated Romanos' stressed poetry.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur,_Iraq._Ur_III_period,_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The oldest known love poem. Sumerian terracotta tablet#2461 from Nippur, Iraq. Ur III period, 2037–2029 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul"><img alt="The oldest known love poem. Sumerian terracotta tablet#2461 from Nippur, Iraq. Ur III period, 2037–2029 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/235px-The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/353px-The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/471px-The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="4917" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The oldest known love poem. Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_2461" title="Istanbul 2461">terracotta tablet#2461</a> from Nippur, Iraq. Ur III period, 2037–2029 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Confucius_the_scholar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The philosopher Confucius was influential in the developed approach to poetry and ancient music theory."><img alt="The philosopher Confucius was influential in the developed approach to poetry and ancient music theory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Confucius_the_scholar.jpg/227px-Confucius_the_scholar.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Confucius_the_scholar.jpg/340px-Confucius_the_scholar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Confucius_the_scholar.jpg/454px-Confucius_the_scholar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="772" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> was influential in the developed approach to poetry and <a href="/wiki/Music_theory#China" title="Music theory">ancient music theory</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An early Chinese poetics, the Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn (孔子詩論), discussing the Shijing (Classic of Poetry)"><img alt="An early Chinese poetics, the Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn (孔子詩論), discussing the Shijing (Classic of Poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg/192px-K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg/288px-K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="515" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An early Chinese <a href="/wiki/Poetics" title="Poetics">poetics</a>, the Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn (孔子詩論), discussing the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Shijing</a> (Classic of Poetry)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_traditions">Western traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/170px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/255px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/340px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></figcaption></figure> Classical thinkers in the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">West</a> employed classification as a way to define and assess the quality of poetry. Notably, the existing fragments of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a> describe three genres of poetry—the epic, the comic, and the tragic—and develop rules to distinguish the highest-quality poetry in each genre, based on the perceived underlying purposes of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aestheticians</a> identified three major genres: epic poetry, <a href="/wiki/Greek_lyric" title="Greek lyric">lyric poetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">dramatic poetry</a>, treating <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> as <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">subgenres</a> of dramatic poetry.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_keats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/John_keats.jpg/170px-John_keats.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/John_keats.jpg/255px-John_keats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/John_keats.jpg/340px-John_keats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a></figcaption></figure> Aristotle's work was influential throughout the Middle East during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> as well as in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Later poets and aestheticians often distinguished poetry from, and defined it in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, which they generally understood as writing with a proclivity to logical explication and a linear narrative structure.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> This does not imply that poetry is illogical or lacks narration, but rather that poetry is an attempt to render the beautiful or sublime without the burden of engaging the logical or narrative thought-process. English <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic</a> poet <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a> termed this escape from logic "<a href="/wiki/Negative_capability" title="Negative capability">negative capability</a>".<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> This "romantic" approach views <a href="/wiki/Form_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Form (disambiguation)">form</a> as a key element of successful poetry because form is abstract and distinct from the underlying notional logic. This approach remained influential into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> During the 18th and 19th centuries, there was also substantially more interaction among the various poetic traditions, in part due to the spread of European <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and the attendant rise in global trade.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In addition to a boom in <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>, during the Romantic period numerous ancient works were rediscovered.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_and_21st-century_disputes">20th-century and 21st-century disputes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th-century and 21st-century disputes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archibaldmacleish.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Archibaldmacleish.jpeg/170px-Archibaldmacleish.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Archibaldmacleish.jpeg/255px-Archibaldmacleish.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Archibaldmacleish.jpeg/340px-Archibaldmacleish.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a></figcaption></figure> Some 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theorists</a> rely less on the ostensible opposition of prose and poetry, instead focusing on the poet as simply one who creates using language, and poetry as what the poet creates.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The underlying concept of the poet as <a href="/wiki/Creative_work" title="Creative work">creator</a> is not uncommon, and some <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">modernist poets</a> essentially do not distinguish between the creation of a poem with words, and creative acts in other media. Other modernists challenge the very attempt to define poetry as misguided.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The rejection of traditional forms and structures for poetry that began in the first half of the 20th century coincided with a questioning of the purpose and meaning of traditional definitions of poetry and of distinctions between poetry and prose, particularly given examples of poetic prose and prosaic poetry. Numerous modernist poets have written in non-traditional forms or in what traditionally would have been considered prose, although their writing was generally infused with poetic diction and often with rhythm and <a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">tone</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">non-metrical</a> means. While there was a substantial <a href="/wiki/New_Formalism" title="New Formalism">formalist</a> reaction within the modernist schools to the breakdown of structure, this reaction focused as much on the development of new formal structures and syntheses as on the revival of older forms and structures.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> goes beyond modernism's emphasis on the creative role of the poet, to emphasize the role of the reader of a text (<a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>), and to highlight the complex cultural web within which a poem is read.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Today, throughout the world, poetry often incorporates poetic form and diction from other cultures and from the past, further confounding attempts at definition and classification that once made sense within a tradition such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The early 21st-century poetic tradition appears to continue to strongly orient itself to earlier precursor poetic traditions such as those initiated by <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Whitman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a>. The literary critic <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hartman" title="Geoffrey Hartman">Geoffrey Hartman</a> (1929–2016) used the phrase "the anxiety of demand" to describe the contemporary response to older poetic traditions as "being fearful that the fact no longer has a form",<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> building on a trope introduced by Emerson. Emerson had maintained that in the debate concerning poetic structure where either "form" or "fact" could predominate, that one need simply "Ask the fact for the form." This has been challenged at various levels by other literary scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> (1930–2019), who has stated: "The generation of poets who stand together now, mature and ready to write the major American verse of the twenty-first century, may yet be seen as what Stevens called 'a great shadow's last embellishment,' the shadow being Emerson's."<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In the 2020s, advances in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI), particularly <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a>, enabled the generation of poetry in specific styles and formats.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> A 2024 study found that AI-generated poems were rated by non-expert readers as more rhythmic, beautiful, and human-like than those written by well-known human authors. This preference may stem from the relative simplicity and accessibility of AI-generated poetry, which some participants found easier to understand.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosody">Prosody</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prosody">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">Meter (poetry)</a></div> Prosody is the study of the meter, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> of a poem. Rhythm and meter are different, although closely related.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Meter is the definitive pattern established for a verse (such as <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a>), while rhythm is the actual sound that results from a line of poetry. Prosody also may be used more specifically to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Scansion" title="Scansion">scanning</a> of poetic lines to show meter.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhythm">Rhythm</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rhythm">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timing (linguistics)">Timing (linguistics)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone (linguistics)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">Pitch accent</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinsonjeffers_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Robinsonjeffers_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Robinsonjeffers_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Robinsonjeffers_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Robinsonjeffers_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Robinsonjeffers_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Jeffers" title="Robinson Jeffers">Robinson Jeffers</a></figcaption></figure> The methods for creating poetic rhythm vary across languages and between poetic traditions. Languages are often described as having timing set primarily by <a href="/wiki/Stress-timed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress-timed language">accents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syllable-timed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable-timed language">syllables</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mora-timed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mora-timed language">moras</a>, depending on how rhythm is established, although a language can be influenced by multiple approaches. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Language">Japanese</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a>-timed language. <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> are called syllable-timed languages. Stress-timed languages include <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and, generally, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Varying <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> also affects how rhythm is perceived. Languages can rely on either pitch or tone. Some languages with a pitch accent are Vedic Sanskrit or Ancient Greek. <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">Tonal languages</a> include Chinese, Vietnamese and most <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Subsaharan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Metrical rhythm generally involves precise arrangements of stresses or syllables into repeated patterns called <a href="/wiki/Foot_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (prosody)">feet</a> within a line. In Modern English verse the pattern of stresses primarily differentiate feet, so rhythm based on meter in Modern English is most often founded on the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables (alone or <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a>).<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Classical_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical languages">classical languages</a>, on the other hand, while the <a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">metrical</a> units are similar, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> rather than stresses define the meter.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> poetry used a metrical pattern involving varied numbers of syllables but a fixed number of strong stresses in each line.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marianne_Moore_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Marianne_Moore_1935.jpg/170px-Marianne_Moore_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Marianne_Moore_1935.jpg/255px-Marianne_Moore_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Marianne_Moore_1935.jpg/340px-Marianne_Moore_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a></figcaption></figure> The chief device of ancient <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical poetry</a>, including many of the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">psalms</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(rhetoric)" title="Parallelism (rhetoric)">parallelism</a>, a rhetorical structure in which successive lines reflected each other in grammatical structure, sound structure, notional content, or all three. Parallelism lent itself to <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphonal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call-and-response</a> performance, which could also be reinforced by <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>. Thus, Biblical poetry relies much less on metrical feet to create rhythm, but instead creates rhythm based on much larger sound units of lines, phrases and sentences.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Some classical poetry forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Venpa" title="Venpa">Venpa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>, had rigid grammars (to the point that they could be expressed as a <a href="/wiki/Context-free_grammar" title="Context-free grammar">context-free grammar</a>) which ensured a rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi_(poetry)" title="Shi (poetry)">Classical Chinese poetics</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)">tone system of Middle Chinese</a>, recognized two kinds of tones: the level (平 píng) tone and the oblique (仄 zè) tones, a category consisting of the rising (上 sháng) tone, the departing (去 qù) tone and the entering (入 rù) tone. Certain forms of poetry placed constraints on which syllables were required to be level and which oblique. The formal patterns of meter used in Modern English verse to create rhythm no longer dominate contemporary English poetry. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a>, rhythm is often organized based on looser units of <a href="/wiki/Cadence_(poetry)" title="Cadence (poetry)">cadence</a> rather than a regular meter. <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Jeffers" title="Robinson Jeffers">Robinson Jeffers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a> are three notable poets who reject the idea that regular accentual meter is critical to English poetry.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Jeffers experimented with <a href="/wiki/Sprung_rhythm" title="Sprung rhythm">sprung rhythm</a> as an alternative to accentual rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meter">Meter</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meter">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scansion" title="Scansion">Scansion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alkaios_Sappho_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2416_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alkaios_Sappho_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2416_n2.jpg/220px-Alkaios_Sappho_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2416_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alkaios_Sappho_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2416_n2.jpg/330px-Alkaios_Sappho_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2416_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alkaios_Sappho_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2416_n2.jpg/440px-Alkaios_Sappho_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2416_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2157" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> <a href="/wiki/Red-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-figure">red-figure</a> kathalos painting of <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> from c. 470 BCE<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></figcaption></figure> In the Western poetic tradition, meters are customarily grouped according to a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Foot_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (prosody)">metrical foot</a> and the number of feet per line.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The number of metrical feet in a line are described using Greek terminology: <a href="/wiki/Tetrameter" title="Tetrameter">tetrameter</a> for four feet and <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexameter</a> for six feet, for example.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Thus, "<a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a>" is a meter comprising five feet per line, in which the predominant kind of foot is the "<a href="/wiki/Iamb_(poetry)" title="Iamb (poetry)">iamb</a>". This metric system originated in ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek poetry">Greek poetry</a>, and was used by poets such as <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, and by the great <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. Similarly, "<a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>", comprises six feet per line, of which the dominant kind of foot is the "<a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(poetry)" title="Dactyl (poetry)">dactyl</a>". Dactylic hexameter was the traditional meter of Greek <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>, the earliest extant examples of which are the works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greek-58">[57]</a> Iambic pentameter and dactylic hexameter were later used by a number of poets, including <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The most common metrical feet in English are:<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/170px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/255px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/340px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>: Roman bust, based on Greek original<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iamb_(poetry)" title="Iamb (poetry)">iamb</a> – one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (e.g. des-cribe, in-clude, re-tract)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochee" title="Trochee">trochee</a>—one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable (e.g. pic-ture, flow-er)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(poetry)" title="Dactyl (poetry)">dactyl</a> – one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables (e.g. an-no-tate, sim-i-lar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapaest" title="Anapaest">anapaest</a>—two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable (e.g. com-pre-hend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondee" title="Spondee">spondee</a>—two stressed syllables together (e.g. heart-beat, four-teen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic" title="Pyrrhic">pyrrhic</a>—two unstressed syllables together (rare, usually used to end dactylic hexameter)</li></ul> There are a wide range of names for other types of feet, right up to a <a href="/wiki/Choriamb" title="Choriamb">choriamb</a>, a four syllable metric foot with a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables and closing with a stressed syllable. The choriamb is derived from some ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_poetry" title="Latin poetry">Latin poetry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greek-58">[57]</a> Languages which use <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> rather than or in addition to syllabic accents in determining meter, such as <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)#Ottoman_Turkish" title="Metre (poetry)">Ottoman Turkish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vedic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic meter">Vedic</a>, often have concepts similar to the iamb and dactyl to describe common combinations of long and short sounds.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Each of these types of feet has a certain "feel," whether alone or in combination with other feet. The iamb, for example, is the most natural form of rhythm in the English language, and generally produces a subtle but stable verse.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Scanning meter can often show the basic or fundamental pattern underlying a verse, but does not show the varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>, as well as the differing pitches and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">lengths</a> of syllables.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> There is debate over how useful a multiplicity of different "feet" is in describing meter. For example, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pinsky" title="Robert Pinsky">Robert Pinsky</a> has argued that while dactyls are important in classical verse, English dactylic verse uses dactyls very irregularly and can be better described based on patterns of iambs and anapests, feet which he considers natural to the language.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Actual rhythm is significantly more complex than the basic scanned meter described above, and many scholars have sought to develop systems that would scan such complexity. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> noted that overlaid on top of the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of verse was a separate pattern of accents resulting from the natural pitch of the spoken words, and suggested that the term "scud" be used to distinguish an unaccented stress from an accented stress.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Sanskrit poetry is organized according to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">chhandas</a>, which are manifold and continue to influence several South Asian languages' poetry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metrical_patterns">Metrical patterns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metrical patterns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">Meter (poetry)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_6.jpg/170px-Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_6.jpg/255px-Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_6.jpg/340px-Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3524" data-file-height="5200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark" title="The Hunting of the Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</a> (1876) is mainly in <a href="/wiki/Anapestic_tetrameter" title="Anapestic tetrameter">anapestic tetrameter</a>.</figcaption></figure> Different traditions and genres of poetry tend to use different meters, ranging from the Shakespearean <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a> and the Homeric <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Anapestic_tetrameter" title="Anapestic tetrameter">anapestic tetrameter</a> used in many nursery rhymes. However, a number of variations to the established meter are common, both to provide emphasis or attention to a given foot or line and to avoid boring repetition. For example, the stress in a foot may be inverted, a <a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">caesura</a> (or pause) may be added (sometimes in place of a foot or stress), or the final foot in a line may be given a <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">feminine ending</a> to soften it or be replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Spondee" title="Spondee">spondee</a> to emphasize it and create a hard stop. Some patterns (such as iambic pentameter) tend to be fairly regular, while other patterns, such as dactylic hexameter, tend to be highly irregular.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Regularity can vary between language. In addition, different patterns often develop distinctively in different languages, so that, for example, <a href="/wiki/Iambic_tetrameter" title="Iambic tetrameter">iambic tetrameter</a> in Russian will generally reflect a regularity in the use of accents to reinforce the meter, which does not occur, or occurs to a much lesser extent, in English.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiprensky_Pushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kiprensky_Pushkin.jpg/170px-Kiprensky_Pushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kiprensky_Pushkin.jpg/255px-Kiprensky_Pushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kiprensky_Pushkin.jpg/340px-Kiprensky_Pushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a></figcaption></figure> Some common metrical patterns, with notable examples of poets and poems who use them, include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">Iambic pentameter</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Sonnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare's Sonnets">Sonnets</a>)<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a> (Homer, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>; <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>)<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iambic_tetrameter" title="Iambic tetrameter">Iambic tetrameter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a>, "<a href="/wiki/To_His_Coy_Mistress" title="To His Coy Mistress">To His Coy Mistress</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin" title="Eugene Onegin">Eugene Onegin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stopping_by_Woods_on_a_Snowy_Evening" title="Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening">Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening</a>)<a href="#cite_note-tetra-71">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochaic_octameter" title="Trochaic octameter">Trochaic octameter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Raven" title="The Raven">The Raven</a>")<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochaic_tetrameter" title="Trochaic tetrameter">Trochaic tetrameter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Hiawatha" title="The Song of Hiawatha">The Song of Hiawatha</a>; the Finnish national epic, <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">The Kalevala</a>, is also in trochaic tetrameter, the natural rhythm of Finnish and Estonian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrin">Alexandrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A8dre" title="Phèdre">Phèdre</a>)<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhyme,_alliteration,_assonance">Rhyme, alliteration, assonance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rhyme, alliteration, assonance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">Rhyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">Alliterative verse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">Assonance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg/170px-Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg/255px-Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg/340px-Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="6868" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Alliterative" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliterative">alliterative</a> <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rhyme, alliteration, assonance and <a href="/wiki/Literary_consonance" title="Literary consonance">consonance</a> are ways of creating repetitive patterns of sound. They may be used as an independent structural element in a poem, to reinforce rhythmic patterns, or as an ornamental element.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> They can also carry a meaning separate from the repetitive sound patterns created. For example, <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a> used heavy alliteration to mock Old English verse and to paint a character as archaic.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Rhyme consists of identical ("hard-rhyme") or similar ("soft-rhyme") sounds placed at the ends of lines or at locations within lines ("<a href="/wiki/Internal_rhyme" title="Internal rhyme">internal rhyme</a>"). Languages vary in the richness of their rhyming structures; Italian, for example, has a rich rhyming structure permitting maintenance of a limited set of rhymes throughout a lengthy poem. The richness results from word endings that follow regular forms. English, with its irregular word endings adopted from other languages, is less rich in rhyme.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The degree of richness of a language's rhyming structures plays a substantial role in determining what poetic forms are commonly used in that language.<a href="#cite_note-kiparsky-77">[76]</a> Alliteration is the repetition of letters or letter-sounds at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals; or the recurrence of the same letter in accented parts of words. Alliteration and assonance played a key role in structuring early Germanic, Norse and Old English forms of poetry. The alliterative patterns of early Germanic poetry interweave meter and alliteration as a key part of their structure, so that the metrical pattern determines when the listener expects instances of alliteration to occur. This can be compared to an ornamental use of alliteration in most Modern European poetry, where alliterative patterns are not formal or carried through full stanzas. Alliteration is particularly useful in languages with less rich rhyming structures. Assonance, where the use of similar vowel sounds within a word rather than similar sounds at the beginning or end of a word, was widely used in <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> poetry but goes back to the Homeric epic.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Because verbs carry much of the pitch in the English language, assonance can loosely evoke the tonal elements of Chinese poetry and so is useful in translating Chinese poetry.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Consonance occurs where a consonant sound is repeated throughout a sentence without putting the sound only at the front of a word. Consonance provokes a more subtle effect than alliteration and so is less useful as a structural element.<a href="#cite_note-kiparsky-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhyming_schemes">Rhyming schemes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rhyming schemes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">Rhyme scheme</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/220px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/330px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/440px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3223" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Portinari" title="Beatrice Portinari">Beatrice</a> see God as a point of light.</figcaption></figure> In many languages, including Arabic and modern European languages, poets use rhyme in set patterns as a structural element for specific poetic forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">rhyming couplets</a>. However, the use of structural rhyme is not universal even within the European tradition. Much modern poetry avoids traditional <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme schemes</a>. Classical Greek and Latin poetry did not use rhyme.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Rhyme entered European poetry in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al_Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Andalus">Al Andalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Arabic language poets used rhyme extensively not only with the development of literary Arabic in the <a href="/wiki/6th_century_in_poetry" title="6th century in poetry">sixth century</a>, but also with the much older oral poetry, as in their long, rhyming <a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasidas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Some rhyming schemes have become associated with a specific language, culture or period, while other rhyming schemes have achieved use across languages, cultures or time periods. Some forms of poetry carry a consistent and well-defined rhyming scheme, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chant_royal" title="Chant royal">chant royal</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba'i">rubaiyat</a>, while other poetic forms have variable rhyme schemes.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Most rhyme schemes are described using letters that correspond to sets of rhymes, so if the first, second and fourth lines of a quatrain rhyme with each other and the third line do not rhyme, the quatrain is said to have an AA BA <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme scheme</a>. This rhyme scheme is the one used, for example, in the rubaiyat form.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Similarly, an A BB A quatrain (what is known as "<a href="/wiki/Enclosed_rhyme" title="Enclosed rhyme">enclosed rhyme</a>") is used in such forms as the <a href="/wiki/Petrarchan_sonnet" title="Petrarchan sonnet">Petrarchan sonnet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Some types of more complicated rhyming schemes have developed names of their own, separate from the "a-bc" convention, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ottava_rima" title="Ottava rima">ottava rima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terza_rima" title="Terza rima">terza rima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The types and use of differing rhyming schemes are discussed further in the <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">main article</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form_in_poetry">Form in poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Form in poetry">edit</a>]</div> Poetic form is more flexible in modernist and post-modernist poetry and continues to be less structured than in previous literary eras. Many modern poets eschew recognizable structures or forms and write in <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a>. Free verse is, however, not "formless" but composed of a series of more subtle, more flexible prosodic elements.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Thus poetry remains, in all its styles, distinguished from prose by form;<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> some regard for basic formal structures of poetry will be found in all varieties of free verse, however much such structures may appear to have been ignored.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Similarly, in the best poetry written in classic styles there will be departures from strict form for emphasis or effect.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Among major structural elements used in poetry are the line, the <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> or <a href="/wiki/Verse_paragraph" title="Verse paragraph">verse paragraph</a>, and larger combinations of stanzas or lines such as <a href="/wiki/Canto" title="Canto">cantos</a>. Also sometimes used are broader visual presentations of words and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>. These basic units of poetic form are often combined into larger structures, called poetic forms or poetic modes (see the following section), as in the <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnet</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lines_and_stanzas">Lines and stanzas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lines and stanzas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Line_(poetry)" title="Line (poetry)">Line (poetry)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">Stanza</a></div> Poetry is often separated into lines on a page, in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Line_break_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line break (poetry)">lineation</a>. These lines may be based on the number of metrical feet or may emphasize a rhyming pattern at the ends of lines. Lines may serve other functions, particularly where the poem is not written in a formal metrical pattern. Lines can separate, compare or contrast thoughts expressed in different units, or can highlight a change in tone.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> See the article on <a href="/wiki/Line_break_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line break (poetry)">line breaks</a> for information about the division between lines. Lines of poems are often organized into <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzas</a>, which are denominated by the number of lines included. Thus a collection of two lines is a <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplet</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Distich" class="mw-redirect" title="Distich">distich</a>), three lines a <a href="/wiki/Tercet" title="Tercet">triplet</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Tercet" title="Tercet">tercet</a>), four lines a <a href="/wiki/Quatrain" title="Quatrain">quatrain</a>, and so on. These lines may or may not relate to each other by rhyme or rhythm. For example, a couplet may be two lines with identical meters which rhyme or two lines held together by a common meter alone.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Blok_-_Noch,_ulica,_fonar,_apteka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Alexander_Blok_-_Noch%2C_ulica%2C_fonar%2C_apteka.jpg/220px-Alexander_Blok_-_Noch%2C_ulica%2C_fonar%2C_apteka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Alexander_Blok_-_Noch%2C_ulica%2C_fonar%2C_apteka.jpg/330px-Alexander_Blok_-_Noch%2C_ulica%2C_fonar%2C_apteka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Alexander_Blok_-_Noch%2C_ulica%2C_fonar%2C_apteka.jpg/440px-Alexander_Blok_-_Noch%2C_ulica%2C_fonar%2C_apteka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Blok</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> poem, "Noch, ulitsa, fonar, apteka" ("Night, street, lamp, drugstore"), on a wall in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a></figcaption></figure> Other poems may be organized into <a href="/wiki/Verse_paragraph" title="Verse paragraph">verse paragraphs</a>, in which regular rhymes with established rhythms are not used, but the poetic tone is instead established by a collection of rhythms, alliterations, and rhymes established in paragraph form.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Many medieval poems were written in verse paragraphs, even where regular rhymes and rhythms were used.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In many forms of poetry, stanzas are interlocking, so that the rhyming scheme or other structural elements of one stanza determine those of succeeding stanzas. Examples of such interlocking stanzas include, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">villanelle</a>, where a refrain (or, in the case of the villanelle, refrains) is established in the first stanza which then repeats in subsequent stanzas. Related to the use of interlocking stanzas is their use to separate thematic parts of a poem. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Strophe" title="Strophe">strophe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antistrophe" title="Antistrophe">antistrophe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epode" title="Epode">epode</a> of the ode form are often separated into one or more stanzas.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In some cases, particularly lengthier formal poetry such as some forms of epic poetry, stanzas themselves are constructed according to strict rules and then combined. In <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> poetry, the <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dróttkvætt">dróttkvætt</a> stanza had eight lines, each having three "lifts" produced with alliteration or assonance. In addition to two or three alliterations, the odd-numbered lines had partial rhyme of consonants with dissimilar vowels, not necessarily at the beginning of the word; the even lines contained internal rhyme in set syllables (not necessarily at the end of the word). Each half-line had exactly six syllables, and each line ended in a trochee. The arrangement of dróttkvætts followed far less rigid rules than the construction of the individual dróttkvætts.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_presentation">Visual presentation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Visual presentation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uma_no_Naishi_%E9%A6%AC%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D_%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%BF%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%AD%8C%E4%BB%99_Thirty-Six_Immortal_Women_Poets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Poem from an anthology. Left team, Uma no naishi: "Au koto wa kore ya kagiri no tabi naramu kusa no makura mo shimogarenikeri": portrait of Ume no naishi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Uma_no_Naishi_%E9%A6%AC%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D_%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%BF%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%AD%8C%E4%BB%99_Thirty-Six_Immortal_Women_Poets.jpg/370px-Uma_no_Naishi_%E9%A6%AC%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D_%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%BF%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%AD%8C%E4%BB%99_Thirty-Six_Immortal_Women_Poets.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Uma_no_Naishi_%E9%A6%AC%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D_%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%BF%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%AD%8C%E4%BB%99_Thirty-Six_Immortal_Women_Poets.jpg/555px-Uma_no_Naishi_%E9%A6%AC%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D_%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%BF%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%AD%8C%E4%BB%99_Thirty-Six_Immortal_Women_Poets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Uma_no_Naishi_%E9%A6%AC%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D_%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%BF%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%AD%8C%E4%BB%99_Thirty-Six_Immortal_Women_Poets.jpg/740px-Uma_no_Naishi_%E9%A6%AC%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D_%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%BF%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%AD%8C%E4%BB%99_Thirty-Six_Immortal_Women_Poets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>Poetry is often written down in verse, writing structures that echo the poetic structure. This poem by <a href="/wiki/Uma_no_Naishi" title="Uma no Naishi">Uma no Naishi</a> is written in <a href="/wiki/Chirashigaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chirashigaki">chirashigaki</a> (scattered writing). The characters are deliberately written out of order. The first part of the poem is written in the third column from the right, while the second column from the right comes later in the poem.<a href="#cite_note-36poets-97">[96]</a> Chirashigaki may also retain the order, but divide and space the characters unconventionally, with a column break partway through a poetic line or a word. This slows and delinearizes the reading process, changing the read rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-met_verse-98">[97]</a> It was also a convenient way of using expensive letter paper efficiently.<a href="#cite_note-36poets-97">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_poetry" title="Visual poetry">Visual poetry</a></div> Even before the advent of printing, the visual appearance of poetry often added meaning or depth. <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">Acrostic</a> poems conveyed meanings in the initial letters of lines or in letters at other specific places in a poem.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Chinese poetry</a>, the visual presentation of finely <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphed</a> poems has played an important part in the overall effect of many poems.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, poets gained greater control over the mass-produced visual presentations of their work. Visual elements have become an important part of the poet's toolbox, and many poets have sought to use visual presentation for a wide range of purposes. Some <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernist</a> poets have made the placement of individual lines or groups of lines on the page an integral part of the poem's composition. At times, this complements the poem's <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> through visual <a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">caesuras</a> of various lengths, or creates <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">juxtapositions</a> so as to accentuate meaning, <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, or simply to create an aesthetically pleasing form. In its most extreme form, this can lead to <a href="/wiki/Concrete_poetry" title="Concrete poetry">concrete poetry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">asemic writing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diction">Diction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poetic_diction" title="Poetic diction">Poetic diction</a></div> Poetic diction treats the manner in which language is used, and refers not only to the sound but also to the underlying meaning and its interaction with sound and form.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Many languages and poetic forms have very specific poetic dictions, to the point where distinct <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> are used specifically for poetry.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Register_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Register tone">Registers</a> in poetry can range from strict employment of ordinary speech patterns, as favoured in much late-20th-century <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (poetry)">prosody</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> through to highly ornate uses of language, as in medieval and Renaissance poetry.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Poetic diction can include <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">rhetorical devices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">simile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, as well as tones of voice, such as <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a> that "the greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor."<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Since the rise of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, some poets have opted for a poetic diction that de-emphasizes rhetorical devices, attempting instead the direct presentation of things and experiences and the exploration of <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealists</a> have pushed rhetorical devices to their limits, making frequent use of <a href="/wiki/Catachresis" title="Catachresis">catachresis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegorical</a> stories are central to the poetic diction of many cultures, and were prominent in the West during classical times, the <a href="/wiki/Allegory_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegory in the Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a>, repeatedly rendered in both verse and prose since first being recorded about 500 BCE, are perhaps the richest single source of allegorical poetry through the ages.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Other notables examples include the <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose" title="Roman de la Rose">Roman de la Rose</a>, a 13th-century French poem, <a href="/wiki/William_Langland" title="William Langland">William Langland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piers_Ploughman" class="mw-redirect" title="Piers Ploughman">Piers Ploughman</a> in the 14th century, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_la_Fontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de la Fontaine">Jean de la Fontaine</a>'s Fables (influenced by Aesop's) in the 17th century. Rather than being fully allegorical, however, a poem may contain <a href="/wiki/Symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols">symbols</a> or <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusions</a> that deepen the meaning or effect of its words without constructing a full allegory.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Another element of poetic diction can be the use of vivid <a href="/wiki/Imagery_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagery (literature)">imagery</a> for effect. The juxtaposition of unexpected or impossible images is, for example, a particularly strong element in surrealist poetry and <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Vivid images are often endowed with symbolism or metaphor. Many poetic dictions use repetitive phrases for effect, either a short phrase (such as Homer's "rosy-fingered dawn" or "the wine-dark sea") or a longer <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrain</a>. Such repetition can add a somber tone to a poem, or can be laced with irony as the context of the words changes.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Forms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Poetic_forms" title="Category:Poetic forms">Category: Poetic forms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.jpg/170px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.jpg/255px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.jpg/340px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption>Statue of runic singer Petri Shemeikka at Kolmikulmanpuisto Park in <a href="/wiki/Sortavala" title="Sortavala">Sortavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Karelia</a></figcaption></figure> Specific poetic forms have been developed by many cultures. In more developed, closed or "received" poetic forms, the rhyming scheme, meter and other elements of a poem are based on sets of rules, ranging from the relatively loose rules that govern the construction of an <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a> to the highly formalized structure of the <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">villanelle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Described below are some common forms of poetry widely used across a number of languages. Additional forms of poetry may be found in the discussions of the poetry of particular cultures or periods and in the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_poetry_terms" title="Glossary of poetry terms">glossary</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonnet">Sonnet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sonnet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor,_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/170px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/255px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/340px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3059" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></figcaption></figure> Among the most common forms of poetry, popular from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> on, is the sonnet, which by the 13th century had become standardized as fourteen lines following a set rhyme scheme and logical structure. By the 14th century and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>, the form had further crystallized under the pen of <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, whose sonnets were translated in the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_(poet)" title="Thomas Wyatt (poet)">Sir Thomas Wyatt</a>, who is credited with introducing the sonnet form into English literature.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> A traditional Italian or <a href="/wiki/Petrarchan_sonnet" title="Petrarchan sonnet">Petrarchan sonnet</a> follows the rhyme scheme ABBA, ABBA, CDECDE, though some variation, perhaps the most common being CDCDCD, especially within the final six lines (or sestet), is common.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_sonnet" class="mw-redirect" title="English sonnet">English (or Shakespearean) sonnet</a> follows the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, introducing a third <a href="/wiki/Quatrain" title="Quatrain">quatrain</a> (grouping of four lines), a final <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplet</a>, and a greater amount of variety in rhyme than is usually found in its Italian predecessors. By convention, sonnets in English typically use <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a>, while in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hendecasyllable" title="Hendecasyllable">hendecasyllable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandrine" title="Alexandrine">Alexandrine</a> are the most widely used meters. Sonnets of all types often make use of a volta, or "turn," a point in the poem at which an idea is turned on its head, a question is answered (or introduced), or the subject matter is further complicated. This volta can often take the form of a "but" statement contradicting or complicating the content of the earlier lines. In the Petrarchan sonnet, the turn tends to fall around the division between the first two quatrains and the sestet, while English sonnets usually place it at or near the beginning of the closing couplet. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carol_Ann_Duffy_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a></figcaption></figure> Sonnets are particularly associated with high poetic diction, vivid imagery, and romantic love, largely due to the influence of Petrarch as well as of early English practitioners such as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> (who gave his name to the <a href="/wiki/Spenserian_sonnet" title="Spenserian sonnet">Spenserian sonnet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Drayton" title="Michael Drayton">Michael Drayton</a>, and Shakespeare, whose <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">sonnets</a> are among the most famous in English poetry, with twenty being included in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Book_of_English_Verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Book of English Verse">Oxford Book of English Verse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> However, the twists and turns associated with the volta allow for a logical flexibility applicable to many subjects.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Poets from the earliest centuries of the sonnet to the present have used the form to address topics related to politics (<a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a>), theology (<a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Manley_Hopkins" title="Gerard Manley Hopkins">Gerard Manley Hopkins</a>), war (<a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings">E. E. Cummings</a>), and gender and sexuality (<a href="/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a>). Further, postmodern authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ted_Berrigan" title="Ted Berrigan">Ted Berrigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Berryman" title="John Berryman">John Berryman</a> have challenged the traditional definitions of the sonnet form, rendering entire sequences of "sonnets" that often lack rhyme, a clear logical progression, or even a consistent count of fourteen lines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shi">Shi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shi_(poetry)" title="Shi (poetry)">Shi (poetry)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dufucalligraphy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dufucalligraphy.jpg/170px-Dufucalligraphy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Dufucalligraphy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a>, "On Visiting the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>"</figcaption></figure> Shi (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:诗">诗</a>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:詩">詩</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: shī; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: shih) Is the main type of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_poetry" title="Classical Chinese poetry">Classical Chinese poetry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Within this form of poetry the most important variations are "folk song" styled verse (<a href="/wiki/Yuefu" title="Yuefu">yuefu</a>), "old style" verse (<a href="/wiki/Gushi_(poetry)" title="Gushi (poetry)">gushi</a>), "modern style" verse (<a href="/wiki/Jintishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jintishi">jintishi</a>). In all cases, rhyming is obligatory. The Yuefu is a folk ballad or a poem written in the folk ballad style, and the number of lines and the length of the lines could be irregular. For the other variations of shi poetry, generally either a four line (quatrain, or <a href="/wiki/Jueju" title="Jueju">jueju</a>) or else an eight-line poem is normal; either way with the even numbered lines rhyming. The line length is scanned by an according number of characters (according to the convention that one character equals one syllable), and are predominantly either five or seven characters long, with a <a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">caesura</a> before the final three syllables. The lines are generally end-stopped, considered as a series of couplets, and exhibit verbal parallelism as a key poetic device.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The "old style" verse (Gushi) is less formally strict than the jintishi, or regulated verse, which, despite the name "new style" verse actually had its theoretical basis laid as far back as <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yue" title="Shen Yue">Shen Yue</a> (441–513 CE), although not considered to have reached its full development until the time of <a href="/wiki/Chen_Zi%27ang" title="Chen Zi'ang">Chen Zi'ang</a> (661–702 CE).<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> A good example of a poet known for his Gushi poems is <a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> (701–762 CE). Among its other rules, the jintishi rules regulate the tonal variations within a poem, including the use of set patterns of the <a href="/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)">four tones</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>. The basic form of jintishi (sushi) has eight lines in four couplets, with parallelism between the lines in the second and third couplets. The couplets with parallel lines contain contrasting content but an identical grammatical relationship between words. Jintishi often have a rich poetic diction, full of <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusion</a>, and can have a wide range of subject, including history and politics.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> One of the masters of the form was <a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a> (712–770 CE), who wrote during the Tang Dynasty (8th century).<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villanelle">Villanelle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Villanelle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AudenVanVechten1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AudenVanVechten1939.jpg/170px-AudenVanVechten1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AudenVanVechten1939.jpg/255px-AudenVanVechten1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AudenVanVechten1939.jpg/340px-AudenVanVechten1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a></figcaption></figure> The villanelle is a nineteen-line poem made up of five triplets with a closing quatrain; the poem is characterized by having two refrains, initially used in the first and third lines of the first stanza, and then alternately used at the close of each subsequent stanza until the final quatrain, which is concluded by the two refrains. The remaining lines of the poem have an AB alternating rhyme.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The villanelle has been used regularly in the English language since the late 19th century by such poets as <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bishop" title="Elizabeth Bishop">Elizabeth Bishop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limerick">Limerick</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Limerick">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick (poetry)</a></div> A limerick is a poem that consists of five lines and is often humorous. Rhythm is very important in limericks for the first, second and fifth lines must have seven to ten syllables. However, the third and fourth lines only need five to seven. Lines 1, 2 and 5 rhyme with each other, and lines 3 and 4 rhyme with each other. Practitioners of the limerick included <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Lord Alfred Tennyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanka">Tanka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tanka">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tanka" title="Tanka">Tanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakinomoto_Hitomaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kakinomoto_Hitomaro.jpg/170px-Kakinomoto_Hitomaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kakinomoto_Hitomaro.jpg/255px-Kakinomoto_Hitomaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kakinomoto_Hitomaro.jpg/340px-Kakinomoto_Hitomaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kakinomoto_no_Hitomaro" title="Kakinomoto no Hitomaro">Kakinomoto no Hitomaro</a></figcaption></figure> Tanka is a form of unrhymed <a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Japanese poetry</a>, with five sections totalling 31 <a href="/wiki/On_(Japanese_prosody)" title="On (Japanese prosody)">on</a> (phonological units identical to <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">morae</a>), structured in a 5–7–5–7–7 pattern.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> There is generally a shift in tone and subject matter between the upper 5–7–5 phrase and the lower 7–7 phrase. Tanka were written as early as the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> by such poets as <a href="/wiki/Kakinomoto_no_Hitomaro" title="Kakinomoto no Hitomaro">Kakinomoto no Hitomaro</a> (fl. late 7th century), at a time when Japan was emerging from a period where much of its poetry followed Chinese form.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Tanka was originally the shorter form of Japanese formal poetry (which was generally referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)">waka</a>"), and was used more heavily to explore personal rather than public themes. By the tenth century, tanka had become the dominant form of Japanese poetry, to the point where the originally general term waka ("Japanese poetry") came to be used exclusively for tanka. Tanka are still widely written today.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haiku">Haiku</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Haiku">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></div> Haiku is a popular form of unrhymed Japanese poetry, which evolved in the 17th century from the <a href="/wiki/Hokku" title="Hokku">hokku</a>, or opening verse of a <a href="/wiki/Renku" title="Renku">renku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Generally written in a single vertical line, the haiku contains three sections totalling 17 on (<a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">morae</a>), structured in a 5–7–5 pattern. Traditionally, haiku contain a <a href="/wiki/Kireji" title="Kireji">kireji</a>, or cutting word, usually placed at the end of one of the poem's three sections, and a <a href="/wiki/Kigo" title="Kigo">kigo</a>, or season-word.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The most famous exponent of the haiku was <a href="/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō</a> (1644–1694). An example of his writing:<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <dl><dd>富士の風や扇にのせて江戸土産</dd> <dd>fuji no kaze ya oogi ni nosete Edo miyage</dd> <dd>the wind of Mt. Fuji</dd> <dd>I've brought on my fan!</dd> <dd>a gift from Edo</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khlong">Khlong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Khlong">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Thai poetry</a></div> The khlong (โคลง, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[kʰlōːŋ]</a>) is among the oldest Thai poetic forms. This is reflected in its requirements on the tone markings of certain syllables, which must be marked with mai ek (ไม้เอก, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Thai pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[máj èːk]</a>, ◌่) or mai tho (ไม้โท, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[máj tʰōː]</a>, ◌้). This was likely derived from when the Thai language had three tones (as opposed to today's five, a split which occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> period), two of which corresponded directly to the aforementioned marks. It is usually regarded as an advanced and sophisticated poetic form.<a href="#cite_note-Hudak_khloong-137">[136]</a> In khlong, a stanza (bot, บท, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Thai pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[bòt]</a>) has a number of lines (bat, บาท, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Thai pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[bàːt]</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Pada_(foot)" title="Pada (foot)">pāda</a>), depending on the type. The bat are subdivided into two wak (วรรค, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Thai pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[wák]</a>, from Sanskrit varga).<a href="#cite_note-138">[note 2]</a> The first wak has five syllables, the second has a variable number, also depending on the type, and may be optional. The type of khlong is named by the number of bat in a stanza; it may also be divided into two main types: khlong suphap (โคลงสุภาพ, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[kʰlōːŋ sù.pʰâːp]</a>) and khlong dan (โคลงดั้น, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[kʰlōːŋ dân]</a>). The two differ in the number of syllables in the second wak of the final bat and inter-stanza rhyming rules.<a href="#cite_note-Hudak_khloong-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khlong_si_suphap">Khlong si suphap</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Khlong si suphap">edit</a>]</div> The khlong si suphap (โคลงสี่สุภาพ, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[kʰlōːŋ sìː sù.pʰâːp]</a>) is the most common form still currently employed. It has four bat per stanza (si translates as four). The first wak of each bat has five syllables. The second wak has two or four syllables in the first and third bat, two syllables in the second, and four syllables in the fourth. Mai ek is required for seven syllables and Mai tho is required for four, as shown below. "<a href="/wiki/Dead_word_(Thai_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead word (Thai language)">Dead word</a>" syllables are allowed in place of syllables which require mai ek, and changing the spelling of words to satisfy the criteria is usually acceptable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ode">Ode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ode">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg/170px-Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg/255px-Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg/340px-Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></figcaption></figure> Odes were first developed by poets writing in ancient Greek, such as <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, and Latin, such as <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>. Forms of odes appear in many of the cultures that were influenced by the Greeks and Latins.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The ode generally has three parts: a <a href="/wiki/Strophe" title="Strophe">strophe</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Antistrophe" title="Antistrophe">antistrophe</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Epode" title="Epode">epode</a>. The strophe and the antistrophe of the ode possess similar metrical structures and, depending on the tradition, similar rhyme structures. In contrast, the epode is written with a different scheme and structure. Odes have a formal poetic diction and generally deal with a serious subject. The strophe and antistrophe look at the subject from different, often conflicting, perspectives, with the epode moving to a higher level to either view or resolve the underlying issues. Odes are often intended to be recited or sung by two choruses (or individuals), with the first reciting the strophe, the second the antistrophe, and both together the epode.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Over time, differing forms for odes have developed with considerable variations in form and structure, but generally showing the original influence of the Pindaric or Horatian ode. One non-Western form which resembles the ode is the <a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasida</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghazal">Ghazal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ghazal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></div> The ghazal (also ghazel, gazel, gazal, or gozol) is a form of poetry common in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu</a>. In classic form, the ghazal has from five to fifteen rhyming couplets that share a <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrain</a> at the end of the second line. This refrain may be of one or several syllables and is preceded by a rhyme. Each line has an identical meter and is of the same length.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> The ghazal often reflects on a theme of unattainable love or divinity.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> As with other forms with a long history in many languages, many variations have been developed, including forms with a quasi-musical poetic diction in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Ghazals have a classical affinity with <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, and a number of major Sufi religious works are written in ghazal form. The relatively steady meter and the use of the refrain produce an incantatory effect, which complements Sufi mystical themes well.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Among the masters of the form are <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, the celebrated 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> poet,<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar</a>, 12th century Iranian Sufi mystic poet who Rumi considered his master,<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> and their equally famous near-contemporary <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>. Hafez uses the ghazal to expose hypocrisy and the pitfalls of worldliness, but also expertly exploits the form to express the divine depths and secular subtleties of love; creating translations that meaningfully capture such complexities of content and form is immensely challenging, but lauded attempts to do so in English include <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a>'s Poems from the Divan of Hafiz<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> and Beloved: 81 poems from Hafez (<a href="/wiki/Bloodaxe_Books" title="Bloodaxe Books">Bloodaxe Books</a>) whose Preface addresses in detail the problematic nature of translating ghazals and whose versions (according to <a href="/wiki/Fatemeh_Keshavarz" title="Fatemeh Keshavarz">Fatemeh Keshavarz</a>, Roshan Institute for <a href="/wiki/Persian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Studies">Persian Studies</a>) preserve "that audacious and multilayered richness one finds in the originals".<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Indeed, Hafez's ghazals have been the subject of much analysis, commentary and interpretation, influencing post-fourteenth century Persian writing more than any other author.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/West-%C3%B6stlicher_Diwan" class="mw-redirect" title="West-östlicher Diwan">West-östlicher Diwan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, a collection of lyrical poems, is inspired by the Persian poet Hafez.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genres">Genres</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Genres">edit</a>]</div> In addition to specific forms of poems, poetry is often thought of in terms of different <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> and subgenres. A poetic genre is generally a tradition or classification of poetry based on the subject matter, style, or other broader literary characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Some commentators view genres as natural forms of literature. Others view the study of genres as the study of how different works relate and refer to other works.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrative_poetry">Narrative poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Narrative poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaucer_manuscrit_portrait_(d%C3%A9tail).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chaucer_manuscrit_portrait_%28d%C3%A9tail%29.jpeg/170px-Chaucer_manuscrit_portrait_%28d%C3%A9tail%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chaucer_manuscrit_portrait_%28d%C3%A9tail%29.jpeg/255px-Chaucer_manuscrit_portrait_%28d%C3%A9tail%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chaucer_manuscrit_portrait_%28d%C3%A9tail%29.jpeg/340px-Chaucer_manuscrit_portrait_%28d%C3%A9tail%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a></figcaption></figure> Narrative poetry is a genre of poetry that tells a <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">story</a>. Broadly it subsumes <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>, but the term "narrative poetry" is often reserved for smaller works, generally with more appeal to <a href="/wiki/Human_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Human interest">human interest</a>. Narrative poetry may be the oldest type of poetry. Many scholars of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> have concluded that his <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> were composed of compilations of shorter narrative poems that related individual episodes. Much narrative poetry—such as Scottish and English <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> heroic poems—is <a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">performance poetry</a> with roots in a preliterate <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>. It has been speculated that some features that distinguish poetry from prose, such as meter, <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kennings</a>, once served as <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> aids for <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a> who recited traditional tales.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Notable narrative poets have included <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz" title="Juan Ruiz">Juan Ruiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Langland" title="William Langland">William Langland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Rojas" title="Fernando de Rojas">Fernando de Rojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Carson" title="Anne Carson">Anne Carson</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lyric_poetry">Lyric poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lyric poetry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christine_de_Pisan_-_cathedra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christine_de_Pisan_-_cathedra.jpg/170px-Christine_de_Pisan_-_cathedra.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christine_de_Pisan_-_cathedra.jpg/255px-Christine_de_Pisan_-_cathedra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christine_de_Pisan_-_cathedra.jpg/340px-Christine_de_Pisan_-_cathedra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric poetry</a></div> Lyric poetry is a genre that, unlike <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> and dramatic poetry, does not attempt to tell a story but instead is of a more <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">personal</a> nature. Poems in this genre tend to be shorter, melodic, and contemplative. Rather than depicting <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">characters</a> and actions, it portrays the poet's own <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feelings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">states of mind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Notable poets in this genre include <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Manley_Hopkins" title="Gerard Manley Hopkins">Gerard Manley Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Machado" title="Antonio Machado">Antonio Machado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edna_St._Vincent_Millay" title="Edna St. Vincent Millay">Edna St. Vincent Millay</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epic_poetry">Epic poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Epic poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cam%C3%B5es,_por_Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cam%C3%B5es%2C_por_Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.jpg/170px-Cam%C3%B5es%2C_por_Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cam%C3%B5es%2C_por_Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.jpg/255px-Cam%C3%B5es%2C_por_Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cam%C3%B5es%2C_por_Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.jpg/340px-Cam%C3%B5es%2C_por_Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Camões">Camões</a></figcaption></figure> Epic poetry is a genre of poetry, and a major form of <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> literature. This genre is often defined as lengthy poems concerning events of a heroic or important nature to the culture of the time. It recounts, in a continuous narrative, the life and works of a <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mythological" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological">mythological</a> person or group of persons.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Examples of epic poems are <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>' <a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantar de Mio Cid">Cantar de Mio Cid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6nnrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Lönnrot">Lönnrot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shahnama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahnama">Shahnama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a> (or Nezami)'s Khamse (Five Books), and the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_King_Gesar" title="Epic of King Gesar">Epic of King Gesar</a>. A Sanskrit analogue to the epic poem is the mahākāvya.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While the composition of epic poetry, and of <a href="/wiki/Long_poem" title="Long poem">long poems</a> generally, became less common in the west after the early 20th century, some notable epics have continued to be written. <a href="/wiki/The_Cantos" title="The Cantos">The Cantos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen in Egypt">Helen in Egypt</a> by <a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paterson_(poem)" title="Paterson (poem)">Paterson</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a> are examples of modern epics. <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a> in 1992 to a great extent on the basis of his epic, <a href="/wiki/Omeros" title="Omeros">Omeros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satirical_poetry">Satirical poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Satirical poetry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Huysmans_-_Portrait_of_John_Wilmot,_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jacob_Huysmans_-_Portrait_of_John_Wilmot%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester_1.jpg/170px-Jacob_Huysmans_-_Portrait_of_John_Wilmot%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jacob_Huysmans_-_Portrait_of_John_Wilmot%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester_1.jpg/255px-Jacob_Huysmans_-_Portrait_of_John_Wilmot%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jacob_Huysmans_-_Portrait_of_John_Wilmot%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester_1.jpg/340px-Jacob_Huysmans_-_Portrait_of_John_Wilmot%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Wilmot" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilmot">John Wilmot</a></figcaption></figure> Poetry can be a powerful vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> had a strong tradition of satirical poetry, often written for <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> purposes. A notable example is the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Satires_of_Juvenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Satires of Juvenal">satires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> The same is true of the English satirical tradition. <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a>), the first <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a>, produced in 1682 <a href="/wiki/Mac_Flecknoe" title="Mac Flecknoe">Mac Flecknoe</a>, subtitled "A Satire on the True Blue Protestant Poet, T.S." (a reference to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell" title="Thomas Shadwell">Thomas Shadwell</a>).<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Satirical poets outside England include <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Ignacy Krasicki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Alakbar_Sabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Alakbar Sabir">Sabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Maria_Barbosa_du_Bocage" title="Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage">Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage</a>, and Korea's <a href="/wiki/Kim_Kirim" title="Kim Kirim">Kim Kirim</a>, especially noted for his <a href="/wiki/Gisangdo" title="Gisangdo">Gisangdo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elegy">Elegy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Elegy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortraitThomasGrayByJohnGilesEccart1747to1748.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PortraitThomasGrayByJohnGilesEccart1747to1748.jpg/170px-PortraitThomasGrayByJohnGilesEccart1747to1748.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PortraitThomasGrayByJohnGilesEccart1747to1748.jpg/255px-PortraitThomasGrayByJohnGilesEccart1747to1748.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PortraitThomasGrayByJohnGilesEccart1747to1748.jpg/340px-PortraitThomasGrayByJohnGilesEccart1747to1748.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gray" title="Thomas Gray">Thomas Gray</a></figcaption></figure> An elegy is a mournful, melancholy or plaintive poem, especially a <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">lament</a> for the dead or a <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> song. The term "elegy," which originally denoted a type of poetic meter (<a href="/wiki/Elegiac" title="Elegiac">elegiac</a> meter), commonly describes a poem of <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a>. An elegy may also reflect something that seems to the author to be strange or mysterious. The elegy, as a reflection on a death, on a sorrow more generally, or on something mysterious, may be classified as a form of lyric poetry.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Notable practitioners of elegiac poetry have included <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Manrique" title="Jorge Manrique">Jorge Manrique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chidiock_Tichborne" title="Chidiock Tichborne">Chidiock Tichborne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gray" title="Thomas Gray">Thomas Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Smith_(writer)" title="Charlotte Smith (writer)">Charlotte Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Baratynsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgeny Baratynsky">Evgeny Baratynsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Machado" title="Antonio Machado">Antonio Machado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_fable">Verse fable</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Verse fable">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Per_Krafft_-_Portrait_of_Bishop_Ignacy_Krasicki_-_MNK_II-a-671_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Per_Krafft_-_Portrait_of_Bishop_Ignacy_Krasicki_-_MNK_II-a-671_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/180px-Per_Krafft_-_Portrait_of_Bishop_Ignacy_Krasicki_-_MNK_II-a-671_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Per_Krafft_-_Portrait_of_Bishop_Ignacy_Krasicki_-_MNK_II-a-671_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/270px-Per_Krafft_-_Portrait_of_Bishop_Ignacy_Krasicki_-_MNK_II-a-671_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Per_Krafft_-_Portrait_of_Bishop_Ignacy_Krasicki_-_MNK_II-a-671_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/360px-Per_Krafft_-_Portrait_of_Bishop_Ignacy_Krasicki_-_MNK_II-a-671_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></div> The fable is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a>, often (though not invariably) set in <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a>. It is a succinct story that features <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphised</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creatures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that illustrate a moral lesson (a "<a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a>"). Verse fables have used a variety of <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">meter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a> patterns.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Notable verse fabulists have included <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Sarma">Vishnu Sarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_France" title="Marie de France">Marie de France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henryson" title="Robert Henryson">Robert Henryson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biernat_of_Lublin" title="Biernat of Lublin">Biernat of Lublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">Jean de La Fontaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Ignacy Krasicki</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Samaniego" title="Félix María de Samaniego">Félix María de Samaniego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Iriarte" title="Tomás de Iriarte">Tomás de Iriarte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Krylov" title="Ivan Krylov">Ivan Krylov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dramatic_poetry">Dramatic poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dramatic poetry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goethe_(Stieler_1828).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg/170px-Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg/255px-Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg/340px-Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Verse drama and dramatic verse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre of ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Opera">Chinese Opera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></div> Dramatic poetry is <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a> to be spoken or sung, and appears in varying, sometimes related forms in many cultures. <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a> in verse dates to the 6th century B.C., and may have been an influence on the development of Sanskrit drama,<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> just as Indian drama in turn appears to have influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Bianwen" title="Bianwen">bianwen</a> verse dramas in China, forerunners of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Opera">Chinese Opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> verse dramas also include Japanese <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a>. Examples of dramatic poetry in <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> include <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a>'s two famous dramatic works, <a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Shirin" title="Khosrow and Shirin">Khosrow and Shirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s tragedies such as <a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asad_Gorgani" class="mw-redirect" title="Asad Gorgani">Gorgani</a>'s tragedy of <a href="/wiki/Vis_and_Ramin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vis and Ramin">Vis and Ramin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vahshi_Bafqi" title="Vahshi Bafqi">Vahshi</a>'s tragedy of <a href="/wiki/Farhad" title="Farhad">Farhad</a>. American poets of 20th century revive dramatic poetry, including <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> in "Sestina: Altaforte,"<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a> with "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock" title="The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock">The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock</a>".<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speculative_poetry">Speculative poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Speculative poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speculative_poetry" title="Speculative poetry">Speculative poetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Poe_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Edgar_Poe_1848.jpg/170px-Edgar_Poe_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Edgar_Poe_1848.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poe" class="mw-redirect" title="Poe">Poe</a></figcaption></figure> Speculative poetry, also known as fantastic poetry (of which weird or macabre poetry is a major sub-classification), is a poetic genre which deals thematically with subjects which are "beyond reality", whether via <a href="/wiki/Extrapolation" title="Extrapolation">extrapolation</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> or via weird and horrific themes as in <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>. Such poetry appears regularly in modern science fiction and horror fiction magazines. <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> is sometimes seen as the "father of speculative poetry".<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Poe's most remarkable achievement in the genre was his anticipation, by three-quarters of a century, of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bang theory">Big Bang theory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>'s origin, in his then much-derided 1848 <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a> (which, due to its very speculative nature, he termed a "<a href="/wiki/Prose_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Prose poem">prose poem</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Eureka:_A_Prose_Poem" title="Eureka: A Prose Poem">Eureka: A Prose Poem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_poetry">Prose poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Prose poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prose_poetry" title="Prose poetry">Prose poetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89tienne_Carjat,_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire,_circa_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg/170px-%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg/255px-%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg/340px-%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2851" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baudelaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></figcaption></figure> Prose poetry is a hybrid genre that shows attributes of both prose and poetry. It may be indistinguishable from the <a href="/wiki/Microfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfiction">micro-story</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acronyms_and_initialisms:_A#AK" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acronyms and initialisms: A">a.k.a.</a> the "<a href="/wiki/Short_short_story" class="mw-redirect" title="Short short story">short short story</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">flash fiction</a>"). While some examples of earlier prose strike modern readers as poetic, prose poetry is commonly regarded as having originated in 19th-century France, where its practitioners included <a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Aloysius Bertrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Independently of the European poetic tradition, Sanskrit prose-poetry (gadyakāvya) has existed from around the seventh century, with notable works including <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81dambar%C4%AB" title="Kādambarī">Kadambari</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since the late 1980s especially, prose poetry has gained increasing popularity, with entire journals, such as The Prose Poem: An International Journal,<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Contemporary Haibun Online,<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> and Haibun Today<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> devoted to that genre and its hybrids. <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_poetry" title="Latin American poetry">Latin American poets</a> of the 20th century who wrote prose poems include <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alejandra_Pizarnik" title="Alejandra Pizarnik">Alejandra Pizarnik</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_poetry">Light poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Light poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Light_poetry" title="Light poetry">Light poetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg/170px-LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg/255px-LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg/340px-LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a></figcaption></figure> Light poetry, or <a href="/wiki/Light_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Light verse">light verse</a>, is poetry that attempts to be humorous. Poems considered "light" are usually brief, and can be on a frivolous or serious subject, and often feature <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">word play</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">puns</a>, adventurous rhyme and heavy <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a>. Although a few free verse poets have excelled at light verse outside the formal verse tradition, light verse in English usually obeys at least some formal conventions. Common forms include the <a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">limerick</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clerihew" title="Clerihew">clerihew</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Double_dactyl" title="Double dactyl">double dactyl</a>. While light poetry is sometimes condemned as <a href="/wiki/Doggerel" title="Doggerel">doggerel</a>, or thought of as poetry composed casually, humor often makes a serious point in a subtle or subversive way. Many of the most renowned "serious" poets have also excelled at light verse. Notable writers of light poetry include <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Nash" title="Ogden Nash">Ogden Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/X._J._Kennedy" title="X. J. Kennedy">X. J. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_R._Espy" title="Willard R. Espy">Willard R. Espy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shel_Silverstein" title="Shel Silverstein">Shel Silverstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Ewart" title="Gavin Ewart">Gavin Ewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Cope" title="Wendy Cope">Wendy Cope</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slam_poetry">Slam poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Slam poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poetry_slam" title="Poetry slam">Poetry slam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marc_Smith_-_Slam_%C3%A0_La_Zone_de_Liege_-_19_mars_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marc_Smith_-_Slam_%C3%A0_La_Zone_de_Liege_-_19_mars_2009.jpg/170px-Marc_Smith_-_Slam_%C3%A0_La_Zone_de_Liege_-_19_mars_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marc_Smith_-_Slam_%C3%A0_La_Zone_de_Liege_-_19_mars_2009.jpg/255px-Marc_Smith_-_Slam_%C3%A0_La_Zone_de_Liege_-_19_mars_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marc_Smith_-_Slam_%C3%A0_La_Zone_de_Liege_-_19_mars_2009.jpg/340px-Marc_Smith_-_Slam_%C3%A0_La_Zone_de_Liege_-_19_mars_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marc_Smith_(poet)" title="Marc Smith (poet)">Smith</a></figcaption></figure> Slam poetry as a genre originated in 1986 in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Marc_Kelly_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Kelly Smith">Marc Kelly Smith</a> organized the first slam.<a href="#cite_note-maryhutchingsreed-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-aap-179">[177]</a> Slam performers comment emotively, aloud before an audience, on personal, social, or other matters. Slam focuses on the aesthetics of word play, intonation, and voice inflection. Slam poetry is often competitive, at dedicated "<a href="/wiki/Poetry_slam" title="Poetry slam">poetry slam</a>" contests.<a href="#cite_note-powerpoetry-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_poetry">Performance poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Performance poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">Performance poetry</a></div> Performance poetry, similar to slam in that it occurs before an audience, is a genre of poetry that may fuse a variety of disciplines in a performance of a text, such as <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, and other aspects of <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_happenings">Language happenings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Language happenings">edit</a>]</div> The term <a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">happening</a> was popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> movements in the 1950s and regard spontaneous, site-specific performances.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> Language happenings, termed from the <a href="/wiki/Poetics" title="Poetics">poetics</a> collective <a href="/wiki/OBJECT:PARADISE" class="mw-redirect" title="OBJECT:PARADISE">OBJECT:PARADISE</a> in 2018, are events which focus less on poetry as a prescriptive <a href="/wiki/Literary" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary">literary</a> genre, but more as a descriptive <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a> act and performance, often incorporating broader forms of <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a> while poetry is read or created in that moment.<a href="#cite_note-Radio_Prague-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-poetry" title="Anti-poetry">Anti-poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_poetry" title="Digital poetry">Digital poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_poetry_terms" title="Glossary of poetry terms">Glossary of poetry terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">List of poetry groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_poetry" title="Oral poetry">Oral poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_poetry" title="Outline of poetry">Outline of poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_poetry" title="Persona poetry">Persona poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonestheme" title="Phonestheme">Phonestheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">Phono-semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_reading" title="Poetry reading">Poetry reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsode" title="Rhapsode">Rhapsode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_differential" title="Semantic differential">Semantic differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">Spoken word</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The word "verse" functions here as a <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> which takes the poetic element of verse as representative of the entire art form. The word "verse" is often so used when contrasting the format of poetry with the format typical of most other writings: <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> In literary studies, line in western poetry is translated as bat. However, in some forms, the unit is more equivalent to wak. To avoid confusion, this article will refer to wak and bat instead of line, which may refer to either. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618104733/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/poetry?q=poetry">"Poetry"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/poetry?q=poetry">the original</a> on 18 June 2013. <q>poetry [...] Literary work in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by the use of distinctive style and rhythm; poems collectively or as a genre of literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Poetry&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fpoetry%3Fq%3Dpoetry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poetry">"Poetry"</a>. Merriam-Webster. 2013. <q>poetry [...] 2 : writing that formulates a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience in language chosen and arranged to create a specific emotional response through meaning, sound, and rhythm</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Poetry&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpoetry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/poetry?s=t">"Poetry"</a>. Dictionary.com. 2013. <q>poetry [...] 1 the art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken, for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Poetry&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fpoetry%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1999" class="citation book cs1">Eliot, T. S. (1999) [1923]. "The Function of Criticism". Selected Essays. Faber & Faber. pp. 13–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-180387-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-180387-3"><bdi>978-0-15-180387-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Function+of+Criticism&rft.btitle=Selected+Essays&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-15-180387-3&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongenbach1997" class="citation book cs1">Longenbach, James (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernpoetryafte0000long">Modern Poetry After Modernism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernpoetryafte0000long/page/9">9</a>, 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510178-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510178-2"><bdi>978-0-19-510178-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Poetry+After+Modernism&rft.pages=9%2C+103&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510178-2&rft.aulast=Longenbach&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernpoetryafte0000long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1999" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Michael, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvillbookoftwe0000unse/page/">The Harvill Book of Twentieth-Century Poetry in English</a>. Harvill Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvillbookoftwe0000unse/page/">xxvii–xxxiii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86046-735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86046-735-6"><bdi>978-1-86046-735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvill+Book+of+Twentieth-Century+Poetry+in+English&rft.pages=xxvii-xxxiii&rft.pub=Harvill+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86046-735-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharvillbookoftwe0000unse%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Ruth Finnegan, Oral Literature in Africa, Open Book Publishers, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachanTerry2000" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, John R.; Terry, Richard G. (2000). Poetry: an introduction. Edinburgh University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9797-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9797-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-9797-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry%3A+an+introduction&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9797-6&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Terry%2C+Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöivikLuger2009" class="citation journal cs1">Höivik, Susan; Luger, Kurt (3 June 2009). "Folk Media for Biodiversity Conservation: A Pilot Project from the Himalaya-Hindu Kush". International Communication Gazette. 71 (4): 321–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1748048509102184">10.1177/1748048509102184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-0485">1748-0485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143947520">143947520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Communication+Gazette&rft.atitle=Folk+Media+for+Biodiversity+Conservation%3A+A+Pilot+Project+from+the+Himalaya-Hindu+Kush&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=2009-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143947520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1748-0485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1748048509102184&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6ivik&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Luger%2C+Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoody1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Goody, Jack</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good">The Interface Between the Written and the Oral</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good/page/78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33794-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33794-6"><bdi>978-0-521-33794-6</bdi></a>. <q>[...] poetry, tales, recitations of various kinds existed long before writing was introduced and these oral forms continued in modified 'oral' forms, even after the establishment of a written literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interface+Between+the+Written+and+the+Oral&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33794-6&rft.aulast=Goody&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterfacebetween00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goody,_Jack_1987_98-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goody,_Jack_1987_98_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goody,_Jack_1987_98_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoody1987" class="citation book cs1">Goody, Jack (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good">The Interface Between the Written and the Oral</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33794-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33794-6"><bdi>978-0-521-33794-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interface+Between+the+Written+and+the+Oral&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33794-6&rft.aulast=Goody&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterfacebetween00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Epic of Gilgamesh. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Sandars" title="Nancy Sandars">Sanders, N. K.</a> (Revised ed.). Penguin Books. 1972. pp. 7–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Gilgamesh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2014" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (13 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.org/article/750/">"The World's Oldest Love Poem"</a>. <q>'[...] What I held in my hand was one of the oldest love songs written down by the hand of man [...].'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Oldest+Love+Poem&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F750%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldest_poem-15"><a href="#cite_ref-oldest_poem_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsu2006" class="citation news cs1">Arsu, Şebnem (14 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/14/international/europe/14poem.html?_r=0">"Oldest Line in the World"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2015. <q>A small tablet in a special display this month in the Istanbul Museum of the Ancient Orient is thought to be the oldest love poem ever found, the words of a lover from more than 4,000 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Oldest+Line+in+the+World&rft.date=2006-02-14&rft.aulast=Arsu&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eebnem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F02%2F14%2Finternational%2Feurope%2F14poem.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChylaRosińska-BalikDebowska-Ludwin2017" class="citation book cs1">Chyla, Julia; Rosińska-Balik, Karolina; Debowska-Ludwin, Joanna (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6u4mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159">Current Research in Egyptology 17</a>. Oxbow Books. pp. 159–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-603-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-603-5"><bdi>978-1-78570-603-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Research+in+Egyptology+17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78570-603-5&rft.aulast=Chyla&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.au=Rosi%C5%84ska-Balik%2C+Karolina&rft.au=Debowska-Ludwin%2C+Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6u4mDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlRoisman1996" class="citation book cs1">Ahl, Frederick; Roisman, Hanna M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odysseyreformed00ahlf">The Odyssey Re-Formed</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odysseyreformed00ahlf/page/1">1–26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8335-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-8335-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey+Re-Formed&rft.pages=1-26&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8335-6&rft.aulast=Ahl&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Roisman%2C+Hanna+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodysseyreformed00ahlf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebrey-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Ebrey_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey" title="Patricia Buckley Ebrey">Ebrey, Patricia</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr/page/11">Chinese Civilisation: A Sourcebook</a> (2nd ed.). The Free Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr/page/11">11–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-908752-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-908752-7"><bdi>978-0-02-908752-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Civilisation%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=11-13&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-02-908752-7&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesecivilizat00patr%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cai, Zong-qi (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399898">"In Quest of Harmony: Plato and Confucius on Poetry"</a>. Philosophy East and West. 49 (3): 317–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1399898">10.2307/1399898</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399898">1399898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=In+Quest+of+Harmony%3A+Plato+and+Confucius+on+Poetry&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1399898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1399898%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Zong-qi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1399898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbondolo2001" class="citation book cs1">Abondolo, Daniel (2001). A poetics handbook: verbal art in the European tradition. Curzon. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1223-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1223-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1223-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+poetics+handbook%3A+verbal+art+in+the+European+tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1223-6&rft.aulast=Abondolo&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentz2008" class="citation book cs1">Gentz, Joachim (2008). "Ritual Meaning of Textual Form: Evidence from Early Commentaries of the Historiographic and Ritual Traditions". In Kern, Martin (ed.). Text and Ritual in Early China. University of Washington Press. pp. 124–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98787-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98787-3"><bdi>978-0-295-98787-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritual+Meaning+of+Textual+Form%3A+Evidence+from+Early+Commentaries+of+the+Historiographic+and+Ritual+Traditions&rft.btitle=Text+and+Ritual+in+Early+China&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98787-3&rft.aulast=Gentz&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib2005" class="citation book cs1">Habib, Rafey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofliterar0000habi/page/607">A history of literary criticism</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofliterar0000habi/page/607">607–609, 620</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23200-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23200-1"><bdi>978-0-631-23200-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+literary+criticism&rft.pages=607-609%2C+620&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23200-1&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Rafey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofliterar0000habi%2Fpage%2F607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrett_A._Lobell2022" class="citation web cs1">Jarrett A. Lobell (March–April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeology.org/issues/459-2203/digs/10346-digs-roman-stressed-meter-poetry">"Poetic License"</a>. Archaeology Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207005404/https://www.archaeology.org/issues/459-2203/digs/10346-digs-roman-stressed-meter-poetry">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Poetic+License&rft.date=2022-03%2F2022-04&rft.au=Jarrett+A.+Lobell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fissues%2F459-2203%2Fdigs%2F10346-digs-roman-stressed-meter-poetry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlison_Flood2021" class="citation web cs1">Alison Flood (8 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/08/i-dont-care-text-shows-modern-poetry-began-much-earlier-than-believed">"'I don't care': text shows modern poetry began much earlier than believed"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118071914/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/08/i-dont-care-text-shows-modern-poetry-began-much-earlier-than-believed">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27I+don%27t+care%27%3A+text+shows+modern+poetry+began+much+earlier+than+believed&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft.au=Alison+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2021%2Fsep%2F08%2Fi-dont-care-text-shows-modern-poetry-began-much-earlier-than-believed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Whitmarsh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tim Whitmarsh (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1750270521000051">"Less Care, More Stress: A Rythmyic Poem From the Romas Empire"</a>. The Cambridge Classical Journal. 67: 135–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1750270521000051">10.1017/S1750270521000051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242230189">242230189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Less+Care%2C+More+Stress%3A+A+Rythmyic+Poem+From+the+Romas+Empire&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1750270521000051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242230189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Tim+Whitmarsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1750270521000051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1997" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Malcolm, ed. (1997). Aristotle's Poetics. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044636-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044636-4"><bdi>978-0-14-044636-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+Poetics&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044636-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrow2007" class="citation book cs1">Frow, John (2007). Genre (Reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28063-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28063-1"><bdi>978-0-415-28063-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genre&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28063-1&rft.aulast=Frow&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggess1968" class="citation journal cs1">Boggess, William F. (1968). "'Hermannus Alemannus' Latin Anthology of Arabic Poetry". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 88 (4): 657–670. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F598112">10.2307/598112</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/598112">598112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=%27Hermannus+Alemannus%27+Latin+Anthology+of+Arabic+Poetry&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E657-%3C%2Fspan%3E670&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F598112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F598112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boggess&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2001" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, Charles (2001). "Learned Knowledge of Arabic Poetry, Rhymed Prose, and Didactic Verse from Petrus Alfonsi to Petrarch". Poetry and Philosophy in the Middle Ages: A Festschrift for Peter Dronke. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 29–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11964-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11964-2"><bdi>978-90-04-11964-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Learned+Knowledge+of+Arabic+Poetry%2C+Rhymed+Prose%2C+and+Didactic+Verse+from+Petrus+Alfonsi+to+Petrarch&rft.btitle=Poetry+and+Philosophy+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+Festschrift+for+Peter+Dronke&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11964-2&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrendler2004" class="citation book cs1">Grendler, Paul F. (2004). The Universities of the Italian Renaissance. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8055-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8055-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-8055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universities+of+the+Italian+Renaissance&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8055-1&rft.aulast=Grendler&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKant1914" class="citation book cs1">Kant, Immanuel (1914). Critique of Judgment. Translated by Bernard, J. H. Macmillan. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critique+of+Judgment&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Kant&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> Kant argues that the nature of poetry as a self-consciously abstract and beautiful form raises it to the highest level among the verbal arts, with tone or music following it, and only after that the more logical and narrative prose. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOu2009" class="citation book cs1">Ou, Li (2009). Keats and negative capability. Continuum. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4724-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4724-0"><bdi>978-1-4411-4724-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keats+and+negative+capability&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4724-0&rft.aulast=Ou&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatten2003" class="citation book cs1">Watten, Barrett (2003). The constructivist moment: from material text to cultural poetics. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6610-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6610-2"><bdi>978-0-8195-6610-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constructivist+moment%3A+from+material+text+to+cultural+poetics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6610-2&rft.aulast=Watten&rft.aufirst=Barrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Mahfouz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Mahfouz, Ahmad (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.54395%2Fjot-x8fne">"Translation as a Blending of Cultures"</a>. Journal of Translation. 4 (1): 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.54395%2Fjot-x8fne">10.54395/jot-x8fne</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Translation&rft.atitle=Translation+as+a+Blending+of+Cultures&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.54395%2Fjot-x8fne&rft.aulast=Abu-Mahfouz&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.54395%252Fjot-x8fne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighet1985" class="citation book cs1">Highet, Gilbert (1985). The classical tradition: Greek and Roman influences on western literature (Reissued ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 355, 360, 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500206-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500206-5"><bdi>978-0-19-500206-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+classical+tradition%3A+Greek+and+Roman+influences+on+western+literature&rft.pages=355%2C+360%2C+479&rft.edition=Reissued&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-500206-5&rft.aulast=Highet&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimsattBrooks1957" class="citation book cs1">Wimsatt, William K. Jr.; Brooks, Cleanth (1957). Literary Criticism: A Short History. Vintage Books. p. 374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Criticism%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Wimsatt&rft.aufirst=William+K.+Jr.&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Cleanth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Jeannine (2007). Why write poetry?: modern poets defending their art. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4105-7"><bdi>978-0-8386-4105-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+write+poetry%3F%3A+modern+poets+defending+their+art&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-4105-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Jeannine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsDavis2007" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Lee M.; Davis, Alex, eds. (2007). The Cambridge companion to modernist poetry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–7, 38, 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61815-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61815-1"><bdi>978-0-521-61815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+modernist+poetry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7%2C+38%2C+156&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61815-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthes1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes, Roland</a> (1978). 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Blackwell. pp. 123–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20052-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20052-9"><bdi>978-0-631-20052-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodernist+culture%3A+an+introduction+to+theories+of+the+contemporary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20052-9&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreminger1975" class="citation book cs1">Preminger, Alex (1975). Princeton Encyclopaedia of Poetry and Poetics (enlarged ed.). London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press. p. 919. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349156177" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349156177"><bdi>978-1349156177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+Encyclopaedia+of+Poetry+and+Poetics&rft.place=London+and+Basingstoke&rft.pages=919&rft.edition=enlarged&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-1349156177&rft.aulast=Preminger&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (2010) [1986]. "Introduction". 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Retrieved 7 May 2019. <q>The generation of poets who stand together now, mature and ready to write the major American verse of the twenty-first century, may yet be seen as what Stevens called 'a great shadow's last embellishment,' the shadow being Emerson's.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Poets&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Bloom%27s+modern+critical+views&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1604135886&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_wS0rbeF72QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlow2023" class="citation news cs1">Perlow, Seth (13 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2023/02/13/ai-in-poetry/">"AI is better at writing poems than you'd expect. But that's fine"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=AI+is+better+at+writing+poems+than+you%E2%80%99d+expect.+But+that%E2%80%99s+fine.&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft.aulast=Perlow&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbooks%2F2023%2F02%2F13%2Fai-in-poetry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterMachery2024" class="citation journal cs1">Porter, Brian; Machery, Edouard (14 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-76900-1">"AI-generated poetry is indistinguishable from human-written poetry and is rated more favorably"</a>. Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 26133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-76900-1">10.1038/s41598-024-76900-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11564748">11564748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=AI-generated+poetry+is+indistinguishable+from+human-written+poetry+and+is+rated+more+favorably&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26133&rft.date=2024-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11564748%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-024-76900-1&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Machery%2C+Edouard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-024-76900-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinsky1998">Pinsky 1998</a>, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFussell1965">Fussell 1965</a>, pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchülter2005" class="citation book cs1">Schülter, Julia (2005). 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–4, 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77314-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77314-0"><bdi>978-0-521-77314-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tone&rft.series=Cambridge+textbooks+in+linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4%2C+130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77314-0&rft.aulast=Yip&rft.aufirst=Moira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFussell1965">Fussell 1965</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorgens1982" class="citation book cs1">Jorgens, Elise Bickford (1982). The well-tun'd word : musical interpretations of English poetry, 1597–1651. University of Minnesota Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1029-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1029-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-1029-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+well-tun%27d+word+%3A+musical+interpretations+of+English+poetry%2C+1597%E2%80%931651&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1029-7&rft.aulast=Jorgens&rft.aufirst=Elise+Bickford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFussell1965">Fussell 1965</a>, pp. 75–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker-Jones2003" class="citation book cs1">Walker-Jones, Arthur (2003). Hebrew for biblical interpretation. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 211–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-086-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-086-8"><bdi>978-1-58983-086-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+for+biblical+interpretation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-086-8&rft.aulast=Walker-Jones&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBala_Sundara_RamanIshwarKumar_Ravindranath2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bala Sundara Raman, L.; Ishwar, S.; Kumar Ravindranath, Sanjeeth (2003). 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Tamil Internet: 128–136. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.3.7738">10.1.1.3.7738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tamil+Internet&rft.atitle=Context+Free+Grammar+for+Natural+Language+Constructs%3A+An+implementation+for+Venpa+Class+of+Tamil+Poetry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.3.7738%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Bala+Sundara+Raman&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Ishwar%2C+S.&rft.au=Kumar+Ravindranath%2C+Sanjeeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartman1980" class="citation book cs1">Hartman, Charles O. 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(January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aoidoi.org/articles/meter/intro.pdf">"Introduction to Greek Meter"</a> (PDF). Aoidoi. pp. 1–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Greek+Meter&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Aoidoi&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Annis&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faoidoi.org%2Farticles%2Fmeter%2Fintro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308211254/http://www.unibl.eu/pdf/examples_metrical_systems.pdf">"Examples of English metrical systems"</a> (PDF). Fondazione Universitaria in provincia di Belluno. 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Language. 51 (3): 576–616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412889">10.2307/412889</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/412889">412889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Stress%2C+Syntax%2C+and+Meter&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E576-%3C%2Fspan%3E616&rft.date=1975-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412889%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kiparsky&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1961" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John (1961). The Founding of English Meter. Columbia University Press. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+English+Meter&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinsky1998">Pinsky 1998</a>, pp. 11–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinsky1998">Pinsky 1998</a>, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNabokov1964" class="citation book cs1">Nabokov, Vladimir (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesonprosodyon0000nabo/page/9">Notes on Prosody</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bollingen_Foundation" title="Bollingen Foundation">Bollingen Foundation</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesonprosodyon0000nabo/page/9">9–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01760-0"><bdi>978-0-691-01760-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Prosody&rft.pages=9-13&rft.pub=Bollingen+Foundation&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01760-0&rft.aulast=Nabokov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotesonprosodyon0000nabo%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFussell1965">Fussell 1965</a>, pp. 36–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNabokov1964" class="citation book cs1">Nabokov, Vladimir (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesonprosodyon0000nabo/page/46">Notes on Prosody</a>. Bollingen Foundation. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesonprosodyon0000nabo/page/46">46–47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01760-0"><bdi>978-0-691-01760-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Prosody&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Bollingen+Foundation&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01760-0&rft.aulast=Nabokov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotesonprosodyon0000nabo%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1997">Adams 1997</a>, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1997">Adams 1997</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-tetra-71"><a href="#cite_ref-tetra_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tetrameter.com">"What is Tetrameter?"</a>. tetrameter.com. 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Farrar, Straus & Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-17674-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-17674-7"><bdi>978-0-374-17674-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Inferno+of+Dante%3A+A+New+Verse+Translation&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-374-17674-7&rft.aulast=Alighieri&rft.aufirst=Dante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfernoofdante00dant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiparsky-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kiparsky_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kiparsky_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiparsky1973" class="citation journal cs1">Kiparsky, Paul (Summer 1973). 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Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beowulfoldgerman0000russ/page/64">64–86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59340-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59340-3"><bdi>978-0-521-59340-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beowulf+and+old+Germanic+metre&rft.pages=64-86&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59340-3&rft.aulast=Russom&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeowulfoldgerman0000russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu1990" class="citation book cs1">Liu, James J. Y. (1990). Art of Chinese Poetry. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48687-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48687-1"><bdi>978-0-226-48687-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Chinese+Poetry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-48687-1&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=James+J.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesling1980" class="citation book cs1">Wesling, Donald (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chancesofrhymede0000wesl">The chances of rhyme</a>. University of California Press. pp. x–xi, 38–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03861-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03861-5"><bdi>978-0-520-03861-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+chances+of+rhyme&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ex-%3C%2Fspan%3Exi%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03861-5&rft.aulast=Wesling&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchancesofrhymede0000wesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenocal2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rosa_Menocal" title="María Rosa Menocal">Menocal, María Rosa</a> (2003). The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History. University of Pennsylvania. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1324-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1324-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-1324-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Role+in+Medieval+Literary+History&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1324-9&rft.aulast=Menocal&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Rosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperl1996" class="citation book cs1">Sperl, Stefan, ed. (1996). Qasida poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa. Brill. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10387-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10387-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10387-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qasida+poetry+in+Islamic+Asia+and+Africa&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10387-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1997">Adams 1997</a>, pp. 71–104 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFussell1965">Fussell 1965</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1997">Adams 1997</a>, pp. 88–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorn1997">Corn 1997</a>, pp. 81–82, 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://literarydevices.com/free-verse/">"FREE VERSE"</a>. 25 May 2015. 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Wiley-Blackwell. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6731-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6731-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6731-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+modernist+poetry&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6731-4&rft.aulast=Whitworth&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollander1981">Hollander 1981</a>, pp. 50–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorn1997">Corn 1997</a>, pp. 7–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorn1997">Corn 1997</a>, pp. 78–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorn1997">Corn 1997</a>, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2004" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, Roger, ed. (2004). Middle English Literature: a guide to criticism. Blackwell Publishing. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23290-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23290-2"><bdi>978-0-631-23290-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+English+Literature%3A+a+guide+to+criticism&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23290-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorn1997">Corn 1997</a>, pp. 78–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcTurk2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_McTurk" title="Rory McTurk">McTurk, Rory</a>, ed. (2004). Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. Blackwell. pp. 269–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3738-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3738-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-3738-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+Old+Norse-Icelandic+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3738-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36poets-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-36poets_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-36poets_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/node/29521">The Thirty-Six Immortal Women Poets, A Poetry Album with Illustrations</a>. George Braziller. 1991. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8076-1257-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8076-1257-X"><bdi>0-8076-1257-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Six+Immortal+Women+Poets%2C+A+Poetry+Album+with+Illustrations&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=George+Braziller&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8076-1257-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fnode%2F29521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988">, from commentary by Andrew J. Pekarik </li> <li id="cite_note-met_verse-98"><a href="#cite_ref-met_verse_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2013/brush-writing">"Brush Writing in the Arts of Japan"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 7 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Brush+Writing+in+the+Arts+of+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Flistings%2F2013%2Fbrush-writing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman1972" class="citation journal cs1">Freedman, David Noel (July 1972). "Acrostics and Metrics in Hebrew Poetry". Harvard Theological Review. 65 (3): 367–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0017816000001620">10.1017/s0017816000001620</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162853305">162853305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Acrostics+and+Metrics+in+Hebrew+Poetry&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E392&rft.date=1972-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0017816000001620&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162853305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=David+Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKampf2010" class="citation book cs1">Kampf, Robert (2010). Reading the Visual – 17th century poetry and visual culture. GRIN Verlag. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-60011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-60011-3"><bdi>978-3-640-60011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Visual+%E2%80%93+17th+century+poetry+and+visual+culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-640-60011-3&rft.aulast=Kampf&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohn1993" class="citation book cs1">Bohn, Willard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aestheticsofvisu0000bohn/page/1">The aesthetics of visual poetry</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aestheticsofvisu0000bohn/page/1">1–8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06325-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06325-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06325-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+aesthetics+of+visual+poetry&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06325-6&rft.aulast=Bohn&rft.aufirst=Willard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faestheticsofvisu0000bohn%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Sterling, Bruce (13 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027152452/http://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2009/07/web-semantics-asemic-writing/">"Web Semantics: Asemic writing"</a>. Wired. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2009/07/web-semantics-asemic-writing/">the original</a> on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Web+Semantics%3A+Asemic+writing&rft.date=2009-07-13&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fbeyond_the_beyond%2F2009%2F07%2Fweb-semantics-asemic-writing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarfield1987" class="citation book cs1">Barfield, Owen (1987). Poetic diction: a study in meaning (2nd ed.). Wesleyan University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6026-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetic+diction%3A+a+study+in+meaning&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6026-1&rft.aulast=Barfield&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheets1981" class="citation journal cs1">Sheets, George A. (Spring 1981). "The Dialect Gloss, Hellenistic Poetics and Livius Andronicus". American Journal of Philology. 102 (1): 58–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F294154">10.2307/294154</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/294154">294154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Dialect+Gloss%2C+Hellenistic+Poetics+and+Livius+Andronicus&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F294154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F294154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sheets&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank1996" class="citation book cs1">Blank, Paula (1996). Broken English: dialects and the politics of language in Renaissance writings. Routledge. pp. 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13779-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13779-9"><bdi>978-0-415-13779-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broken+English%3A+dialects+and+the+politics+of+language+in+Renaissance+writings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13779-9&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerloff2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Perloff" title="Marjorie Perloff">Perloff, Marjorie</a> (2002). 21st-century modernism: the new poetics. Blackwell Publishers. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21970-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21970-5"><bdi>978-0-631-21970-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st-century+modernism%3A+the+new+poetics&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21970-5&rft.aulast=Perloff&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaden2000" class="citation book cs1">Paden, William D., ed. (2000). Medieval lyric: genres in historical context. University of Illinois Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02536-5"><bdi>978-0-252-02536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+lyric%3A+genres+in+historical+context&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02536-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1974">The Poetics of Aristotle</a>. Gutenberg. 1974. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetics+of+Aristotle&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Gutenberg&rft.date=1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisJenkins2007" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Alex; Jenkins, Lee M., eds. (2007). The Cambridge companion to modernist poetry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61815-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61815-1"><bdi>978-0-521-61815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+modernist+poetry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61815-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Juan2004" class="citation book cs1">San Juan, E. Jr. (2004). Working through the contradictions from cultural theory to critical practice. Bucknell University Press. pp. 124–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5570-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5570-9"><bdi>978-0-8387-5570-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+through+the+contradictions+from+cultural+theory+to+critical+practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8387-5570-9&rft.aulast=San+Juan&rft.aufirst=E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreip1994" class="citation book cs1">Treip, Mindele Anne (1994). Allegorical poetics and the epic: the Renaissance tradition to Paradise Lost. University Press of Kentucky. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1831-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1831-4"><bdi>978-0-8131-1831-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allegorical+poetics+and+the+epic%3A+the+Renaissance+tradition+to+Paradise+Lost&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1831-4&rft.aulast=Treip&rft.aufirst=Mindele+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrisp2005" class="citation journal cs1">Crisp, P. (1 November 2005). "Allegory and symbol – a fundamental opposition?". Language and Literature. 14 (4): 323–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963947005051287">10.1177/0963947005051287</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170517936">170517936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Allegory+and+symbol+%E2%80%93+a+fundamental+opposition%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0963947005051287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170517936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crisp&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Richard (2004). "The Disjunctive Dragonfly". Modern Haiku. 35 (2): 21–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Haiku&rft.atitle=The+Disjunctive+Dragonfly&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollander1981">Hollander 1981</a>, pp. 37–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFussell1965">Fussell 1965</a>, pp. 160–165 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorn1997">Corn 1997</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinta1980" class="citation book cs1">Minta, Stephen (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petrarchpetrarch0000mint/page/15">Petrarch and Petrarchism</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petrarchpetrarch0000mint/page/15">15–17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0748-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-0748-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrarch+and+Petrarchism&rft.pages=15-17&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0748-4&rft.aulast=Minta&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetrarchpetrarch0000mint%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuiller-Couch1900" class="citation book cs1">Quiller-Couch, Arthur, ed. (1900). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Book_of_English_Verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Book of English Verse">Oxford Book of English Verse</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Book+of+English+Verse&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFussell1965">Fussell 1965</a>, pp. 119–133 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Watson, Burton</a> (1971). Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century. (New York: Columbia University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03464-4">0-231-03464-4</a>, 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Watson, Burton</a> (1971). Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century. (New York: Columbia University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03464-4">0-231-03464-4</a>, 1–2 and 15–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Watson, Burton</a> (1971). Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century. (New York: Columbia University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03464-4">0-231-03464-4</a>, 111 and 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaurot1998" class="citation book cs1">Faurot, Jeannette L (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drinkingwithmoon0000unse/page/30">Drinking with the moon</a>. China Books & Periodicals. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drinkingwithmoon0000unse/page/30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8351-2639-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8351-2639-7"><bdi>978-0-8351-2639-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drinking+with+the+moon&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=China+Books+%26+Periodicals&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8351-2639-7&rft.aulast=Faurot&rft.aufirst=Jeannette+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrinkingwithmoon0000unse%2Fpage%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Yugen (1 June 2004). "Shige: The Popular Poetics of Regulated Verse". T'ang Studies. 2004 (22): 81–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F073750304788913221">10.1179/073750304788913221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163239068">163239068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27ang+Studies&rft.atitle=Shige%3A+The+Popular+Poetics+of+Regulated+Verse&rft.volume=2004&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F073750304788913221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163239068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirokauer1989" class="citation book cs1">Schirokauer, Conrad (1989). A brief history of Chinese and Japanese civilizations (2nd ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505569-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505569-8"><bdi>978-0-15-505569-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Chinese+and+Japanese+civilizations&rft.pages=119&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-15-505569-8&rft.aulast=Schirokauer&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumin2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Kumin" title="Maxine Kumin">Kumin, Maxine</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exaltationofform00finc/page/314">"Gymnastics: The Villanelle"</a>. In Varnes, Kathrine (ed.). An Exaltation of Forms: Contemporary Poets Celebrate the Diversity of Their Art. University of Michigan Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exaltationofform00finc/page/314">314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06725-1"><bdi>978-0-472-06725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gymnastics%3A+The+Villanelle&rft.btitle=An+Exaltation+of+Forms%3A+Contemporary+Poets+Celebrate+the+Diversity+of+Their+Art&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06725-1&rft.aulast=Kumin&rft.aufirst=Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexaltationofform00finc%2Fpage%2F314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Go_Gentle_into_that_Good_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night">Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night</a>" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1952" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Dylan (1952). In Country Sleep and Other Poems. New Directions Publications. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Country+Sleep+and+Other+Poems&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=New+Directions+Publications&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> "Villanelle", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuden1945" class="citation book cs1">Auden, W. H. (1945). Collected Poems. Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Poems&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Auden&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> "One Art", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop1976" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Elizabeth (1976). Geography III. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+III&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoets" class="citation web cs1">Poets, Academy of American. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poets.org/glossary/limerick">"Limerick | Academy of American Poets"</a>. poets.org. Retrieved 10 October 2020. <q>Limericks can be found in the work of Lord Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Robert Louis Stevenson</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=poets.org&rft.atitle=Limerick+%7C+Academy+of+American+Poets&rft.aulast=Poets&rft.aufirst=Academy+of+American&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoets.org%2Fglossary%2Flimerick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamy_AlimIbrahimPennycook2009" class="citation book cs1">Samy Alim, H.; Ibrahim, Awad; <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Pennycook" title="Alastair Pennycook">Pennycook, Alastair</a>, eds. (2009). Global linguistic flows. Taylor & Francis. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-6283-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-6283-6"><bdi>978-0-8058-6283-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+linguistic+flows&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-6283-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowerMiner1988" class="citation book cs1">Brower, Robert H.; Miner, Earl (1988). Japanese court poetry. Stanford University Press. pp. 86–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1524-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-1524-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+court+poetry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1524-9&rft.aulast=Brower&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Miner%2C+Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCllintockNessKacian2003" class="citation book cs1">McCllintock, Michael; Ness, Pamela Miller; Kacian, Jim, eds. (2003). The tanka anthology: tanka in English from around the world. Red Moon Press. pp. xxx–xlviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893959-40-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893959-40-8"><bdi>978-1-893959-40-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tanka+anthology%3A+tanka+in+English+from+around+the+world&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxx-%3C%2Fspan%3Exlviii&rft.pub=Red+Moon+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-893959-40-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorn1997">Corn 1997</a>, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1993" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Bruce, ed. (1993). Haiku moment: an anthology of contemporary North American haiku. Charles E. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13671-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13671-6"><bdi>978-0-521-13671-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+and+the+Oral+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13671-6&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlasing2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mutlu_Konuk_Blasing" title="Mutlu Konuk Blasing">Blasing, Mutlu Konuk</a> (2006). Lyric poetry : the pain and the pleasure of words. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12682-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12682-1"><bdi>978-0-691-12682-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyric+poetry+%3A+the+pain+and+the+pleasure+of+words&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12682-1&rft.aulast=Blasing&rft.aufirst=Mutlu+Konuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHainsworth1989" class="citation book cs1">Hainsworth, J. B. (1989). Traditions of heroic and epic poetry. Modern Humanities Research Association. pp. 171–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947623-19-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947623-19-7"><bdi>978-0-947623-19-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+heroic+and+epic+poetry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.pub=Modern+Humanities+Research+Association&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-947623-19-7&rft.aulast=Hainsworth&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1992/press.html">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1992: Derek Walcott"</a>. 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Bolchazy-Carducci. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-442-0"><bdi>978-0-86516-442-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+verse+satire%3A+Lucilius+to+Juvenal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-442-0&rft.aulast=Dominik&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Wehrle%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2011" class="citation book cs1">Black, Joseph, ed. (2011). Broadview Anthology of British Literature. Vol. 1. Broadview Press. p. 1056. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55481-048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55481-048-2"><bdi>978-1-55481-048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadview+Anthology+of+British+Literature&rft.pages=1056&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55481-048-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigman1985" class="citation book cs1">Pigman, G. W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/griefenglishrena0000pigm">Grief and English Renaissance elegy</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/griefenglishrena0000pigm/page/40">40–47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26871-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26871-4"><bdi>978-0-521-26871-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grief+and+English+Renaissance+elegy&rft.pages=40-47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26871-4&rft.aulast=Pigman&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgriefenglishrena0000pigm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, David (2007). Elegy. Routledge. pp. 10–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20906-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20906-4"><bdi>978-1-134-20906-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elegy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-20906-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarphamAbrams2011" class="citation book cs1">Harpham, Geoffrey Galt; Abrams, M. H. (2011). A glossary of literary terms (10th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-89802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-89802-3"><bdi>978-0-495-89802-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+glossary+of+literary+terms&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-495-89802-3&rft.aulast=Harpham&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Galt&rft.au=Abrams%2C+M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith1992" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1992). Sanskrit Drama in its origin, development, theory and practice. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0977-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0977-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0977-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Drama+in+its+origin%2C+development%2C+theory+and+practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0977-2&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Berriedale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolby1983" class="citation book cs1">Dolby, William (1983). "Early Chinese Plays and Theatre". In Mackerras, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesetheater00coli">Chinese Theater: From Its Origins to the Present Day</a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesetheater00coli/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1220-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1220-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-1220-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Chinese+Plays+and+Theatre&rft.btitle=Chinese+Theater%3A+From+Its+Origins+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1220-1&rft.aulast=Dolby&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesetheater00coli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiordano2004" class="citation book cs1">Giordano, Mathew (2004). Dramatic Poetics and American Poetic Culture, 1865–1904, Doctoral Dissertation. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State. <q>Dramatic poetry: Pound's 'Sestina: Altaforte' or Eliot's 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Proufrock'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dramatic+Poetics+and+American+Poetic+Culture%2C+1865%E2%80%931904%2C+Doctoral+Dissertation&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+State&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Giordano&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1951" class="citation web cs1">Eliot, T. S. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tseliot.com/">"Poetry and Drama"</a>. tseliot.com. Retrieved 9 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tseliot.com&rft.atitle=Poetry+and+Drama&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftseliot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modernamericanpoetry.org/poem/love-song-j-alfred-prufrock">"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock | Modern American Poetry"</a>. www.modernamericanpoetry.org. Retrieved 9 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.modernamericanpoetry.org&rft.atitle=The+Love+Song+of+J.+Alfred+Prufrock+%7C+Modern+American+Poetry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernamericanpoetry.org%2Fpoem%2Flove-song-j-alfred-prufrock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2005" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Mike (2005). Dutcher, Roger (ed.). The alchemy of stars. Science Fiction Poetry Association. pp. 11–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8095-1162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8095-1162-4"><bdi>978-0-8095-1162-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+alchemy+of+stars&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Science+Fiction+Poetry+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8095-1162-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRombeck2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rombeck, Terry (22 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/jan/22/poes_littleknown_science/">"Poe's little-known science book reprinted"</a>. Lawrence Journal-World & News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+Journal-World+%26+News&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+little-known+science+book+reprinted&rft.date=2005-01-22&rft.aulast=Rombeck&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ljworld.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Fjan%2F22%2Fpoes_littleknown_science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Robinson, Marilynne</a>, "On Edgar Allan Poe", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXII, no. 2 (5 February 2015), pp. 4, 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonte2000" class="citation book cs1">Monte, Steven (2000). Invisible fences: prose poetry as a genre in French and American literature. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 4–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3211-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3211-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-3211-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+fences%3A+prose+poetry+as+a+genre+in+French+and+American+literature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3211-2&rft.aulast=Monte&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.providence.edu/prosepoem/">"The Prose Poem: An International Journal"</a>. Providence College. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prose+Poem%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.pub=Providence+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.providence.edu%2Fprosepoem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contemporaryhaibunonline.com">"Contemporary Haibun Online"</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Haibun+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontemporaryhaibunonline.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haibuntoday.com/pages/about.html">"Haibun Today: A Haibun & Tanka Prose Journal"</a>. haibuntoday.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haibuntoday.com&rft.atitle=Haibun+Today%3A+A+Haibun+%26+Tanka+Prose+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaibuntoday.com%2Fpages%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maryhutchingsreed-178"><a href="#cite_ref-maryhutchingsreed_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="maryhutchingsreed" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maryhutchingsreed.com/honoring-marc-kelly-smith-and-international-poetry-slam-movement/">"Honoring Marc Kelly Smith and International Poetry Slam Movement"</a>. Mary Hutchings Reed. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mary+Hutchings+Reed&rft.atitle=Honoring+Marc+Kelly+Smith+and+International+Poetry+Slam+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaryhutchingsreed.com%2Fhonoring-marc-kelly-smith-and-international-poetry-slam-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aap-179"><a href="#cite_ref-aap_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="aap" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/text/brief-guide-slam-poetry">"A Brief Guide to Slam Poetry"</a>. Academy of American Poets. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+American+Poets&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Slam+Poetry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poets.org%2Fpoetsorg%2Ftext%2Fbrief-guide-slam-poetry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-powerpoetry-180"><a href="#cite_ref-powerpoetry_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="powerpoetry" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.powerpoetry.org/actions/5-tips-spoken-word">"5 Tips on Spoken Word"</a>. Power Poetry. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Power+Poetry&rft.atitle=5+Tips+on+Spoken+Word&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerpoetry.org%2Factions%2F5-tips-spoken-word&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Wheeler" title="Lesley Wheeler">Wheeler, Lesley</a> (2008). Voicing American Poetry: Sound and Performance from the 1920s to the Present. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801446689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801446689"><bdi>978-0801446689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voicing+American+Poetry%3A+Sound+and+Performance+from+the+1920s+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0801446689&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeavon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Seavon, Fernanda (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.advojka.cz/archiv/2022/5/instantni-nostalgie">"Instantní Nostalgie"</a>. A2 (5/2022): 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A2&rft.atitle=Instantn%C3%AD+Nostalgie&rft.issue=5%2F2022&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2022-03&rft.aulast=Seavon&rft.aufirst=Fernanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.advojka.cz%2Farchiv%2F2022%2F5%2Finstantni-nostalgie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigsby1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bigsby" title="Christopher Bigsby">Bigsby, Christopher W.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_gZPUSNnDXwC&q=Allan+Kaprow+coined+happening&pg=PA45">A Critical Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Drama: Volume 3 Beyond Broadway</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521278966" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521278966"><bdi>978-0521278966</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Introduction+to+Twentieth-Century+American+Drama%3A+Volume+3+Beyond+Broadway&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0521278966&rft.aulast=Bigsby&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_gZPUSNnDXwC%26q%3DAllan%2BKaprow%2Bcoined%2Bhappening%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radio_Prague-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Radio_Prague_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGironès2022" class="citation web cs1">Gironès, Cristina (16 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espanol.radio.cz/object-paradise-el-colectivo-artistico-que-quiere-devolver-la-vida-y-la-voz-al-8742138">"Object Paradise, el colectivo artístico que quiere devolver la vida y la voz al barrio de Žižkov"</a>. Radio Prague International. Retrieved 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Prague+International&rft.atitle=Object+Paradise%2C+el+colectivo+art%C3%ADstico+que+quiere+devolver+la+vida+y+la+voz+al+barrio+de+%C5%BDi%C5%BEkov&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft.aulast=Giron%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespanol.radio.cz%2Fobject-paradise-el-colectivo-artistico-que-quiere-devolver-la-vida-y-la-voz-al-8742138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itvar.cz/z-cisla/noc-kdy-jsme-se-poznali">"obtydeník živé literatury"</a>. Tvar (7). July 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tvar&rft.atitle=obtyden%C3%ADk+%C5%BEiv%C3%A9+literatury&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitvar.cz%2Fz-cisla%2Fnoc-kdy-jsme-se-poznali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Stephen J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poeticdesigns00step">Poetic designs: an introduction to meters, verse forms and figures of speech</a>. Broadview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-129-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-129-2"><bdi>978-1-55111-129-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetic+designs%3A+an+introduction+to+meters%2C+verse+forms+and+figures+of+speech&rft.pub=Broadview&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-129-2&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoeticdesigns00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorn1997" class="citation book cs1">Corn, Alfred (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poemsheartbeatma00corn">The Poem's Heartbeat: A Manual of Prosody</a>. Storyline Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885266-40-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885266-40-8"><bdi>978-1-885266-40-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poem%27s+Heartbeat%3A+A+Manual+of+Prosody&rft.pub=Storyline+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-885266-40-8&rft.aulast=Corn&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoemsheartbeatma00corn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussell1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fussell" title="Paul Fussell">Fussell, Paul</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poeticmeterpoeti00fuss">Poetic Meter and Poetic Form</a>. Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetic+Meter+and+Poetic+Form&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoeticmeterpoeti00fuss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollander1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hollander" title="John Hollander">Hollander, John</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhymesreasonguid00holl_1">Rhyme's Reason</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02740-2"><bdi>978-0-300-02740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhyme%27s+Reason&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02740-2&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frhymesreasonguid00holl_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinsky1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pinsky" title="Robert Pinsky">Pinsky, Robert</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soundsofpoetry00robe">The Sounds of Poetry</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-26695-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-26695-0"><bdi>978-0-374-26695-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+Poetry&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-374-26695-0&rft.aulast=Pinsky&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoundsofpoetry00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeyer1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Speyer" title="Leonora Speyer">Speyer, Leonora</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73705">Fiddler's farewell</a>. New York: Alred A. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiddler%27s+farewell&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Alred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Speyer&rft.aufirst=Leonora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F73705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Poetry" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Poetry">Poetry</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Poetry">Poetry</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/poetry" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:poetry">poetry</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poetry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Poetry">Poetry</a>.</div></div> </div> Encyclopedias <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Greene" title="Roland Greene">Greene, Roland</a>; et al., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKiC6IeFR2UC">The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</a> (4th rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15491-6"><bdi>978-0-691-15491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Poetry+and+Poetics&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=4th+rev.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15491-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKiC6IeFR2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Other critics <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cleanth_Brooks" title="Cleanth Brooks">Brooks, Cleanth</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wellwroughturnst00broo">The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry</a>. Harcourt Brace & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0156957052" title="Special:BookSources/978-0156957052"><bdi>978-0156957052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Well+Wrought+Urn%3A+Studies+in+the+Structure+of+Poetry&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+%26+Company&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=978-0156957052&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Cleanth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwellwroughturnst00broo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinch2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Finch" title="Annie Finch">Finch, Annie</a> (2011). A Poet's Ear: A Handbook of Meter and Form. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05066-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05066-6"><bdi>978-0-472-05066-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Poet%27s+Ear%3A+A+Handbook+of+Meter+and+Form&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-472-05066-6&rft.aulast=Finch&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Fry, Stephen</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Ode_Less_Travelled:_Unlocking_the_Poet_Within" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within">The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within</a>. Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-950934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-950934-9"><bdi>978-0-09-950934-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ode+Less+Travelled%3A+Unlocking+the+Poet+Within&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-09-950934-9&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_William_Gosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund William Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Verse">"Verse" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 1041–1047.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Verse&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1041-%3C%2Fspan%3E1047&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPound1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound, Ezra</a> (1951). ABC of Reading. Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+of+Reading&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Pound&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43045369/The_Science_of_Art">Poetry, Music and Narrative – The Science of Art</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Tatarkiewicz" title="Władysław Tatarkiewicz">Tatarkiewicz, Władysław</a>, "The Concept of Poetry", Dialectics and Humanism: The Polish Philosophical Quarterly, vol. II, no. 2 (spring 1975), pp. 13–24.</li></ul> Anthologies <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_anthologies" title="List of poetry anthologies">List of poetry anthologies</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonSalterStallworthy1996" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Margaret; <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_Salter" title="Mary Jo Salter">Salter, Mary Jo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stallworthy" title="Jon Stallworthy">Stallworthy, Jon</a>, eds. (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Norton_Anthology_of_Poetry" title="The Norton Anthology of Poetry">The Norton Anthology of Poetry</a> (4th ed.). W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-96820-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-96820-0"><bdi>978-0-393-96820-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norton+Anthology+of+Poetry&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-393-96820-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(critic)" title="Helen Gardner (critic)">Gardner, Helen</a>, ed. (1972). <a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_Book_of_English_Verse_1250%E2%80%931950" class="mw-redirect" title="New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1950">New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1950</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812136-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812136-7"><bdi>978-0-19-812136-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Oxford+Book+of+English+Verse+1250%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-19-812136-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Larkin, Philip</a>, ed. (1973). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Twentieth_Century_English_Verse" title="The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse">The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Book+of+Twentieth+Century+English+Verse&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicks1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks, Christopher</a>, ed. (1999). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_English_Verse" title="The Oxford Book of English Verse">The Oxford Book of English Verse</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214182-8"><bdi>978-0-19-214182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Book+of+English+Verse&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-214182-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeats1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats, W. B.</a>, ed. (1936). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Book_of_Modern_Verse_1892%E2%80%931935" title="Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892–1935">Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892–1935</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Book+of+Modern+Verse+1892%E2%80%931935&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetry" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> 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<li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_humanities_field" title="List of people considered a founder in a humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schools_of_poetry189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_of_poetry" title="Template:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_of_poetry" title="Template talk:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_of_poetry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schools_of_poetry189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Schools</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">poetry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmatova%27s_Orphans" title="Akhmatova's Orphans">Akhmatova's Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auden_Group" title="Auden Group">Auden Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">The Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_poets" title="Black Mountain poets">Black Mountain poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Poetry_Revival" title="British Poetry Revival">British Poetry Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_poets" title="Cairo poets">Cairo poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Band" title="Castalian Band">Castalian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_poet" title="Cavalier poet">Cavalier poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhayavaad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhayavaad">Chhayavaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_poets" title="Graveyard poets">Churchyard poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptismo" title="Conceptismo">Conceptismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_poetry" title="Confessional poetry">Confessionalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9olit%C3%A9" title="Créolité">Créolité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culteranismo" title="Culteranismo">Culteranismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_Poets" title="Cyclic Poets">Cyclic Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_image" title="Deep image">Deep image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Della_Cruscans" title="Della Cruscans">Della Cruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolce_Stil_Novo" title="Dolce Stil Novo">Dolce Stil Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymock_poets" title="Dymock poets">Dymock poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_poets_of_Elan" class="mw-redirect" title="The poets of Elan">The poets of Elan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitives_(poets)" title="Fugitives (poets)">Fugitives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garip" title="Garip">Garip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistori_del_Gay_Saber" title="Consistori del Gay Saber">Gay Saber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2727" title="Generation of '27">Generation of '27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generation_of_the_%2730s" title="Category:Generation of the '30s">Generation of the '30s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2798" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian poets">Georgian poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(literature)" title="The Group (literature)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Aesthetes" title="Harvard Aesthetes">Harvard Aesthetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist_poetry" title="Informationist poetry">Informationist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0kinci_Yeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İkinci Yeni (page does not exist)">İkinci Yeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindyworobak_Movement" title="Jindyworobak Movement">Jindyworobaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinism" title="Marinism">Marinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_poetry" title="Martian poetry">Martian poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misty_Poets" title="Misty Poets">Misty Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Movement_(literature)" title="The Movement (literature)">The Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="The New American Poetry 1945–1960">New American Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apocalyptics" title="New Apocalyptics">New Apocalyptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Formalism" title="New Formalism">New Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist poets">Objectivists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Others_(art_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Others (art group)">Others</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassian poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="La Pléiade">La Pléiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieuses" title="Précieuses">Précieuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymers%27_Club" title="Rhymers' Club">Rhymers' Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance" title="Scottish Renaissance">Scottish Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(literary_group)" title="Sons of Ben (literary group)">Sons of Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_poets" title="Spasmodic poets">Spasmodic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sung_poetry" title="Sung poetry">Sung poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranian poetry">Uranian poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutiste" title="Zutiste">Zutiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/16px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/24px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/32px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages" title="Template:Poetry of different cultures and languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages" title="Template talk:Poetry of different cultures and languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poetry of different cultures and languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poetry</a> of <a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">different cultures and languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan poetry">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_epic_poetry" title="Albanian epic poetry">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_poetry" title="American poetry">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_poetry_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh poetry in English">Anglo-Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_poetry" title="Assamese poetry">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian poetry">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_poetry" title="British poetry">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_epic_poetry" title="Bosniak epic poetry">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian poetry">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine poetry">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_poetry" title="Canadian poetry">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_poetry" title="Cantonese poetry">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish poetry">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_poetry" title="English poetry">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_poetry" title="Estonian poetry">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_poetry" title="Finnish poetry">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_poetry" title="French poetry">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek poetry">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati poetry">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi poetry">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_poetry" title="Indian poetry">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_poetry" title="Italian poetry">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_poetry" title="Javanese poetry">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jèrriais poetry">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_poetry" title="Kannada poetry">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri poetry">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_poetry" title="Latin poetry">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_poetry" title="Latin American poetry">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_poetry" title="Latino poetry">Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx poetry">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_poetry" title="Marathi poetry">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_poetry" title="Malayalam poetry">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali poetry">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand poetry">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English poetry">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry" title="Old Norse poetry">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_poetry" title="Pakistani poetry">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto poetry">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_poetry" title="Polish poetry">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_poetry" title="Portuguese poetry">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi poetry">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani poetry">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian poetry">Russian</a></li> <li>Sanskrit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_classical_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit classical poetry">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Scotland" title="Poetry of Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_poetry" title="Serbian poetry">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak poetry">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_poetry" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCai1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChylaRosińska-BalikDebowska-Ludwin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnor1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrisp2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalrymple2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisJenkins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolby1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominikWehrle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrey1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliot1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliot1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaurot1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusonSalterStallworthy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedman1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrow2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFry2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFussell1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayleyYoung2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiordano2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGironès2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoody1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGosse1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrendler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabib2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHainsworth1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarphamAbrams2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartman1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHighet1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollander1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudak1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHöivikLuger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamesJondorf1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarrett_A._Lobell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkinsDavis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorgens1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKampf2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKant1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiparsky1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiparsky1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuiper2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarkin1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongenbach1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCllintockNessKacian2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClure2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcTurk2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenocal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinta1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonte2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNabokov1964\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOsberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaden2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerloff2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlow2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPigman1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinsky1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoets\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorterMachery2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPound1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreminger1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuiller-Couch1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQureshi1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicks1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRombeck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussom1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamy_AlimIbrahimPennycook2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSan_Juan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaferGendolla2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchirokauer1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchülter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeavon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSequeira1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheets1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperl1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeyer1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterling2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrachanTerry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTim_Whitmarsh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreip1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker-Jones2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatten2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesling1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitworth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWimsattBrooks1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanagibori\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeats1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYip2002\"] = 1,\n [\"Speaker\"] = 1,\n [\"aap\"] = 1,\n [\"maryhutchingsreed\"] = 1,\n [\"powerpoetry\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 108,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 32,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 29,\n [\"Humanities\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 9,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 12,\n [\"Literature\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 31,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 4,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 3,\n [\"Nihongo2\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 2,\n [\"Poetry of different cultures and languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc1\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Schools of poetry\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 6,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource index\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Poetry","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poetry","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q482","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q482","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-12T18:15:29Z","headline":"literary style characterized by a strong expressiveness of words"}</script> </body> </html>