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Point-to-Point Protocol - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automatic_self_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_self_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Automatic self configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_self_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_network_layer_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_network_layer_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Multiple network layer protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_network_layer_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looped_link_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looped_link_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Looped link detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looped_link_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Configuration_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Configuration_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Configuration options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Configuration_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PPP_frame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PPP_frame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>PPP frame</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-PPP_frame-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle PPP frame subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-PPP_frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encapsulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encapsulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Encapsulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encapsulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line_activation_and_phases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_activation_and_phases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Line activation and phases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line_activation_and_phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Over_several_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Over_several_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Over several links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Over_several_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Over several links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Over_several_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multilink_PPP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilink_PPP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Multilink PPP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilink_PPP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiclass_PPP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiclass_PPP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Multiclass PPP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiclass_PPP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunnels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunnels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tunnels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tunnels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tunnels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tunnels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Derived protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_layer_2_protocol_between_both_ends_of_a_tunnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_layer_2_protocol_between_both_ends_of_a_tunnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>As a layer 2 protocol between both ends of a tunnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_layer_2_protocol_between_both_ends_of_a_tunnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IETF_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IETF_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>IETF standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IETF_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Point-to-Point Protocol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروتوكول الربط بين نقطتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول الربط بين نقطتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP_(protokol)" title="PPP (protokol) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="PPP (protokol)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87" title="قرارداد نقطه‌به‌نقطه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرارداد نقطه‌به‌نقطه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP" title="PPP – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="PPP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%90%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%90_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C" title="점대점 프로토콜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="점대점 프로토콜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP" title="PPP – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="PPP" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP" title="PPP – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="PPP" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP" title="PPP – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="PPP" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Протокол за директно поврзување на два мрежни јазла – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протокол за директно поврзување на два мрежни јазла" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP" title="PPP – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="PPP" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="PPP (сетевой протокол) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PPP (сетевой протокол)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_od_to%C4%8Dke_do_to%C4%8Dke" title="Protokol od točke do točke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protokol od točke do točke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP" title="PPP – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="PPP" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP_(tiedonsiirtoprotokolla)" title="PPP (tiedonsiirtoprotokolla) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PPP (tiedonsiirtoprotokolla)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Point-to-Point Protocol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5" title="พีพีพี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พีพีพี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protokol" title="Point-to-Point Protokol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Point-to-Point Protokol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP" title="PPP – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PPP" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP_(giao_th%E1%BB%A9c)" title="PPP (giao thức) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="PPP (giao thức)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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protocol</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MLPPP_model,_topology_and_encapsulation_-_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MLPPP_model%2C_topology_and_encapsulation_-_en.png/220px-MLPPP_model%2C_topology_and_encapsulation_-_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MLPPP_model%2C_topology_and_encapsulation_-_en.png/330px-MLPPP_model%2C_topology_and_encapsulation_-_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MLPPP_model%2C_topology_and_encapsulation_-_en.png/440px-MLPPP_model%2C_topology_and_encapsulation_-_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Point-to-Point Protocol</figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Data link layer communication protocol</div><p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>, <b>Point-to-Point Protocol</b> (<b>PPP</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> (layer 2) <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocol</a> between two routers directly without any host or any other networking in between.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It can provide loop detection, <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a>, transmission <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a>. </p><p>PPP is used over many types of physical networks, including <a href="/wiki/Serial_cable" title="Serial cable">serial cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phone_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone line">phone line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trunking#Trunk_line" title="Trunking">trunk line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellular_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular telephone">cellular telephone</a>, specialized radio links, <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber optic links</a> such as <a href="/wiki/SONET" class="mw-redirect" title="SONET">SONET</a>. Since IP packets cannot be transmitted over a <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> line on their own without some data link protocol that can identify where the transmitted frame starts and where it ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> (ISPs) have used PPP for customer <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up access">dial-up access</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p><p>PPP is used on former <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up networking">dial-up networking</a> lines.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Two derivatives of PPP, <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet" title="Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet">Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet</a> (PPPoE) and <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_ATM" title="Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM">Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM</a> (PPPoA), are used most commonly by ISPs to establish a <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber line</a> (DSL) Internet service LP connection with customers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PPP is very commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Data-link-layer_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Data-link-layer protocol">data-link-layer protocol</a> for connection over <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_circuit" title="Synchronous circuit">synchronous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_circuit" title="Asynchronous circuit">asynchronous circuits</a>, where it has largely superseded the older <a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">Serial Line Internet Protocol</a> (SLIP) and telephone company mandated standards (such as <a href="/wiki/LAPB" title="LAPB">Link Access Protocol, Balanced</a> (LAPB) in the <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol suite). The only requirement for PPP is that the circuit provided be <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">duplex</a>. PPP was made to work with numerous <a href="/wiki/Network-layer_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network-layer protocol">network-layer protocols</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP), <a href="/wiki/TRILL" title="TRILL">TRILL</a>, Novell's <a href="/wiki/Internetwork_Packet_Exchange" title="Internetwork Packet Exchange">Internetwork Packet Exchange</a> (IPX), <a href="/wiki/NetBIOS_Frames" title="NetBIOS Frames">NBF</a>, <a href="/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet">DECnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a>. Like SLIP, this is a full Internet connection over telephone lines via modem. It is more reliable than SLIP because it double checks to ensure Internet packets arrive intact.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_1994_p26-27_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_1994_p26-27-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It resends any damaged packets. </p><p>PPP was designed somewhat after the original <a href="/wiki/HDLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HDLC">HDLC</a> specifications. The people who had designed PPP included many additional features that had been seen only in proprietary data-link protocols up to that time. PPP is specified in RFC 1661. </p><p>RFC 2516 describes <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet" title="Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet">Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet</a> (PPPoE) as a method for transmitting PPP over <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> that is sometimes used with <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a>. RFC 2364 describes <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_ATM" title="Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM">Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM</a> (PPPoA) as a method for transmitting PPP over <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a> Adaptation Layer 5 (<a href="/wiki/AAL5" class="mw-redirect" title="AAL5">AAL5</a>), which is also a common alternative to PPPoE used with DSL. </p><p>PPP, <a href="/wiki/PPPoE" class="mw-redirect" title="PPPoE">PPPoE</a> and <a href="/wiki/PPPoA" class="mw-redirect" title="PPPoA">PPPoA</a> are widely used in <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a> lines. </p><p>PPP is a layered protocol that has three components:<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_1994_p26-27_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_1994_p26-27-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>An encapsulation component that is used to transmit datagrams over the specified <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Link_Control_Protocol" title="Link Control Protocol">Link Control Protocol</a> (LCP) to establish, configure, and test the link as well as negotiate settings, options and the use of features.</li> <li>One or more Network Control Protocols (NCP) used to negotiate optional configuration parameters and facilities for the network layer. There is one NCP for each higher-layer protocol supported by PPP.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_self_configuration">Automatic self configuration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Automatic self configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LCP initiates and terminates connections gracefully, allowing hosts to negotiate connection options. It is an integral part of PPP, and is defined in the same standard specification. LCP provides automatic configuration of the interfaces at each end (such as setting <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagram</a> size, escaped characters, and magic numbers) and for selecting optional authentication. The LCP protocol runs on top of PPP (with PPP protocol number 0xC021) and therefore a basic PPP connection has to be established before LCP is able to configure it. </p><p>RFC 1994 describes <a href="/wiki/Challenge-Handshake_Authentication_Protocol" title="Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol">Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol</a> (CHAP), which is preferred for establishing dial-up connections with ISPs. Although deprecated, <a href="/wiki/Password_Authentication_Protocol" title="Password Authentication Protocol">Password Authentication Protocol</a> (PAP) is still sometimes used. </p><p>Another option for authentication over PPP is <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Authentication_Protocol" title="Extensible Authentication Protocol">Extensible Authentication Protocol</a> (EAP) described in RFC 2284. </p><p>After the link has been established, additional network (<a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">layer 3</a>) configuration may take place. Most commonly, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Control_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol Control Protocol">Internet Protocol Control Protocol</a> (IPCP) is used, although <a href="/wiki/IPX/SPX" title="IPX/SPX">Internetwork Packet Exchange Control Protocol</a> (IPXCP) and <a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk Control Protocol</a> (ATCP) were once popular.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv6CP&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="IPv6CP (page does not exist)">Internet Protocol Version 6 Control Protocol</a> (IPv6CP) will see extended use in the future, when <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> as the dominant layer-3 protocol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_network_layer_protocols">Multiple network layer protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Multiple network layer protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" cellspacing="3" style="float:right; text-align:center; padding-left:15px"> <caption><b>PPP architecture</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#eeeeff" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#9999ff"><a href="/wiki/Link_Control_Protocol" title="Link Control Protocol">LCP</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9999ff"><a href="/wiki/Challenge-handshake_authentication_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenge-handshake authentication protocol">CHAP</a> <a href="/wiki/Password_authentication_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Password authentication protocol">PAP</a> <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Authentication_Protocol" title="Extensible Authentication Protocol">EAP</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9999ff"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Control_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol Control Protocol">IPCP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#9999ff" rowspan="1" colspan="4">PPP encapsulation </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffcc99" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/High-Level_Data_Link_Control" title="High-Level Data Link Control">HDLC</a>-like Framing </td> <td bgcolor="#ffcc99"><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet" title="Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet">PPPoE</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffcc99"><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_ATM" title="Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM">PPPoA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" bgcolor="#ffeebb" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffcc99"><a href="/wiki/Packet_over_SONET/SDH" title="Packet over SONET/SDH">POS</a> </td> <td valign="bottom" bgcolor="#ffeebb" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> </td> <td valign="bottom" bgcolor="#ffeebb" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffeebb"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking" title="Synchronous optical networking">SONET/SDH</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="NCP"></span>PPP permits multiple network layer protocols to operate on the same communication link. For every network layer protocol used, a separate <b>Network Control Protocol</b> (<b>NCP</b>) is provided in order to encapsulate and negotiate options for the multiple network layer protocols. It negotiates network-layer information, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network address</a> or compression options, after the connection has been established. </p><p>For example, IP uses IPCP, and Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) uses the Novell IPX Control Protocol (<b><a href="/wiki/IPX/SPX" title="IPX/SPX">IPX/SPX</a></b>). NCPs include fields containing standardized codes to indicate the network layer protocol type that the PPP connection encapsulates. </p><p>The following NCPs may be used with PPP: </p> <ul><li>IPCP for IP, protocol code number 0x8021, RFC 1332</li> <li>the OSI Network Layer Control Protocol (OSINLCP) for the various <a href="/wiki/OSI_model#Layer_3:_Network_layer" title="OSI model">OSI network layer protocols</a>, protocol code number 0x8023, RFC 1377</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=AppleTalk_Control_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="AppleTalk Control Protocol (page does not exist)">AppleTalk Control Protocol</a> (ATCP) for <a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a>, protocol code number 0x8029, RFC 1378</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internetwork_Packet_Exchange_Control_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Internetwork Packet Exchange Control Protocol (page does not exist)">Internetwork Packet Exchange Control Protocol</a> (IPXCP) for the <a href="/wiki/IPX" class="mw-redirect" title="IPX">Internet Packet Exchange</a>, protocol code number 0x802B, RFC 1552</li> <li>the DECnet Phase IV Control Protocol (DNCP) for DNA Phase IV Routing protocol (<a href="/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet">DECnet</a> Phase IV), protocol code number 0x8027, RFC 1762</li> <li>the NetBIOS Frames Control Protocol (NBFCP) for the <a href="/wiki/NetBIOS_Frames" title="NetBIOS Frames">NetBIOS Frames</a> protocol (or <a href="/wiki/NetBEUI" class="mw-redirect" title="NetBEUI">NetBEUI</a> as it was called before that), protocol code number 0x803F, RFC 2097</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv6_Control_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="IPv6 Control Protocol (page does not exist)">IPv6 Control Protocol</a> (IPV6CP) for <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>, protocol code number 0x8057, RFC 5072</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Looped_link_detection">Looped link detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Looped link detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PPP detects looped links using a feature involving <a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)" title="Magic number (programming)">magic numbers</a>. When the node sends PPP LCP messages, these messages may include a magic number. If a line is looped, the node receives an LCP message with its own magic number, instead of getting a message with the peer's magic number. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Configuration_options">Configuration options</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Configuration options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The previous section introduced the use of LCP options to meet specific WAN connection requirements. PPP may include the following LCP options: </p> <ul><li><b>Authentication</b> - Peer routers exchange authentication messages. Two authentication choices are <a href="/wiki/Password_authentication_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Password authentication protocol">Password Authentication Protocol</a> (PAP) and <a href="/wiki/Challenge-Handshake_Authentication_Protocol" title="Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol">Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol</a> (CHAP). Authentication is explained in the next section.</li> <li><b>Compression</b> - Increases the effective throughput on PPP connections by reducing the amount of data in the frame that must travel across the link, using a agreed-on algorithm such as BSD <a href="/wiki/Compress" class="mw-redirect" title="Compress">compress</a> or Deflate. The protocol decompresses the frame at its destination. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1962">1962</a> for more details.</li> <li><b>Error detection</b> - Identifies fault conditions. The Quality and Magic Number options help ensure a reliable, loop-free data link. The Magic Number field helps in detecting links that are in a looped-back condition. Until the Magic-Number Configuration Option has been successfully negotiated, the Magic-Number must be transmitted as zero. Magic numbers are generated randomly at each end of the connection.</li> <li><b>Multilink</b> - Provides load balancing several interfaces used by PPP through Multilink PPP (see below).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PPP_frame">PPP frame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: PPP frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PPP frames are variants of <a href="/wiki/HDLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HDLC">HDLC</a> frames: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Number of bytes </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Flag </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0x7E, the beginning of a PPP frame </td></tr> <tr> <td>Address </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0xFF, standard broadcast address </td></tr> <tr> <td>Control </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0x03, unnumbered data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Protocol </td> <td>2 </td> <td>PPP ID of embedded data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Information </td> <td>variable (0 or more) </td> <td>datagram </td></tr> <tr> <td>Padding </td> <td>variable (0 or more) </td> <td>optional padding </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frame Check Sequence </td> <td>2 </td> <td>frame checksum </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flag </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0x7E, omitted for successive PPP packets </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If both peers agree to Address field and Control field compression during LCP, then those fields are omitted. Likewise if both peers agree to Protocol field compression, then the 0x00 byte can be omitted. </p><p>The Protocol field indicates the type of payload packet: 0xC021 for <a href="/wiki/Link_Control_Protocol" title="Link Control Protocol">LCP</a>, 0x80xy for various <a href="#NCP">NCPs</a>, 0x0021 for IP, 0x0029 AppleTalk, 0x002B for <a href="/wiki/IPX" class="mw-redirect" title="IPX">IPX</a>, 0x003D for Multilink, 0x003F for <a href="/wiki/NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a>, 0x00FD for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Point-to-Point_Compression" title="Microsoft Point-to-Point Compression">MPPC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Point-to-Point_Encryption" title="Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption">MPPE</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> PPP is limited, and cannot contain general <a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">Layer 3</a> data, unlike <a href="/wiki/EtherType" title="EtherType">EtherType</a>. </p><p>The Information field contains the PPP payload; it has a variable length with a negotiated maximum called the <a href="/wiki/Maximum_Transmission_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum Transmission Unit">Maximum Transmission Unit</a>. By default, the maximum is 1500 <a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octets</a>. It might be padded on transmission; if the information for a particular protocol can be padded, that protocol must allow information to be distinguished from padding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encapsulation">Encapsulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Encapsulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PPP frames are encapsulated in a lower-layer protocol that provides framing and may provide other functions such as a <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> to detect transmission errors. PPP on <a href="/wiki/Serial_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial link">serial links</a> is usually encapsulated in a framing similar to <a href="/wiki/HDLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HDLC">HDLC</a>, described by IETF RFC 1662. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Number of bytes </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Flag </td> <td>1 </td> <td>indicates frame's begin or end </td></tr> <tr> <td>Address </td> <td>1 </td> <td>broadcast address </td></tr> <tr> <td>Control </td> <td>1 </td> <td>control byte </td></tr> <tr> <td>Protocol </td> <td>1 or 2 or 3 </td> <td>l in information field </td></tr> <tr> <td>Information </td> <td>variable (0 or more) </td> <td>datagram </td></tr> <tr> <td>Padding </td> <td>variable (0 or more) </td> <td>optional padding </td></tr> <tr> <td>FCS </td> <td>2 (or 4) </td> <td>error check </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Flag field is present when PPP with HDLC-like framing is used. </p><p>The Address and Control fields always have the value hex FF (for "all stations") and hex 03 (for "unnumbered information"), and can be omitted whenever PPP LCP Address-and-Control-Field-Compression (ACFC) is negotiated. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Frame_check_sequence" title="Frame check sequence">frame check sequence</a> (FCS) field is used for determining whether an individual frame has an error. It contains a checksum computed over the frame to provide basic protection against errors in transmission. This is a <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">CRC</a> code similar to the one used for other layer two protocol error protection schemes such as the one used in Ethernet. According to RFC 1662, it can be either 16 bits (2 bytes) or 32 bits (4 bytes) in size (default is 16 bits - Polynomial <i>x</i><sup>16</sup> + <i>x</i><sup>12</sup> + <i>x</i><sup>5</sup> + 1). </p><p>The FCS is calculated over the Address, Control, Protocol, Information and Padding fields after the message has been encapsulated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Line_activation_and_phases">Line activation and phases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Line activation and phases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Link Dead</dt> <dd>This phase occurs when the link fails, or one side has been told to disconnect (e.g. a user has finished his or her dialup connection.)</dd> <dt>Link Establishment Phase</dt> <dd>This phase is where Link Control Protocol negotiation is attempted. If successful, control goes either to the authentication phase or the Network-Layer Protocol phase, depending on whether authentication is desired.</dd> <dt>Authentication Phase</dt> <dd>This phase is optional. It allows the sides to authenticate each other before a connection is established. If successful, control goes to the network-layer protocol phase.</dd> <dt>Network-Layer Protocol Phase</dt> <dd>This phase is where each desired protocols' Network Control Protocols are invoked. For example, IPCP is used in establishing IP service over the line. Data transport for all protocols which are successfully started with their network control protocols also occurs in this phase. Closing down of network protocols also occur in this phase.</dd> <dt>Link Termination Phase</dt> <dd>This phase closes down this connection. This can happen if there is an authentication failure, if there are so many checksum errors that the two parties decide to tear down the link automatically, if the link suddenly fails, or if the user decides to hang up a connection.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Over_several_links">Over several links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Over several links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multilink_PPP">Multilink PPP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Multilink PPP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Multilink PPP</b> (also referred to as <b>MLPPP</b>, <b>MP</b>, <b>MPPP</b>, <b>MLP</b>, or Multilink) provides a method for spreading traffic across multiple distinct PPP connections. It is defined in RFC 1990. It can be used, for example, to connect a home computer to an Internet Service Provider using two traditional 56k modems, or to connect a company through two leased lines. </p><p>On a single PPP line frames cannot arrive out of order, but this is possible when the frames are divided among multiple PPP connections. Therefore, Multilink PPP must number the fragments so they can be put in the right order again when they arrive. </p><p>Multilink PPP is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">link aggregation</a> technology. <a href="/wiki/Cisco_IOS" title="Cisco IOS">Cisco IOS</a> Release 11.1 and later supports Multilink PPP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiclass_PPP">Multiclass PPP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Multiclass PPP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With PPP, one cannot establish several simultaneous distinct PPP connections over a single link. </p><p>That's not possible with Multilink PPP either. Multilink PPP uses contiguous numbers for all the fragments of a packet, and as a consequence it is not possible to suspend the sending of a sequence of fragments of one packet in order to send another packet. This prevents from running Multilink PPP multiple times on the same links. </p><p><b>Multiclass PPP</b> is a kind of Multilink PPP where each "class" of traffic uses a separate sequence number space and reassembly buffer. Multiclass PPP is defined in RFC 2686 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tunnels">Tunnels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Tunnels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" cellspacing="3" style="float:right; text-align:center; padding-left:15px"> <caption><b>Simplified OSI <a href="/wiki/Protocol_stack" title="Protocol stack">protocol stack</a> for an example <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a>+PPP tunnel</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#FFEEBB"><i>Application</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#EEEEFF"><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EEEEFF"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EEEEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EEEEFF">… </td> <td bgcolor="#EEEEFF"><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EEEEFF">… </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFEEBB"><i>Transport</i> </td> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="#EEEEFF"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEFF"><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" bgcolor="#FFEEBB"><i>Network</i> </td> <td colspan="6" bgcolor="#EEEEFF"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" bgcolor="#FFCC99"><b>Data Link</b> </td> <td colspan="6" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"><b>PPP</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="#999ff"><b>Application</b> </td> <td colspan="6" bgcolor="#999ff"><b>SSH</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFEEBB"><i>Transport</i> </td> <td colspan="6" bgcolor="#EEEEFF"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" bgcolor="#FFEEBB"><i>Network</i> </td> <td colspan="6" bgcolor="#EEEEFF"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" bgcolor="#FFCC99"><i>Data Link</i> </td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> </td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" bgcolor="#FFCC99"><i>Physical</i> </td> <td colspan="6" bgcolor="#EEEEEE">Cables, Hubs, and so on </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derived_protocols">Derived protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Derived protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/PPTP" class="mw-redirect" title="PPTP">PPTP</a> (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) is a form of PPP between two hosts via <a href="/wiki/Generic_Routing_Encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic Routing Encapsulation">GRE</a> using encryption (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Point-to-Point_Encryption" title="Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption">MPPE</a>) and compression (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Point-to-Point_Compression" title="Microsoft Point-to-Point Compression">MPPC</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_layer_2_protocol_between_both_ends_of_a_tunnel">As a layer 2 protocol between both ends of a tunnel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: As a layer 2 protocol between both ends of a tunnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many protocols can be used to <a href="/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">tunnel</a> data over IP networks. Some of them, like <a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">SSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a>, or <a href="/wiki/L2TP" class="mw-redirect" title="L2TP">L2TP</a> create <a href="/wiki/Virtual_network_interface" title="Virtual network interface">virtual network interfaces</a> and give the impression of direct physical connections between the tunnel endpoints. On a <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> host for example, these interfaces would be called <b>tun0</b> or <b>ppp0</b>. </p><p>As there are only two endpoints on a tunnel, the tunnel is a point-to-point connection and PPP is a natural choice as a data link layer protocol between the virtual network interfaces. PPP can assign IP addresses to these virtual interfaces, and these IP addresses can be used, for example, to route between the networks on both sides of the tunnel. </p><p><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a> in tunneling mode does not create virtual physical interfaces at the end of the tunnel, since the tunnel is handled directly by the TCP/IP stack. <a href="/wiki/L2TP" class="mw-redirect" title="L2TP">L2TP</a> can be used to provide these interfaces, this technique is called L2TP/IPsec. In this case too, PPP provides IP addresses to the extremities of the tunnel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IETF_standards">IETF standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: IETF standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PPP is defined in RFC 1661 (The Point-to-Point Protocol, July 1994). RFC 1547 (Requirements for an Internet Standard Point-to-Point Protocol, December 1993) provides historical information about the need for PPP and its development. A series of related RFCs have been written to define how a variety of network control protocols, including <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, <a href="/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet">DECnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPX" class="mw-redirect" title="IPX">IPX</a>, work with PPP; they can be found on the Datatracker IETF website.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diameter_(protocol)" title="Diameter (protocol)">Diameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Authentication_Protocol" title="Extensible Authentication Protocol">Extensible Authentication Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayes_command_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayes command set">Hayes command set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Access_Procedure_for_Modems" title="Link Access Procedure for Modems">Link Access Procedure for Modems</a> (LAPM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprotocol_Encapsulation" title="Multiprotocol Encapsulation">Multiprotocol Encapsulation</a> (MPE) for <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_daemon" title="Point-to-Point Protocol daemon">Point-to-Point Protocol daemon</a> (PPPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPPoX" title="PPPoX">PPPoX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RADIUS" title="RADIUS">RADIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidirectional_Lightweight_Encapsulation" title="Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation">Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation</a> (ULE) for <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1661">1661</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1968">1968</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"41. 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(December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc1552/">The PPP Internetworking Packet Exchange Control Protocol (IPXCP)</a> (Report). Internet Engineering Task Force.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=The+PPP+Internetworking+Packet+Exchange+Control+Protocol+%28IPXCP%29&amp;rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&amp;rft.date=1993-12&amp;rft.aulast=Simpson&amp;rft.aufirst=William+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Frfc1552%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint-to-Point+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1992" class="citation report cs1">Parker, J. 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Internet Engineering Task Force.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=The+PPP+AppleTalk+Control+Protocol+%28ATCP%29&amp;rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&amp;rft.date=1992-11&amp;rft.aulast=Parker&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Bradford&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Frfc1378%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint-to-Point+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/ppp-numbers/ppp-numbers.xhtml">"Point-to-Point (PPP) Protocol Field Assignments"</a>. IANA<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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