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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estructura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estructura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Estructura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estructura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propietats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Propietats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Propietats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Propietats</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Propietats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propietats_físiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietats_físiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Propietats físiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propietats_físiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propietats_químiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietats_químiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Propietats químiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propietats_químiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descomposició" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descomposició"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Descomposició</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descomposició-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propietats_àcides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietats_àcides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Propietats àcides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propietats_àcides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propietats_redox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietats_redox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Propietats redox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propietats_redox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obtenció" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obtenció"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Obtenció</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obtenció-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usos</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Usos</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aplicacions_industrials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicacions_industrials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Aplicacions industrials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicacions_industrials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funció_biològica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funció_biològica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Funció biològica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funció_biològica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ús_domèstic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ús_domèstic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ús domèstic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ús_domèstic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ús_com_propel·lent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ús_com_propel·lent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ús com propel·lent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ús_com_propel·lent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ús_terapèutic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ús_terapèutic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Ús terapèutic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ús_terapèutic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En_explosius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_explosius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>En explosius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En_explosius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peròxid d'hidrogen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 72 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstofperoksied" title="Waterstofperoksied - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waterstofperoksied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيروكسيد الهيدروجين - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيروكسيد الهيدروجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksid" title="Hidrogen peroksid - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidrogen peroksid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="هیدروژن پراوکسید - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدروژن پراوکسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Диводороден пероксид - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диводороден пероксид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="হাইড্রোজেন পারক্সাইড - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইড্রোজেন পারক্সাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik-peroksid" title="Vodik-peroksid - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vodik-peroksid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ھایدرۆجین پێڕۆکساید - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھایدرۆجین پێڕۆکساید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxid_vod%C3%ADku" title="Peroxid vodíku - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peroxid vodíku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пергидроль - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пергидроль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brintoverilte" title="Brintoverilte - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brintoverilte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoffperoxid" title="Wasserstoffperoxid - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserstoffperoxid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Υπεροξείδιο του υδρογόνου - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπεροξείδιο του υδρογόνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hydrogen peroxide" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogena_peroksido" title="Hidrogena peroksido - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrogena peroksido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xido_de_hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Peróxido de hidrógeno - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peróxido de hidrógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesinikperoksiid" title="Vesinikperoksiid - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesinikperoksiid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogeno_peroxido" title="Hidrogeno peroxido - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidrogeno peroxido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xidu_de_hidr%C3%B3genu" title="Peróxidu de hidrógenu - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Peróxidu de hidrógenu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="هیدروژن پراکسید - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروژن پراکسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetyperoksidi" title="Vetyperoksidi - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vetyperoksidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxyde_d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Peroxyde d'hydrogène - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peroxyde d'hydrogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1rocsa%C3%ADd_hidrigine" title="Sárocsaíd hidrigine - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sárocsaíd hidrigine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xido_de_hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Peróxido de hidróxeno - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peróxido de hidróxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מימן על-חמצני - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מימן על-חמצני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="हाइड्रोजन पेरॉक्साइड - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइड्रोजन पेरॉक्साइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodikov_peroksid" title="Vodikov peroksid - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodikov peroksid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n-peroxid" title="Hidrogén-peroxid - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidrogén-peroxid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%85%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Ջրածնի պերօքսիդ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրածնի պերօքսիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidrogen peroksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetnisperox%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Vetnisperoxíð - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vetnisperoxíð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perossido_di_idrogeno" title="Perossido di idrogeno - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perossido di idrogeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="過酸化水素 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="過酸化水素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="წყალბადის პეროქსიდი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალბადის პეროქსიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Сутек пероксиді - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сутек пероксиді" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್ ಪೆರಾಕ್ಸೈಡ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್ ಪೆರಾಕ್ಸೈಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="과산화 수소 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과산화 수소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Суутек өтө кычкылы - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суутек өтө кычкылы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenilio_peroksidas" title="Vandenilio peroksidas - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandenilio peroksidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAde%C5%86ra%C5%BEa_peroks%C4%ABds" title="Ūdeņraža peroksīds - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdeņraža peroksīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Водород пероксид - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Водород пероксид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ പെറോക്സൈഡ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ പെറോക്സൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidrogen peroksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင်ပါအောက်ဆိုက် - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင်ပါအောက်ဆိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstofperoxide" title="Waterstofperoxide - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterstofperoxide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenperoksid" title="Hydrogenperoksid - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hydrogenperoksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenperoksid" title="Hydrogenperoksid - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydrogenperoksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1" title="ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ ਪਰਆਕਸਾਈਡ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ ਪਰਆਕਸਾਈਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadtlenek_wodoru" title="Nadtlenek wodoru - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadtlenek wodoru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%88" title="ہائیڈروجن پر آکسائڈ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائیڈروجن پر آکسائڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="هايدروجن پراکسايد - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هايدروجن پراکسايد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xido_de_hidrog%C3%AAnio" title="Peróxido de hidrogênio - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peróxido de hidrogênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxid_de_hidrogen" title="Peroxid de hidrogen - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peroxid de hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пероксид водорода - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пероксид водорода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hydrogen peroxide" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodonik_peroksid" title="Vodonik peroksid - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vodonik peroksid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrogen peroxide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxid_vod%C3%ADka" title="Peroxid vodíka - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peroxid vodíka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodikov_peroksid" title="Vodikov peroksid - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodikov peroksid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodonik-peroksid" title="Vodonik-peroksid - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vodonik-peroksid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4teperoxid" title="Väteperoxid - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väteperoxid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroksidi_ya_hidrojeni" title="Peroksidi ya hidrojeni - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Peroksidi ya hidrojeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஐதரசன் பேரொட்சைடு - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐதரசன் பேரொட்சைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฮโดรเจนเพอร์ออกไซด์ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮโดรเจนเพอร์ออกไซด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojen_peroksit" title="Hidrojen peroksit - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidrojen peroksit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8E" title="Пероксид водню - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пероксид водню" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88" title="ہائیڈروجن پر آکسائیڈ - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائیڈروجن پر آکسائیڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro_peroxide" title="Hydro peroxide - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hydro peroxide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hydrogen peroxide" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="过氧化氢 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="过氧化氢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2_sng-ho%C3%A0_ch%C3%BAi-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Kò sng-hoà chúi-sò͘ - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kò sng-hoà chúi-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%B4" title="雙氧水 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雙氧水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171877#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&oldid=33473553" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&id=33473553&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPer%25C3%25B2xid_d%2527hidrogen"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPer%25C3%25B2xid_d%2527hidrogen"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Per%C3%B2xid+d%27hidrogen"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydrogen_peroxide" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171877" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(S'ha redirigit des de: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aigua_oxigenada&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Aigua oxigenada">Aigua oxigenada</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background-color: #b0d1ad;"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Test_tube_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Infotaula de compost químic"><img alt="Infotaula de compost químic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Test_tube_icon.svg/22px-Test_tube_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Test_tube_icon.svg/33px-Test_tube_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Test_tube_icon.svg/44px-Test_tube_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></span>Peròxid d'hidrogen</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png/300px-Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png/450px-Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png/600px-Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Substància química</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q113145171" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q113145171">tipus d'entitat química</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P31" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Massa molecular</th><td class="infobox-data">34,005 Da i 34,005 g/mol <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2067" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Trobat en el tàxon</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:start;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">ésser humà</a> i <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Coffea arabica</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P703" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Rol</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oxidant" title="Oxidant">Oxidant</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q50377188" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q50377188">agent antiinfecciós local</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3333419" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3333419">metabòlit primari</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2868" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: #b0d1ad;">Estructura química</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Fórmula química</th><td class="infobox-data"><big>H₂O₂</big> <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P274" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Hydrogen-peroxide-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hydrogen-peroxide-2D.png/300px-Hydrogen-peroxide-2D.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hydrogen-peroxide-2D.png/450px-Hydrogen-peroxide-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hydrogen-peroxide-2D.png/600px-Hydrogen-peroxide-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P233" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P233">SMILES canònic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;"><div class="" style="width:100%;" align="left"></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdkdepict-openchem.rhcloud.com/depict/bow/svg?smi=%241&zoom=2.0&annotate=none">Model 2D</a><br />OO <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P233" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P234" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P234">Identificador InChI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?&model=InChI=InChI=1S/H2O2/c1-2/h1-2H">Model 3D</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P234" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: #b0d1ad;">Propietat</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Densitat</th><td class="infobox-data">1,39 g/cm³ (a 20 ℃, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADquid" title="Líquid">líquid</a>) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2054" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Viscositat cinemàtica</th><td class="infobox-data">1,245 cm²/s <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2118" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">PKa</th><td class="infobox-data">11,62 <br />11,75 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P1117" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Moment dipolar elèctric</th><td class="infobox-data">1,573 D <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2201" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Punt de fusió</th><td class="infobox-data">−0,432 ℃ <br />−0,43 ℃ <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2101" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Punt d'ebullició</th><td class="infobox-data">150,2 ℃ (a 760 Torr) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2102" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Entropia molar estàndard</th><td class="infobox-data">109,6 J/(mol K) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P3071" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Moment dipolar elèctric</th><td class="infobox-data">1,573 D <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2201" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Entalpia estàndard de formació</th><td class="infobox-data">−136,11 kJ/mol <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P3078" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Pressió de vapor</th><td class="infobox-data">5 mmHg (a 30 ℃) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2119" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: #b0d1ad;">Perill</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Límit d'exposició mitjana ponderada en el temps</th><td class="infobox-data">1,4 mg/m³ (10 h, <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Estats Units d'Amèrica">Estats Units d'Amèrica</a>) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2404" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">IDLH</th><td class="infobox-data">104,25 mg/m³ <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2129" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51139288" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q51139288">NFPA 704: Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response</a> () <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P4952" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: #b0d1ad;">Altres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Amarg" title="Amarg">amargor</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P1552" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>El <b>peròxid d'hidrogen</b> és un <a href="/wiki/Compost_inorg%C3%A0nic" title="Compost inorgànic">compost inorgànic</a> molecular, un <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B2xid" title="Peròxid">peròxid</a> inorgànic, constituït per dos àtoms d'oxigen enllaçats entre sí i enllaçats cadascun d'ells a un hidrogen, de fórmula química <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9530f5f3b2abc18483c28833e44dcd68b0305ec9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"></span>. Les seves dissolucions aquoses s'anomenen <i>aigua oxigenada</i>. Té un paper com a agent <a href="/wiki/Oxidant" title="Oxidant">oxidant</a>, desinfectant, explosiu, agent <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobi%C3%A0" title="Antimicrobià">antimicrobià</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_enzim%C3%A0tic" title="Cofactor enzimàtic">cofactor enzimàtic</a>, metabòlit <a href="/wiki/Xenobi%C3%B2tic" title="Xenobiòtic">xenobiòtic</a> humà, inductor d'<a href="/wiki/Apoptosi" title="Apoptosi">apoptosi</a>, antagonista de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_%CE%B3-aminobut%C3%ADric" title="Àcid γ-aminobutíric">àcid γ-aminobutíric</a> o GABA, <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicitat" title="Neurotoxicitat">neurotoxina</a>, genotoxina, <a href="/wiki/Biomarcador" title="Biomarcador">biomarcador</a>, metabòlit de <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>, de <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, del <a href="/wiki/Ratol%C3%AD" title="Ratolí">ratolí</a> i agent de blanqueig. </p><p>El peròxid d'hidrogen hom el troba de manera natural en les <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8l%C2%B7lules" class="mw-redirect" title="Cèl·lules">cèl·lules</a> de tots els organismes aeròbics, com a producte residual de la <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-oxidaci%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-oxidació">β-oxidació</a> peroxisomal. Donada la seva toxicitat ha de transformar-se ràpidament en compostos menys perillosos. Aquesta tasca la realitza l'enzim <a href="/wiki/Catalasa" title="Catalasa">catalasa</a> que catalitza la descomposició en aigua i oxigen. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O2 ->[catalasa] 2H2O + O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O2 ->[catalasa] 2H2O + O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6cadcae4d1c39bf30ce680d09c26ca757475cc71" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.309ex; width:27.726ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O2 ->[catalasa] 2H2O + O2}}}"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El peròxid d'hidrogen fou obtingut per primera vegada el 1818 pel químic francès <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis-Jacques Thénard</a> (1777-1857) a partir del <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B2xid_de_bari" title="Peròxid de bari">peròxid de bari</a> que tractà amb <a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_n%C3%ADtric" title="Àcid nítric">àcid nítric</a> i l'anomenà <i>aigua oxigenada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 1880 s'inicià la producció comercial basada en aquesta reacció, però aviat fou abandonada per la baixa concentració en què s'obtenia el peròxid d'hidrogen, l'elevat cost i la seva baixa estabilitat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El 1908 a <a href="/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria">Àustria</a> l'empresa Österreichische Chemische Werke, de Weiẞenstein, inicià la producció emprant el procés electroquímic. Aquest mètode es basa en l'<a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B2lisi" title="Electròlisi">electròlisi</a> d'una dissolució d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_sulf%C3%BAric" title="Àcid sulfúric">àcid sulfúric</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2SO4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2SO4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6703e3d63d91c698caf61db7286069a49ce5c1af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.952ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2SO4}}}"></span> que produeix <a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_perdisulf%C3%BAric" title="Àcid perdisulfúric">àcid perdisulfúric</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S2O8}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S2O8}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fbfe536fea5a232eb524e44886320d6cedea6dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.006ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S2O8}}}"></span>, el qual s'<a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2lisi" title="Hidròlisi">hidrolitza</a> donant àcid sulfúric i peròxid d'hidrogen. L'empresa austríaca modificà el procés substituint l'àcid sulfúric per <a href="/wiki/Sulfat_d%27amoni" title="Sulfat d'amoni">sulfat d'amoni</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH4)2SO4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH4)2SO4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ef38932f67db3c91d81af43f3078c8c56933b26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.559ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH4)2SO4}}}"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El 1932 James H. Walton i George W. Filson proposaren la producció de peròxid d'hidrogen per una oxidació i posterior reducció d'hidrazobenzens. George Pfleiderer de l'empresa alemanya <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> desenvolupà després un procés per a la auto-oxidació alcalina d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrazobenz%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrazobenzè (encara no existeix)">hidrazobenzè</a> per obtenir <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B2xid_de_sodi" title="Peròxid de sodi">peròxid de sodi</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0fecd13f6a1125887a52ff4185eadf6c74ed2998" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.822ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O2}}}"></span> emprant una <a href="/wiki/Amalgama_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Amalgama (química)">amalgama</a> de sodi com a reductor. A <a href="/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia">Finlàndia</a> una fàbrica a Kuusankoski de l'empresa Kymmene AB operà amb aquest procés. A la BASF, Hans Joachim Riedl el millorà emprant <a href="/wiki/Hidroquinona" title="Hidroquinona">hidroquinones</a> i entre 1935 i 1945 la <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> inicià la construcció de dues plantes a Heidebreck i Waldenberg per operar amb aquest procés de Riedl-Pfleiderer, però degut a la finalització de la <a href="/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segona Guerra Mundial">II Guerra Mundial</a> no començaren a operar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg/220px-V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg/330px-V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg/440px-V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Coet V-2</figcaption></figure> <p>El govern del <a href="/wiki/Tercer_Reich" title="Tercer Reich">III Reich</a> durant la II Guerra Mundial desenvolupà l'aplicació del <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9530f5f3b2abc18483c28833e44dcd68b0305ec9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"></span> al 80% com a propulsor de vehicles. <a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Walter" title="Hellmuth Walter">Hellmuth Walter</a> el 1933 inicià el desenvolupament de submarins amb una <a href="/wiki/Turbina_Walter" title="Turbina Walter">turbina</a> de 400 CV impulsada per <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9530f5f3b2abc18483c28833e44dcd68b0305ec9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"></span> amb injecció líquida. Tanmateix l'aplicació més important fou el generador de gas de <a href="/wiki/V-2" title="V-2">V-2</a>, el primer coet de combustible líquid realment funcional. El V-2 cremava etanol amb l'oxigen obtingut per la descomposició del <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9530f5f3b2abc18483c28833e44dcd68b0305ec9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"></span> en reaccionar amb una dissolució de permanganat de potassi.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El francès <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul-Antoine_Gigu%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul-Antoine Giguère (encara no existeix)">Paul-Antoine Giguère</a> el 1950 mitjançant <a href="/wiki/Espectrosc%C3%B2pia_infraroja" title="Espectroscòpia infraroja">espectroscòpia infraroja</a> determinà l'estructura de la molècula de peròxid d'hidrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 1953 l'empresa estatunidenca <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">EI Du Pont de Nemours</a> fou la primera que inicià la producció basada en el procés de Riedl-Pfleiderer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El 2011 es detectaren per primera vegada molècules de peròxid d'hidrogen fora de la Terra mitjançant el telescopi APEX (<i>Atacama Pathfinder Experiment</i>) de Xile, dins la regió <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rho_Ophiuchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rho Ophiuchi (encara no existeix)">Rho Ophiuchi</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Via_L%C3%A0ctia" title="Via Làctia">Via Làctia</a>, a uns 400 anys llum de distància. La proporció de peròxid d'hidrogen és d'una molècula per cada 10.000 molècules d'hidrogen. La formació de peròxid d'hidrogen està fortament vinculada a altres dues molècules fonamentals per la vida: l'oxigen i l'aigua.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estructura">Estructura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Estructura"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32548069/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:H2O2_gas_structure.svg" title="Fitxer:H2O2 gas structure.svg"><img alt="O−O bond length = 147.4 pm O−H bond length = 95.0 pm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/H2O2_gas_structure.svg/250px-H2O2_gas_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/H2O2_gas_structure.svg/375px-H2O2_gas_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/H2O2_gas_structure.svg/500px-H2O2_gas_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Estructura i dimensions de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9530f5f3b2abc18483c28833e44dcd68b0305ec9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"></span> en fase gasosa</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:H2O2_solid_structure.svg" title="Fitxer:H2O2 solid structure.svg"><img alt="O−O bond length = 145.8 pm O−H bond length = 98.8 pm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/H2O2_solid_structure.svg/250px-H2O2_solid_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/H2O2_solid_structure.svg/375px-H2O2_solid_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/H2O2_solid_structure.svg/500px-H2O2_solid_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Estructura i dimensions de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9530f5f3b2abc18483c28833e44dcd68b0305ec9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"></span> en fase sòlida</div></div></div></div></div><p>La molècula de peròxid d'hidrogen és una molècula constituïda per dos àtoms d'oxigen i dos d'hidrogen enllaçats <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H-O-O-H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H-O-O-H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62395f6bfdbdd353a9ca35f48d863446571f3bef" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.527ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H-O-O-H}}}"></span>. Tanmateix no és lineal, sinó que està continguda en dos plans quasi perpendiculars.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malgrat l'enllaç <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O-O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O-O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/05920b26e8dc9a5f1c832134be4c35cd79a22374" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.424ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O-O}}}"></span> és un <a href="/wiki/Enlla%C3%A7_sigma" title="Enllaç sigma">enllaç covalent sigma</a>, la molècula té una barrera rotacional relativament alta a 2460 cm<sup>−1</sup> (29,45 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kJ</a>/mol),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> si se la compara amb la de l'<a href="/wiki/Et%C3%A0" title="Età">età</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3-CH3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3-CH3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0cea0ba9317347f72df685abf09e08028396a65" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.759ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3-CH3}}}"></span> (12,5 kJ/mol). L'explicació d'aquest fet cal cercar-lo en la repulsió de les dues parelles d'electrons que no formen enllaç de cada oxigen que impedeixen la rotació de l'enllaç simple <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O-O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O-O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/05920b26e8dc9a5f1c832134be4c35cd79a22374" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.424ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O-O}}}"></span>. </p><p>Les estructures de les molècules en estat gasós i en estat sòlid són lleugerament diferents degut als efectes de l'<a href="/wiki/Enlla%C3%A7_d%27hidrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Enllaç d'hidrogen">enllaç d'hidrogen</a> entre molècules diferents, només present en estat sòlid.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En estat sòlid cristal·litza en el <a href="/wiki/Sistema_tetragonal" title="Sistema tetragonal">sistema tetragonal</a>, grup espacial <i>D</i><span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">4<br />4</span><i>P</i>4<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propietats">Propietats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Propietats"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propietats_físiques"><span id="Propietats_f.C3.ADsiques"></span>Propietats físiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Propietats físiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El peròxid d'hidrogen a temperatura ambient és un líquid xaropós, de gust aspre i astringent. A 0 °C té una densitat de 1,4649 g/cm³. En estat sòlid la seva densitat és d'1,64 g/cm³. Congela a –0,89 °C i s'ha calculat que el seu punt d'ebullició ha de ser 151,4 °C. És soluble en aigua, en <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a> i en <a href="/wiki/Dietil%C3%A8ter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietilèter">dietilèter</a> però insoluble en <a href="/wiki/Benz%C3%A8" title="Benzè">benzè</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Elephant_Toothpaste_Denver_JDS_Labs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Elephant_Toothpaste_Denver_JDS_Labs.jpg/220px-Elephant_Toothpaste_Denver_JDS_Labs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Elephant_Toothpaste_Denver_JDS_Labs.jpg/330px-Elephant_Toothpaste_Denver_JDS_Labs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Elephant_Toothpaste_Denver_JDS_Labs.jpg/440px-Elephant_Toothpaste_Denver_JDS_Labs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="2474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dent%C3%ADfric_d%27elefant" title="Dentífric d'elefant">Dentifrici d'elefant</a>. Experiment de química recreativa on es realitza la descomposició del <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9530f5f3b2abc18483c28833e44dcd68b0305ec9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"></span> catalitzada per iodur de potassi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {KI}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>KI</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {KI}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/112449e81d0a48c4af03d28148e93fdc076497db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.648ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {KI}}}"></span> i l'oxigen després forma una escuma degut a la presència de detergent</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propietats_químiques"><span id="Propietats_qu.C3.ADmiques"></span>Propietats químiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Propietats químiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descomposició"><span id="Descomposici.C3.B3"></span>Descomposició</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Descomposició"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>És una <a href="/wiki/Subst%C3%A0ncia" title="Substància">substància</a> molt inestable, que té tendència a perdre oxigen per a convertir-se en aigua: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f17c0e3734b3faf0076450b4ad4e4d3bfadb8ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.163ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2}}}"></span>Les partícules de pols, els àlcalis lliures, els metalls pesant en forma col·loidal i els seus ions i la llum <a href="/wiki/Catalitzador" title="Catalitzador">catalitzen</a> aquesta descomposició. El líquid anhidre i les dissolucions concentrades no es poden envasar en envasos de vidre perquè l'ataca donant una dissolució alcalina que accelera la descomposició. Els envasos també són opacs per evitar la descomposició per la llum. Hi ha substàncies que actuen com inhibidors de la descomposició (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetanilida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetanilida (encara no existeix)">acetanilida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=8-hidroxiquinole%C3%AFna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8-hidroxiquinoleïna (encara no existeix)">8-hidroxiquinoleïna</a>, etanol, dietilèter i àcids) i s'empren com estabilitzants de les dissolucions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En els organismes aeròbics l'enzim <a href="/wiki/Catalasa" title="Catalasa">catalasa</a> és el catalitzador que accelera aquesta descomposició. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propietats_àcides"><span id="Propietats_.C3.A0cides"></span>Propietats àcides</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Propietats àcides"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El peròxid d'hidrogen és un àcid molt feble (<i>K<sub>a</sub></i> = 2,4×10<sup>–11</sup>) que s'ionitza donant cations <a href="/wiki/Oxidani" title="Oxidani">oxidani</a> o oxoni <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe37c1063c3897905219e48befa6b3871fbcb331" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.116ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}"></span> i anions hidrogen(peròxid)(1–) o dioxidanur <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HO2-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HO2-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17271dd267e8924e84b522788307f2b485bc5770" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.062ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HO2-}}}"></span>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 + H2O <=> H3O+ + HO2-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>HO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 + H2O <=> H3O+ + HO2-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9368e76497501ebb058a967a9df410949b299ed2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.772ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 + H2O <=> H3O+ + HO2-}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propietats_redox">Propietats redox</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Propietats redox"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pot actuar com un oxidant o com un reductor degut a que l'anió peròxid <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2^2-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O2^2-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/afb08cf70c50062f5d26d3e31ecc239609aac62a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.141ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2^2-}}}"></span>, on l'oxigen té número d'oxidació –1, pot reduir-se a anió òxid <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O^2-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O^2-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8b2bf00ee9a4e046d79a9a296dee0c585d52974" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.141ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O^2-}}}"></span>, amb número d'oxidació –2, o oxidar-se a dioxigen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8c2c304a17b2fe1e4a79afb22d531d90f9c5ad1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.862ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}"></span>, amb número d'oxidació 0. Les semireaccions són: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -> 2H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -> 2H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6441589b15888e729a2a8539030a8edf877aa0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.488ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -> 2H2O}}}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 -> O2 + 2H+ + 2e-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 -> O2 + 2H+ + 2e-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/89a48b333c1d7e9bb003c90eba078c15283c3096" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.195ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 -> O2 + 2H+ + 2e-}}}"></span> </p><p>Són importants les reaccions en medi àcid d'oxidació dels <a href="/wiki/Iodur" title="Iodur">iodurs</a> a diiode (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2I- -> I2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2I- -> I2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0943f7e0db68c0e630bd671cf5eb3f58b9b85fb0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.89ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2I- -> I2}}}"></span>), dels <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfurs</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sulfit" title="Sulfit">sulfits</a> a <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfats</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {S^2- -> SO4^2-; SO3^2- -> SO4^2-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {S^2- -> SO4^2-; SO3^2- -> SO4^2-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69bd048d840d37d6c9cf9af477ee8d98854ad57f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.681ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {S^2- -> SO4^2-; SO3^2- -> SO4^2-}}}"></span>) i dels <a href="/wiki/Arsenit" title="Arsenit">arsenits</a> a <a href="/wiki/Arsenat" title="Arsenat">arsenats</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {AsO3^2- -> AsO4^3-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>AsO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>AsO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {AsO3^2- -> AsO4^3-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0436773811b681d8f61de8ae9eb0e49084345f89" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.696ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {AsO3^2- -> AsO4^3-}}}"></span>). Quant a les reaccions de reducció destaquen les del <a href="/wiki/Permanganat_de_potassi" title="Permanganat de potassi">permanganat de potassi</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mangan%C3%A8s" title="Manganès">manganès</a> (2+): </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 -> 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2 + K2SO4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>KMnO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>MnSO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 -> 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2 + K2SO4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87fd8daf8de54b839e4041c1e79d0682970aab0c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:71.365ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 -> 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2 + K2SO4}}}"></span> </p><p>del sulfat de ceri(IV), dels <a href="/wiki/Hipoclorit" title="Hipoclorit">hipoclorits</a> a <a href="/wiki/Clorur" title="Clorur">clorurs</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {ClO- -> Cl-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>ClO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {ClO- -> Cl-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b08f55fab16aa245c842d4ee186cdf8e64c12e22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.575ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {ClO- -> Cl-}}}"></span>), dels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodat (encara no existeix)">periodats</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodats (encara no existeix)">iodats</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {IO4- -> IO3-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>IO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>IO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {IO4- -> IO3-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df7d5d4d85f40af04bded74e5316b548a1e7dbd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.413ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {IO4- -> IO3-}}}"></span>), de l'<a href="/wiki/Oz%C3%B3" title="Ozó">ozó</a> a dioxigen (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/deb8df929b336e066c6ea0b16065a54684361c69" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.821ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O2}}}"></span>), de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92xid_d%27argent(I)" title="Òxid d'argent(I)">òxid d'argent</a> a <a href="/wiki/Argent_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argent (element)">argent</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Ag2O -> Ag}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Ag</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>Ag</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Ag2O -> Ag}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ae2c17282ddf63e2bd07a2ec235581a86f88d40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.769ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Ag2O -> Ag}}}"></span>), i de les sals d'<a href="/wiki/Or" title="Or">or</a> a or metàl·lic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obtenció"><span id="Obtenci.C3.B3"></span>Obtenció</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Obtenció"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prop del 99% del peròxid d'hidrogen que es produeix de forma industrial es realitza mitjançant el procés de l'<a href="/wiki/Antraquinona" title="Antraquinona">antraquinona</a> conegut com a procés de Riedl-Pfleiderer.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg/440px-Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg/660px-Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg/880px-Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Cicle del procés de Riedl-Pfleiderer</figcaption></figure> <p>La primera etapa és l'oxidació d'un derivat de l'antraquinona amb un hidrocarbur no polar, com ara la 2-etilantraquinona. Es prepara una dissolució de 2-etilantraquinona en un dissolvent polar i es mescla amb una suspensió d'un catalitzador basat en níquel o pal·ladi en un suport sòlid. Per aquesta mescla es fa passar hidrogen a una temperatura de 320 K, i es produeix la hidrogenació a 2- etilantraquinol. </p><p>A la segona etapa la dissolució de 2-etilantraquinol s'oxida amb aire a un hidroperòxid, que reacciona amb aigua per recuperar la 2-etilantranquinona i produir una solució diluïda de peròxid d'hidrogen. </p><p>A l'etapa tercera s'afegeix aigua per extreure el peròxid d'hidrogen com una solució aquosa que conté un 40% de peròxid d'hidrogen. La capa de dissolvent orgànic es recicla a la unitat d'hidrogenació per a reaccions posteriors. </p><p>Finalment a la darrera etapa la dissolució aquosa de peròxid d'hidrogen es tracta amb dissolvents orgànics i mitjançant l'aire que es bombeja per eliminar quinona residual i dissolvents i produir el producte estàndard al 40%. Algunes aplicacions requereixen un producte de major concentració produït per concentració o destil·lació al buit fins a concentracions de fins al 70%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usos">Usos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Usos"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La concentració habitual de l'aigua oxigenada per a usos <a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">mèdics</a> és d'entre el 3% i el 10%. La concentració de les <a href="/wiki/Dissoluci%C3%B3_qu%C3%ADmica" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolució química">dissolucions</a> aquoses de peròxid d'hidrogen s'acostuma a expressar en volums, això és els litres d'oxigen que es generarien en la <a href="/wiki/Descomposici%C3%B3_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Descomposició química">descomposició</a> de tot el peròxid d'hidrogen present en un <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a> de dissolució, en <a href="/wiki/Condicions_normals" class="mw-redirect" title="Condicions normals">condicions normals</a>. Així, per exemple, una dissolució de peròxid d'hidrogen de 10 volums equival a una dissolució al 3% d'aigua oxigenada. </p><p>La producció mundial de peròxid d'hidrogen se situa el 2015 al voltant de les 4,3 milions de tones, essent els principals productors la Xina (1,5 milions de tones), els Estats Units (0,4 milions de tones); Bèlgica i Tailàndia (0,3 milions de tones cadascun) i Canadà (0,2 milions de tones).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aplicacions_industrials">Aplicacions industrials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Aplicacions industrials"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg/220px-Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg/330px-Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg/440px-Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Dipòsit contenidor pel transport de peròxid d'hidrogen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un 50% de la producció mundial de peròxid d'hidrogen (2015) s'utilitza com lleixiu per blanquejar polpa de paper i paper.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HageLienke_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HageLienke-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Una altra aplicació principal és la manufactura de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percarbonat_de_sodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percarbonat de sodi (encara no existeix)">percarbonat de sodi</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Na2CO3*3 H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Na2CO3*3 H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f8be3e99e76d49c6f9db0531d35b469a6a136438" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.938ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Na2CO3*3 H2O2}}}"></span> i <a href="/wiki/Perborat_de_sodi" title="Perborat de sodi">perborat de sodi</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaBO3.4H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NaBO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NaBO3.4H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96ab3901341d1a0909263562ddc29d9d3effe3da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.248ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaBO3.4H2O}}}"></span> usats com a blanquejadors en detergents per a la roba, que representen el 20% de la producció. El 15 % s'empra per a blanquejar teixits de cotó i llana. El 10 % s'empra per substituir el <a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor">clor</a> sense gaire o gens d'increment de cost econòmic en el tractament d'aigües potables, evitant els residus tòxics.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Es fa servir en la producció de certs peròxids orgànics com peròxid de dibenzoil usat en la polimerització i altres processos químics. També es fa servir en <a href="/wiki/Ep%C3%B2xid" title="Epòxid">epòxids</a> com l'òxid de propilè. En el procés de manufactura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Printed_circuit_board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Printed circuit board (encara no existeix)">PCB</a> el peròxid d'hidrogen es mescla amb àcid clorhídric per gravar la superfície de coure. Una combinació amb un catalitzador de metall preciós en pols, peròxid d'hidrogen, metanol i aigua pot produir vapor superescalfat en només dos segons alliberant només <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_carboni" title="Diòxid de carboni">CO₂</a> amb diverses aplicacions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En reactors nuclears força l'oxidació i dilució de la corrosió dipositada en el combustible. També es fa servir en l'exploració de petroli i gas per oxidar la roca matriu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funció_biològica"><span id="Funci.C3.B3_biol.C3.B2gica"></span>Funció biològica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Funció biològica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Escarabat_bombarder" class="mw-redirect" title="Escarabat bombarder">escarabat bombarder</a> el fa servir per reaccionar amb la <a href="/wiki/Hidroquinona" title="Hidroquinona">hidroquinona</a> per desencoratjar els seus depredadors. Segons la revista <i>Nature</i>, amb estudis fets sobre el <a href="/wiki/Peix_zebra" title="Peix zebra">peix zebra</a>, el peròxid d'hidrogen té un paper en el <a href="/wiki/Sistema_immunitari" title="Sistema immunitari">sistema immunitari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nature_zebra_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_zebra-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El peròxid d'hidrogen té papers importants com a molècula senyalitzadora en diversos processos biològics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> També té un paper en l'envelliment<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i el <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer" title="Càncer">càncer</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ús_domèstic"><span id=".C3.9As_dom.C3.A8stic"></span>Ús domèstic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Ús domèstic"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fingertips" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg/220px-Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg/330px-Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg/440px-Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>La pell immediatament després d'exposició a 35% H₂O₂</figcaption></figure><p>El peròxid de sodi diluït entre el 3% i el 8% es fa servir per blanquejar (fer ros) el cabell quan es mescla amb <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_d%27amoni" title="Hidròxid d'amoni">hidròxid d'amoni</a>. S'absorbeix per la pell i la blanqueja temporalment per embolisme de capil·laritat. Blanqueja els ossos. Lleva les taques de sang que siguin recents dels vestits i altres superfícies. </p><p>En horticultura es fa servir de vegades en <a href="/wiki/Hidroponia" title="Hidroponia">hidroponia</a>, car l'oxigen que produeix augmenta el desenvolupament de les arrels de les plantes i va bé contra algunes plagues i malalties de les arrels.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En petits aquaris es fa servir per proporcionar oxigen als peixos petits.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El peròxid d'hidrogen combinat amb salfumant i sal de taula forma un producte substitutiu de productes químics industrials com el <a href="/wiki/Clorur_f%C3%A8rric" class="mw-redirect" title="Clorur fèrric">clorur fèrric</a> o el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persulfat_d%27amoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persulfat d'amoni (encara no existeix)">persulfat d'amoni</a> per a fer circuits impresos d'afeccionat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ús_com_propel·lent"><span id=".C3.9As_com_propel.C2.B7lent"></span>Ús com propel·lent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la secció: Ús com propel·lent"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg/220px-Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg/330px-Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg/440px-Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bell Rocket Belt. Coet amb propulsió de peròxid d'hidrogen. 1. Dipòsit de nitrogen a pressió. 2. H2O2. 3. Vàlvula de control. 4. catalitzador de la descomposició de l peròxid d'hidrogen.</figcaption></figure> <p>A alta concentració (85%–98%) el peròxid d'hidrogen s'anomena diu HTP o <i>High Test Peroxide</i>. Es pot fer servir com monopropel·lent (no barrejat amb combustible) o com component oxidant (coet bipropel·lent). </p><p>S'ha emprant com a bipropel·lent de <a href="/wiki/Coet" title="Coet">coets</a>, de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADssil" title="Míssil">míssils</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Torpede" title="Torpede">torpedes</a> i de naus espacials. Les combinacions emprades o estudiades són: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9530f5f3b2abc18483c28833e44dcd68b0305ec9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"></span> i un hidrocarbur; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9530f5f3b2abc18483c28833e44dcd68b0305ec9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"></span> amb <a href="/wiki/Hidrazina" title="Hidrazina">hidrazina</a>; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9530f5f3b2abc18483c28833e44dcd68b0305ec9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2}}}"></span> amb <a href="/wiki/Queros%C3%A8" title="Querosè">querosè</a>, que fou el més emprat en coets britànics fins a la dècada del 1960 i recuperat en la dècada del 1990 en el projecte Black Horse.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Com a monopropel·lent s'empra en coets motxilla que permeten a una persona enlairar-se amb el motor a l'esquena. En el Bell Rocket Belt el nitrogen a pressió expulsa el peròxid d'hidrogen cap un compartiment on un catalitzador produeix la descomposició del peròxid d'hidrogen en aigua i dioxigen que són expulsats cap a l'exterior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ús_terapèutic"><span id=".C3.9As_terap.C3.A8utic"></span>Ús terapèutic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la secció: Ús terapèutic"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>És un agent antimicrobià i oxidant considerat segur.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per exemple el peròxid d'hidrogen del 35% es fa servir en hospitals per prevenir la transmissió d'infeccions. És un esporicida esterilitzant. És una equivocació creure que el peròxid d'hidrogen és un <a href="/wiki/Desinfectant" title="Desinfectant">desinfectant</a> i <a href="/wiki/Antis%C3%A8ptic" title="Antisèptic">antisèptic</a> per tractar les ferides.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En la seva aplicació com a <a href="/wiki/Desinfectant" title="Desinfectant">desinfectant</a>, s'aprofita la seva capacitat per a oxidar i destruir teixits, que en ser aplicada en zones localitzades, es pretén que només afecti els teixits més externs de les ferides, provocant la destrucció dels possibles agents <a href="/wiki/Pat%C3%B2gens" class="mw-redirect" title="Patògens">patògens</a>. </p><p>Mentre que és un agent netejador efectiu, el peròxid d'hidrogen no és un agent efectiu per reduir les infeccions bacterianes de les ferides. A més pot impedir la cicatrització perquè destrueix les cèl·lules de la pell recentment formada.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Es pot fer servir com a pasta de dents barrejat amb la correcta quantitat d'<a href="/wiki/Hidrogencarbonat_de_sodi" title="Hidrogencarbonat de sodi">hidrogencarbonat de sodi</a> i sal.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>El peròxid d'hidrogen i el peròxid de benzoil de vegades es fan servir per tractar l'<a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>També s'usa com <a href="/wiki/Em%C3%A8tic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emètic">emètic</a> en veterinària.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="En_explosius">En explosius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la secció: En explosius"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El peròxid d'hidrogen era un dels principals ingredients de la bomba del metro de Londres del 7 de juliol de 2005 que va matar 57 persones.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> També es va utilitzar a les bombes contra el metro de Madrid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFThénard1818"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Thénard</span>, L.J. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6571134s/f312.image">Observations sur des combinaisons nouvelles entre l'oxygène et divers acides</a>». <i>Annales de Chimie et de Physique</i>, 8, 1818, pàg. 306-313.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFThénard1818"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Thénard</span>, L.J. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65706613/f322.image">Observations sur l'influence de l'eau dans la formation des acides oxigénés</a>». <i>Annales de Chimie et de Physique</i>, 9, 1818, pàg. 314-317.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3">3,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGoor1992"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Goor</span>, G. «Hydrogen Peroxide: Manufacture and Industrial Use for Production of Organic Chemicals». A: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25674874"><i>Catalytic oxidations with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant</i></a>.  Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-7923-1771-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-7923-1771-8">ISBN 0-7923-1771-8</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalytic+oxidations+with+hydrogen+peroxide+as+oxidant&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Peroxide%3A+Manufacture+and+Industrial+Use+for+Production+of+Organic+Chemicals&rft.aulast=Goor&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.date=1992&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.isbn=0-7923-1771-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F25674874"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGrzegorz_RarataWojciech_FlorczukJaromir_Smetek2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Grzegorz Rarata</span>; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wojciech Florczuk</span>; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jaromir Smetek</span> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidpublisher.org/index.php/Home/Article/index?id=26756.html">Research on Preparation and Propulsive Applications of Highly Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide</a>». <i>Jour. of Aerospace Science and Technology</i>, 2, 1, 28-01-2016. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.17265%2F2332-8258%2F2016.01.006">10.17265/2332-8258/2016.01.006</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGiguère1950"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Giguère</span>, Paul A. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202122026/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/11457/1/GIGjcp50.pdf">The Infra‐Red Spectrum of Hydrogen Peroxide</a>». <i>Journal of Chemical Physics</i>, 18, 1, 1950, pàg. 88. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/11457/1/GIGjcp50.pdf">original</a> el 2 desembre 2017. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1747464">10.1063/1.1747464</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGiguère1983"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Giguère</span>, Paul A. «Molecular association and structure of hydrogen peroxide». <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Education" title="Journal of Chemical Education">Journal of Chemical Education</a></i>, 60, 5, 1983, pàg. 399–401. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed060p399">10.1021/ed060p399</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup title="Cal donar format a aquesta referència." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/VP:REF" class="mw-redirect" title="VP:REF">enllaç sense format</a>]</i></span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agenciasinc.es/Noticias/Encuentran-agua-oxigenada-en-el-espacio">Encuentran agua oxigenada en el espacio</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHuntLeacockPetersHecht1965"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hunt</span>, Robert H.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Leacock</span>, Robert A.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Peters</span>, C. Wilbur; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hecht</span>, Karl T. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409085232/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/71115/JCPSA6-42-6-1931-1.pdf?sequence=2">Internal-Rotation in Hydrogen Peroxide: The Far-Infrared Spectrum and the Determination of the Hindering Potential</a>». <i>The Journal of Chemical Physics</i>, 42, 6, 1965, pàg. 1931. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/71115/JCPSA6-42-6-1931-1.pdf?sequence=2">original</a> el 9 abril 2014. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965JChPh..42.1931H">1965JChPh..42.1931H</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1696228">10.1063/1.1696228</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDoughertyAnslyn2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dougherty</span>, Dennis A.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Anslyn</span>, Eric V. <i>Modern Physical Organic Chemistry</i>.  University Science, 2005, p. 122. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-891389-31-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-891389-31-3">ISBN 978-1-891389-31-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Physical+Organic+Chemistry&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=University+Science&rft.pages=122&rft.isbn=978-1-891389-31-3"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAbrahamsCollinLipscomb1951"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Abrahams</span>, S. C.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Collin</span>, R. L.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lipscomb</span>, W. N. «The crystal structure of hydrogen peroxide». <i>Acta Crystallographica</i>, 4, 1, 01-01-1951, pàg. 15-20. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X51000039">10.1107/S0365110X51000039</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">11,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1">11,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2">11,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBabor,_Joseph_A.imp._1979"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Babor, Joseph A.</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/627005760"><i>Química general moderna : una introducción a la química física y a la química descriptiva superior (inorgánica, orgánica y bioquímica)</i></a>. 8{487} ed., reimp.  Barcelona: Marín, imp. 1979. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-7102-997-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-7102-997-9">ISBN 84-7102-997-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%ADmica+general+moderna+%3A+una+introducci%C3%B3n+a+la+qu%C3%ADmica+f%C3%ADsica+y+a+la+qu%C3%ADmica+descriptiva+superior+%28inorg%C3%A1nica%2C+org%C3%A1nica+y+bioqu%C3%ADmica%29&rft.aulast=Babor%2C+Joseph+A.&rft.date=imp.+1979&rft.edition=8%7B487%7D+ed.%2C+reimp&rft.pub=Mar%C3%ADn&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.isbn=84-7102-997-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F627005760"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1">12,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-2">12,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-3">12,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lazonby</span>, John. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/hydrogen-peroxide.html">Hydrogen peroxide</a>» (en anglès britànic). [Consulta: 4 desembre 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HageLienke-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HageLienke_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Ronald Hage, Achim Lienke «Applications of Transition-Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood-Pulp Bleaching». <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>, 45, 2, 2005, pàg. 206–222. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200500525">10.1002/anie.200500525</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16342123?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16342123">16342123</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105214618/http://www.soci.org/SCI/general/2007/html/ge630.jsp">Instant steam puts heat on MRSA, Society Of Chemical Industry</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soci.org/SCI/general/2007/html/ge630.jsp">original</a> el 2009-01-05. [Consulta: 8 agost 2011].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8078525.stm">Natural bleach 'key to healing'</a>». <i>BBC News</i>, 06-06-2009 [Consulta: 2 juliol 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature_zebra-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_zebra_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNiethammer2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Niethammer</span>, Philipp; Clemens Grabher, A. Thomas Look & Timothy J. Mitchison «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7249/full/nature08119.html">A tissue-scale gradient of hydrogen peroxide mediates rapid wound detection in zebrafish</a>». <i>Nature</i>, 459, 7249, 03-06-2009, pàg. 996–999. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08119">10.1038/nature08119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/doi=10.1038/nature08119">doi=10.1038/nature08119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803098">2803098</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19494811?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:19494811">19494811</a> [Consulta: 2 juliol 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17434122">reference</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17700625">reference</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17150302">reference</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fredrickson</span>, Bryce. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socalplumeriacare.com/Faqs/F-7.pdf">Hydrogen Peroxide and Horticulture</a>». [Consulta: 25 gener 2009].</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.using-hydrogen-peroxide.com/peroxide-garden.html">Ways to use hydrogen peroxide in the garden</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/">Oxygation Unlocks Yield Potentials of Crops in Oxygen-Limited Soil Environments Advances in Agronomy, Volume 88, 2005, Pages 313-377 Surya P. Bhattarai, Ninghu Su, David J. Midmore</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.great-lakes.org/Wkly_news/07-07-03.html#Oxygen">Great-lakes.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423084723/http://www.fws.gov/midwest/ashland/mtan/mtan_35.html#Guide%20to%20Drug,%20Vaccine,%20and%20Pesticide%20Use%20in%20Aquaculture">fws.gov</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/midwest/ashland/mtan/mtan_35.html#Guide%20to%20Drug,%20Vaccine,%20and%20Pesticide%20Use%20in%20Aquaculture">original</a> el 2008-04-23. [Consulta: 8 agost 2011].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814170442/http://www.stephenhobley.com/blog/2011/03/02/still-messing-with-forces-i-dont-understand-the-formula/">PCB Etchant from household materials</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenhobley.com/blog/2011/03/02/still-messing-with-forces-i-dont-understand-the-formula/">original</a> el 2011-08-14. [Consulta: 8 agost 2011].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/h/index.html">Encyclopedia Astronautica Index: H</a>». [Consulta: 5 desembre 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/04nov20031500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2001/aprqtr/21cfr184.1366.htm">Sec. 184.1366 Hydrogen peroxide</a>».  U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access, 01-04-2001. [Consulta: 7 juliol 2007].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFO’Connor2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">O’Connor</span>, Anahd «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/19/health/19real.html">Really? The Claim: Hydrogen Peroxide Is a Good Treatment for Small Wounds</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, 19-06-2007 [Consulta: 13 juliol 2011].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCarroll2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Carroll</span>, Aaron E.; Rachel C. Vreeman «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/07/12/vreeman.carroll.medical.myths/index.html?hpt=op_t1">Medical myths don't die easily</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>, 12-07-2011 [Consulta: 13 juliol 2011].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214114412/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17151171">Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair</a>».  Cat.inist.fr. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17151171">original</a> el 2013-12-14. [Consulta: 5 setembre 2010].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Shepherd</span>, Steven. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070514102017/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00065.html">Brushing Up on Gum Disease</a>».  FDA Consumer. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00065.html">original</a> el 14 maig 2007. [Consulta: 7 juliol 2007].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMilani2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Milani</span>, Massimo; Bigardi, Andrea; Zavattarelli, Marco «Efficacy and safety of stabilised hydrogen peroxide cream (Crystacide) in mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris: a randomised, controlled trial versus benzoyl peroxide gel». <i>Current Medical Research and Opinion</i>, 19, 2, 2003, pàg. 135–138(4). <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1185%2F030079902125001523">10.1185/030079902125001523</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12740158?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:12740158">12740158</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> «Drugs to Control or Stimulate Vomiting». A: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/190303.htm"><i>Merck Veterinary manual</i></a>.  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merck_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merck & Co. (encara no existeix)">Merck & Co.</a>, Inc, 2006.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merck+Veterinary+manual&rft.atitle=Drugs+to+Control+or+Stimulate+Vomiting&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=%5B%5BMerck+%26+Co.%5D%5D%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckvetmanual.com%2Fmvm%2Findex.jsp%3Fcfile%3Dhtm%2Fbc%2F190303.htm"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324233045/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F190303.htm">Arxivat</a> 2016-03-24 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12337575">- 7/7 inquests: Coroner warns over bomb ingredient</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DBDB11091">DrugBank</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P715" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.878">Infocard ECHA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2566" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0003125">HMDB</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2057" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID2020715">DSSTOX</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P3117" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/RXNORM?p=classes&conceptid=5499">RxNorm CUI</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P3345" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mor.nlm.nih.gov/RxNav/search?searchBy=NUI&searchTerm=N0000147686">NDF-RT</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2115" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncim-stage.nci.nih.gov/ncimbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Metathesaurus&code=C0020281">UMLS CUI</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2892" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Beilstein: 3587191<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P1579" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006861.html">MeSH</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P486" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Base_de_dades_de_Gmelin" title="Base de dades de Gmelin">Gmelin</a>: 509<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P1578" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+547">HSDB</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P2062" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A01AB02">ATC</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877?uselang=ca#P267" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img 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d'hidrogen</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" 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id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>72 llengües</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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