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Táboa periódica dos elementos - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre

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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Táboa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Táboa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Táboa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Táboa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Métodos_de_agrupamento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Métodos_de_agrupamento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Métodos de agrupamento</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Métodos_de_agrupamento-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Métodos de agrupamento&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Métodos_de_agrupamento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grupos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grupos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Grupos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grupos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Períodos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Períodos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Períodos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Períodos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bloques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bloques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bloques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bloques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metais,_metaloides_e_non_metais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metais,_metaloides_e_non_metais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Metais, metaloides e non metais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metais,_metaloides_e_non_metais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tendencias_periódicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tendencias_periódicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tendencias periódicas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tendencias_periódicas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Tendencias periódicas&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tendencias_periódicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raio_atómico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raio_atómico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Raio atómico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raio_atómico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enerxía_de_ionización" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enerxía_de_ionización"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Enerxía de ionización</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enerxía_de_ionización-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronegatividade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronegatividade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Electronegatividade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronegatividade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afinidade_electrónica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afinidade_electrónica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Afinidade electrónica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afinidade_electrónica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carácter_metálico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carácter_metálico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Carácter metálico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carácter_metálico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grupos_ponte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grupos_ponte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Grupos ponte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grupos_ponte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Historia&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primeiros_intentos_de_sistematización" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primeiros_intentos_de_sistematización"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Primeiros intentos de sistematización</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primeiros_intentos_de_sistematización-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Táboa_de_Mendeleiev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Táboa_de_Mendeleiev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Táboa de Mendeleiev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Táboa_de_Mendeleiev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segunda_versión_e_desenvolvemento_posterior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segunda_versión_e_desenvolvemento_posterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Segunda versión e desenvolvemento posterior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segunda_versión_e_desenvolvemento_posterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outras_táboas_periódicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outras_táboas_periódicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outras táboas periódicas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outras_táboas_periódicas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Outras táboas periódicas&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outras_táboas_periódicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Táboa_de_32_columnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Táboa_de_32_columnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Táboa de 32 columnas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Táboa_de_32_columnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Táboas_con_estruturas_diferentes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Táboas_con_estruturas_diferentes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Táboas con estruturas diferentes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Táboas_con_estruturas_diferentes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Táboas_aplicadas_noutros_ámbitos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Táboas_aplicadas_noutros_ámbitos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Táboas aplicadas noutros ámbitos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Táboas_aplicadas_noutros_ámbitos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuestións_abertas_e_controversias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuestións_abertas_e_controversias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cuestións abertas e controversias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cuestións_abertas_e_controversias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Cuestións abertas e controversias&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cuestións_abertas_e_controversias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Situación_do_hidróxeno_e_do_helio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situación_do_hidróxeno_e_do_helio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Situación do hidróxeno e do helio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situación_do_hidróxeno_e_do_helio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elementos_do_grupo_3_nos_períodos_6_e_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementos_do_grupo_3_nos_períodos_6_e_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Elementos do grupo 3 nos períodos 6 e 7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementos_do_grupo_3_nos_períodos_6_e_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lantano_e_actinio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lantano_e_actinio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Lantano e actinio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lantano_e_actinio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutecio_e_laurencio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutecio_e_laurencio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Lutecio e laurencio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutecio_e_laurencio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lantánidos_e_actínidos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lantánidos_e_actínidos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Lantánidos e actínidos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lantánidos_e_actínidos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grupos_incluídos_nos_metais_de_transición" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grupos_incluídos_nos_metais_de_transición"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Grupos incluídos nos metais de transición</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grupos_incluídos_nos_metais_de_transición-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elementos_con_propiedades_químicas_descoñecidas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementos_con_propiedades_químicas_descoñecidas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Elementos con propiedades químicas descoñecidas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementos_con_propiedades_químicas_descoñecidas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensións_adicionais_da_táboa_periódica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensións_adicionais_da_táboa_periódica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Extensións adicionais da táboa periódica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensións_adicionais_da_táboa_periódica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elemento_co_maior_número_atómico_posible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elemento_co_maior_número_atómico_posible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Elemento co maior número atómico posible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elemento_co_maior_número_atómico_posible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formato_óptimo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formato_óptimo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Formato óptimo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formato_óptimo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Véxase tamén&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligazóns_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligazóns_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ligazóns externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligazóns_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Táboa periódica dos elementos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 202 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">202 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аелементқәа рпериодикатә система – abkhazo" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аелементқәа рпериодикатә система" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhazo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodieke_tabel" title="Periodieke tabel – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Periodieke tabel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem – alemán suízo" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Periodensystem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemán suízo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%A8_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD_%E1%88%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%A5" title="የንጥረ ነገሮች ሠንጠረዥ – amhárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የንጥረ ነገሮች ሠንጠረዥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_periodica_d%27os_elementos" title="Tabla periodica d&#039;os elementos – aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tabla periodica d&#039;os elementos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आवर्त सारणी – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आवर्त सारणी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="الجدول الدوري – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجدول الدوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="طابلو دوري – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طابلو دوري" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89" title="جدول دورى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جدول دورى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="পৰ্যাবৃত্ত তালিকা – assamés" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰ্যাবৃত্ত তালিকা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Tabla periódica – asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tabla periódica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="पीरियॉडिक टेबल – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पीरियॉडिक टेबल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_elementl%C9%99rin_d%C3%B6vri_sistemi" title="Kimyəvi elementlərin dövri sistemi – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi elementlərin dövri sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="شیمیایی المنتلر تابلوسو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمیایی المنتلر تابلوسو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Химик элементтарҙың периодик системаһы – baxkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Химик элементтарҙың периодик системаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab%C3%A9l_p%C3%A9riodik" title="Tabél périodik – balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tabél périodik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodnsystem" title="Periodnsystem – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Periodnsystem" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendeliej%C4%97va_kem%C4%97niu_elementu_lental%C4%97" title="Mendeliejėva kemėniu elementu lentalė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mendeliejėva kemėniu elementu lentalė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peryodikong_tableta" title="Peryodikong tableta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Peryodikong tableta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Перыядычная сістэма элементаў – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перыядычная сістэма элементаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Пэрыядычная сыстэма хімічных элемэнтаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэрыядычная сыстэма хімічных элемэнтаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Периодична система – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Периодична система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="पीरियॉडिक टेबल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पीरियॉडिक टेबल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%EA%A9%BB_%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အထဲ့ရော့ꩻ ထာꩻရွောင် – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အထဲ့ရော့ꩻ ထာꩻရွောင်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF" title="পর্যায় সারণি – bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্যায় সারণি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8D" title="རྩ་རྫས་ཀྱི་དུས་འཁོར་རེའུ་མིག། – tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩ་རྫས་ཀྱི་དུས་འཁོར་རེའུ་མིག།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="পর্যায় সারণী – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পর্যায় সারণী" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taolenn_beriodek_an_elfenno%C3%B9" title="Taolenn beriodek an elfennoù – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Taolenn beriodek an elfennoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elemenata" title="Periodni sistem elemenata – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Periodni sistem elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Үелхэ системэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үелхэ системэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Taula periòdica – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%C3%B2ng-s%C3%B3_ci%C5%AD-g%C4%AD-bi%C4%93u" title="Nguòng-só ciŭ-gĭ-biēu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nguòng-só ciŭ-gĭ-biēu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Химин хӀумалгийн рогӀаллин система – checheno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Химин хӀумалгийн рогӀаллин система" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="checheno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaang_peryodiko" title="Talaang peryodiko – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Talaang peryodiko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="خشتەی خولی – kurdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خشتەی خولی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavola_periodica" title="Tavola periodica – corso" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tavola periodica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodick%C3%A1_tabulka" title="Periodická tabulka – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Periodická tabulka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Элементсен периодла тытăмĕ – chuvaxo" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Элементсен периодла тытăмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvaxo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabl_cyfnodol" title="Tabl cyfnodol – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tabl cyfnodol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo recomendado"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiske_system" title="Periodiske system – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Periodiske system" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Periodensystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloyo_periyodik" title="Tabloyo periyodik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tabloyo periyodik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%B0_%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%AA" title="ޕީރިއަޑިކް ތާވަލު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕީރިއަޑިކް ތާވަލު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Περιοδικός πίνακας των χημικών στοιχείων – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περιοδικός πίνακας των χημικών στοιχείων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Periodic table" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perioda_tabelo" title="Perioda tabelo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perioda tabelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_peri%C3%B3dica_de_los_elementos" title="Tabla periódica de los elementos – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tabla periódica de los elementos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiliste_elementide_perioodilisuss%C3%BCsteem" title="Keemiliste elementide perioodilisussüsteem – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiliste elementide perioodilisussüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_periodikoa" title="Taula periodikoa – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taula periodikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabra_peri%C3%BAdica_e_los_elementus" title="Tabra periúdica e los elementus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tabra periúdica e los elementus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="جدول تناوبی – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo recomendado"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaksollinen_j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Jaksollinen järjestelmä – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaksollinen järjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelejevi_tap%C3%B5l" title="Mendelejevi tapõl – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mendelejevi tapõl" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skei%C3%B0bundna_skipanin" title="Skeiðbundna skipanin – feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skeiðbundna skipanin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments" title="Tableau périodique des éléments – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tableau périodique des éléments" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perioodisch_tab%C3%A4le" title="Perioodisch tabäle – frisón setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Perioodisch tabäle" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisón setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabele_periodiche" title="Tabele periodiche – friulano" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tabele periodiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodyk_systeem_fan_de_eleminten" title="Periodyk systeem fan de eleminten – frisón occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Periodyk systeem fan de eleminten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1bla_peiriadach" title="Tábla peiriadach – irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tábla peiriadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素週期表 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="元素週期表" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablo_p%C3%A9ryodik_di_s%C3%A9_%C3%A9l%C3%A9man" title="Tablo péryodik di sé éléman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tablo péryodik di sé éléman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A0r_pillteach" title="Clàr pillteach – gaélico escocés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clàr pillteach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%E1%BB%B9i_k%C3%ADmiko_rechaukaha" title="Apỹi kímiko rechaukaha – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apỹi kímiko rechaukaha" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%95" title="આવર્ત કોષ્ટક – guxarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આવર્ત કોષ્ટક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guxarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taabyl_reiltagh_ny_bunstooghyn" title="Taabyl reiltagh ny bunstooghyn – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Taabyl reiltagh ny bunstooghyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%A8n-su_ch%C3%BB-kh%C3%AC-p%C3%A9u" title="Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הטבלה המחזורית – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטבלה המחזורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आवर्त सारणी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आवर्त सारणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Periodic table" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodni_sustav_elemenata" title="Periodni sustav elemenata – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Periodni sustav elemenata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablo_klasifikasyon_peryodik_eleman" title="Tablo klasifikasyon peryodik eleman – crioulo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tablo klasifikasyon peryodik eleman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioulo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9miai_elemek_peri%C3%B3dusos_rendszere" title="Kémiai elemek periódusos rendszere – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai elemek periódusos rendszere" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Պարբերական աղյուսակ – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարբերական աղյուսակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabella_periodic_del_elementos" title="Tabella periodic del elementos – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tabella periodic del elementos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tabel periodik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabelle_periodic" title="Tabelle periodic – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tabelle periodic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiko_a_lamisaan_dagiti_elemento" title="Periodiko a lamisaan dagiti elemento – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Periodiko a lamisaan dagiti elemento" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Химе элементий мура система – inguxo" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Химе элементий мура система" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguxo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodala_tabelo" title="Periodala tabelo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Periodala tabelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotukerfi%C3%B0" title="Lotukerfið – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lotukerfið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavola_periodica_degli_elementi" title="Tavola periodica degli elementi – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tavola periodica degli elementi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="周期表 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="周期表" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piiriadik_tiebl" title="Piiriadik tiebl – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Piiriadik tiebl" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dikni_selratni_cartu" title="dikni selratni cartu – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dikni selratni cartu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C3%A9lan_unsur_miturut_lambang" title="Pratélan unsur miturut lambang – xavanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pratélan unsur miturut lambang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="xavanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიურ ელემენტთა პერიოდული სისტემა – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიურ ელემენტთა პერიოდული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelwit_tawalant" title="Tafelwit tawalant – cabila" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafelwit tawalant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metha_Njokereri" title="Metha Njokereri – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Metha Njokereri" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Химиялық элементтердің периодтық жүйесі – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық элементтердің периодтық жүйесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8" title="តារាងខួបនៃធាតុគីមី – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តារាងខួបនៃធាតុគីមី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%95" title="ಆವರ್ತ ಕೋಷ್ಟಕ – kannará" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆವರ್ತ ಕೋಷ್ಟಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9C%A8%ED%91%9C" title="주기율표 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주기율표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B7_%D1%81%D1%8C%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D3%A7%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Периоддэз сьӧрті химия ӧтувторрезлӧн тэчас – komi permio" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Периоддэз сьӧрті химия ӧтувторрезлӧн тэчас" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi permio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEstema_vedor%C3%AE_ya_elementan" title="Sîstema vedorî ya elementan – kurdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîstema vedorî ya elementan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Химия элементъяслӧн период система – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Химия элементъяслӧн период система" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Vosen_Beriodek" title="An Vosen Beriodek – córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="An Vosen Beriodek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Элементтердин мезгилдик тутуму – kirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Элементтердин мезгилдик тутуму" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_periodicum" title="Systema periodicum – latín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Systema periodicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodesystem_vun_den_Elementer" title="Periodesystem vun den Elementer – luxemburgués" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Periodesystem vun den Elementer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Химиядин элементрин девирдин система – lezguio" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Химиядин элементрин девирдин система" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezguio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiek_systeem_vaan_eleminte" title="Periodiek systeem vaan eleminte – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Periodiek systeem vaan eleminte" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela_periodica_di_elemenc" title="Tabela periodica di elemenc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tabela periodica di elemenc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Taula periodica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A1nda_ya_bileko" title="Etánda ya bileko – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Etánda ya bileko" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຕາຕະລາງທາດ – laosiano" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕາຕະລາງທາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodin%C4%97_element%C5%B3_lentel%C4%97" title="Periodinė elementų lentelė – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Periodinė elementų lentelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisko_elementu_periodisk%C4%81_tabula" title="Ķīmisko elementu periodiskā tabula – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmisko elementu periodiskā tabula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabilaon%27ny_singa" title="Tabilaon&#039;ny singa – malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tabilaon&#039;ny singa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D3%B1%D2%A5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Химий тӱҥлык-влакын периодик радамлыкше – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Химий тӱҥлык-влакын периодик радамлыкше" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripanga_p%C5%ABmotu" title="Ripanga pūmotu – maorí" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ripanga pūmotu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maorí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tabel periodik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Периоден систем на елементите – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Периоден систем на елементите" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95" title="ആവർത്തനപ്പട്ടിക – malabar" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആവർത്തനപ്പട്ടിക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Үелэх систем – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үелэх систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B9%E1%81%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C" title="သ္ၚိအင်ကာလ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သ္ၚိအင်ကာလ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आवर्त सारणी – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आवर्त सारणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jadual berkala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavla_perjodika" title="Tavla perjodika – maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tavla perjodika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Tabela periódica – mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Tabela periódica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%87%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဒြပ်စင်အလှည့်ကျဇယား – birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်စင်အလှည့်ကျဇယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlap%C4%93uhc%C4%81y%C5%8Dtl_nemachiy%C5%8Dt%C4%ABlp%C4%81ntli" title="Tlapēuhcāyōtl nemachiyōtīlpāntli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapēuhcāyōtl nemachiyōtīlpāntli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem – baixo alemán" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Periodensystem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आवर्त सारणी – nepalí" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आवर्त सारणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82" title="तत्त्वमां – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तत्त्वमां" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiek_systeem" title="Periodiek systeem – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Periodiek systeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet – noruegués nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Periodesystemet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegués nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="lista destacada"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Periodesystemet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Taula periodica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabatee_Wahiyyoolee" title="Gabatee Wahiyyoolee – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gabatee Wahiyyoolee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80" title="ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ସାରଣୀ – odiá" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ସାରଣୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odiá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Элементты периодон системæ – ossetio" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Элементты периодон системæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਿਆਦੀ ਪਹਾੜਾ – panxabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਆਦੀ ਪਹਾੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panxabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablang_periodiku_da_ring_elementu" title="Tablang periodiku da ring elementu – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tablang periodiku da ring elementu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab%C3%A8l_peri%C3%B3diko" title="Tabèl periódiko – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tabèl periódiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Tableau périodique – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_okresowy_pierwiastk%C3%B3w" title="Układ okresowy pierwiastków – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ okresowy pierwiastków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0ula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Tàula periòdica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tàula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%88%DA%A9_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84" title="پیریاڈک ٹیبل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیریاڈک ٹیبل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Περιοδικόν Πινάκιν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Περιοδικόν Πινάκιν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="دعناصرو دوراني جدول – paxto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دعناصرو دوراني جدول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Tabela periódica – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tabela periódica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallawap_%C3%B1iqi_rakirinkuna" title="Qallawap ñiqi rakirinkuna – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qallawap ñiqi rakirinkuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela_periodic%C3%A3-a_elements%C3%A3lor" title="Tabela periodicã-a elementsãlor – aromanés" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Tabela periodicã-a elementsãlor" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavele_Periodiche" title="Tavele Periodiche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Tavele Periodiche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Периодическая система химических элементов – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Периодическая система химических элементов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Періодічна сістема елементів – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Періодічна сістема елементів" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आवर्तसारणी – sánscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आवर्तसारणी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sánscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Периодтаах таабыл – iacuto" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Периодтаах таабыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacuto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0ula_peri%C3%B2dica_de_is_elementos" title="Tàula periòdica de is elementos – sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tàula periòdica de is elementos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0vula_piri%C3%B2dica" title="Tàvula piriòdica – siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tàvula piriòdica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_cairt" title="Periodic cairt – escocés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Periodic cairt" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="دوري جدول – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دوري جدول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodala%C5%A1_tabealla" title="Periodalaš tabealla – saami setentrional" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Periodalaš tabealla" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="saami setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elemenata" title="Periodni sistem elemenata – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Periodni sistem elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taflwit_tazdawant_n_ifr%E1%B8%8Disn" title="Taflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ආවර්තිතා වගුව – cingalés" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආවර්තිතා වගුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Periodic table" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodick%C3%A1_tabu%C4%BEka" title="Periodická tabuľka – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Periodická tabuľka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elementov" title="Periodni sistem elementov – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Periodni sistem elementov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1i%C4%91ul%C3%A2%C5%A1_vu%C3%A1h%C3%A1d%C3%A2h" title="Ráiđulâš vuáhádâh – saami de Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ráiđulâš vuáhádâh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="saami de Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapotera_cheNhangande_Dzakadevana" title="Chapotera cheNhangande Dzakadevana – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chapotera cheNhangande Dzakadevana" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwalka_Curiyayaasha" title="Jadwalka Curiyayaasha – somalí" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jadwalka Curiyayaasha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_periodik_i_elementeve" title="Sistemi periodik i elementeve – albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi periodik i elementeve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Периодни систем – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Периодни систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiki_sistemi" title="Periodiki sistemi – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Periodiki sistemi" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafole_ya_periodiki" title="Tafole ya periodiki – sesotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Tafole ya periodiki" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sesotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiske_Tabelle" title="Periodiske Tabelle – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Periodiske Tabelle" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab%C3%A9l_periodik" title="Tabél periodik – sundanés" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tabél periodik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiska_systemet" title="Periodiska systemet – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Periodiska systemet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfumo_radidia" title="Mfumo radidia – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mfumo radidia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82%C5%8Fd_%C3%B4kresowy_elymynt%C5%8Dw" title="Ukłŏd ôkresowy elymyntōw – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ukłŏd ôkresowy elymyntōw" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="தனிம அட்டவணை – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனிம அட்டவணை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="ఆవర్తన పట్టిక – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవర్తన పట్టిక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Ҷадвали даврии унсурҳои кимиёӣ – taxico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷадвали даврии унсурҳои кимиёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taxico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="ตารางธาตุ – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตารางธาตุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiki_elementleri%C5%88_periodik_ulgamy" title="Himiki elementleriň periodik ulgamy – turkmeno" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Himiki elementleriň periodik ulgamy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talahanayang_peryodiko" title="Talahanayang peryodiko – tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Talahanayang peryodiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebol_bilong_ol_elemen" title="Tebol bilong ol elemen – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tebol bilong ol elemen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyodik_tablo" title="Periyodik tablo – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Periyodik tablo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Менделеевның периодик таблицасы – tártaro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Менделеевның периодик таблицасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Химиктиг элементилерниң периодтуг системазы – tuvaniano" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Химиктиг элементилерниң периодтуг системазы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvaniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8B%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئېلېمېنتلارنىڭ دەۋرىي جەەدۋىلى – uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېلېمېنتلارنىڭ دەۋرىي جەەدۋىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Періодична система хімічних елементів – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Періодична система хімічних елементів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="دوری جدول – urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوری جدول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_elementlar_davriy_sistemasi" title="Kimyoviy elementlar davriy sistemasi – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy elementlar davriy sistemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabe%C5%82a_peri%C3%B2dega" title="Tabeła periòdega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tabeła periòdega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himi%C5%BEiden_elementoiden_periodine_tablut" title="Himižiden elementoiden periodine tablut – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Himižiden elementoiden periodine tablut" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n" title="Bảng tuần hoàn – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng tuần hoàn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiek_syst%C3%A8me" title="Periodiek système – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Periodiek système" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A5vlea_periodike_des_elemints" title="Tåvlea periodike des elemints – valón" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tåvlea periodike des elemints" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taramdan_peryodika" title="Taramdan peryodika – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Taramdan peryodika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表 – chinés wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="元素周期表" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinés wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიური ელემენტეფიშ პერიოდული სისტემა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქიმიური ელემენტეფიშ პერიოდული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="פעריאדישע טאבעלע – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעריאדישע טאבעלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1b%C3%ACl%C3%AC_%C3%A0y%C3%A8_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%ADm%E1%BA%B9%CC%80nt%C3%AC" title="Tábìlì àyè àwọn ẹ́límẹ̀ntì – ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tábìlì àyè àwọn ẹ́límẹ̀ntì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenzsoq_Couhgibyauj" title="Yenzsoq Couhgibyauj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yenzsoq Couhgibyauj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="元素周期表" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素週期表 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="元素週期表" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiu-k%C3%AE-pi%C3%A1u" title="Chiu-kî-piáu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiu-kî-piáu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">agochar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-01-Artigo_de_calidade" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Artigos_de_calidade" title="Este é un artigo de calidade da Galipedia"><img alt="Este é un artigo de calidade da Galipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/20px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/30px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/40px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-03-1000" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lista_de_artigos_que_toda_Wikipedia_deber%C3%ADa_ter" title="Este é un dos 1000 artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter"><img alt="Este é un dos 1000 artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AD_%2B30.svg/22px-AD_%2B30.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AD_%2B30.svg/33px-AD_%2B30.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AD_%2B30.svg/44px-AD_%2B30.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="10" data-file-height="10" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ficheiro:Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart.svg&amp;lang=gl" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart.svg/langgl-440px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart.svg/langgl-660px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart.svg/langgl-880px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>táboa periódica dos elementos</b> é unha disposición en formato de táboa dos <a href="/wiki/Elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementos químicos">elementos químicos</a>, ordenados polo seu <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_at%C3%B3mico" title="Número atómico">número atómico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Configuración electrónica">configuración electrónica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Propiedades_qu%C3%ADmicas" title="Propiedades químicas">propiedades químicas</a> recorrentes. Esta ordenación presenta unhas tendencias periódicas, como por exemplo a presenza de elementos semellantes na mesma columna. Presenta tamén catro <a href="/wiki/Bloque_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloque da táboa periódica">bloques</a> con propiedades químicas semellantes. As filas da táboa denomínanse <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Período da táboa periódica">períodos</a>, mentres que as columnas chámanse <a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">grupos</a>. Seis destes grupos teñen nomes xeralmente aceptados ademais de números; por exemplo, os elementos do grupo 17 son os <a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Halóxenos">halóxenos</a> e os do grupo 18 os <a href="/wiki/Gases_nobres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases nobres">gases nobres</a>. A táboa periódica pode utilizarse para derivar relacións entre as propiedades dos elementos e predicir as propiedades de novos elementos aínda non descubertos ou obtidos de maneira sintética. A táboa fornece un marco de traballo útil para a análise dos comportamentos químicos, e o seu uso é estendido dentro da <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química">química</a> e outras ciencias. </p><p>O químico ruso <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleiev" title="Dmitri Mendeleiev">Dmitri Mendeleiev</a> publicou a primeira táboa periódica notable no ano <a href="/wiki/1869" title="1869">1869</a>. Mendeleiev desenvolveu esta táboa para ilustrar tendencias periódicas nas propiedades dos elementos que se coñecían ata entón. Tamén <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_preditos_por_Mendeleiev&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos preditos por Mendeleiev (a páxina aínda non existe)">predixo</a> algunhas propiedades de elementos aínda non coñecidos naquel entón que encherían os ocos na súa táboa, e a maioría destas predicións resultaron ser correctas cando se descubriron posteriormente os elementos en cuestión. A táboa periódica de Mendeleiev foise expandindo e refinando a medida que se foron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Descubrimento_dos_elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Descubrimento dos elementos químicos (a páxina aínda non existe)">descubrindo novos elementos</a> e se desenvolveron novos modelos teóricos para explicar os comportamentos químicos. </p><p>Tódolos elementos dende o número atómico 1 (<a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno">hidróxeno</a>) ata o 118 (<a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a>) foron descubertos ou obtidos sinteticamente, os últimos catro deles (<a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio">nihonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio">moscovio</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso">ténnesso</a> e oganesson) confirmados pola <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">Unión Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada</a> (IUPAC) no ano 2015 e nomeados oficialmente en 2016, completándose con estes as primeiras sete filas da táboa periódica. Os primeiros 94 elementos existen de forma natural, malia que algúns deles só se atopan en cantidades moi pequenas de forma natural e foron obtidos de maneira sintética en laboratorios antes de ser descubertos na natureza. Os elementos de número atómico dende o 95 ata o 118 só foron obtidos sinteticamente en laboratorios ou <a href="/wiki/Reactores_nucleares" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactores nucleares">reactores nucleares</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Táboa"><span id="T.C3.A1boa"></span>Táboa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Táboa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Táboa"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" style="border-spacing:1px; background:#f8f8f8; font-size:90%; border:1px Sólido #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1800px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; vertical-align:top; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:left; text-align:left"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_grande" title="Modelo:Táboa periódica grande"><abbr title="Ver o modelo">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-conversa"><a href="/wiki/Conversa_modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_grande" title="Conversa modelo:Táboa periódica grande"><abbr title="Conversa do modelo">c</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_grande&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar o modelo">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Táboa periódica</a></div> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <th style="text-align:left; width:5%"><span style="font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">Grupo</a>&#160;→</span> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Metal_alcalino" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal alcalino">1</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Metal_alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal alcalinotérreo">2</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_3" title="Elementos do grupo 3">3</a> </th> <th style="width:2%">&#160; </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_4" title="Elementos do grupo 4">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_5" title="Elementos do grupo 5">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_6" title="Elementos do grupo 6">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 8 (a páxina aínda non existe)">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 9 (a páxina aínda non existe)">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_10&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 10 (a páxina aínda non existe)">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_12" title="Elementos do grupo 12">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_boro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do boro (a páxina aínda non existe)">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_carbono&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do carbono (a páxina aínda non existe)">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroxenoide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroxenoide (a páxina aínda non existe)">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calc%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcóxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xeno" title="Halóxeno">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:85%; text-align:left; line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Metais alcalinos </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Metais alcalinotérreos </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Nitroxenoides </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Calcóxenos </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Halóxenos </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Gases nobres </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:80%;">↓&#160;<a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Período da táboa periódica">Período</a></span><br /> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 1 (a páxina aínda non existe)">1</a> </p> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno"><span title="hidróxeno: non metal diatómico; primitivo; gas" style="background: #e7ff8f; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">hidróxeno</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">1</span><span style="display:block">H</span></span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio"><span title="helio: gas nobre; primitivo; gas" style="background: #c0ffff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">helio</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">2</span><span style="display:block">He</span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 2 (a páxina aínda non existe)">2</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio"><span title="litio: alcalino; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ff6666; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">litio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">3</span><span style="display:block">Li</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio"><span title="berilio: alcalinotérreo; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffdead; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">berilio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">4</span><span style="display:block">Be</span></span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"><span title="boro: metaloide; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccc99; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">boro</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">5</span><span style="display:block">B</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono"><span title="carbono: non metal poliatómico; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #a1ffc3; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">carbono</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">6</span><span style="display:block">C</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno"><span title="nitróxeno: non metal diatómico; primitivo; gas" style="background: #e7ff8f; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">nitróxeno</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">7</span><span style="display:block">N</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno"><span title="osíxeno: non metal diatómico; primitivo; gas" style="background: #e7ff8f; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">osíxeno</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">8</span><span style="display:block">O</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor"><span title="flúor: non metal diatómico; primitivo; gas" style="background: #e7ff8f; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">flúor</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">9</span><span style="display:block">F</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span title="neon: gas nobre; primitivo; gas" style="background: #c0ffff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">neon</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">10</span><span style="display:block">Ne</span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_3" title="Elementos do período 3">3</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"><span title="sodio: alcalino; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ff6666; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">sodio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">11</span><span style="display:block">Na</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio"><span title="magnesio: alcalinotérreo; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffdead; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">magnesio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">12</span><span style="display:block">Mg</span></span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio"><span title="aluminio: metal de postransición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">aluminio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">13</span><span style="display:block">Al</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio"><span title="silicio: metaloide; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccc99; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">silicio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">14</span><span style="display:block">Si</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(elemento)" title="Fósforo (elemento)"><span title="fósforo: non metal poliatómico; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #a1ffc3; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">fósforo</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">15</span><span style="display:block">P</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Xofre" title="Xofre"><span title="xofre: non metal poliatómico; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #a1ffc3; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">xofre</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">16</span><span style="display:block">S</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro"><span title="cloro: non metal diatómico; primitivo; gas" style="background: #e7ff8f; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">cloro</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">17</span><span style="display:block">Cl</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span title="argon: gas nobre; primitivo; gas" style="background: #c0ffff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">argon</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">18</span><span style="display:block">Ar</span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 4 (a páxina aínda non existe)">4</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio"><span title="potasio: alcalino; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ff6666; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">potasio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">19</span><span style="display:block">K</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio"><span title="calcio: alcalinotérreo; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffdead; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">calcio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">20</span><span style="display:block">Ca</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio"><span title="escandio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">escandio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">21</span><span style="display:block">Sc</span></span></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio"><span title="titanio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">titanio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">22</span><span style="display:block">Ti</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio"><span title="vanadio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">vanadio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">23</span><span style="display:block">V</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo"><span title="cromo: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">cromo</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">24</span><span style="display:block">Cr</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso"><span title="manganeso: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">manganeso</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">25</span><span style="display:block">Mn</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro"><span title="ferro: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">ferro</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">26</span><span style="display:block">Fe</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto"><span title="cobalto: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">cobalto</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">27</span><span style="display:block">Co</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel"><span title="níquel: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">níquel</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">28</span><span style="display:block">Ni</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre"><span title="cobre: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">cobre</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">29</span><span style="display:block">Cu</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc"><span title="cinc: metal de postransición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">cinc</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">30</span><span style="display:block">Zn</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio"><span title="galio: metal de postransición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">galio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">31</span><span style="display:block">Ga</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio"><span title="xermanio: metaloide; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccc99; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">xermanio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">32</span><span style="display:block">Ge</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico"><span title="arsénico: metaloide; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccc99; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">arsénico</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">33</span><span style="display:block">As</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio"><span title="selenio: non metal poliatómico; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #a1ffc3; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">selenio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">34</span><span style="display:block">Se</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"><span title="bromo: non metal diatómico; primitivo; líquido" style="background: #e7ff8f; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">bromo</span><span style="color: #008000; display: block;">35</span><span style="display:block">Br</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cripton" title="Cripton"><span title="cripton: gas nobre; primitivo; gas" style="background: #c0ffff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">cripton</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">36</span><span style="display:block">Kr</span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 5 (a páxina aínda non existe)">5</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio"><span title="rubidio: alcalino; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ff6666; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">rubidio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">37</span><span style="display:block">Rb</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Estroncio" title="Estroncio"><span title="estroncio: alcalinotérreo; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffdead; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">estroncio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">38</span><span style="display:block">Sr</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio"><span title="itrio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">itrio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">39</span><span style="display:block">Y</span></span></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio"><span title="circonio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">circonio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">40</span><span style="display:block">Zr</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio"><span title="niobio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">niobio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">41</span><span style="display:block">Nb</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno"><span title="molibdeno: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">molibdeno</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">42</span><span style="display:block">Mo</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Tecnecio" title="Tecnecio"><span title="tecnecio: metal de transición; de decaemento; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">tecnecio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">43</span><span style="display:block">Tc</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio"><span title="rutenio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">rutenio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">44</span><span style="display:block">Ru</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio"><span title="rodio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">rodio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">45</span><span style="display:block">Rh</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio"><span title="paladio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">paladio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">46</span><span style="display:block">Pd</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Prata" title="Prata"><span title="prata: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">prata</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">47</span><span style="display:block">Ag</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio"><span title="cadmio: metal de postransición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">cadmio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">48</span><span style="display:block">Cd</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Indio_(elemento)" title="Indio (elemento)"><span title="indio: metal de postransición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">indio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">49</span><span style="display:block">In</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño"><span title="estaño: metal de postransición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">estaño</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">50</span><span style="display:block">Sn</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio"><span title="antimonio: metaloide; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccc99; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">antimonio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">51</span><span style="display:block">Sb</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio"><span title="telurio: metaloide; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccc99; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">telurio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">52</span><span style="display:block">Te</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo"><span title="iodo: non metal diatómico; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #e7ff8f; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">iodo</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">53</span><span style="display:block">I</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span title="xenon: gas nobre; primitivo; gas" style="background: #c0ffff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">xenon</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">54</span><span style="display:block">Xe</span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 6 (a páxina aínda non existe)">6</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio"><span title="cesio: alcalino; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ff6666; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">cesio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">55</span><span style="display:block">Cs</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario"><span title="bario: alcalinotérreo; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffdead; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">bario</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">56</span><span style="display:block">Ba</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano"><span title="lantano: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">lantano</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">57</span><span style="display:block">La</span></span></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio"><span title="hafnio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">hafnio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">72</span><span style="display:block">Hf</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ntalo" title="Tántalo"><span title="tántalo: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">tántalo</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">73</span><span style="display:block">Ta</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio"><span title="volframio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">volframio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">74</span><span style="display:block">W</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio"><span title="renio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">renio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">75</span><span style="display:block">Re</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio"><span title="osmio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">osmio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">76</span><span style="display:block">Os</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio"><span title="iridio: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">iridio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">77</span><span style="display:block">Ir</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino"><span title="platino: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">platino</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">78</span><span style="display:block">Pt</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro"><span title="ouro: metal de transición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">ouro</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">79</span><span style="display:block">Au</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento)"><span title="mercurio: metal de postransición; primitivo; líquido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">mercurio</span><span style="color: #008000; display: block;">80</span><span style="display:block">Hg</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio"><span title="talio: metal de postransición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">talio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">81</span><span style="display:block">Tl</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo"><span title="chumbo: metal de postransición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">chumbo</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">82</span><span style="display:block">Pb</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"><span title="bismuto: metal de postransición; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">bismuto</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">83</span><span style="display:block">Bi</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio"><span title="polonio: metal de postransición; de decaemento; sólido" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">polonio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">84</span><span style="display:block">Po</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato"><span title="ástato: metaloide; de decaemento; sólido" style="background: #cccc99; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">ástato</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">85</span><span style="display:block">At</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span title="radon: gas nobre; de decaemento; gas" style="background: #c0ffff; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">radon</span><span style="color: #ff0000; display: block;">86</span><span style="display:block">Rn</span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio"><span title="francio: alcalino; de decaemento; sólido" style="background: #ff6666; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">francio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">87</span><span style="display:block">Fr</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento)"><span title="radio: alcalinotérreo; de decaemento; sólido" style="background: #ffdead; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">radio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">88</span><span style="display:block">Ra</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio"><span title="actinio: actínido; de decaemento; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">actinio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">89</span><span style="display:block">Ac</span></span></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio"><span title="rutherfordio: metal de transición; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">rutherfordio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">104</span><span style="display:block">Rf</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio"><span title="dubnio: metal de transición; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">dubnio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">105</span><span style="display:block">Db</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio"><span title="seaborgio: metal de transición; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">seaborgio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">106</span><span style="display:block">Sg</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio"><span title="bohrio: metal de transición; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">bohrio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">107</span><span style="display:block">Bh</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio"><span title="hassio: metal de transición; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #ffc0c0; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">hassio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">108</span><span style="display:block">Hs</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio"><span title="meitnerio: propiedades descoñecidas; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #e8e8e8; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">meitnerio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">109</span><span style="display:block">Mt</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio"><span title="darmstadtio: propiedades descoñecidas; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #e8e8e8; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">darmstadtio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">110</span><span style="display:block">Ds</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio"><span title="roentgenio: propiedades descoñecidas; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #e8e8e8; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">roentgenio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">111</span><span style="display:block">Rg</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio"><span title="copernicio: metal de postransición; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #cccccc; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">copernicio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">112</span><span style="display:block">Cn</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio"><span title="nihonio: propiedades descoñecidas; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #e8e8e8; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">nihonio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">113</span><span style="display:block">Nh</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio"><span title="flerovio: propiedades descoñecidas; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #e8e8e8; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">flerovio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">114</span><span style="display:block">Fl</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio"><span title="moscovio: propiedades descoñecidas; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #e8e8e8; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">moscovio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">115</span><span style="display:block">Mc</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio"><span title="livermorio: propiedades descoñecidas; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #e8e8e8; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">livermorio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">116</span><span style="display:block">Lv</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso"><span title="ténnesso: propiedades descoñecidas; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #e8e8e8; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">ténnesso</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">117</span><span style="display:block">Ts</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span title="oganesson: propiedades descoñecidas; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #e8e8e8; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">oganesson</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">118</span><span style="display:block">Og</span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="height:1.4em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cerio" title="Cerio"><span title="cerio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">cerio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">58</span><span style="display:block">Ce</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio"><span title="praseodimio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">praseodimio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">59</span><span style="display:block">Pr</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio"><span title="neodimio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">neodimio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">60</span><span style="display:block">Nd</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Promecio" title="Promecio"><span title="promecio: lantánido; de decaemento; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">promecio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">61</span><span style="display:block">Pm</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario"><span title="samario: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">samario</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">62</span><span style="display:block">Sm</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio"><span title="europio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">europio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">63</span><span style="display:block">Eu</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio"><span title="gadolinio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">gadolinio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">64</span><span style="display:block">Gd</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio"><span title="terbio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">terbio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">65</span><span style="display:block">Tb</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio"><span title="disprosio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">disprosio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">66</span><span style="display:block">Dy</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio"><span title="holmio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">holmio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">67</span><span style="display:block">Ho</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio"><span title="erbio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">erbio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">68</span><span style="display:block">Er</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio"><span title="tulio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">tulio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">69</span><span style="display:block">Tm</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio"><span title="iterbio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">iterbio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">70</span><span style="display:block">Yb</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio"><span title="lutecio: lantánido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ffbfff; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">lutecio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">71</span><span style="display:block">Lu</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio"><span title="torio: actínido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">torio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">90</span><span style="display:block">Th</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Protactinio" title="Protactinio"><span title="protactinio: actínido; de decaemento; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">protactinio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">91</span><span style="display:block">Pa</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio"><span title="uranio: actínido; primitivo; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #8811ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">uranio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">92</span><span style="display:block">U</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio"><span title="neptunio: actínido; de decaemento; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">neptunio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">93</span><span style="display:block">Np</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio"><span title="plutonio: actínido; de decaemento; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dashed #773300; border-bottom: 2px dashed #773300; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">plutonio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">94</span><span style="display:block">Pu</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Americio" title="Americio"><span title="americio: actínido; sintético; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">americio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">95</span><span style="display:block">Am</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Curio" title="Curio"><span title="curio: actínido; sintético; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">curio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">96</span><span style="display:block">Cm</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio"><span title="berkelio: actínido; sintético; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">berkelio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">97</span><span style="display:block">Bk</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Californio" title="Californio"><span title="californio: actínido; sintético; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">californio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">98</span><span style="display:block">Cf</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio"><span title="einsteinio: actínido; sintético; sólido" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">einsteinio</span><span style="color: #000000; display: block;">99</span><span style="display:block">Es</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio"><span title="fermio: actínido; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">fermio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">100</span><span style="display:block">Fm</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio"><span title="mendelevio: actínido; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">mendelevio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">101</span><span style="display:block">Md</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio"><span title="nobelio: actínido; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">nobelio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">102</span><span style="display:block">No</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio"><span title="laurencio: actínido; sintético; fase descoñecida" style="background: #ff99cc; border-top: 2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom: 2px dotted #4499ff; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <span style="display: block; color: black; font-size: 85%; height: 2.2em; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;">laurencio</span><span style="color: #696969; display: block;">103</span><span style="display:block">Lr</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="font-size:90%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20"> <table role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" class="wikitable" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1em; text-align:left; padding-right:0.5em; padding-left:0.5em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">A cor do número atómico indica o <a href="/wiki/Estado_da_materia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado da materia">estado da materia</a> (a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Condici%C3%B3ns_est%C3%A1ndar_de_temperatura_e_presi%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Condicións estándar de temperatura e presión (a páxina aínda non existe)">0&#160;°C e 1&#160;atm</a>):</span> </td> <td style="width:20%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#000000; background:#e0e0e0;">negro=<a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido"><span style="color:#000000">sólido</span></a> </td> <td style="width:20%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#008000; background:#e0e0e0;">verde=<a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADquido" title="Líquido"><span style="color:#008000">líquido</span></a> </td> <td style="width:20%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#ff0000; background:#e0e0e0;">vermello=<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="color:#ff0000">gas</span></a> </td> <td style="width:20%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#696969; background:#e0e0e0;">gris=descoñecido </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1em; text-align:left; padding-right:0.5em; padding-left:0.5em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">O bordo indica a ocorrencia natural do elemento:</span> </td> <td style="width:12%; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemento_primitivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemento primitivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Primitivo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="width:12%; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiois%C3%B3topo_traza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioisótopo traza (a páxina aínda non existe)"><span style="white-space:nowrap">De decaemento</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="width:12%; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Elemento_sint%C3%A9tico" title="Elemento sintético">Sintético</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="11" style="text-align:left;">A cor de fondo indica a subcategoría dentro da tendencia metal–metaloide–non metal: </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metal</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide">Metaloide</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal" title="Non metal">Non metal</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Propiedades<br />químicas<br />descoñecidas </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino">Alcalino</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" title="Alcalinotérreo">Alcalinotérreo</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">Lantánido</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">Actínido</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n" title="Metal de transición">Metal de transición</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_de_postransici%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal de postransición (a páxina aínda non existe)">Metal de postransición</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal_poliat%C3%B3mico" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metal poliatómico">Non metal poliatómico</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal_diat%C3%B3mico" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metal diatómico">Non metal diatómico</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">Gas nobre</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cada elemento químico ten un <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_at%C3%B3mico" title="Número atómico">número atómico</a> único (<i>Z</i>) que representa o número de <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón">protóns</a> no seu <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_at%C3%B3mico" title="Núcleo atómico">núcleo</a>. A maioría de elementos teñen números de <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón">neutróns</a> diferenciados entre distintos átomos, recibindo estas variantes o nome de <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo">isótopos</a>. Por exemplo, o <a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono">carbono</a> ten tres isótopos de ocorrencia natural: tódolos seus átomos teñen seis protóns e a maioría teñen seis neutróns tamén, pero ó redor do 1% ten sete neutróns, e unha fracción moi pequena ten oito neutróns.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Os isótopos nunca se indican de forma separada na táboa periódica, senón agrupados baixo un único elemento. Os elementos sen isótopos estables presentan a masa atómica dos seus isótopos máis estables entre parénteses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198424–27_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198424–27-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na táboa periódica estándar os elementos lístanse en orde crecente de número atómico. Comézase unha nova fila (<a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Período da táboa periódica">período</a>) cando unha nova <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capa_electr%C3%B3nica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Capa electrónica (a páxina aínda non existe)">capa electrónica</a> ten o seu primeiro <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón">electrón</a>. As columnas (<a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">grupos</a>) determínanse pola <a href="/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Configuración electrónica">configuración electrónica</a> do átomo, polo que os elementos co mesmo número de electróns nunha subcapa particular entran dentro da mesma columna. Os elementos con <a href="/wiki/Propiedades_qu%C3%ADmicas" title="Propiedades químicas">propiedades químicas</a> semellantes adoitan entrar no mesmo grupo da táboa periódica, malia que no <a href="/wiki/Bloque_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloque da táboa periódica">bloque f</a>, e en certa medida no bloque d, os elementos do mesmo período tenden a ter propiedades semellantes tamén. Por mor disto, resulta relativamente sinxelo predicir as propiedades químicas dun elemento coñecendo as propiedades dos elementos do seu arredor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20096_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20096-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A data de 2017 a táboa periódica tiña 118 elementos confirmados, dende o elemento 1 (<a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno">hidróxeno</a>) ata o 118 (<a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a>). Os elementos 113, 115, 117 e 118, os de descubrimento máis recente, foron confirmados oficialmente pola <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_e_Aplicada" class="mw-redirect" title="Unión Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada">Unión Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada</a> (IUPAC) en decembro de 2015. A IUPAC anunciou os nomes e símbolos propostos para estes elementos, <a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio">nihonio</a> (Nh), <a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio">moscovio</a> (Mc), <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso">ténnesso</a> (Ts) e oganesson (Og), en xuño de 2016 e fixéronse oficiais en novembro de 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> completándose con estes as primeiras sete filas da táboa periódica.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemsley_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemsley-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os primeiros 94 elementos danse de forma natural, mentres que os 24 restantes, dende o <a href="/wiki/Americio" title="Americio">americio</a> ata o oganesson (95–118) so poden obterse sinteticamente en laboratorios. Dos 94 elementos de ocorrencia natural, 83 son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemento_primitivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemento primitivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">primitivos</a> e 11 danse só en cadeas de decaemento doutros elementos primitivos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Non se observou nunca ningún elemento máis pesado que o <a href="/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio">einsteinio</a> (elemento 99) en cantidades macroscópicas na súa forma pura, sucedendo o mesmo para o <a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato">ástato</a> (elemento 85). O <a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio">francio</a> (elemento 87) só foi fotografado en forma de luz emitida dende cantidades microscópicas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Métodos_de_agrupamento"><span id="M.C3.A9todos_de_agrupamento"></span>Métodos de agrupamento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Métodos de agrupamento»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Métodos de agrupamento"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grupos">Grupos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Grupos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Grupos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">Grupo da táboa periódica</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Un grupo ou familia da táboa periódica é cada unha das columnas verticais da táboa. Os grupos adoitan ter tendencias periódicas máis significativas que os períodos e os bloques. As teorías <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Mecánica cuántica">mecánico cuánticas</a> modernas sobre a estrutura atómica explican as tendencias dos grupos propoñendo que os elementos dentro do mesmo grupo xeralmente teñen a mesma <a href="/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Configuración electrónica">configuración electrónica</a> na súa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capa_de_valencia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Capa de valencia (a páxina aínda non existe)">capa de valencia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri200724_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri200724-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Consecuentemente, os elementos do mesmo grupo tenden a ter unha química compartida e exhiben unha clara tendencia nas propiedades cun número atómico crecente.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, nalgunhas partes da táboa periódica como o bloque d e o bloque f, as semellanzas horizontais poden ser tan importantes ou incluso máis pronunciadas que as semellanzas verticais.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seguindo a convención internacional de nomes, os grupos numéranse dende o 1 ata o 18 dende a columna máis á esquerda (os <a href="/wiki/Metais_alcalinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais alcalinos">metais alcalinos</a>) ata a columna máis á dereita (os <a href="/wiki/Gases_nobres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases nobres">gases nobres</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Previamente os grupos indicábanse con <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmeros_romanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Números romanos">números romanos</a>. En <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica" title="América">América</a>, os números romanos ían seguidos dunha "A" se o grupo estaba no bloque s ou p, ou dunha "B" se o grupo estaba no bloque d. Os números romanos utilizados corresponden co último díxito da convención de nomes actual. En <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> as letras eran semellantes, pero a "A" utilizábase se o grupo estaba antes do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_10&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 10 (a páxina aínda non existe)">grupo 10</a> e a "B" para este grupo e os seguintes. A maiores, os grupos 8, 9 e 10 adoitaban tratarse coma un grupo triplo, coñecido de forma colectiva en ámbalas dúas notacións como o grupo VIII. En 1988 entrou en vigor o novo sistema de nomeamento da <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>, desbotando os nomes anteriores.<sup id="cite_ref-Fluck_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluck-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Algúns destes grupos recibiron nomes triviais non sistemáticos, malia que algúns destes nomes non son de uso habitual. Os grupos do 3 ó 10 non teñen nomes triviais e noméanse simplemente polo seu número de grupo ou polo nome do primeiro membro do grupo, xa que estes teñen poucas semellanzas e tendencias verticais.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os elementos dun mesmo grupo tenden a seguir uns padróns de <a href="/wiki/Raio_at%C3%B3mico" title="Raio atómico">raio atómico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_de_ionizaci%C3%B3n" title="Enerxía de ionización">enerxía de ionización</a> e <a href="/wiki/Electronegatividade" title="Electronegatividade">electronegatividade</a>. De arriba a abaixo nun grupo, os raios atómicos dos elementos aumentan, e xa que van tendo progresivamente máis niveis de enerxía cheos, os seus electróns de valencia atópanse máis lonxe do núcleo progresivamente. Dende a parte superior, cada elemento sucesivo ten unha menor enerxía de ionización xa que vai resultando máis doado eliminar un <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón">electrón</a>, xa que os átomos presentan unha unión cada vez menor. De forma semellante, os grupos presentan unha diminución da electronegatividade de arriba a abaixo por mor da cada vez maior distancia entre os electróns de valencia e os núcleos.<sup id="cite_ref-For_Dummies_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-For_Dummies-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, existen excepcións a estas tendencias. Por exemplo, no <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11">grupo 11</a>, a electronegatividade increméntase nos elementos inferiores do grupo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198430_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198430-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb" style="table-layout:fixed; margin:5px 5px 5px 0; clear:both; width:100%;"> <div class="overflowbugx" style="table-layout:fixed; overflow:auto;"> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; max-width:1300px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="21" style="padding:2px 0.5em; background:#d8d8d8"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Modelo:Grupos_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Modelo:Grupos da táboa periódica"><abbr title="Ver o modelo">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-conversa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversa_modelo:Grupos_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversa modelo:Grupos da táboa periódica (a páxina aínda non existe)"><abbr title="Conversa do modelo">c</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelo:Grupos_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar o modelo">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">Grupos</a> da <a class="mw-selflink selflink">táboa periódica</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">Grupo IUPAC</a> </td> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino">1</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcalinotérreos">2</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_3" title="Elementos do grupo 3">3</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">a</a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">a</a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_4" title="Elementos do grupo 4">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_5" title="Elementos do grupo 5">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_6" title="Elementos do grupo 6">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 8 (a páxina aínda non existe)">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 9 (a páxina aínda non existe)">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_10&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 10 (a páxina aínda non existe)">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_12" title="Elementos do grupo 12">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_boro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do boro (a páxina aínda non existe)">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_carbono&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do carbono (a páxina aínda non existe)">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroxenoide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroxenoide (a páxina aínda non existe)">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calc%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcóxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xeno" title="Halóxeno">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleiev#Táboa_periódica" title="Dmitri Mendeleiev">Mendeleiev</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><small>(I&#8211;VIII)</small></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">I<span style="visibility:hidden">A</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">II<span style="visibility:hidden">A</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">III<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IV<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">V<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VI<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VII<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8; text-align:center;">VIII<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">I<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">II<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">III<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IV<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">V<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VI<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VII<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group0"><a href="#endnote_group0">b</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica#CAS_e_antigo_IUPAC" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">CAS</a> <span style="font-size:80%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">(EUA, A-B-A)</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IIIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIB </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;">VIIIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIIIA </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica#CAS_e_antigo_IUPAC" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">Antigo&#160;IUPAC</a> <span style="font-size:80%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">(Europa, A-B)</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IIIA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIA </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;">VIII<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1; font-size:95%;">0 </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Nome trivial </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Metais_alcalinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais alcalinos">Metais alcalinos</a> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Metais_alcalinot%C3%A9rreos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais alcalinotérreos">Metais alcalinotérreos</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">r</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Metais de cuñaxe </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Metais volátiles </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Icoxasenos </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Cristalóxenos </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroxenoide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroxenoide (a páxina aínda non existe)">Nitroxenoides</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">r</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calc%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcóxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">Calcóxenos</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">r</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xeno" title="Halóxeno">Halóxenos</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">r</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">Gases nobres</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">r</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Nome por elemento<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">r</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Grupo do litio </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Grupo do berilio </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Grupo do escandio </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Grupo do titanio </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Grupo do vanadio </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Grupo do cromo </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Grupo do manganes </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Grupo do ferro </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Grupo do cobalto </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Grupo do níquel </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Grupo do cobre </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Grupo do cinc </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Grupo do boro </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Grupo do carbono </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Grupo do nitróxeno </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Grupo do osíxeno </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Grupo do flúor </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Grupo do helio <i>ou</i> neon </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 1 (a páxina aínda non existe)">Período 1</a> </td> <td title="Hidróxeno: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno"><span style="display:block"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;"><sup>h</sup></span><span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>H<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span><sup>h</sup></span></a> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td title="Helio: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 2 (a páxina aínda non existe)">Período 2</a> </td> <td title="Litio: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berilio: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Boro: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Carbono: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Nitróxeno: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Osíxeno: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Flúor: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Neon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_3" title="Elementos do período 3">Período 3</a> </td> <td title="Sodio: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnesio: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Aluminio: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silicio: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fósforo: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(elemento)" title="Fósforo (elemento)"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Xofre: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xofre" title="Xofre"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Cloro: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Argon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 4 (a páxina aínda non existe)">Período 4</a> </td> <td title="Potasio: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Calcio: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td title="Escandio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td title="Titanio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanadio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Cromo: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Manganeso: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Ferro: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobalto: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Níquel: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobre: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Cinc: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Galio: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Xermanio: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsénico: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selenio: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromo: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Cripton: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cripton" title="Cripton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 5 (a páxina aínda non existe)">Período 5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidio: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Estroncio: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Estroncio" title="Estroncio"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td title="Itrio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td title="Circonio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Niobio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdeno: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Tecnecio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tecnecio" title="Tecnecio"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutenio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rodio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paladio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prata: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prata" title="Prata"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Cadmio: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Indio: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indio_(elemento)" title="Indio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Estaño: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimonio: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telurio: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodo: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 6 (a páxina aínda non existe)">Período 6</a> </td> <td title="Cesio: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Bario: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantano: lanthanides" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffbfff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td style="font-size:95%; background:#ffbfff; padding:0 1px; width:*;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">Ce&#8211;Lu</a></span> </td> <td title="Hafnio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tántalo: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ntalo" title="Tántalo"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Volframio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Renio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Osmio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Iridio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platino: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Ouro: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Mercurio: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Talio: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Chumbo: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismuto: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polonio: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Ástato: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Radon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">Período 7</a> </td> <td title="Francio: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Radio: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radio" class="mw-disambig" title="Radio"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Actinio: actinides" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td style="font-size:95%; background:#ff99cc; padding:0 1px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">Th&#8211;Lr</a></span> </td> <td title="Rutherfordio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dubnio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seaborgio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bohrio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hassio: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnerio: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtio: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgenio: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Copernicio: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonio: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Flerovio: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moscovio: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermorio: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Ténnesso: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganesson: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_group3"><sup>a</sup></span> O grupo 3 inclúe o escandio (Sc) e o itrio (Y). Para o resto do grupo, as fontes diferencian entre <span style="white-space:nowrap">(1) lutecio (Lu) e laurencio (Lr),</span> <i>ou</i> <span style="white-space:nowrap">(2) lantano (La) e actinio (Ac),</span> <i>ou</i> <span style="white-space:nowrap">(3) o conxunto completo de 15+15 <a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">lantánidos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">actínidos</a>.</span> A <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> comezou a finais de 2015 un proxecto para estandarizar a definición ben como <span style="white-space:nowrap">(1) "Sc, Y, Lu e Lr",</span> ou <span style="white-space:nowrap">(2) "Sc, Y, La e Ac".</span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_group0"><sup>b</sup></span> O grupo 18, os <a href="/wiki/Gases_nobres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases nobres">gases nobres</a>, non foran descubertos cando <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleiev" title="Dmitri Mendeleiev">Mendeleiev</a> publicou a súa táboa orixinal. Posteriormente en 1902 Mendeleiev aceptou as evidencias da súa existencia indicando que poderían situarse nun novo "grupo 0", mantendo a consistencia e sen rachar o principio da táboa periódica.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_IUPAC"><sup>r</sup></span> Nome do grupo segundo recomenda a IUPAC.<sup id="cite_ref-Connelly2005_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connelly2005-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_hydrogen"><sup>h</sup></span> O hidróxeno (H), malia situarse no grupo 1, non se considera parte dos metais alcalinos.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Períodos"><span id="Per.C3.ADodos"></span>Períodos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar a sección: «Períodos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Períodos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Período da táboa periódica">Período da táboa periódica</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Os períodos son as filas horizontais da táboa periódica. Malia que os grupos adoitan ter tendencias periódicas máis significativas, hai rexións nas que as tendencias horizontais son máis significativas, como por exemplo no bloque f, onde os <a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">lantánidos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">actínidos</a> forman dúas series horizontais substanciais de elementos.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Os elementos do mesmo período presentan tendencias no raio atómico, enerxía de ionización, <a href="/wiki/Afinidade_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Afinidade electrónica">afinidade electrónica</a> e electronegatividade. Ó desprazarse de esquerda a dereita por un período, o radio atómico adoita diminuír. Isto sucede porque cada elemento sucesivo ten un protón e un electrón engadido, o que provoca que o electrón sufra unha maior atracción cara ao núcleo.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta diminución no raio atómico tamén provoca un incremento na enerxía de ionización ó desprazarse de esquerda a dereita polo período. Canto máis firmemente unido está un elemento, máis enerxía se precisa para eliminar un electrón. A electronegatividade incrementa da mesma forma que a enerxía de ionización por mor da atracción exercida polo núcleo nos electróns.<sup id="cite_ref-For_Dummies_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-For_Dummies-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> A afinidade electrónica tamén presenta unha lixeira tendencia nos períodos. Os metais (na parte esquerda) adoitan ter unha menor afinidade electrónica que os non metais (na parte dereita), coa excepción dos gases nobres.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bloques">Bloques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Bloques»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Bloques"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bloque_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloque da táboa periódica">Bloque da táboa periódica</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Varias rexións específicas da táboa periódica denomínanse bloques, facendo referencia á secuencia na que se enchen as capas de electróns dos elementos. Cada un dos bloques noméase segundo a subcapa na que se atopa o considerado como último electrón.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray200912_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200912-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>a<span>]</span></a></sup> O bloque s comprende os dous primeiros grupos (metais alcalinos e alcalinotérreos) ademais do hidróxeno e do <a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio">helio</a>. O bloque p comprende os últimos seis grupos, do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_13_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo 13 da táboa periódica (a páxina aínda non existe)">13</a> ó 18, e contén entre outros elementos tódolos <a href="/wiki/Metaloides" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaloides">metaloides</a>. O bloque d comprende os grupos do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_3_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo 3 da táboa periódica (a páxina aínda non existe)">3</a> ó <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_12_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo 12 da táboa periódica (a páxina aínda non existe)">12</a> e contén tódolos <a href="/wiki/Metais_de_transici%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais de transición">metais de transición</a>. O bloque f, representado habitualmente por debaixo do resto da táboa periódica, non ten ningún número de grupos e comprende os <a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">lantánidos</a> e os <a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">actínidos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="table-layout:fixed; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1300px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_(bloques)" title="Modelo:Táboa periódica (bloques)"><abbr title="Ver o modelo">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-conversa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversa_modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_(bloques)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversa modelo:Táboa periódica (bloques) (a páxina aínda non existe)"><abbr title="Conversa do modelo">c</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_(bloques)&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar o modelo">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><span style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Bloque_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloque da táboa periódica">Bloques</a> da <a class="mw-selflink selflink">táboa periódica</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e8e8e8"> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">Grupo</a>&#160;→ </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino">1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" title="Alcalinotérreo">2</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_3" title="Elementos do grupo 3">3</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_4" title="Elementos do grupo 4">4</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_5" title="Elementos do grupo 5">5</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_6" title="Elementos do grupo 6">6</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 8 (a páxina aínda non existe)">8</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 9 (a páxina aínda non existe)">9</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_10&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 10 (a páxina aínda non existe)">10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11">11</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_12" title="Elementos do grupo 12">12</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_boro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do boro (a páxina aínda non existe)">13</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_carbono&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do carbono (a páxina aínda non existe)">14</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_nitr%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do nitróxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">15</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calc%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcóxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">16</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xeno" title="Halóxeno">17</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left;">↓&#160;<a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Período da táboa periódica">Período</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 1 (a páxina aínda non existe)">1</a> </th> <td title="Hidróxeno: s-block; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">1<br /><a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="17"><br /> </td> <td title="Helio: s-block; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">2<br /><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 2 (a páxina aínda non existe)">2</a> </th> <td title="Litio: s-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">3<br /><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berilio: s-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">4<br /><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="11"><br /> </td> <td title="Boro: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">5<br /><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Carbono: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">6<br /><a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Nitróxeno: p-block; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">7<br /><a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Osíxeno: p-block; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">8<br /><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Flúor: p-block; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">9<br /><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Neon: p-block; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">10<br /><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_3" title="Elementos do período 3">3</a> </th> <td title="Sodio: s-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">11<br /><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnesio: s-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">12<br /><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="11"><br /> </td> <td title="Aluminio: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">13<br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silicio: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">14<br /><a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fósforo: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">15<br /><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(elemento)" title="Fósforo (elemento)"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Xofre: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">16<br /><a href="/wiki/Xofre" title="Xofre"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Cloro: p-block; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">17<br /><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Argon: p-block; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">18<br /><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 4 (a páxina aínda non existe)">4</a> </th> <td title="Potasio: s-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">19<br /><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Calcio: s-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">20<br /><a href="/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td title="Escandio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">21<br /><a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td title="Titanio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">22<br /><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanadio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">23<br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Cromo: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">24<br /><a href="/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Manganeso: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">25<br /><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Ferro: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">26<br /><a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobalto: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">27<br /><a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Níquel: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">28<br /><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobre: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">29<br /><a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Cinc: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">30<br /><a href="/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Galio: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">31<br /><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Xermanio: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">32<br /><a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsénico: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">33<br /><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selenio: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">34<br /><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromo: p-block; primordial; liquid" style="text-align:center; color:#008000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">35<br /><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Cripton: p-block; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">36<br /><a href="/wiki/Cripton" title="Cripton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 5 (a páxina aínda non existe)">5</a> </th> <td title="Rubidio: s-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">37<br /><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Estroncio: s-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">38<br /><a href="/wiki/Estroncio" title="Estroncio"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td title="Itrio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">39<br /><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td title="Circonio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">40<br /><a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Niobio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">41<br /><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdeno: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">42<br /><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Tecnecio: d-block; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">43<br /><a href="/wiki/Tecnecio" title="Tecnecio"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutenio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">44<br /><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rodio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">45<br /><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paladio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">46<br /><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prata: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">47<br /><a href="/wiki/Prata" title="Prata"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Cadmio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">48<br /><a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Indio: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">49<br /><a href="/wiki/Indio_(elemento)" title="Indio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Estaño: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">50<br /><a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimonio: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">51<br /><a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telurio: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">52<br /><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodo: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">53<br /><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenon: p-block; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">54<br /><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 6 (a páxina aínda non existe)">6</a> </th> <td title="Cesio: s-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">55<br /><a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Bario: s-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">56<br /><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantano: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">57<br /><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td title="Hafnio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">72<br /><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tántalo: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">73<br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ntalo" title="Tántalo"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Volframio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">74<br /><a href="/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Renio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">75<br /><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Osmio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">76<br /><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Iridio: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">77<br /><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platino: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">78<br /><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Ouro: d-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">79<br /><a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Mercurio: d-block; primordial; liquid" style="text-align:center; color:#008000; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">80<br /><a href="/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Talio: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">81<br /><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Chumbo: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">82<br /><a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismuto: p-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">83<br /><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polonio: p-block; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">84<br /><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Ástato: p-block; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">85<br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Radon: p-block; from decay; gas" style="text-align:center; color:#ff0000; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">86<br /><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <td title="Francio: s-block; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">87<br /><a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Radio: s-block; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff9999; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">88<br /><a href="/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Actinio: d-block; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#99ccff; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">89<br /><a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td title="Rutherfordio: d-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">104<br /><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dubnio: d-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">105<br /><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seaborgio: d-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">106<br /><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bohrio: d-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">107<br /><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hassio: d-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">108<br /><a href="/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnerio: d-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">109<br /><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtio: d-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">110<br /><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgenio: d-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">111<br /><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Copernicio: d-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">112<br /><a href="/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonio: p-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">113<br /><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Flerovio: p-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">114<br /><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moscovio: p-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">115<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermorio: p-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">116<br /><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Ténnesso: p-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">117<br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganesson: p-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">118<br /><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td title="Cerio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">58<br /><a href="/wiki/Cerio" title="Cerio"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Praseodimio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">59<br /><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Neodimio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">60<br /><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Promecio: f-block; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">61<br /><a href="/wiki/Promecio" title="Promecio"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Samario: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">62<br /><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Europio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">63<br /><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gadolinio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">64<br /><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Terbio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">65<br /><a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Disprosio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">66<br /><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Holmio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">67<br /><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Erbio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">68<br /><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tulio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">69<br /><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Iterbio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">70<br /><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lutecio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">71<br /><a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td title="Torio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">90<br /><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Protactinio: f-block; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">91<br /><a href="/wiki/Protactinio" title="Protactinio"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="Uranio: f-block; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #8811ff; color:black;">92<br /><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Neptunio: f-block; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">93<br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Plutonio: f-block; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px dashed #773300; color:black;">94<br /><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Americio: f-block; synthetic; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">95<br /><a href="/wiki/Americio" title="Americio"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Curio: f-block; synthetic; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">96<br /><a href="/wiki/Curio" title="Curio"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Berkelio: f-block; synthetic; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">97<br /><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Californio: f-block; synthetic; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">98<br /><a href="/wiki/Californio" title="Californio"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Einsteinio: f-block; synthetic; solid" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">99<br /><a href="/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fermio: f-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">100<br /><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Mendelevio: f-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">101<br /><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="Nobelio: f-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">102<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Laurencio: f-block; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; color:#696969; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #4499ff; color:black;">103<br /><a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:50%;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20"> <table role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" class="wikitable" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.5em; padding-left:0.5em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">A cor de fondo indica o <a href="/wiki/Bloque_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloque da táboa periódica">bloque</a> da táboa periódica:</span> </td> <td style="width:4em; background:#ff9999">bloque s </td> <td style="width:4em; background:#fdff8c">bloque p </td> <td style="width:4em; background:#99ccff">bloque d </td> <td style="width:4em; background:#9bff99">bloque f </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1em; text-align:left; padding-right:0.5em; padding-left:0.5em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">O bordo indica a ocorrencia natural do elemento:</span> </td> <td style="width:12%; border:2px solid #8811ff; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemento_primitivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemento primitivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Primitivo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="width:12%; border:2px dashed #773300; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiois%C3%B3topo_traza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioisótopo traza (a páxina aínda non existe)"><span style="white-space:nowrap">De decaemento</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="width:12%; border:2px dotted #4499ff; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Elemento_sint%C3%A9tico" title="Elemento sintético">Sintético</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metais,_metaloides_e_non_metais"><span id="Metais.2C_metaloides_e_non_metais"></span>Metais, metaloides e non metais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Metais, metaloides e non metais»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Metais, metaloides e non metais"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Periodic_table_(metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals,_32_columns).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png/310px-Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png/465px-Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png/620px-Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption><span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:95%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#eee8aa; color:#eee8aa;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;Metais</span><span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:95%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#cccc99; color:#cccc99;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;Metaloides</span><span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:95%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#b0e0e6; color:#b0e0e6;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;Non metais</span><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:95%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#e8e8e8; color:#e8e8e8;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;Propiedades químicas descoñecidas</span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>De acordo ás súas propiedades físicas e químicas comúns, os elementos poden clasificarse en tres categorías principais: <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaloides" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaloides">metaloides</a> e <a href="/wiki/Non_metais" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metais">non metais</a>. Os metais adoitan ser sólidos brillantes moi <a href="/wiki/Condutividade_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Condutividade térmica">condutivos</a> que forman <a href="/wiki/Aliaxe" title="Aliaxe">aliaxes</a> os uns cos outros e compostos <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3n" title="Ión">iónicos</a> de tipo <a href="/wiki/Sal_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Sal (química)">salino</a> cos non metais (agás cos <a href="/wiki/Gases_nobres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases nobres">gases nobres</a>). A maioría dos non metais son gases illantes con ou sen cor, e os non metais que forman compostos con outros non metais presentan ligazóns covalentes. Entre os metais e os non metais están os metaloides, que presentan propiedades intermedias ou mixtas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os metais e non metais poden clasificarse adicionalmente en subcategorías que presentan unha gradación de propiedades dende metálicas a non metálicas ó desprazarse de esquerda a dereita polas filas. Os metais subdivídense nos altamente reactivos <a href="/wiki/Metais_alcalinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais alcalinos">metais alcalinos</a>, os menos reactivos <a href="/wiki/Metais_alcalinot%C3%A9rreos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais alcalinotérreos">metais alcalinotérreos</a>, os <a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">lantánidos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">actínidos</a>, os <a href="/wiki/Metais_de_transici%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais de transición">metais de transición</a> arquetípicos e finalmente os física e quimicamente débiles <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metais_de_postransici%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metais de postransición (a páxina aínda non existe)">metais de postransición</a>. Os non metais divídense simplemente nos <a href="/wiki/Non_metais_poliat%C3%B3micos" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metais poliatómicos">non metais poliatómicos</a>, que sendo os máis próximos ós metaloides presentan algunhas características metálicas incipientes, nos <a href="/wiki/Non_metais_diat%C3%B3micos" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metais diatómicos">non metais diatómicos</a> que son esencialmente non metálicos, e os <a href="/wiki/Gases_nobres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases nobres">gases nobres</a> monoatómicos, que son non metálicos e case completamente inertes. Tamén existen e noméanse en ocasións outros subgrupos especializados, como poden ser por exemplo os <a href="/wiki/Metais_refractarios" title="Metais refractarios">metais refractarios</a> ou os <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metais_nobres&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metais nobres (a páxina aínda non existe)">metais nobres</a>, ámbolos dous subgrupos neste caso dos metais de transición.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tendencias_periódicas"><span id="Tendencias_peri.C3.B3dicas"></span>Tendencias periódicas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Tendencias periódicas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Tendencias periódicas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Véxase tamén</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Configuración electrónica">Configuración electrónica</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Periodic_trends-gl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Periodic_trends-gl.svg/310px-Periodic_trends-gl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Periodic_trends-gl.svg/465px-Periodic_trends-gl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Periodic_trends-gl.svg/620px-Periodic_trends-gl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Tendencias da táboa periódica. O sentido de cada frecha indica un incremento.</figcaption></figure> <p>A configuración electrónica ou organización dos electróns que orbitan os átomos neutrais presenta un padrón ou periodicidade recorrente. Os electróns ocupan unha serie de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capas_electr%C3%B3nicas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Capas electrónicas (a páxina aínda non existe)">capas electrónicas</a>, e cada unha destas está composta por unha ou máis subcapas (nomeadas s, p, d, f e g). Segundo aumenta o <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_at%C3%B3mico" title="Número atómico">número atómico</a> os electróns enchen estas capas e subcapas de forma progresiva seguindo de forma aproximada a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regra_de_Madelung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Regra de Madelung (a páxina aínda non existe)">regra de Madelung</a> ou regra de ordenación da enerxía. Por exemplo, a configuración electrónica do <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> é 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup>. Cun número atómico de 10, o neon ten dous electróns na primeira capa, e oito electróns na segunda—dous destes na subcapa s e seis na subcapa p. En termos da táboa periódica, a primeira ocorrencia dun electrón ocupando unha nova capa correspóndese co comezo dun novo <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Período da táboa periódica">período</a>, ocupando estas posicións o <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno">hidróxeno</a> e os <a href="/wiki/Metais_alcalinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais alcalinos">metais alcalinos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers-37"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002289–310;_340–42_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2002289–310;_340–42-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xa que as propiedades dun elemento están determinadas principalmente pola súa configuración electrónica, as propiedades dos elementos na táboa presentan padróns recorrentes ou comportamentos periódicos relacionados co seu <a href="/wiki/Raio_at%C3%B3mico" title="Raio atómico">raio atómico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_de_ionizaci%C3%B3n" title="Enerxía de ionización">enerxía de ionización</a> e <a href="/wiki/Afinidade_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Afinidade electrónica">afinidade electrónica</a>. Esta periodicidade de propiedades, detectadas por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (a páxina aínda non existe)">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a> tempo antes de que <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> desenvolvera a teoría subxacente, deron lugar ó establecemento das leis periódicas (as propiedades dos elementos que recorren en diferentes intervalos) e á formulación das primeiras táboas periódicas.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers-37"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002289–310;_340–42_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2002289–310;_340–42-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raio_atómico"><span id="Raio_at.C3.B3mico"></span>Raio atómico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar a sección: «Raio atómico»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Raio atómico"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Raio_at%C3%B3mico" title="Raio atómico">Raio atómico</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png/300px-Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png/450px-Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png/600px-Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Relación do número atómico co raio atómico.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>b<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>O raio atómico varía de forma previsible na táboa periódica. Os raios atómicos xeralmente diminúen ó desprazarse por cada un dos períodos da táboa, dende os alcalinos ata os gases nobres, e increméntanse ó baixar de grupo. Os radios aumentan de forma pronunciada entre os gases nobres ó final de cada período e o metal alcalino que comeza o seguinte período. Estas tendencias dos raios atómicos explícanse pola teoría de capas electrónicas do átomo, e forneceron probas importantes para o desenvolvemento e confirmación da <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Mecánica cuántica">teoría cuántica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198427_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198427-40"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os electróns da subcapa 4f, que se enche progresivamente dende o <a href="/wiki/Cerio" title="Cerio">cerio</a> (elemento 58) ata o <a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio">iterbio</a> (elemento 70), non son particularmente efectivos na protección da carga nuclear en aumento procedente das subcapas máis exteriores. Os elementos inmediatamente seguintes ós <a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">lantánidos</a> teñen raios atómicos máis pequenos do agardado, e son case idénticos ós raios atómicos dos elementos que se sitúan encima deles.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolly_contract_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolly_contract-41"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> Como exemplos disto, o <a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio">hafnio</a> ten virtualmente o mesmo raio atómico e propiedades químicas que o <a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio">circonio</a>, e o <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ntalo" title="Tántalo">tántalo</a> ten un raio atómico semellante ó <a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio">niobio</a>. Isto coñécese como a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Contracci%C3%B3n_lant%C3%A1nida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Contracción lantánida (a páxina aínda non existe)">contracción lantánida</a>. O efecto desta contracción é notable ata chegar ó <a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino">platino</a> (elemento 78), e a partir deste enmascárase polo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efecto_relativista&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Efecto relativista (a páxina aínda non existe)">efecto relativista</a> coñecido como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efecto_de_par_inerte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Efecto de par inerte (a páxina aínda non existe)">efecto de par inerte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198428_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198428-42"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> A contracción do bloque d, un efecto semellante entre o bloque d e o bloque p, é menos pronunciada que a contracción lantánida pero prodúcese por mor dunha causa semellante.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolly_contract_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolly_contract-41"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enerxía_de_ionización"><span id="Enerx.C3.ADa_de_ionizaci.C3.B3n"></span>Enerxía de ionización</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar a sección: «Enerxía de ionización»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Enerxía de ionización"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_de_ionizaci%C3%B3n" title="Enerxía de ionización">Enerxía de ionización</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ficheiro:First_Ionization_Energy.svg&amp;lang=gl" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Ionization_Energy.svg/langgl-500px-First_Ionization_Energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Ionization_Energy.svg/langgl-750px-First_Ionization_Energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Ionization_Energy.svg/langgl-1000px-First_Ionization_Energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Primeira enerxía de ionización. Cada período comeza nun mínimo para os alcalinos e finaliza nun máximo para os gases nobres</figcaption></figure> <p>Para un átomo determinado, as enerxías de ionización sucesivas increméntanse co grao de ionización. Tomando o <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesio</a> como exemplo, a primeira enerxía de ionización é de 738&#160;kJ/mol e a segunda de 1450&#160;kJ/mol. Os electróns nos orbitais máis próximos experimentan forzas de atracción electrostática máis grandes, polo que a súa eliminación precisa dunha enerxía cada vez maior. A enerxía de ionización aumenta segundo se avanza cara a arriba e cara a dereita pola táboa periódica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198428_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198428-42"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Danse grandes saltos nas enerxías de ionización molar sucesivas cando se elimina un electrón dunha configuración de gas nobre (capa electrónica completa). Tomando de novo o magnesio como exemplo, as primeiras dúas enerxías de ionización molar deste elemento correspóndense á eliminación de dous electróns da subcapa 3s, mentres que a terceira enerxía de ionización aumenta ata os 7730&#160;kJ/mol para a eliminación dun electrón da subcapa 2p da configuración moi estable de Mg<sup>2+</sup>. Saltos semellantes aparecen tamén nas enerxías de ionización doutros átomos da terceira fila da táboa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198428_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198428-42"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronegatividade">Electronegatividade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar a sección: «Electronegatividade»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Electronegatividade"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Electronegatividade" title="Electronegatividade">Electronegatividade</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png/310px-Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png/465px-Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png/620px-Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Variación da electronegatividade segundo o grupo e período</figcaption></figure> <p>A electronegatividade é a tendencia dun <a href="/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo">átomo</a> a atraer <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón">electróns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-43"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> A electronegatividade dun átomo vese afectada tanto polo seu <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_at%C3%B3mico" title="Número atómico">número atómico</a> coma pola distancia entre os <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electr%C3%B3ns_de_valencia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Electróns de valencia (a páxina aínda non existe)">electróns de valencia</a> e o núcleo. A maior electronegatividade, maior atracción de electróns. Este concepto propúxoo por primeira vez <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> en 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-paulingJACS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulingJACS-44"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Polo xeral, a electronegatividade increméntase ó desprazarse de esquerda a dereita por un período, e diminúe en sentido descendente nos grupos. O <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor">flúor</a> é o elemento máis electronegativo<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>c<span>]</span></a></sup> e o <a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio">cesio</a> o menos electronegativo de entre os elementos dos que se teñen datos substanciais.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198430_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198430-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Existen algunhas excepcións desta regra xeral. O <a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio">galio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio">xermanio</a> teñen unha electronegatividade maior que o <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio">silicio</a> respectivamente por mor da contracción do bloque d. Os <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 4 (a páxina aínda non existe)">elementos do período 4</a> inmediatamente posteriores á primeira fila dos metais de transición teñen raios atómicos infrecuentemente pequenos xa que os electróns da subcapa 3d non son efectivos á hora de protexer da carga nuclear en aumento, e o menor tamaño atómico presenta unha correlación cunha maior electronegatividade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198430_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198430-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> A anómala alta electronegatividade do <a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo">chumbo</a>, particularmente cando se compara co <a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio">talio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto">bismuto</a>, semella ser produto da selección e dispoñibilidade dos datos, xa que outros métodos de cálculo distintos ó de Pauling indican tendencias periódicas normais para estes elementos.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afinidade_electrónica"><span id="Afinidade_electr.C3.B3nica"></span>Afinidade electrónica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar a sección: «Afinidade electrónica»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Afinidade electrónica"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Afinidade_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Afinidade electrónica">Afinidade electrónica</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ficheiro:Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg&amp;lang=gl" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg/langgl-310px-Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg/langgl-465px-Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg/langgl-620px-Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Dependencia da afinidade electrónica co número atómico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter199742_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter199742-48"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A afinidade electrónica dun átomo é a cantidade de enerxía liberada cando se engade un electrón a un átomo neutral para formar un <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3n" title="Ión">ión</a> negativo. Malia que esta afinidade electrónica varía en gran medida, danse certos padróns nos elementos. De forma xeral, os <a href="/wiki/Non_metais" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metais">non metais</a> teñen valores de afinidade electrónica máis positivos que os <a href="/wiki/Metais" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais">metais</a>. O <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a> é o elemento que atrae un electrón extra coa maior forza, e as afinidades electrónicas dos gases nobres non foron medidas de forma conclusiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002307–309_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2002307–309-49"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A afinidade electrónica xeralmente aumenta ó desprazarse por un período, provocado polo feito de que as capas de valencia dos átomos vanse enchendo. Un átomo do <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementos do grupo 17">grupo 17</a> libera máis enerxía que un átomo do <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementos do grupo 1">grupo 1</a> ó gañar un electrón xa que obtén unha capa de valencia baleira e polo tanto é máis estable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002307–309_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2002307–309-49"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> Os valores da afinidade electrónica increméntanse ó desprazarse por cada período, culminando nos <a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Halóxenos">halóxenos</a> antes de precipitarse cos gases nobres. Hai picos de valores localizados no <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno">hidróxeno</a>, nos <a href="/wiki/Alcalinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcalinos">alcalinos</a> e nos <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11">elementos do grupo 11</a>, provocados por unha tendencia a completar a capa s. Outros exemplos de pasos localizados como os dos <a href="/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" title="Alcalinotérreo">alcalinotérreos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno">nitróxeno</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(elemento)" title="Fósforo (elemento)">fósforo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso">manganeso</a> e <a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio">renio</a> están provocados por capas s cheas ou capas d ou p medio cheas.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ó desprazarse cara a abaixo nun grupo o resultado agardado sería unha tendencia de afinidade electrónica en diminución, xa que o electrón adicional entraría nun orbital máis afastado do núcleo, e polo tanto sufriría unha atracción menor e liberaría menos enerxía cando se engade. Porén, ó desprazarse cara a abaixo nun grupo, ó redor dun terzo dos elementos son anómalos, cos elementos máis pesados presentando unha maior afinidade electrónica que os contiguos máis lixeiros. Isto débese en gran medida á pobre protección dos electróns nas capas d e f. A diminución uniforme na afinidade electrónica só aplica no caso dos átomos do <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementos do grupo 1">grupo 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter199742_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter199742-48"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997880–881_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997880–881-51"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carácter_metálico"><span id="Car.C3.A1cter_met.C3.A1lico"></span>Carácter metálico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar a sección: «Carácter metálico»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Carácter metálico"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A menor valor de enerxía de ionización, electronegatividade e afinidade electrónica, maior carácter metálico presenta o elemento. De forma inversa, o carácter non metálico increméntase cando diminúen os valores destas propiedades.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Dadas as tendencias periódicas destas tres propiedades, o carácter metálico tende a diminuír ó desprazarse por un período ou fila, e con algunhas regularidades debidas á pobre protección dos electróns da capa d e f e a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%ADmica_cu%C3%A1ntica_relativista&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Química cuántica relativista (a páxina aínda non existe)">efectos relativistas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997880–885_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997880–885-53"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> tende a incrementarse ó desprazarse cara a abaixo por un grupo ou columna. Por isto, os elementos máis metálicos, como por exemplo o <a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio">cesio</a> ou o <a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio">francio</a>, atópanse na parte inferior da táboa periódica tradicional, e os elementos máis non metálicos, como por exemplo o <a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno">osíxeno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor">flúor</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a>, sitúanse na parte superior dereita. A combinación de tendencias horizontais e verticais no carácter metálico serve de explicación para a liña divisoria entre os metais e non metais en forma de escaleira presente na táboa, e a práctica de incluír a varios elementos adxacentes a esa liña ou adxacentes a estes outros dentro da categoría dos <a href="/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide">metaloides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20099_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20099-55"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grupos_ponte">Grupos ponte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar a sección: «Grupos ponte»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Grupos ponte"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De esquerda a dereita nos catro bloques da táboa periódica en forma de 32 columnas atópanse unha serie de grupos ponte de elementos, localizados aproximadamente entre cada un dos bloques.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKay_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKay-56"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> Estes grupos, ó igual que os metaloides, presentan propiedades intermedias ou mixtas dos dous grupos lindeiros. Quimicamente os <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_3" title="Elementos do grupo 3">elementos do grupo 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio">escandio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">itrio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano">lantano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio">actinio</a> compórtanse en gran medida como os <a href="/wiki/Metais_alcalinot%C3%A9rreos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais alcalinotérreos">metais alcalinotérreos</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> ou de forma máis xeral como os metais do bloque s,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> pero teñen algunhas das propiedades físicas dos metais de transición do bloque d.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984947_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984947-60"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio">lutecio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio">laurencio</a>, situados ó final do bloque f, poden constituír outro grupo ponte. O lutecio comportase quimicamente como un <a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nido" class="mw-redirect" title="Lantánido">lantánido</a> pero presenta unha mestura de propiedades físicas dos lantánidos e dos metais de transición.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> O laurencio, como análogo do lutecio, teoricamente presentaría características semellantes a este.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1642_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1642-63"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sato_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sato-64"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>d<span>]</span></a></sup> Os metais de cuñaxe no <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11">grupo 11</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre">cobre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prata" title="Prata">prata</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro">ouro</a>) son quimicamente capaces de actuar ben como metais de transición ou ben como metais do grupo principal.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> Os metais volátiles do <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_12" title="Elementos do grupo 12">grupo 12</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc">cinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio">cadmio</a>, e <a href="/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento)">mercurio</a>) están considerados en ocasións como ponte entre o bloque d e o bloque p. Teoricamente son elementos do bloque d mais presentan algunhas propiedades dos metais de transición e aseméllanse máis os elementos veciños do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_13&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 13 (a páxina aínda non existe)">grupo 13</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> Pola súa banda, os relativamente inertes <a href="/wiki/Gases_nobres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases nobres">gases nobres</a> do grupo 18 fan de ponte entre os grupos de elementos máis reactivos da táboa periódica, os <a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Halóxenos">halóxenos</a> do grupo 17 e os <a href="/wiki/Metais_alcalinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais alcalinos">metais alcalinos</a> do grupo 1.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKay_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKay-56"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar a sección: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Historia"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primeiros_intentos_de_sistematización"><span id="Primeiros_intentos_de_sistematizaci.C3.B3n"></span>Primeiros intentos de sistematización</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar a sección: «Primeiros intentos de sistematización»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Primeiros intentos de sistematización"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Discovery_of_chemical_elements-gl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Discovery_of_chemical_elements-gl.svg/400px-Discovery_of_chemical_elements-gl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Discovery_of_chemical_elements-gl.svg/600px-Discovery_of_chemical_elements-gl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Discovery_of_chemical_elements-gl.svg/800px-Discovery_of_chemical_elements-gl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Descubrimento_dos_elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Descubrimento dos elementos químicos (a páxina aínda non existe)">descubrimento dos elementos</a> aplicado a datas significativas do desenvolvemento da táboa periódica</figcaption></figure> <p>En 1789 <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> publicou unha lista de 33 <a href="/wiki/Elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementos químicos">elementos químicos</a>, agrupándoos en <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metais" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais">metais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non_metais" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metais">non metais</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_(qu%C3%ADmica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Terra (química) (a páxina aínda non existe)">terras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Os químicos pasaron o século seguinte procurando un esquema de clasificación máis preciso. En 1829 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (a páxina aínda non existe)">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a> observou que a maioría dos elementos podían agruparse en tríos baseándose nas súas propiedades químicas. Por exemplo o <a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio">litio</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio">sodio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio">potasio</a> podían agruparse xuntos nun trío como metais brandos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactividade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactividade (a páxina aínda non existe)">reactivos</a>. Döbereiner tamén observou que, ó dispoñelos por peso atómico, o segundo membro de cada trío era aproximadamente a media do primeiro e do terceiro.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002100_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002100-70"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> Isto pasou a coñecerse como a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%C3%ADos_de_D%C3%B6bereiner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tríos de Döbereiner (a páxina aínda non existe)">lei dos tríos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> O químico alemán <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Gmelin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold Gmelin (a páxina aínda non existe)">Leopold Gmelin</a> traballou con este sistema, e no ano 1843 tiña identificado dez tríos, tres grupos de catro elementos e un grupo de cinco. Pola súa banda, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> publicou unha obra en 1857 na que describía as relacións entre varios grupos de metais. Malia que varios químicos foron capaces de identificar relacións entre pequenos grupos de elementos, aínda non se desenvolvera un esquema que os englobase a todos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002100_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002100-70"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En 1857 o químico alemán <a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a> observou que o <a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono">carbono</a> adoitaba ter outros catro átomos unido a el, indicando que o <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a> por exemplo ten un átomo de carbono e catro átomos de <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno">hidróxeno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> Este concepto pasou a coñecerse eventualmente como <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(qu%C3%ADmica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (química)">valencia</a>, indicando que os distintos elementos poden ligar cun número distinto de átomos.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En 1862 o xeólogo francés <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Emile_B%C3%A9guyer_de_Chancourtois" title="Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois">Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois</a> publicou unha versión temperá de táboa periódica, que denominou "hélice telúrica", converténdose no primeiro en indicar a periodicidade dos elementos. Cos elementos dispostos nunha espiral sobre un cilindro ordenados por peso atómico crecente, Chancourtois demostrou que os elementos con propiedades semellantes adoitaban darse en intervalos regulares. A súa táboa incluía algúns <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3n" title="Ión">ións</a> e <a href="/wiki/Composto_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Composto químico">compostos</a> a maiores dos propios elementos. O seu texto tamén usaba termos xeolóxicos no lugar de químicos, e non incluía un diagrama. Como resultado disto, non obtivo case ningunha atención ata a publicación dos traballos de <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleiev" title="Dmitri Mendeleiev">Mendeleiev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En 1864 o químico alemán <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Lothar_Meyer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Lothar Meyer (a páxina aínda non existe)">Julius Lothar Meyer</a> publicou unha táboa con 44 elementos dispostos por valencia. Esta táboa indicaba que os elementos con propiedades semellantes adoitaban compartir a mesma valencia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenable189685–86,_97_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenable189685–86,_97-75"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> De forma concorrente, o químico inglés <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Odling&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Odling (a páxina aínda non existe)">William Odling</a> publicou unha disposición de 57 elementos, ordenados en base ós seus pesos atómicos. Con algunhas irregularidades e baleiros, Odling indicou o que semellaba ser unha periodicidade de pesos atómicos entre os elementos.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> Odling aludiu á idea dunha lei periódica pero non continuou investigándoa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2011_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2011-77"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> Posteriormente en 1870 propuxo unha clasificación baseada nas valencias dos elementos.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Newlands_periodiska_system_1866.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Newlands_periodiska_system_1866.png/310px-Newlands_periodiska_system_1866.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Newlands_periodiska_system_1866.png 1.5x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption>Táboa periódica de <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Newlands&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Newlands (a páxina aínda non existe)">Newlands</a> presentada á Chemical Society en 1866, baseada na lei das oitavas</figcaption></figure> <p>O químico inglés <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Newlands&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Newlands (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Newlands</a> produciu unha serie de artigos dende 1863 ata 1866 indicando que cando os elementos se listaban en orde de peso atómico crecente, aparecían propiedades físicas e químicas recorrentes en intervalos de oito, comparando esta periodicidade as <a href="/wiki/Oitava" title="Oitava">oitavas</a> da <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica" title="Música">música</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta denominada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lei_das_oitavas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lei das oitavas (a páxina aínda non existe)">lei das oitavas</a> foi ridiculizada polos coetáneos de Newlands, e a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Society&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical Society (a páxina aínda non existe)">Chemical Society</a> rexeitou publicar os seus traballos.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, Newlands foi quen de bosquexar unha táboa de elementos e utilizouna para predicir a existencia de elementos aínda non descubertos, como por exemplo o <a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio">xermanio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2007306_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2007306-82"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> A Chemical Society non admitiu a importancia dos seus descubrimentos ata cinco anos despois de acreditar a Mendeleiev.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En 1867 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Detlef_Hinrichs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs (a páxina aínda non existe)">Gustavus Hinrichs</a>, químico de orixe danesa asentado nos Estados Unidos, publicou un sistema periódico en espiral baseado no espectro e pesos atómicos e nas semellanzas químicas. Este traballo considerouse idiosincrático, ostentoso e labiríntico, o que provocou que obtivese pouco recoñecemento e aceptación.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri200787,_92_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri200787,_92-84"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Táboa_de_Mendeleiev"><span id="T.C3.A1boa_de_Mendeleiev"></span>Táboa de Mendeleiev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar a sección: «Táboa de Mendeleiev»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Táboa de Mendeleiev"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/250px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/375px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/500px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Unha versión da táboa periódica de Mendeleiev de 1869, cos períodos dispostos en vertical e os grupos en horizontal.</figcaption></figure> <p>O químico ruso <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleiev" title="Dmitri Mendeleiev">Dmitri Mendeleiev</a> e o químico alemán <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Lothar_Meyer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Lothar Meyer (a páxina aínda non existe)">Julius Lothar Meyer</a> publicaron de forma independente as súas táboas periódicas en 1869 e 1870 respectivamente.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> A táboa de Mendeleiev era a súa primeira versión publicada, mentres que a de Meyer era unha versión ampliada da súa propia táboa de 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenable189696–97,_100–102_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenable189696–97,_100–102-87"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> Ámbolos dous construíron as súas táboas listando os elementos en filas ou columnas por orde de peso atómico e comezando unha nova fila ou columna cando as características dos elementos comezaban a repetirse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002100–102_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002100–102-88"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O recoñecemento e aceptación que se lle deu a táboa de Mendeleiev baseouse en dúas das súas decisións. A primeira delas foi deixar ocos na táboa onde semellaba que o elemento correspondente aínda non se descubrira.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> Mendeleiev non foi o primeiro químico en facer isto, pero foi o primeiro en ser recoñecido por usar as tendencias na súa táboa periódica para predicir as propiedades dos elementos aínda non descubertos, como o <a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio">galio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio">xermanio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002105_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002105-90"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> A segunda decisión foi a de ignorar en determinadas ocasións a orde suxerida polos <a href="/wiki/Peso_at%C3%B3mico" class="mw-redirect" title="Peso atómico">pesos atómicos</a> e intercambiar elementos adxacentes, como o <a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio">telurio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo">iodo</a>, para clasificalos mellor en <a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">familias químicas</a>. Posteriormente en 1913, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Moseley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Moseley (a páxina aínda non existe)">Henry Moseley</a> determinou valores experimentais da carga nuclear (o <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_at%C3%B3mico" title="Número atómico">número atómico</a>) de cada elemento, demostrando que a orde de Mendeleiev correspondíase realmente coa orde do número atómico crecente.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A importancia dos números atómicos para a organización da táboa periódica non foi apreciada ata que se acadou unha comprensión da existencia e propiedades dos <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón">protóns</a> e <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón">neutróns</a>. As táboas periódicas de Mendeleiev usaban o peso atómico no lugar do número atómico para organizar os elementos, unha información determinable ata un considerable grao de precisión na súa época. O peso atómico servía na maioría de casos para fornecer unha presentación capaz de predicir as propiedades de elementos aínda non descubertos de forma máis exacta que calquera outro método coñecido ata entón. A súa substitución polo número atómico ofreceu unha secuencia definitiva baseada en números enteiros para os elementos, e Moseley predixo en 1913 que os únicos elementos ausentes entre o <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a> (Z=13) e o <a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro">ouro</a> (Z=79) eran Z = 43, 61, 72 e 75, todos eles descubertos posteriormente. A secuencia de números atómicos continúa utilizándose aínda no estudo e produción de novos elementos sintéticos.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segunda_versión_e_desenvolvemento_posterior"><span id="Segunda_versi.C3.B3n_e_desenvolvemento_posterior"></span>Segunda versión e desenvolvemento posterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar a sección: «Segunda versión e desenvolvemento posterior»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Segunda versión e desenvolvemento posterior"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev,_1871.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg/400px-Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg/600px-Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg/800px-Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Táboa periódica de Mendeleiev de 1971 con oito grupos de elementos. Os guións representaban os elementos aínda non coñecidos naquel entón.</figcaption></figure> <p>En 1871 Mendeleiev publicou a súa táboa periódica nun novo formato, con grupos de elementos semellantes dispostos en columnas no canto de filas, numerando esas columnas de I a VIII correspondéndose co <a href="/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estado de oxidación">estado de oxidación</a> dos elementos. Realizou tamén predicións detalladas das propiedades dalgúns elementos aínda non descubertos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2007112_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2007112-93"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> Estes baleiros fóronse enchendo subsecuentemente segundo os químicos foron descubrindo elementos adicionais de ocorrencia natural.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> É común a afirmación de que o último elemento de ocorrencia natural descuberto foi o <a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio">francio</a> (chamado por Mendeleiev <i>eka-cesio</i>) en 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, o <a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio">plutonio</a>, producido de forma sintética en 1940 no contexto do <a href="/wiki/Proxecto_Manhattan" title="Proxecto Manhattan">Proxecto Manhattan</a>, identificouse no ano 1971 como un elemento de ocorrencia natural en cantidades minúsculas.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A disposición popular da táboa periódica, tamén coñecida como forma común ou estándar, atribúese ó químico estadounidense Horace Groves Deming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray200912_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200912-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> En 1923 Deming publicou dúas táboas periódicas en formato curto<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> e mediano.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>e<span>]</span></a></sup> A empresa Merck and Company preparou unhas tarxetas da táboa mediana de 18 columnas de Deming en 1928, que circularon extensivamente polas escolas estadounidenses. En 1930 a táboa de Deming xa se incluía nos libros de texto e enciclopedias de química, e foi distribuída durante moitos anos pola empresa Sargent-Welch Scientific Company.<sup id="cite_ref-Fluck_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluck-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Co desenvolvemento das teorías modernas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Configuraci%C3%B3ns_electr%C3%B3nicas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Configuracións electrónicas (a páxina aínda non existe)">configuracións electrónicas</a> dentro dos átomos da <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Mecánica cuántica">mecánica cuántica</a>, fíxose aparente que cada período da táboa corresponde co enchido dunha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capa_de_electr%C3%B3ns&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Capa de electróns (a páxina aínda non existe)">capa cuántica</a> de electróns. Os átomos máis grandes teñen máis subcapas de electróns, polo que as táboas posteriores foron requirindo períodos máis longos de forma progresiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002111_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002111-105"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En 1945 o científico estadounidense <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> suxeriu que os elementos <a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">actínidos</a>, ó igual que os <a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">lantánidos</a>, enchían un subnivel f. Antes desta época críase que os actínidos formaban unha cuarta fila do bloque d. Os colegas de Seaborg aconselláronlle non publicar unha suxestión tan radical xa que probablemente arruinaría a súa carreira. Seaborg publicou o seu traballo de todas formas, xa que consideraba que entón aínda non tiña unha carreira que puidese desprestixiarse. A súa suxestión demostrou ser correcta e subsecuentemente gañou o <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Premio Nobel de Química">premio Nobel de Química</a> en 1951 polo seu traballo na síntese de elementos actínidos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2007270‒271_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2007270‒271-106"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>f<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malia que existen cantidades minúsculas dalgúns <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_transur%C3%A1nicos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos transuránicos (a páxina aínda non existe)">elementos transuránicos</a> de forma natural,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> todos eles foron descubertos inicialmente en laboratorios. A súa produción expandiu a táboa periódica de forma significativa, sendo o primeiro destes o <a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio">neptunio</a>, producido de forma sintética por primeira vez en 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002123_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002123-110"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> Debido a que a maioría dos elementos transuránicos son altamente inestables e <a href="/wiki/Radioactividade" title="Radioactividade">decaen</a> moi rapidamente, resultan difíciles de detectar e caracterizar unha vez producidos. Houbo varias <a href="/w/index.php?title=Controversias_sobre_a_denominaci%C3%B3n_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Controversias sobre a denominación dos elementos (a páxina aínda non existe)">controversias</a> relacionadas coa aceptación de afirmacións de descubrimento competidoras para algúns elementos, precisando unha revisión independente en cada caso para determinar que descubridor tiña a prioridade e polo tanto os dereitos de nomeamento.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> No ano 2010, unha colaboración ruso-estadounidense en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dubna (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, afirmou ter producido sinteticamente seis átomos de <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso">ténnesso</a> (elemento 117), a afirmación de descubrimento máis recente. Xunto co <a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio">nihonio</a> (elemento 113), o <a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio">moscovio</a> (elemento 115) e o <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> (elemento 118), estes catro foron os elementos de máis recente nomeamento, facéndose oficiais os seus nomes os 28 de novembro de 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemsley_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemsley-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E117_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E117-112"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outras_táboas_periódicas"><span id="Outras_t.C3.A1boas_peri.C3.B3dicas"></span>Outras táboas periódicas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar a sección: «Outras táboas periódicas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Outras táboas periódicas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Táboa_de_32_columnas"><span id="T.C3.A1boa_de_32_columnas"></span>Táboa de 32 columnas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Editar a sección: «Táboa de 32 columnas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Táboa de 32 columnas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:32-column_periodic_table-a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/32-column_periodic_table-a.png/440px-32-column_periodic_table-a.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/32-column_periodic_table-a.png/660px-32-column_periodic_table-a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/32-column_periodic_table-a.png/880px-32-column_periodic_table-a.png 2x" data-file-width="2862" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Táboa periódica en formato de 32 columnas</figcaption></figure> <p>A táboa periódica moderna preséntase en ocasións en formato longo expandido de 32 columnas inserindo os elementos do bloque f na súa posición natural entre os bloques s e d. A diferenza do formato de 18 columnas, esta disposición non presenta separacións na secuencia crecente de números atómicos.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> A relación do bloque f co resto de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloques_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloques da táboa periódica (a páxina aínda non existe)">bloques da táboa periódica</a> tamén resulta máis doada de apreciar.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_B._Jensen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William B. Jensen (a páxina aínda non existe)">William B. Jensen</a> promulgou un formato de táboa con 32 columnas argumentando que os lantánidos e os actínidos quedan senón "relegados nas mentes dos estudantes a elementos pouco interesantes e sen importancia que poden ignorar e deixar en corentena".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> Malia estas vantaxes os editores habitualmente evitan o formato de 32 columnas por mor da súa proporción non rectangular en comparación coa relación de aspecto das páxinas dos libros,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> e pola familiaridade dos químicos coa forma moderna introducida por Seaborg.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Táboas_con_estruturas_diferentes"><span id="T.C3.A1boas_con_estruturas_diferentes"></span>Táboas con estruturas diferentes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Editar a sección: «Táboas con estruturas diferentes»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Táboas con estruturas diferentes"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boas_peri%C3%B3dicas_alternativas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Táboas periódicas alternativas (a páxina aínda non existe)">Táboas periódicas alternativas</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Nos 100 anos posteriores á aparición da táboa de Mendeleiev en 1869 estimouse que se publicaron ó redor dunhas 700 versións diferentes da táboa periódica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri200720_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri200720-118"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> A maiores das diversas variacións rectangulares, deseñáronse outros formatos de táboa periódica, como por exemplo en <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo" title="Círculo">círculo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubo" title="Cubo">cúbicas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilindro" title="Cilindro">cilíndricas</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Espiral" title="Espiral">espiral</a>, en forma de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemniscasta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemniscasta (a páxina aínda non existe)">lemniscasta</a>, en forma de <a href="/wiki/Prisma" class="mw-disambig" title="Prisma">prismas</a> octogonais, en forma de <a href="/wiki/Pir%C3%A1mide_(xeometr%C3%ADa)" title="Pirámide (xeometría)">pirámide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esfera" title="Esfera">esféricas</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Tri%C3%A1ngulo" title="Triángulo">triangulares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> Estas alternativas adoitan estar desenvolvidas para destacar ou poñer énfase nas propiedades físicas ou químicas dos elementos que non son tan aparentes nas táboas periódicas tradicionais.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri200720_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri200720-118"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Elementspiral_(polyatomic).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29.svg/220px-Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29.svg/330px-Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29.svg/440px-Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Táboa periódica en espiral de Theodor Benfey</figcaption></figure> <p>Unha estrutura alternativa popular é a de <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Benfey" title="Theodor Benfey">Theodor Benfey</a> de 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> Neste formato os elementos están dispostos nunha espiral continua, co hidróxeno no centro e os metais de transición, os lantánidos e os actínidos situados en penínsulas.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A maioría de táboas periódicas son de dúas dimensións,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> pero as táboas de tres dimensións xa apareceran en 1862, predatando a táboa de Mendeleiev. Os exemplos máis recentes deste tipo de táboas inclúen a clasificación periódica de Courtines de 1925,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup> o sistema de láminas de Wringley de 1949,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> a hélice periódica de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul-Antoine_Gigu%C3%A8re&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul-Antoine Giguère (a páxina aínda non existe)">Giguère</a> de 1965<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup> e a árbore periódica de Dufour de 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup> Ademais, a táboa periódica dos físicos de Stowe publicada en 1989<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup> foi descrita como de catro dimensións, tendo tres dimensións espaciais e unha dimensión de cor.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segundo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Scerri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Scerri (a páxina aínda non existe)">Eric Scerri</a>, os diversos formatos de táboas periódicas poden considerarse situados nun continuo química–física.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2007285‒86_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2007285‒86-128"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup> Cara ó extremo químico deste continuo pode atoparse entre outras a táboa periódica de químicos inorgánicos de Rayner-Canham de 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> que pon énfase nas tendencias e padróns así como nas propiedades e relacións químicas pouco frecuentes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2007285_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2007285-130"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup> Preto do extremo físico deste continuo estaría a táboa periódica de paso esquerdo de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Janet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Janet (a páxina aínda non existe)">Charles Janet</a>, publicada en 1928. Esta presenta unha estrutura cunha conexión máis próxima á orde na que se enchen as capas electrónicas e, por asociación, á <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Mecánica cuántica">mecánica cuántica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup> Reuben Alper publicou no ano 2010 un enfoque semellante en certa medida,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup> mais criticado por Scerri por non respectar a necesidade de amosar a periodicidade química e física.<sup id="cite_ref-ScerriJBPC_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScerriJBPC-133"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> Na parte media do continuo estaría a forma común da táboa periódica, considerada unha mellor expresión das tendencias no estado físico, <a href="/wiki/Condutividade_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Condutividade eléctrica">condutividade eléctrica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Condutividade_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Condutividade térmica">térmica</a>, números de oxidación e outras propiedades facilmente inferidas a partir de técnicas tradicionais de laboratorio.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> Considérase que a súa popularidade é resultado dun bo balance de características en termos de facilidade de construción e uso, e da súa representación da orde atómica e tendencias periódicas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2011_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2011-77"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="font-size:90%; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align:center; padding:2px; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="background:#d8d8d8;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_(paso_esquerdo)" title="Modelo:Táboa periódica (paso esquerdo)"><abbr title="Ver o modelo">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-conversa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversa_modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_(paso_esquerdo)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversa modelo:Táboa periódica (paso esquerdo) (a páxina aínda non existe)"><abbr title="Conversa do modelo">c</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_(paso_esquerdo)&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar o modelo">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><span style="font-size:110%;"> Táboa periódica de paso esquerdo de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Janet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Janet (a páxina aínda non existe)">Charles Janet</a> </span> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e8e8e8"> <td> </td> <td>f<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>7</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>8</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>9</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>10</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>11</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>12</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>13</sup> </td> <td>f<sup>14</sup> </td> <td>d<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>d<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>d<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>d<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>d<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>d<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>d<sup>7</sup> </td> <td>d<sup>8</sup> </td> <td>d<sup>9</sup> </td> <td>d<sup>10</sup> </td> <td>p<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>p<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>p<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>p<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>p<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>p<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>s<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><span title="1s" style="background-color:#ff9999"><span>1s</span></span> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno">H</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><span title="2s" style="background-color:#ff9999"><span>2s</span></span> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio">Li</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio">Be</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><span title="2p" style="background-color:#fdff8c"><span>2p</span></span> <span title="3s" style="background-color:#ff9999"><span>3s</span></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro">B</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono">C</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno">N</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno">O</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor">F</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio">Na</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">Mg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><span title="3p" style="background-color:#fdff8c"><span>3p</span></span> <span title="4s" style="background-color:#ff9999"><span>4s</span></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">Al</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio">Si</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(elemento)" title="Fósforo (elemento)">P</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Xofre" title="Xofre">S</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">Cl</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio">K</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio">Ca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><span title="3d" style="background-color:#99ccff"><span>3d</span></span> <span title="4p" style="background-color:#fdff8c"><span>4p</span></span> <span title="5s" style="background-color:#ff9999"><span>5s</span></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio">Sc</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio">V</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto">Co</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio">Ga</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico">As</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio">Se</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo">Br</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Cripton" title="Cripton">Kr</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Estroncio" title="Estroncio">Sr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><span title="4d" style="background-color:#99ccff"><span>4d</span></span> <span title="5p" style="background-color:#fdff8c"><span>5p</span></span> <span title="6s" style="background-color:#ff9999"><span>6s</span></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">Y</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Tecnecio" title="Tecnecio">Tc</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Prata" title="Prata">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Indio_(elemento)" title="Indio (elemento)">In</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio">Te</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo">&#8201;I&#8201;</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio">Cs</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Ba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3.04%" style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span title="4f" style="background-color:#9bff99"><span>4f</span></span> <span title="5d" style="background-color:#99ccff"><span>5d</span></span> <span title="6p" style="background-color:#fdff8c"><span>6p</span></span> <span title="7s" style="background-color:#ff9999"><span>7s</span></span></span> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano">La</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Cerio" title="Cerio">Ce</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio">Pr</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio">Nd</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Promecio" title="Promecio">Pm</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario">Sm</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio">Eu</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio">Gd</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio">Tb</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio">Dy</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio">Ho</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio">Er</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio">Tm</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio">Yb</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio">Lu</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio">Hf</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ntalo" title="Tántalo">Ta</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio">W</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio">Re</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio">Os</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio">Ir</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino">Pt</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro">Au</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento)">Hg</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio">Tl</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo">Pb</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto">Bi</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio">Po</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato">At</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio">Fr</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento)">Ra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><span title="5f" style="background-color:#9bff99"><span>5f</span></span> <span title="6d" style="background-color:#99ccff"><span>6d</span></span> <span title="7p" style="background-color:#fdff8c"><span>7p</span></span> <span title="8s" style="background-color:#ff9999"><span>8s</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio">Th</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Protactinio" title="Protactinio">Pa</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">U</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio">Np</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio">Pu</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Americio" title="Americio">Am</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Curio" title="Curio">Cm</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio">Bk</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Californio" title="Californio">Cf</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio">Es</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio">Fm</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio">Md</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio">No</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio">Lr</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio">Rf</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio">Db</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio">Sg</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio">Bh</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio">Hs</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio">Mt</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio">Ds</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio">Rg</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio">Cn</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio">Nh</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio">Fl</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio">Mc</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio">Lv</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso">Ts</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ununennio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ununennio (a páxina aínda non existe)">119</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unbinilio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unbinilio (a páxina aínda non existe)">120</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33" style="height:7px; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%; line-height:100%;"> <td> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background:#9bff99">bloque f </td> <td colspan="10" style="background:#99ccff">bloque d </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#fdff8c">bloque p </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ff9999">bloque s </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Táboas_aplicadas_noutros_ámbitos"><span id="T.C3.A1boas_aplicadas_noutros_.C3.A1mbitos"></span>Táboas aplicadas noutros ámbitos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Editar a sección: «Táboas aplicadas noutros ámbitos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Táboas aplicadas noutros ámbitos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A máis do obxectivo orixinal de clasificación dos elementos por propiedades periódicas, ó longo do tempo utilizouse a estrutura da táboa periódica para construír táboas con outros obxectivos.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup> Por exemplo, no ano <a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a> incluíuse nun informe do <a href="/wiki/Foro_Econ%C3%B3mico_Mundial" class="mw-redirect" title="Foro Económico Mundial">Foro Económico Mundial</a> sobre a reciclaxe de produtos electrónicos unha "táboa periódica" da <a href="/wiki/Reciclaxe" title="Reciclaxe">reciclaxe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuestións_abertas_e_controversias"><span id="Cuesti.C3.B3ns_abertas_e_controversias"></span>Cuestións abertas e controversias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Editar a sección: «Cuestións abertas e controversias»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Cuestións abertas e controversias"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situación_do_hidróxeno_e_do_helio"><span id="Situaci.C3.B3n_do_hidr.C3.B3xeno_e_do_helio"></span>Situación do hidróxeno e do helio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Editar a sección: «Situación do hidróxeno e do helio»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Situación do hidróxeno e do helio"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seguindo unicamente as <a href="/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Configuración electrónica">configuracións electrónicas</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno">hidróxeno</a> (1s<sup>1</sup>) e o <a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio">helio</a> (1s<sup>2</sup>) deberían situarse nos grupos 1 e 2, sobre o <a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio">litio</a> ([He]2s<sup>1</sup>) e o <a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio">berilio</a> ([He]2s<sup>2</sup>) respectivamente.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray200912_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200912-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, esta colocación non se utiliza habitualmente fóra do propio contexto das configuracións electrónicas. Cando se descubriron por primeira vez os <a href="/wiki/Gases_nobres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases nobres">gases nobres</a> ó redor do ano 1900 (chamados entón "gases inertes"), incluíronse no denominado "grupo 0", reflectindo desta forma que non se coñecía ata entón unha reactividade química destes elementos, e o helio situouse na parte superior dese grupo xa que compartía a inercia química común a ese grupo. Cando o grupo mudou o seu número formal, moitos autores continuaron situando o helio directamente sobre o <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> no grupo 18,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> incluíndo a táboa moderna da <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> A propiedade que distingue o helio do resto de gases nobres, malia a semellanza na súa inercia á do neon e á do <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, é que na súa capa electrónica pechada o helio só ten dous electróns no orbital máis exterior, mentres que o resto de gases nobres teñen oito.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As propiedades químicas do hidróxeno non se asemellan moito ás dos <a href="/wiki/Alcalinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcalinos">alcalinos</a> que ocupan o grupo 1, e seguindo esta base o hidróxeno sitúase en ocasións nun lugar distintos, sendo unha das alternativas máis habituais no grupo 17.<sup id="cite_ref-ScerriJBPC_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScerriJBPC-133"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> Un dos factores para isto é a química predominantemente non metálica e estritamente univalente do hidróxeno, e que o flúor é estritamente univalente e non metálico. En ocasións, para demostrar que o hidróxeno posúe propiedades que corresponden tanto ás dos alcalinos coma ás dos halóxenos, aparece representado nas dúas de forma simultánea.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> Outra colocación suxerida é sobre o <a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono">carbono</a> no grupo 14. Situado desta forma encaixaría ben coas tendencias de valores crecentes de <a href="/wiki/Potencial_de_ionizaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Potencial de ionización">potencial de ionización</a> e <a href="/wiki/Afinidade_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Afinidade electrónica">afinidade electrónica</a>, e non estaría demasiado lonxe da tendencia da <a href="/wiki/Electronegatividade" title="Electronegatividade">electronegatividade</a>, malia que o hidróxeno non pode demostrar a característica tetravalente dos elementos máis pesados do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_14&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 14 (a páxina aínda non existe)">grupo 14</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrogen_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrogen-142"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup> Finalmente o hidróxeno colócase en ocasións separado de tódolos grupos, baseándose en como as propiedades xerais do hidróxeno difiren das do resto de elementos. Isto tamén sucede en ocasións co helio, o outro <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 1 (a páxina aínda non existe)">elemento do período 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984-143"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elementos_do_grupo_3_nos_períodos_6_e_7"><span id="Elementos_do_grupo_3_nos_per.C3.ADodos_6_e_7"></span>Elementos do grupo 3 nos períodos 6 e 7</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Editar a sección: «Elementos do grupo 3 nos períodos 6 e 7»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Elementos do grupo 3 nos períodos 6 e 7"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aínda que o <a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio">escandio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">itrio</a> son sempre os dous primeiros <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_3" title="Elementos do grupo 3">elementos do grupo 3</a>, a identidade dos dous elementos seguintes non está completamente establecida. O máis habitual é que sexan o <a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano">lantano</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio">actinio</a>, e o menos o <a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio">lutecio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio">laurencio</a>. Estas dúas variantes xorden das dificultades históricas para situar os <a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">lantánidos</a> na táboa periódica, e dos debates sobre onde comezan e terminan os elementos do bloque f.<sup id="cite_ref-Thyssen_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thyssen-144"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>g<span>]</span></a></sup> A separación dos lantánidos do corpo principal da táboa periódica atribuíuse ó químico checo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohuslav_Brauner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohuslav Brauner (a páxina aínda non existe)">Bohuslav Brauner</a>, que en 1902 situounos a todos nunha posición do grupo 4 baixo o <a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio">circonio</a>. Esta disposición recibiu o nome de "hipótese asteroide", como analoxía ós <a href="/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide">asteroides</a> ocupando unha única órbita no <a href="/wiki/Sistema_solar" title="Sistema solar">sistema solar</a>. Antes desta disposición os lantánidos situábanse xeralmente ó longo dos grupos I a VIII do formato antigo de 8 columnas da táboa. Malia que existen rexistros de predecesores da disposición de 1902 de Brauner que datan do ano 1895, este coñécese por facer referencia á "química dos asteroides" nunha carta de 1881 enviada a <a href="/wiki/Mendeleiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleiev">Mendeleiev</a>. Outros autores asignaron tódolos lantánidos ben ó grupo 3, ós grupos 3 e 4, ou ós grupos 2, 3 e 4. En 1922 <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> continuou o proceso de separación situando os lantánidos entre os bloques s e d. En 1949 <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> reintroduciu o formato de táboa periódica máis popular, no que os lantánidos e actínidos aparecen no pé da táboa. Seaborg publicou a súa táboa por primeira vez nun informe clasificado de 1944, e publicouna de novo en 1945 en <i>Chemical and Engineering News</i>. Nos anos seguintes ata o ano 1949 varios autores comentaron a súa proposta e estiveron en xeral de acordo con ela. Nese ano Seaborg indicou que o mellor método para representar os actínidos semellaba ser o de situalos baixo os lantánidos como análogos destes.<sup id="cite_ref-Thyssen_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thyssen-144"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup> Posteriormente chegouse a afirmar que estes debates son proba de que "é un erro dividir o sistema [periódico] en bloques pronunciadamente delimitados".<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup> Existe tamén unha terceira variante representa as dúas posicións baixo o <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">itrio</a> ocupadas por tódolos lantánidos e actínidos.<sup id="cite_ref-Housecroft_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Housecroft-149"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Halliday_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halliday-150"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nebergall_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebergall-151"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup> Existen argumentos químicos e físicos apoiando o caso do lutecio e o laurencio,<sup id="cite_ref-Thyssen_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thyssen-144"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup> mais a maioría de autores afirma non estar convencido disto.<sup id="cite_ref-finally_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finally-153"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup> En decembro de 2015 a <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> estableceu un proxecto para investigar e realizar unha recomendación formal para esta cuestión.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lantano_e_actinio">Lantano e actinio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Editar a sección: «Lantano e actinio»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Lantano e actinio"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg/150px-Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg/225px-Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg/300px-Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano">La</a> e <a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio">Ac</a> baixo <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">Y</a></figcaption></figure> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano">lantano</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio">actinio</a> adoitan representarse como os restantes membros do <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_3" title="Elementos do grupo 3">grupo 3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011651_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011651-155"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta disposición tería a súa orixe nos <a href="/wiki/Anos_1940" class="mw-redirect" title="Anos 1940">anos 1940</a>, coa aparición das táboas periódicas que dependían da configuración electrónica dos elementos e da noción do electrón de diferenciación. As configuracións do <a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio">cesio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">bario</a> e lantano son [Xe]6s<sup>1</sup>, [Xe]6s<sup>2</sup> e [Xe]5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup> respectivamente. O lantano ten un electrón de diferenciación 5d e segundo William B. Jensen isto estableceríao no grupo 3 como o primeiro membro do bloque d para o período 6.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1982-159"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> Seguindo o razoamento de Jensen, un conxunto consistente de configuracións electrónicas pode verse desta forma no grupo 3: <a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio">escandio</a> [Ar]3d<sup>1</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">itrio</a> [Kr]4d<sup>1</sup>5s<sup>2</sup> e lantano [Xe]5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>. Aínda no período 6, asignóuselle ó <a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio">iterbio</a> a configuración electrónica [Xe]4f<sup>13</sup>5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup> e ó <a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio">lutecio</a> [Xe]4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>, dando como resultado un electrón de diferenciación 4f para o lutecio e establecéndoo como o último membro do bloque f para o período 6.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1982-159"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> Jensen indica que os traballos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_de_electr%C3%B3ns&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Espectroscopia de electróns (a páxina aínda non existe)">espectroscópicos</a> posteriores descubriron que a configuración electrónica do iterbio é realmente [Xe]4f<sup>14</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>. Isto significa que o iterbio e o lutecio, este último cunha configuración electrónica de [Xe]4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>, teñen ámbolos dous 14 electróns f, dando como resultado un electrón de diferenciación d no lugar de f para o lutecio, e facendo deste un candidato igualmente válido que o lantano de configuración [Xe]5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup> para a posición do grupo 3 baixo o itrio.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1982-159"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, o lantano presenta a vantaxe da incumbencia xa que o electrón 5d<sup>1</sup> aparece por primeira vez na súa estrutura mentres que aparece por terceira vez na do lutecio, sendo a súa segunda aparición na estrutura do <a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio">gadolinio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trifonov_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trifonov-160"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En termos de comportamento químico,<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington-161"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup> e tendencias ó descender polo grupo 3 para propiedades como o <a href="/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión">punto de fusión</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Electronegatividade" title="Electronegatividade">electronegatividade</a> e o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raio_i%C3%B3nico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raio iónico (a páxina aínda non existe)">raio iónico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Aylward_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aylward-162"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiberg_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiberg-163"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup> o escandio, o itrio, o lantano e o actinio son semellantes ós seus elementos homólogos dos grupos 1 e 2. Nesta variante o número de electróns f nos <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3n" title="Ión">ións</a> máis comúns (trivalentes) dos elementos do bloque f, coinciden de forma consistente na súa posición no bloque f.<sup id="cite_ref-Wulfsberg_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wulfsberg-164"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup> Por exemplo, a conta de electróns f para os ións trivalentes dos primeiros tres elementos do bloque f son Ce 1, Pr 2 e Nd 3.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-165"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutecio_e_laurencio">Lutecio e laurencio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Editar a sección: «Lutecio e laurencio»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Lutecio e laurencio"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg/150px-Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg/225px-Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg/300px-Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio">Lu</a> e <a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio">Lr</a> baixo <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">Y</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Noutras táboas o <a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio">lutecio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio">laurencio</a> dispóñense como os membros restantes do grupo 3.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup> As técnicas temperás de separación química do <a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio">escandio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">itrio</a> e lutecio dependían do feito de que estes elementos danse xuntos no chamado "grupo itrio", mentres que o lantano e o actinio danse xuntos no chamado "grupo cerio".<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1982-159"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> De acordo a isto algúns químicos asignaron o lutecio ó grupo 3 no lugar do lantano nos <a href="/wiki/Anos_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="Anos 1920">anos 1920</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anos_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="Anos 1930">1930</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span>[</span>h<span>]</span></a></sup> Varios físicos favoreceron o lutecio nos <a href="/wiki/Anos_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="Anos 1950">anos 1950</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anos_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="Anos 1960">1960</a>, tendo en conta a comparación de varias das súas propiedades físicas coas do lantano.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1982-159"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta disposición, na que o lantano é o primeiro membro do bloque f, está disputada por varios autores xa que o lantano carece de electróns f. Porén, déronse argumentos de que esta non sería unha oposición válida por mor doutras das anomalías existentes na táboa periódica.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup> Para o laurencio, a súa configuración electrónica en fase atómica de gas quedou confirmada no ano 2015 como [Rn]5f<sup>14</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>7p<sup>1</sup>. Esta configuración representa outra anomalía na táboa periódica, independentemente de se o laurencio se sitúa no bloque f ou d, xa que a única posición potencial no bloque p reservouse para o <a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio">nihonio</a> coa súa configuración predita de [Rn]5f<sup>14</sup>6d<sup>10</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>7p<sup>1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2015_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2015-171"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span>[</span>i<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quimicamente o escandio, o itrio e o lutecio (e presumiblemente o laurencio) compórtanse como versións trivalentes dos metais do grupos 1 e 2.<sup id="cite_ref-King_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-174"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup> Por outra banda, as tendencias ó desprazarse cara a abaixo no grupo para propiedades como o punto de fusión, electronegatividade e raio iónico son semellantes ás que se atopan entre os seus homólogos dos grupos 4 a 8.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1982-159"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> Nesta variante o número de electróns f nas formas gasosas dos átomos do bloque f adoitan coincidir coa súa posición no bloque f. Por exemplo, as contas de electróns f para os primeiros cinco elementos do bloque f son La 0, Ce 1, Pr 3, Nd 4 e Pm 5.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1982-159"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lantánidos_e_actínidos"><span id="Lant.C3.A1nidos_e_act.C3.ADnidos"></span>Lantánidos e actínidos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Editar a sección: «Lantánidos e actínidos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Lantánidos e actínidos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg/150px-Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg/225px-Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg/300px-Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Marcadores baixo <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">Y</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Uns poucos autores sitúan todos os trinta <a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">lantánidos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">actínidos</a> nas dúas posicións baixo o <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">itrio</a>, habitualmente por medio de marcas e notas ó pé. Esta variante pon énfase nas semellanzas químicas dos 15 lantánidos, a expensas da ambigüidade resultante sobre que dous elementos ocupan as posicións do grupo 3 baixo o itrio e dun teórico bloque f de 15 columnas.<sup id="cite_ref-Housecroft_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Housecroft-149"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Halliday_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halliday-150"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nebergall_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebergall-151"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grupos_incluídos_nos_metais_de_transición"><span id="Grupos_inclu.C3.ADdos_nos_metais_de_transici.C3.B3n"></span>Grupos incluídos nos metais de transición</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Editar a sección: «Grupos incluídos nos metais de transición»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Grupos incluídos nos metais de transición"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Segundo a definición da <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> un <a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n" title="Metal de transición">metal de transición</a> é un elemento cuxo átomo ten unha subcapa d incompleta, ou que pode dar lugar a <a href="/wiki/Cati%C3%B3n" title="Catión">catións</a> cunha subcapa d incompleta. Segundo esta definición tódolos elementos dos grupos do 3 ó 11 son metais de transición, excluíndo desta categoría ós <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_12" title="Elementos do grupo 12">elementos do grupo 12</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc">cinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio">cadmio</a> e <a href="/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento)">mercurio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-175"><span>[</span>166<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Algúns químicos tratan as categorías "elementos do bloque d" e "metais de transición" de forma intercambiable, e polo tanto inclúen os grupos do 3 ó 12 entre os metais de transicións. Nesta consideración os elementos do grupo 12 trátanse como un caso especial de metais de transición no que os electróns d non están involucrados no enlace químico de forma ordinaria. Un estudo de 2007 sobre o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoruro_de_mercurio_(VI)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoruro de mercurio (VI) (a páxina aínda non existe)">fluoruro de mercurio (VI)</a> (HgF<sub>4</sub>), un composto no que o mercurio usaría os seus electróns d para o enlace, deu lugar á suxestión de que o mercurio podería considerarse un metal de transición.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span>[</span>167<span>]</span></a></sup> Outros autores como Jensen argumentaron que a formación dun composto como o HgF<sub>4</sub> pode suceder só baixo condicións moi anormais, e a súa propia existencia está en disputa, polo que o mercurio non podería considerarse un metal de transición seguindo unha interpretación razoable da definición ordinaria.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2008_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2008-177"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Por outra banda hai químicos que exclúen os <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_3" title="Elementos do grupo 3">elementos do grupo 3</a> da definición de metal de transición, baseándose en que os elementos deste grupo non forman ningún ión cunha capa d parcialmente ocupada e polo tanto non presentan ningunha propiedade característica da química dos metais de transición.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span>[</span>169<span>]</span></a></sup> Neste caso só se consideran os grupos do 4 ó 11 como metais de transición. Non obstante, malia que os elementos do grupo 3 teñen poucas propiedades químicas características dos metais de transición, si demostran algunhas das propiedades físicas características destes, pola presenza dun único electrón d en cada un dos seus átomos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984947_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984947-60"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elementos_con_propiedades_químicas_descoñecidas"><span id="Elementos_con_propiedades_qu.C3.ADmicas_desco.C3.B1ecidas"></span>Elementos con propiedades químicas descoñecidas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Editar a sección: «Elementos con propiedades químicas descoñecidas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Elementos con propiedades químicas descoñecidas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aínda que foron descubertos todos os elementos ata o <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a>, dos elementos por riba do <a href="/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio">hassio</a> (elemento 108) só o <a href="/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio">copernicio</a> (elemento 112), o <a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio">nihonio</a> (elemento 113) e o <a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio">flerovio</a> (elemento 114) teñen propiedades químicas coñecidas, e só hai suficiente evidencia dunha categoría conclusiva para o copernicio. Os outros elementos poderían comportarse de forma distinta da predición por extrapolación, por mor de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%ADmica_cu%C3%A1ntica_relativista&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Química cuántica relativista (a páxina aínda non existe)">efectos relativistas</a>. Por exemplo, a predición indica que o <a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio">flerovio</a> exhibiría algunhas propiedades semellantes ós <a href="/wiki/Gases_nobres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases nobres">gases nobres</a>, malia que se sitúa no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_carbono&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do carbono (a páxina aínda non existe)">grupo do carbono</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup> Experimentos máis recentes suxeriron por outra banda que o flerovio comportaríase quimicamente como o <a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo">chumbo</a>, como se agardaría da súa posición na táboa periódica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2011142–143_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2011142–143-180"><span>[</span>171<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensións_adicionais_da_táboa_periódica"><span id="Extensi.C3.B3ns_adicionais_da_t.C3.A1boa_peri.C3.B3dica"></span>Extensións adicionais da táboa periódica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Editar a sección: «Extensións adicionais da táboa periódica»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Extensións adicionais da táboa periódica"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_estendida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Táboa periódica estendida (a páxina aínda non existe)">Táboa periódica estendida</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Non está claro se os elementos continuarán o padrón da táboa periódica actual nun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 8 (a páxina aínda non existe)">período 8</a> ou se serán precisos axustes e adaptacións adicionais. <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg" title="Glenn Theodore Seaborg">Seaborg</a> teorizou que o oitavo período seguiría o padrón establecido previamente de forma exacta, polo que incluiría un bloque s de dous elementos para o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ununennio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ununennio (a páxina aínda non existe)">119</a> e o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unbinilio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unbinilio (a páxina aínda non existe)">120</a>, un novo bloque g para os seguintes 18 elementos e 30 elementos adicionais continuando os bloques f, d e p actuais, culminando no elemento 168 que sería o seguinte gas nobre.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span>[</span>172<span>]</span></a></sup> Máis recentemente químicos como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekka_Pyykk%C3%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekka Pyykkö (a páxina aínda non existe)">Pekka Pyykkö</a> teorizaron que estes elementos adicionais non seguirían a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regra_de_Madelung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Regra de Madelung (a páxina aínda non existe)">regra de Madelung</a>, que predí como se enchen as capas de electróns, polo que afectarían á aparencia da táboa periódica. Existen varios modelos teóricos competidores para a colocación dos elementos de número atómico 172 e inferiores.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span>[</span>173<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Táboa_periódica_estendida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_estendida_compacta" title="Modelo:Táboa periódica estendida compacta"><abbr title="Ver o modelo">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-conversa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversa_modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_estendida_compacta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversa modelo:Táboa periódica estendida compacta (a páxina aínda non existe)"><abbr title="Conversa do modelo">c</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_estendida_compacta&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar o modelo">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Táboa_periódica_estendida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_estendida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Táboa periódica estendida (a páxina aínda non existe)">Táboa periódica estendida</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fricke_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fricke-183"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" title="Alcalinotérreo">2</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_3" title="Elementos do grupo 3">3</a> </th> <td colspan="15"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_4" title="Elementos do grupo 4">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_5" title="Elementos do grupo 5">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_6" title="Elementos do grupo 6">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 8 (a páxina aínda non existe)">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 9 (a páxina aínda non existe)">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_10&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 10 (a páxina aínda non existe)">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_12" title="Elementos do grupo 12">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_boro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do boro (a páxina aínda non existe)">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_carbono&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do carbono (a páxina aínda non existe)">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroxenoide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroxenoide (a páxina aínda non existe)">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calc%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcóxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xeno" title="Halóxeno">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 1 (a páxina aínda non existe)">1</a> </th> <td title="Hidróxeno, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="31"> </td> <td title="Helio, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 2 (a páxina aínda non existe)">2</a> </th> <td title="Litio, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berilio, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="25"> </td> <td title="Boro, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Carbono, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Nitróxeno, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Osíxeno, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Flúor, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_3" title="Elementos do período 3">3</a> </th> <td title="Sodio, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnesio, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="25"> </td> <td title="Aluminio, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silicio, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fósforo, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(elemento)" title="Fósforo (elemento)"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Xofre, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xofre" title="Xofre"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Cloro, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 4 (a páxina aínda non existe)">4</a> </th> <td title="Potasio, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Calcio, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td title="Escandio, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td colspan="15"> </td> <td title="Titanio, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanadio, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Cromo, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Manganeso, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Ferro, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobalto, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Níquel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobre, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Cinc, 30 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Galio, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Xermanio, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsénico, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selenio, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromo, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Cripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cripton" title="Cripton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 5 (a páxina aínda non existe)">5</a> </th> <td title="Rubidio, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Estroncio, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Estroncio" title="Estroncio"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td title="Itrio, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td colspan="15"> </td> <td title="Circonio, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Niobio, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdeno, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Tecnecio, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tecnecio" title="Tecnecio"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutenio, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rodio, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paladio, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prata, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prata" title="Prata"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Cadmio, 48 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Indio, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indio_(elemento)" title="Indio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Estaño, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimonio, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telurio, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodo, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 6 (a páxina aínda non existe)">6</a> </th> <td title="Cesio, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Bario, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantano, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td title="Cerio, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerio" title="Cerio"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Praseodimio, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Neodimio, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Promecio, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promecio" title="Promecio"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Samario, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Europio, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gadolinio, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Terbio, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Disprosio, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Holmio, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Erbio, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tulio, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Iterbio, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lutecio, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hafnio, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tántalo, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ntalo" title="Tántalo"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Volframio, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Renio, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Osmio, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Iridio, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platino, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Ouro, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Mercurio, 80 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Talio, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Chumbo, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismuto, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polonio, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Ástato, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <td title="Francio, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Radio, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Actinio, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td title="Torio, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Protactinio, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinio" title="Protactinio"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="Uranio, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Neptunio, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Plutonio, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Americio, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americio" title="Americio"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Curio, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curio" title="Curio"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Berkelio, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Californio, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californio" title="Californio"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Einsteinio, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fermio, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Mendelevio, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="Nobelio, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Laurencio, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutherfordio, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dubnio, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seaborgio, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bohrio, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hassio, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnerio, 109 (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtio, 110 (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgenio, 111 (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Copernicio, 112 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonio, 113 (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Flerovio, 114 (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moscovio, 115 (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermorio, 116 (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Ténnesso, 117 (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganesson, 118 (noble gas (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ddffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:95%;"> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 8 (a páxina aínda non existe)">8</a> </th> <td title="Ununennio (alkali metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8bcbc; border:none; ;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ununennio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ununennio (a páxina aínda non existe)"><span style="display:block">119</span></a> </td> <td title="Unbinilio (alkaline earth metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffecd3; border:none; ;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unbinilio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unbinilio (a páxina aínda non existe)"><span style="display:block">120</span></a> </td> <td title="Unbiunio (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unbiunio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unbiunio (a páxina aínda non existe)"><span style="display:block">121</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/15px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/23px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/30px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">144</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">145</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">146</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">147</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">148</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">149</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">150</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">151</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">152</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">153</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">154</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">155</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">156</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">157</span> </td> <td title=" (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">158</span> </td> <td title=" (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">159</span> </td> <td title=" (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">160</span> </td> <td title=" (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">161</span> </td> <td title=" (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">162</span> </td> <td title=" (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">163</span> </td> <td title=" (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">164</span> </td> <td title=" (transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe2e2; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">165</span> </td> <td title=" (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">166</span> </td> <td title=" (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">167</span> </td> <td title=" (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">168</span> </td> <td title=" (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">169</span> </td> <td title=" (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">170</span> </td> <td title=" (post-transition metal (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">171</span> </td> <td title=" (noble gas (predicted))" style="text-align:center; background:#ddffff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">172</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:75%;">&#8205; </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:95%;"> <td colspan="4">&#8205; </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/15px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/23px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/30px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">122</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">123</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">124</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">125</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">126</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">127</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">128</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">129</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">130</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">131</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">132</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">133</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">134</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">135</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">136</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">137</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">138</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">139</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">140</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">141</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">142</span> </td> <td title=" (superactinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#d1ddff; border:none; ;"><span style="display:block">143</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" class="wikitable" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="11" style="text-align:left;">A cor de fondo indica a subcategoría dentro da tendencia metal–metaloide–non metal: </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metal</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide">Metaloide</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal" title="Non metal">Non metal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino">Alcalino</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" title="Alcalinotérreo">Alcalinotérreo</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#d1ddff;" title="Superactínido (tódolos superactínidos son preditos)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superact%C3%ADnido&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Superactínido (a páxina aínda non existe)">Superactínido</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">Lantánido</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">Actínido</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n" title="Metal de transición">Metal de transición</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_de_postransici%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal de postransición (a páxina aínda non existe)">Metal de postransición</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal_poliat%C3%B3mico" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metal poliatómico">Non metal poliatómico</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal_diat%C3%B3mico" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metal diatómico">Non metal diatómico</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">Gas nobre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#d8bcbc;"><i>predito</i> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffecd3;"><i>predito</i> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#d1ddff;"><i>predito</i> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;" title="(no elements are predicted to be a lanthanide)">&#160; </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;" title="(no elements are predicted to be an actinide)">&#160; </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe2e2;"><i>predito</i> </td> <td style="background-color:#d8d8d8;"><i>predito</i> </td> <td style="background-color:#e2e2aa;"><i>predito</i> </td> <td style="background-color:#d0ffe1;"><i>predito</i> </td> <td style="background-color:#f2ffc2;"><i>predito</i> </td> <td style="background-color:#ddffff;"><i>predito</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elemento_co_maior_número_atómico_posible"><span id="Elemento_co_maior_n.C3.BAmero_at.C3.B3mico_posible"></span>Elemento co maior número atómico posible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Editar a sección: «Elemento co maior número atómico posible»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Elemento co maior número atómico posible"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descoñécese o número exacto de elementos posibles. Unha teoría temperá proposta por Elliot Adams en 1911 e baseada na disposición dos elementos en cada unha das filas horizontais da táboa periódica indicaba que os elementos de peso atómico maior de 256± (ós elementos 99 ou 100) non existirían.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span>[</span>175<span>]</span></a></sup> Unha estimación máis recente é que a táboa periódica podería rematar pouco despois da denominada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illa_de_estabilidade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Illa de estabilidade (a páxina aínda non existe)">illa de estabilidade</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-185"><span>[</span>176<span>]</span></a></sup> que se centraría ó redor do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unbihexio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unbihexio (a páxina aínda non existe)">elemento 126</a>, xa que a extensión da táboa periódica e de núcleos está restrinxida polas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%B1a_de_goteo_nuclear&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liña de goteo nuclear (a páxina aínda non existe)">liñas de goteo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup> Outras predicións de onde remataría a táboa periódica inclúen no elemento 128 por parte de <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Emsley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Emsley (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Emsley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> no elemento 137 por parte de <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rscend_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rscend-187"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup> e no elemento 155 por parte de Albert Khazan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span>[</span>j<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelo_de_Bohr&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modelo de Bohr (a páxina aínda non existe)">modelo de Bohr</a> presenta dificultades para os átomos de número atómico maior de 137, xa que segundo ese modelo calquera elemento cun número atómico maior que 137 requiriría que os electróns 1s se desprazasen máis rápido que a <a href="/wiki/Velocidade_da_luz" title="Velocidade da luz">velocidade da luz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span>[</span>180<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuaci%C3%B3n_de_Dirac&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecuación de Dirac (a páxina aínda non existe)">ecuación relativista de Dirac</a> presenta problemas para os elementos con máis de 137 protóns. Para estes elementos a función de onda no estado fundamental de Dirac é oscilatoria no canto de fixa, e non hai espazo entre o espectro de enerxía positivo e negativo, como se pode ver no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradoxo_de_Klein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradoxo de Klein (a páxina aínda non existe)">paradoxo de Klein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span>[</span>181<span>]</span></a></sup> Cálculos máis precisos tendo en conta os efectos do tamaño finito do núcleo indican que a enerxía de unión excede o límite por primeira vez para os elementos con máis de 173 protóns. Para os elementos máis pesados se non se enche o orbital máis interno 1s o campo eléctrico do núcleo tira un electrón do <a href="/wiki/Baleiro" title="Baleiro">baleiro</a>, dando como resultado a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisi%C3%B3n_de_positr%C3%B3ns&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisión de positróns (a páxina aínda non existe)">emisión espontánea dun positrón</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span>[</span>182<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, isto non sucede se o orbital máis interno está cheo, polo que o elemento 173 non sería necesariamente o último da táboa periódica.<sup id="cite_ref-rscend_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rscend-187"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formato_óptimo"><span id="Formato_.C3.B3ptimo"></span>Formato óptimo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Editar a sección: «Formato óptimo»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Formato óptimo"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os múltiples formatos e versións de táboas periódicas existentes deron lugar á pregunta de se existe un formato óptimo ou definitivo da táboa periódica.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span>[</span>183<span>]</span></a></sup> Segundo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Scerri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Scerri (a páxina aínda non existe)">Eric Scerri</a>, a resposta dependería se a periodicidade química observada entre os elementos ten unha verdade absoluta ou se é o produto da interpretación humana.<sup id="cite_ref-blog_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog-194"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup> Scerri postula que moitos dos diferentes formatos de táboas periódicas poden considerarse como variacións da temática da periodicidade química, cada unha delas explorando e dándolle énfase a diferentes aspectos, propiedades, perspectivas e relacións entre os elementos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2011127-128_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2011127-128-195"><span>[</span>185<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blog_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog-194"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em; list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Danse algunhas inconsistencias e irregularidades ó seguir esta convención. Entre outras, o <a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio">helio</a> represéntase no bloque p pero realmente é un elemento do bloque s,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> e a subcapa d do bloque d xa está chea nos <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11">elementos do grupo 11</a> en lugar dos do <a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_12" title="Elementos do grupo 12">12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Non se inclúen neste gráfico os <a href="/wiki/Gases_nobres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases nobres">gases nobres</a>, o <a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato">ástato</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio">francio</a> e os elementos máis pesados que o <a href="/wiki/Americio" title="Americio">americio</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Malia que o flúor é o elemento máis electronegativo segundo a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escala_Pauling&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Escala Pauling (a páxina aínda non existe)">escala Pauling</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> é o elemento máis electronegativo segundo outras escalas, como por exemplo a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escala_Allen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Escala Allen (a páxina aínda non existe)">escala Allen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Malia que as investigacións indican que o laurencio tería un electrón p no lugar dun electrón d na súa configuración electrónica no seu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_fundamental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Estado fundamental (a páxina aínda non existe)">estado fundamental</a>, e polo tanto agardaríase que fose un metal volátil capaz de formar un <a href="/wiki/Cati%C3%B3n" title="Catión">catión</a> +1 nunha <a href="/wiki/Soluci%C3%B3n_(qu%C3%ADmica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solución (química)">solución</a>, non se puido obter evidencia de ningunha destas propiedades malia os diversos experimentos realizados.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1642_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1642-63"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Orixinalmente agardábase que tivese un electrón d na súa configuración electrónica,<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1642_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1642-63"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> sendo posible no caso do laurencio metálico, mais no laurencio en fase atómica de gas tería con toda probabilidade un electrón p.<sup id="cite_ref-Sato_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sato-64"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Un antecedente da táboa de 18 columnas de Deming pode verse na táboa periódica de 16 columnas de Adams de 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> Adams omitiu as terras raras e os "elementos radioactivos" (os actínidos) do corpo principal da súa táboa e no seu lugar "incluíunos nas marxes para aforrar espazo".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En 1892 xa se postulara unha segunda fila da táboa máis longa, para acomodar os elementos coñecidos e aínda por descubrir cun peso atómico maior ó do <a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto">bismuto</a>, como o <a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio">torio</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Protactinio" title="Protactinio">protactinio</a> ou o <a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">uranio</a> entre outros. Porén, a maioría de investigadores consideraron que eses elementos eran análogos ós da terceira serie de elementos de transición, o <a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio">hafnio</a>, o <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ntalo" title="Tántalo">tántalo</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio">volframio</a>. A existencia dunha segunda serie interior de transición, na forma dos actínidos, non se aceptou ata que se estableceron as semellanzas coas estruturas electrónicas dos lantánidos.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Para a propia existencia dos lantánidos a composición do grupo 3 non é fonte de ningún interese específico, xa que o <a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio">escandio</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">itrio</a> o <a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano">lantano</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio">actinio</a> presentan o mesmo cambio gradual en propiedades que o <a href="/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio">calcio</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Estroncio" title="Estroncio">estroncio</a> o <a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">bario</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento)">radio</a> no grupo 2.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O fenómeno de distintos grupos de separación está causado por unha crecente <a href="/wiki/Base_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Base (química)">basicidade</a> co incremento do raio, e non constitúe un motivo fundamental para representar o lutecio baixo o itrio no lugar do lantano. Desta forma entre os <a href="/wiki/Metais_alcalinot%C3%A9rreos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metais alcalinotérreos">metais alcalinotérreos</a> do grupo 2, o magnesio (menos básico) pertence ó "grupo soluble" e o calcio, estroncio e bario (máis básicos) danse no "grupo do carbonato de amoníaco". Non obstante, o magnesio, calcio, estroncio e bario sitúanse de forma rutineira no grupo 2 da táboa periódica.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aínda que o laurencio metálico posúe un electrón p, os estudos de modelaxe simple suxiren que o seu comportamento é o dun lantánido,<sup id="cite_ref-Xu_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu-172"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup> ó igual que o resto dos últimos actínidos.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-165"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karol argumenta que os efectos gravitacionais tornaríanse significativos cando os números atómicos pasan a ser astronomicamente grandes, superando polo tanto outros fenómenos de inestabilidade de núcleos supermasivos, e que as <a href="/wiki/Estrela_de_neutr%C3%B3ns" title="Estrela de neutróns">estrelas de neutróns</a> (con números atómicos da orde de 10<sup>21</sup>) poden considerarse como representantes dos elementos máis pesados no <a href="/wiki/Universo" title="Universo">Universo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Referencias</dt></dl> <p><span style="font-style: italic; font-size: 95%; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Todas as referencias en inglés agás cando se indique o contrario.</span> </p> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". <i>Pure Appl. Chem.</i> <b>88</b> (3): 265–91. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-4545">0033-4545</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0305">10.1515/pac-2015-0305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2013+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&amp;rft.au=Coplen%2C+T.+B.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Meija&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0033-4545&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&amp;rft.pages=265-91&amp;rft.volume=88&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0305&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198424–27-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198424–27_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1984">Greenwood &amp; Earnshaw 1984</a>, pp.&#160;24–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20096-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20096_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray2009">Gray 2009</a>, p.&#160;6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Strickland, Ashley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610215843/http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/08/health/periodic-table-new-elements-names/index.html">"New elements on the periodic table are named"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/08/health/periodic-table-new-elements-names/index.html">o orixinal</a> o 10 de xuño de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 11 de xuño de 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=New+elements+on+the+periodic+table+are+named&amp;rft.aufirst=Ashley&amp;rft.aulast=Strickland&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F06%2F08%2Fhealth%2Fperiodic-table-new-elements-names%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613223413/http://iupac.org/discovery-and-assignment-of-elements-with-atomic-numbers-113-115-117-and-118/">"Discovery and assignment of elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>. 30 de decembro de 2015. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iupac.org/discovery-and-assignment-of-elements-with-atomic-numbers-113-115-117-and-118/">o orixinal</a> o 13 de xuño de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 19 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.btitle=Discovery+and+assignment+of+elements+with+atomic+numbers+113%2C+115%2C+117+and+118&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=IUPAC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fdiscovery-and-assignment-of-elements-with-atomic-numbers-113-115-117-and-118%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610204247/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/09/481410462/hello-nihonium-scientists-name-4-new-elements-on-the-periodic-table">"Hello, Nihonium. Scientists Name 4 New Elements On The Periodic Table"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/09/481410462/hello-nihonium-scientists-name-4-new-elements-on-the-periodic-table">o orixinal</a> o 10/06/2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 11 de xuño de 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Hello%2C+Nihonium.+Scientists+Name+4+New+Elements+On+The+Periodic+Table&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NPR.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2016%2F06%2F09%2F481410462%2Fhello-nihonium-scientists-name-4-new-elements-on-the-periodic-table&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemsley-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kemsley_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kemsley_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kemsley, Jyllian (5 de decembro de 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i48/Names-elements-113-115-117.html">"Names for elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 finalized by IUPAC"</a>. <i>Chemical &amp; Engineering News</i> <b>94</b> (48): 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Names+for+elements+113%2C+115%2C+117%2C+and+118+finalized+by+IUPAC&amp;rft.aufirst=Jyllian&amp;rft.aulast=Kemsley&amp;rft.chron=5+de+decembro+de+2016&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=48&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F94%2Fi48%2FNames-elements-113-115-117.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104125144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35220823">"Chemistry: Four elements added to periodic table"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC News</a></i>. 4 de xaneiro de 2016. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35220823">o orixinal</a> o 04 de xaneiro de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 19 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Chemistry%3A+Four+elements+added+to+periodic+table&amp;rft.chron=4+de+xaneiro+de+2016&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-35220823&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">St. Fleur, Nicholas (1 de decembro de 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814221055/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/science/periodic-table-new-elements.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fscience&amp;action=click&amp;contentCollection=science&amp;region=rank&amp;module=package&amp;version=highlights&amp;contentPlacement=1&amp;pgtype=sectionfront">"Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/science/periodic-table-new-elements.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fscience&amp;action=click&amp;contentCollection=science&amp;region=rank&amp;module=package&amp;version=highlights&amp;contentPlacement=1&amp;pgtype=sectionfront">o orixinal</a> o 14 de agosto de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 19 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Four+New+Names+Officially+Added+to+the+Periodic+Table+of+Elements&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.aulast=St.+Fleur&amp;rft.chron=1+de+decembro+de+2016&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F01%2Fscience%2Fperiodic-table-new-elements.html%3Frref%3Dcollection%252Fsectioncollection%252Fscience%26action%3Dclick%26contentCollection%3Dscience%26region%3Drank%26module%3Dpackage%26version%3Dhighlights%26contentPlacement%3D1%26pgtype%3Dsectionfront&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011_10-1">10,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011_10-2">10,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011_10-3">10,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011_10-4">10,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmsley2011">Emsley 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Silva, Robert J. (2006). "Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium and Lawrencium". En Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. <i>The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</i> (3ª ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/1-4020-3555-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/1-4020-3555-1">1-4020-3555-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Fermium%2C+Mendelevium%2C+Nobelium+and+Lawrencium&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Silva&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=3%AA&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=1-4020-3555-1&amp;rft.place=Dordrecht&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri200724-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri200724_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2007">Scerri 2007</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Messler, R. W. (2010). <i>The essence of materials for engineers</i>. Sudbury, MA: Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers. p.&#160;32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-7637-7833-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-7637-7833-8">0-7637-7833-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Messler&amp;rft.btitle=The+essence+of+materials+for+engineers&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7637-7833-8&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bagnall, K. W. (1967). "Recent advances in actinide and lanthanide chemistry". En Fields, P. R.; Moeller, T. <i>Advances in chemistry, Lanthanide/Actinide chemistry</i>. Advances in Chemistry <b>71</b>. American Chemical Society. pp.&#160;1–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-8412-0072-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-8412-0072-6">0-8412-0072-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fba-1967-0071">10.1021/ba-1967-0071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+actinide+and+lanthanide+chemistry&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Bagnall&amp;rft.btitle=Advances+in+chemistry%2C+Lanthanide%2FActinide+chemistry&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-8412-0072-6&amp;rft.pages=1-12&amp;rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.series=Advances+in+Chemistry&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fba-1967-0071&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Day, M. C., Jr.; Selbin, J. (1969). <i>Theoretical inorganic chemistry</i> (2ª ed.). Nova York: Nostrand-Rienhold Book Corporation. p.&#160;103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-7637-7833-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-7637-7833-8">0-7637-7833-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Selbin%2C+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+C.%2C+Jr.&amp;rft.aulast=Day&amp;rft.btitle=Theoretical+inorganic+chemistry&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.edition=2%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7637-7833-8&amp;rft.pages=103&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Nostrand-Rienhold+Book+Corporation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holman, J.; Hill, G. C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryinconte00unse"><i>Chemistry in context</i></a> (5ª ed.). Walton-on-Thames: Nelson Thornes. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryinconte00unse/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-17-448276-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-17-448276-0">0-17-448276-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Hill%2C+G.+C.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Holman&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+in+context&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=5%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-17-448276-0&amp;rft.pages=40&amp;rft.place=Walton-on-Thames&amp;rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryinconte00unse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_17-0">17,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_17-1">17,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Leigh, G. J. (1990). <i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: Recommendations 1990</i>. Blackwell Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-632-02494-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-632-02494-1">0-632-02494-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Leigh&amp;rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry%3A+Recommendations+1990&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-632-02494-1&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fluck-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fluck_18-0">18,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fluck_18-1">18,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fluck, E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325152951/http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf">"New Notations in the Periodic Table"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pure Appl. Chem.</i> (<a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>) <b>60</b> (3): 431–436. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac198860030431">10.1351/pac198860030431</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 25 de marzo de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 24 de marzo de 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=New+Notations+in+the+Periodic+Table&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.aulast=Fluck&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&amp;rft.pages=431-436&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2F1988%2Fpdf%2F6003x0431.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac198860030431&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-For_Dummies-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-For_Dummies_19-0">19,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-For_Dummies_19-1">19,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moore, J. T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryfordumm0000moor"><i>Chemistry For Dummies</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=For_Dummies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="For Dummies (a páxina aínda non existe)">For Dummies</a> (1ª ed.). Nova York: Wiley Publications. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryfordumm0000moor/page/111">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-7645-5430-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-7645-5430-8">978-0-7645-5430-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+For+Dummies&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.edition=1%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7645-5430-8&amp;rft.pages=111&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley+Publications&amp;rft.series=For+Dummies&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryfordumm0000moor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198430-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198430_20-0">20,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198430_20-1">20,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198430_20-2">20,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1984">Greenwood &amp; Earnshaw 1984</a>, p.&#160;30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/projects/project-details/?project_nr=2015-039-2-200">"The constitution of group 3 of the periodic table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>. 18 de decembro de 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.btitle=The+constitution+of+group+3+of+the+periodic+table&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=IUPAC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fprojects%2Fproject-details%2F%3Fproject_nr%3D2015-039-2-200&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brescia, Frank (2012). <i>Fundamentals of Chemistry: A Modern Introduction</i>. Elsevier. p.&#160;134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9780323142311" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9780323142311">9780323142311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rft.aulast=Brescia&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Chemistry%3A+A+Modern+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780323142311&amp;rft.pages=134&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Satake, M. (2010). <i>Periodic Table &amp; Periodic Properties</i>. Discovery Publishing House. p.&#160;6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9788171411610" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9788171411610">9788171411610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Satake&amp;rft.btitle=Periodic+Table+%26+Periodic+Properties&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9788171411610&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connelly2005-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Connelly2005_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Connelly, NG; Damhus, T, eds. (2005). "section IR-3.5: Elements in the periodic table". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/fileadmin/user_upload/databases/Red_Book_2005.pdf"><i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge: RSC Publishing. p.&#160;51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-85404-438-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-85404-438-8">0-85404-438-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=section+IR-3.5%3A+Elements+in+the+periodic+table&amp;rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry%3A+IUPAC+Recommendations+2005&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-85404-438-8&amp;rft.pages=51&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=RSC+Publishing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fdatabases%2FRed_Book_2005.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weller, Mark; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Armstrong, Fraser (2014). <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p.&#160;298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9780199641826" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9780199641826">9780199641826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Fraser&amp;rft.au=Overton%2C+Tina&amp;rft.au=Rourke%2C+Jonathan&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Weller&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780199641826&amp;rft.pages=298&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stoker, S. H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618775019"><i>General, organic, and biological chemistry</i></a>. Nova York: Houghton Mifflin. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618775019/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-618-73063-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-618-73063-6">978-0-618-73063-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52445586">52445586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Stoker&amp;rft.btitle=General%2C+organic%2C+and+biological+chemistry&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-618-73063-6&amp;rft.pages=68&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780618775019&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52445586&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mascetta, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryeasyway00masc"><i>Chemistry The Easy Way</i></a> (4ª ed.). Nova York: Hauppauge. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryeasyway00masc/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-7641-1978-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-7641-1978-1">978-0-7641-1978-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52047235">52047235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Mascetta&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+The+Easy+Way&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.edition=4%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7641-1978-1&amp;rft.pages=50&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Hauppauge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryeasyway00masc&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52047235&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kotz, J.; Treichel, P.; Townsend, John (2009). <i>Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Volume 2</i> (7ª ed.). Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole. p.&#160;324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-495-38712-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-495-38712-1">978-0-495-38712-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/220756597">220756597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Townsend%2C+John&amp;rft.au=Treichel%2C+P.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Kotz&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Chemical+Reactivity%2C+Volume+2&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.edition=7%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-495-38712-1&amp;rft.pages=324&amp;rft.place=Belmont&amp;rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220756597&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200912-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray200912_29-0">29,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray200912_29-1">29,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray200912_29-2">29,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray2009">Gray 2009</a>, p.&#160;12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Scerri, Eric R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedpaperso00scer"><i>Collected Papers on Philosophy of Chemistry</i></a>. World Scientific. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedpaperso00scer/page/n187">177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9781848161375" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9781848161375">9781848161375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Scerri&amp;rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+on+Philosophy+of+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781848161375&amp;rft.pages=177&amp;rft.pub=World+Scientific&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedpaperso00scer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">"Transition elements (The d-block elements)". <i>Competition Science Vision</i> (Pratiyogita Darpan) <b>2</b> (16): 472. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Transition+elements+%28The+d-block+elements%29&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.jtitle=Competition+Science+Vision&amp;rft.pages=472&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jones, C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dfblockchemistry00jone"><i>d- and f-block chemistry</i></a>. Nova York: J. Wiley &amp; Sons. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dfblockchemistry00jone/page/n11">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-471-22476-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-471-22476-1">978-0-471-22476-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/300468713">300468713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.btitle=d-+and+f-block+chemistry&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-22476-1&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdfblockchemistry00jone&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300468713&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Silberberg, M. S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistrymolecul00silb_803"><i>Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter and change</i></a> (4ª ed.). Nova York: McGraw-Hill. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistrymolecul00silb_803/page/n568">536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-07-111658-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-07-111658-3">0-07-111658-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Silberberg&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+The+molecular+nature+of+matter+and+change&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=4%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-07-111658-3&amp;rft.pages=536&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistrymolecul00silb_803&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Manson, S. S.; Halford, G. R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatiguedurabilit00mans"><i>Fatigue and durability of structural materials</i></a>. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatiguedurabilit00mans/page/n343">376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-87170-825-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-87170-825-6">0-87170-825-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Halford%2C+G.+R.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Manson&amp;rft.btitle=Fatigue+and+durability+of+structural+materials&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87170-825-6&amp;rft.pages=376&amp;rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&amp;rft.pub=ASM+International&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatiguedurabilit00mans&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bullinger, H-J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/technologyguidep0000unse"><i>Technology guide: Principles, applications, trends</i></a>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/technologyguidep0000unse/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-3-540-88545-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-3-540-88545-0">978-3-540-88545-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=H-J.&amp;rft.aulast=Bullinger&amp;rft.btitle=Technology+guide%3A+Principles%2C+applications%2C+trends&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-88545-0&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftechnologyguidep0000unse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Myers_37-0">36,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Myers_37-1">36,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Myers, R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicschemistry00myer_641"><i>The basics of chemistry</i></a>. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicschemistry00myer_641/page/n74">61</a>–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-313-31664-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-313-31664-3">0-313-31664-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Myers&amp;rft.btitle=The+basics+of+chemistry&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-31664-3&amp;rft.pages=61-67&amp;rft.place=Westport&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicschemistry00myer_641&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2002289–310;_340–42-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002289–310;_340–42_38-0">37,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002289–310;_340–42_38-1">37,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang2002">Chang 2002</a>, pp.&#160;289–310; 340–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198427-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198427_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1984">Greenwood &amp; Earnshaw 1984</a>, p.&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolly_contract-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jolly_contract_41-0">39,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jolly_contract_41-1">39,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jolly, W. L. (1991). <i>Modern Inorganic Chemistry</i> (2ª ed.). McGraw-Hill. p.&#160;22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-07-112651-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-07-112651-9">978-0-07-112651-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Jolly&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.edition=2%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-07-112651-9&amp;rft.pages=22&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198428-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198428_42-0">40,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198428_42-1">40,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw198428_42-2">40,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1984">Greenwood &amp; Earnshaw 1984</a>, p.&#160;28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-definition-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-definition_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/E01990.html">"Electronegativity"</a>. <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book")</i> (2ª ed.). <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>. &#160;(2006&#8211;) [1997].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Electronegativity&amp;rft.chron=+%282006%26ndash%3B%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology+%28the+%22Gold+Book%22%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2FE01990.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulingJACS-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-paulingJACS_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling, L.</a> (1932). "The Nature of the Chemical Bond. IV. The Energy of Single Bonds and the Relative Electronegativity of Atoms". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i> <b>54</b> (9): 3570–3582. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JAChS..54.2610C">1932JAChS..54.2610C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01348a011">10.1021/ja01348a011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+the+Chemical+Bond.+IV.+The+Energy+of+Single+Bonds+and+the+Relative+Electronegativity+of+Atoms&amp;rft.au=Pauling%2C+L.&amp;rft.date=1932&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.pages=3570-3582&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JAChS..54.2610C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01348a011&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Allen, Leland C. (1989). "Electronegativity is the average one-electron energy of the valence-shell electrons in ground-state free atoms". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i> <b>111</b> (25): 9003–9014. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00207a003">10.1021/ja00207a003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Electronegativity+is+the+average+one-electron+energy+of+the+valence-shell+electrons+in+ground-state+free+atoms&amp;rft.au=Allen%2C+Leland+C.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=25&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.pages=9003-9014&amp;rft.volume=111&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00207a003&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Allred, A. L. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022190261801425">"Electronegativity values from thermochemical data"</a>. <i>Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry</i> (Northwestern University) <b>17</b> (3–4): 215–221. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2861%2980142-5">10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Electronegativity+values+from+thermochemical+data&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Allred&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3%934&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=215-221&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2F0022190261801425&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2861%2980142-5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter199742-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter199742_48-0">45,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter199742_48-1">45,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997">Huheey, Keiter &amp; Keiter 1997</a>, p.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2002307–309-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002307–309_49-0">46,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002307–309_49-1">46,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang2002">Chang 2002</a>, pp.&#160;307–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Siekierski, S.; Burgess, J. (2002). <i>Concise chemistry of the elements</i>. Chichester: Horwood Publishing. pp.&#160;35‒36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/1-898563-71-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/1-898563-71-3">1-898563-71-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Burgess%2C+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Siekierski&amp;rft.btitle=Concise+chemistry+of+the+elements&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-898563-71-3&amp;rft.pages=35%9236&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=Horwood+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997880–881-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997880–881_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997">Huheey, Keiter &amp; Keiter 1997</a>, pp.&#160;880–881.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Yoder, C. H.; Suydam, F. H.; Snavely, F. A. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistry00clau"><i>Chemistry</i></a> (2ª ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistry00clau/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-15-506465-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-15-506465-7">0-15-506465-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Snavely%2C+F.+A.&amp;rft.au=Suydam%2C+F.+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Yoder&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.edition=2%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-15-506465-7&amp;rft.pages=58&amp;rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistry00clau&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997880–885-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997880–885_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997">Huheey, Keiter &amp; Keiter 1997</a>, pp.&#160;880–885.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sacks, O. (2009). <i>Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a chemical boyhood</i>. Nova York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.&#160;191, 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-375-70404-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-375-70404-3">0-375-70404-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;rft.aulast=Sacks&amp;rft.btitle=Uncle+Tungsten%3A+Memories+of+a+chemical+boyhood&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-375-70404-3&amp;rft.pages=191%2C+194&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20099-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20099_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray2009">Gray 2009</a>, p.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKay-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MacKay_56-0">53,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MacKay_56-1">53,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">MacKay, K. M.; MacKay, R. A.; Henderson, W. (2002). <i>Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry</i> (6ª ed.). Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. pp.&#160;194–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-7487-6420-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-7487-6420-8">0-7487-6420-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Henderson%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=MacKay%2C+R.+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=MacKay&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Modern+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=6%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7487-6420-8&amp;rft.pages=194-196&amp;rft.place=Cheltenham&amp;rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Remy, H. (1956). Kleinberg, J., ed. <i>Treatise on Inorganic Chemistry</i> <b>2</b>. Ámsterdam: Elsevier. p.&#160;30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.aulast=Remy&amp;rft.btitle=Treatise+on+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=30&amp;rft.place=%C3%81msterdam&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Phillips, C. S. G.; Williams, R. J. P. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inorganicchemist0000csgp_a3v0"><i>Inorganic Chemistry</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inorganicchemist0000csgp_a3v0/page/4">4</a>–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+R.+J.+P.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+S.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=4-5&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finorganicchemist0000csgp_a3v0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">King, R. B. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inorganicchemist0000king"><i>Inorganic chemistry of main group elements</i></a>. Nova York: Wiley-VCH. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inorganicchemist0000king/page/289">289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=King&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry+of+main+group+elements&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=289&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finorganicchemist0000king&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984947-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984947_60-0">57,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984947_60-1">57,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1984">Greenwood &amp; Earnshaw 1984</a>, p.&#160;947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Spedding, F. H.; Beadry, B. J. (1968). "Lutetium". En Hampel, C. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements</i></a>. Reinhold Book Corporation. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/374">374</a>–378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Lutetium&amp;rft.au=Beadry%2C+B.+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Spedding&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=374-378&amp;rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch00hamp&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Settouti, N.; Aourag, H. (2014). "A Study of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Lutetium Compared with Those of Transition Metals: A Data Mining Approach". <i>JOM</i> <b>67</b> (1): 87–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JOM....67a..87S">2015JOM....67a..87S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11837-014-1247-x">10.1007/s11837-014-1247-x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=A+Study+of+the+Physical+and+Mechanical+Properties+of+Lutetium+Compared+with+Those+of+Transition+Metals%3A+A+Data+Mining+Approach&amp;rft.au=Aourag%2C+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=N.&amp;rft.aulast=Settouti&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=JOM&amp;rft.pages=87-93&amp;rft.volume=67&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JOM....67a..87S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11837-014-1247-x&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silva1642-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Silva1642_63-0">60,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Silva1642_63-1">60,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Silva1642_63-2">60,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Silva, Robert J. (2011). "Chapter 13. Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium". En Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. <i>The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</i>. Países Baixos: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-94-007-0210-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-94-007-0210-3">978-94-007-0210-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0211-0_13">10.1007/978-94-007-0211-0_13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+13.+Fermium%2C+Mendelevium%2C+Nobelium%2C+and+Lawrencium&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Silva&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-94-007-0210-3&amp;rft.place=Pa%C3ses+Baixos&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-0211-0_13&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sato-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sato_64-0">61,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sato_64-1">61,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sato, T. K.; Asai, M.; Borschevsky, A.; Stora, T.; Sato, N.; Kaneya, Y.; Tsukada, K.; Düllman, Ch. E.; Eberhardt, K.; Eliav, E.; Ichikawa, S.; Kaldor, U.; Kratz, J. V.; Miyashita, S.; Nagame, Y.; Ooe, K.; Osa, A.; Renisch, D.; Runke, J.; Schädel, M.; Thörle-Pospiech, P.; Toyoshima, A.; Trautmann, N. (9 de abril de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/2008656/files/TKSato-Lr-IP_prep_nature.pdf">"Measurement of the first ionization potential of lawrencium, element 103"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i> <b>520</b>: 209–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.520..209S">2015Natur.520..209S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14342">10.1038/nature14342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Measurement+of+the+first+ionization+potential+of+lawrencium%2C+element+103&amp;rft.au=Asai%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Borschevsky%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=D%C3%BCllman%2C+Ch.+E.&amp;rft.au=Eberhardt%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Eliav%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Ichikawa%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Kaldor%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Kaneya%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Kratz%2C+J.+V.&amp;rft.au=Miyashita%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Nagame%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Ooe%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Osa%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Renisch%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Runke%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Sato%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Sch%C3%A4del%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Stora%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Th%C3%B6rle-Pospiech%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Toyoshima%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Trautmann%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Tsukada%2C+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Sato&amp;rft.chron=9+de+abril+de+2015&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=209-11&amp;rft.volume=520&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F2008656%2Ffiles%2FTKSato-Lr-IP_prep_nature.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.520..209S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14342&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Steele, D. <i>The Chemistry of the Metallic Elements</i>. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p.&#160;67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9781483181028" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9781483181028">9781483181028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.aulast=Steele&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Metallic+Elements&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781483181028&amp;rft.pages=67&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2ª ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. p.&#160;1206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-7506-3365-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Greenwood&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.edition=2%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&amp;rft.pages=1206&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier+Science+Ltd.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">MacKay, K. M.; MacKay, R. A.; Henderson, W. (2002). <i>Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry</i> (6ª ed.). Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. pp.&#160;194–196, 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-7487-6420-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-7487-6420-8">0-7487-6420-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Henderson%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=MacKay%2C+R.+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=MacKay&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Modern+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=6%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7487-6420-8&amp;rft.pages=194-196%2C+385&amp;rft.place=Cheltenham&amp;rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Siegfried, R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromelementstoat00sieg"><i>From elements to atoms a history of chemical composition</i></a>. Filadelfia: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromelementstoat00sieg/page/92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-87169-924-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-87169-924-9">0-87169-924-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Siegfried&amp;rft.btitle=From+elements+to+atoms+a+history+of+chemical+composition&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87169-924-9&amp;rft.pages=92&amp;rft.place=Filadelfia&amp;rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Cataloging-in-Publication+Data&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromelementstoat00sieg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002100-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002100_70-0">66,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002100_70-1">66,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall2002">Ball 2002</a>, p.&#160;100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Horvitz, L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eurekastoriesofs00horv"><i>Eureka!: Scientific Breakthroughs That Changed The World</i></a>. Nova York: John Wiley. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eurekastoriesofs00horv/page/n54">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-471-23341-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-471-23341-1">978-0-471-23341-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50766822">50766822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.aulast=Horvitz&amp;rft.btitle=Eureka%21%3A+Scientific+Breakthroughs+That+Changed+The+World&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-23341-1&amp;rft.pages=43&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feurekastoriesofs00horv&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50766822&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Aug. Kekulé (1857). "Über die s. g. gepaarten Verbindungen und die Theorie der mehratomigen Radicale". <i>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</i> <b>104</b> (2): 129–150. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18571040202">10.1002/jlac.18571040202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+s.+g.+gepaarten+Verbindungen+und+die+Theorie+der+mehratomigen+Radicale&amp;rft.au=Aug.+Kekul%C3%A9&amp;rft.date=1857&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Chemie+und+Pharmacie&amp;rft.pages=129-150&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18571040202&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">van Spronsen, J. W. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodicsystemof0000spro"><i>The periodic system of chemical elements</i></a>. Ámsterdam: Elsevier. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodicsystemof0000spro/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-444-40776-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-444-40776-6">0-444-40776-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=van+Spronsen&amp;rft.btitle=The+periodic+system+of+chemical+elements&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-444-40776-6&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.place=%C3%81msterdam&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodicsystemof0000spro&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141127153250/http://www.annales.org/archives/x/chancourtois.html">"Alexandre-Emile Bélguier de Chancourtois (1820–1886)"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francesa" title="Lingua francesa">francés</a>)</span>. Annales des Mines history page. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annales.org/archives/x/chancourtois.html">o orixinal</a> o 27 de novembro de 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 18 de setembro de 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.btitle=Alexandre-Emile+B%C3%A9lguier+de+Chancourtois+%281820%931886%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Annales+des+Mines+history+page&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annales.org%2Farchives%2Fx%2Fchancourtois.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenable189685–86,_97-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenable189685–86,_97_75-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVenable1896">Venable 1896</a>, pp.&#160;85–86, 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Odling, W. (2002). "On the proportional numbers of the elements". <i>Quarterly Journal of Science</i> <b>1</b>: 642–648.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+proportional+numbers+of+the+elements&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft.aulast=Odling&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Science&amp;rft.pages=642-648&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2011-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2011_77-0">73,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2011_77-1">73,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2011">Scerri 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kaji, M. (2004). "Discovery of the periodic law: Mendeleev and other researchers on element classification in the 1860s". En Rouvray, D. H.; King, R. Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableint0000unse"><i>The periodic table: Into the 21st Century</i></a>. Research Studies Press. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableint0000unse/page/95">95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-86380-292-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-86380-292-3">0-86380-292-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Discovery+of+the+periodic+law%3A+Mendeleev+and+other+researchers+on+element+classification+in+the+1860s&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Kaji&amp;rft.btitle=The+periodic+table%3A+Into+the+21st+Century&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-86380-292-3&amp;rft.pages=95&amp;rft.pub=Research+Studies+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodictableint0000unse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Newlands, J. A. R. (20 de agosto de 1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101073248/http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/EA/NEWLANDSann.HTML#newlands3">"On Relations Among the Equivalents"</a>. <i>Chemical News</i> <b>10</b>: 94–95. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/EA/NEWLANDSann.HTML#newlands3">o orixinal</a> o 01 de xaneiro de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=On+Relations+Among+the+Equivalents&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+A.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Newlands&amp;rft.chron=20+de+agosto+de+1864&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+News&amp;rft.pages=94-95&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.lemoyne.edu%2F~giunta%2FEA%2FNEWLANDSann.HTML%23newlands3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Newlands, J. A. R. (18 de agosto de 1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101073248/http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/EA/NEWLANDSann.HTML#newlands4">"On the Law of Octaves"</a>. <i>Chemical News</i> <b>12</b>: 83. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/EA/NEWLANDSann.HTML#newlands4">o orixinal</a> o 01 de xaneiro de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Law+of+Octaves&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+A.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Newlands&amp;rft.chron=18+de+agosto+de+1865&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+News&amp;rft.pages=83&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.lemoyne.edu%2F~giunta%2FEA%2FNEWLANDSann.HTML%23newlands4&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bryson, B. (2004). <i>A Short History of Nearly Everything</i>. Black Swan. pp.&#160;141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-552-15174-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-552-15174-0">978-0-552-15174-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.aulast=Bryson&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Nearly+Everything&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-552-15174-0&amp;rft.pages=141-142&amp;rft.pub=Black+Swan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2007306-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2007306_82-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2007">Scerri 2007</a>, p.&#160;306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brock, W. H.; Knight, D. M. (1965). "The Atomic Debates: 'Memorable and Interesting Evenings in the Life of the Chemical Society<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>". <i>Isis</i> (The University of Chicago Press) <b>56</b> (1): 5–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F349922">10.1086/349922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+Atomic+Debates%3A+%27Memorable+and+Interesting+Evenings+in+the+Life+of+the+Chemical+Society%27&amp;rft.au=Knight%2C+D.+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Brock&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Isis&amp;rft.pages=5-25&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F349922&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri200787,_92-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri200787,_92_84-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2007">Scerri 2007</a>, pp.&#160;87, 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kauffman, G. B. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1969-03_46_3/page/128">"American forerunners of the periodic law"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i> <b>46</b> (3): 128–135 (132). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969JChEd..46..128K">1969JChEd..46..128K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed046p128">10.1021/ed046p128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=American+forerunners+of+the+periodic+law&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Kauffman&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.pages=128-135+%28132%29&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_1969-03_46_3%2Fpage%2F128&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969JChEd..46..128K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed046p128&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mendelejew, D. (1869). "Über die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente". <i>Zeitschrift für Chemie</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_alem%C3%A1" title="Lingua alemá">alemán</a>)</span>: 405–406.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Beziehungen+der+Eigenschaften+zu+den+Atomgewichten+der+Elemente&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.aulast=Mendelejew&amp;rft.date=1869&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Chemie&amp;rft.pages=405-406&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenable189696–97,_100–102-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenable189696–97,_100–102_87-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVenable1896">Venable 1896</a>, pp.&#160;96–97, 100–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002100–102-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002100–102_88-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall2002">Ball 2002</a>, pp.&#160;100–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pullman, B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atominhistoryofh0000pull"><i>The Atom in the History of Human Thought</i></a>. Traducido por Axel Reisinger. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atominhistoryofh0000pull/page/227">227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-19-515040-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-19-515040-6">0-19-515040-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.aulast=Pullman&amp;rft.btitle=The+Atom+in+the+History+of+Human+Thought&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-515040-6&amp;rft.pages=227&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatominhistoryofh0000pull&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002105-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002105_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall2002">Ball 2002</a>, p.&#160;105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Atkins, P. W. (1995). <i>The Periodic Kingdom</i>. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. p.&#160;87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-465-07265-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-465-07265-8">0-465-07265-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Atkins%2C+P.+W.&amp;rft.btitle=The+Periodic+Kingdom&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-465-07265-8&amp;rft.pages=87&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Samanta, C.; Chowdhury, P. Roy; Basu, D. N. (2007). "Predictions of alpha decay half-lifes of heavy and superheavy elements". <i>Nucl. Phys. A</i> <b>789</b>: 142–154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NuPhA.789..142S">2007NuPhA.789..142S</a>. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0703086">nucl-th/0703086</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2007.04.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Predictions+of+alpha+decay+half-lifes+of+heavy+and+superheavy+elements&amp;rft.au=Basu%2C+D.+N.&amp;rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+P.+Roy&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=Samanta&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucl.+Phys.+A&amp;rft.pages=142-154&amp;rft.volume=789&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fnucl-th%2F0703086&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007NuPhA.789..142S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2007.04.001&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2007112-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2007112_93-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2007">Scerri 2007</a>, p.&#160;112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kaji, M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160706091143/http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2005-Kaji.pdf">"D. I. Mendeleev's Concept of Chemical Elements and the Principle of Chemistry"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Hist. Chem.</i> <b>27</b> (1): 4–16. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2005-Kaji.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 06 de xullo de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=D.+I.+Mendeleev%27s+Concept+of+Chemical+Elements+and+the+Principle+of+Chemistry&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Kaji&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Bull.+Hist.+Chem.&amp;rft.pages=4-16&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scs.illinois.edu%2F~mainzv%2FHIST%2Fawards%2FOPA%2520Papers%2F2005-Kaji.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Adloff, J-P.; Kaufman, G. B. (25 de setembro de 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604212956/http://chemeducator.org/sbibs/s0010005/spapers/1050387gk.htm">"Francium (Atomic Number 87), the Last Discovered Natural Element"</a>. The Chemical Educator. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemeducator.org/sbibs/s0010005/spapers/1050387gk.htm">o orixinal</a> o 04 de xuño de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 26 de marzo de 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Kaufman%2C+G.+B.&amp;rft.aufirst=J-P.&amp;rft.aulast=Adloff&amp;rft.btitle=Francium+%28Atomic+Number+87%29%2C+the+Last+Discovered+Natural+Element&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Chemical+Educator&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemeducator.org%2Fsbibs%2Fs0010005%2Fspapers%2F1050387gk.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hoffman, D. C.; Lawrence, F. O.; Mewherter, J. L.; Rourke, F. M. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623095710/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v234/n5325/abs/234132a0.html">"Detection of Plutonium-244 in Nature"</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>234</b> (5325): 132–134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Natur.234..132H">1971Natur.234..132H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F234132a0">10.1038/234132a0</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v234/n5325/abs/234132a0.html">o orixinal</a> o 23 de xuño de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Detection+of+Plutonium-244+in+Nature&amp;rft.au=Lawrence%2C+F.+O.&amp;rft.au=Mewherter%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.au=Rourke%2C+F.+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Hoffman&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5325&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=132-134&amp;rft.volume=234&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv234%2Fn5325%2Fabs%2F234132a0.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971Natur.234..132H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F234132a0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leach, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=456">"Deming’s Other 1923 Periodic Table: Mendeleev style"</a>. <i>Chemogenesis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Deming%99s+Other+1923+Periodic+Table%3A+Mendeleev+style&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Leach&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemogenesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meta-synthesis.com%2Fwebbook%2F35_pt%2Fpt_database.php%3FPT_id%3D456&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leach, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=360">"Deming Periodic Table"</a>. <i>Chemogenesis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Deming+Periodic+Table&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Leach&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemogenesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meta-synthesis.com%2Fwebbook%2F35_pt%2Fpt_database.php%3FPT_id%3D360&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Deming, H. G. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96944"><i>General chemistry: An elementary survey</i></a>. New York: J. Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96944/page/n180">160</a>, 165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Deming&amp;rft.btitle=General+chemistry%3A+An+elementary+survey&amp;rft.date=1923&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=160%2C+165&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.96944&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leach, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=67">"Adams' Periodic Table"</a>. <i>Chemogenesis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Adams%27+Periodic+Table&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Leach&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemogenesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meta-synthesis.com%2Fwebbook%2F35_pt%2Fpt_database.php%3FPT_id%3D67&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Elliot, Q. A. (1911). "A modification of the periodic table". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i> <b>33</b> (5): 684–688.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=A+modification+of+the+periodic+table&amp;rft.aufirst=Q.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Elliot&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.pages=684-688&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Abraham, M.; Coshow, D.; Fix, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514182242/http://dwb4.unl.edu/chem_source_pdf/PERD.pdf"><i>Periodicity:A source book module, version 1.0</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Nova York: Chemsource, Inc. p.&#160;3. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwb4.unl.edu/chem_source_pdf/PERD.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 14 de maio de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Coshow%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Fix%2C+W.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Abraham&amp;rft.btitle=Periodicity%3AA+source+book+module%2C+version+1.0&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Chemsource%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwb4.unl.edu%2Fchem_source_pdf%2FPERD.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Emsley, J. (7 de marzo de 1985). "Mendeleyev's dream table". <i>New Scientist</i> <b>105</b> (1446): 32–36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Mendeleyev%27s+dream+table&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Emsley&amp;rft.chron=7+de+marzo+de+1985&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0262-4079&amp;rft.issue=1446&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.pages=32-36&amp;rft.volume=105&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002111-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002111_105-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall2002">Ball 2002</a>, p.&#160;111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2007270‒271-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2007270‒271_106-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2007">Scerri 2007</a>, pp.&#160;270‒271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Masterton, W. L.; Hurley, C. N.; Neth, E. J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryprincip00mast_579"><i>Chemistry: Principles and reactions</i></a> (7ª ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryprincip00mast_579/page/n202">173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/1-111-42710-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/1-111-42710-0">1-111-42710-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Hurley%2C+C.+N.&amp;rft.au=Neth%2C+E.+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Masterton&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+Principles+and+reactions&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.edition=7%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-111-42710-0&amp;rft.pages=173&amp;rft.place=Belmont&amp;rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole+Cengage+Learning&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryprincip00mast_579&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Van Spronsen, J. W. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodicsystemof0000spro"><i>The periodic system of chemical elements</i></a>. Ámsterdam: Elsevier. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodicsystemof0000spro/page/315">315</a>–316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-444-40776-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-444-40776-6">0-444-40776-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Spronsen&amp;rft.btitle=The+periodic+system+of+chemical+elements&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-444-40776-6&amp;rft.pages=315-316&amp;rft.place=%C3%81msterdam&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodicsystemof0000spro&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2002123-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2002123_110-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall2002">Ball 2002</a>, p.&#160;123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barber, R. C.; Karol, P. J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, E. W. (2011). "Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)". <i>Pure Appl. Chem.</i> <b>83</b> (7): 1485. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REP-10-05-01">10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Discovery+of+the+elements+with+atomic+numbers+greater+than+or+equal+to+113+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&amp;rft.au=Karol%2C+P.+J.&amp;rft.au=Nakahara%2C+Hiromichi&amp;rft.au=Vardaci%2C+Emanuele&amp;rft.au=Vogt%2C+E.+W.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Barber&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&amp;rft.pages=1485&amp;rft.volume=83&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2FPAC-REP-10-05-01&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E117-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-E117_112-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801120735/http://www.jinr.ru/news_article.asp?n_id=1195&amp;language=rus"><bdi lang="ru">Эксперимент по синтезу 117-го элемента получает продолжение</bdi> &#91;O experimento na síntese do 117º elemento vai continuar&#93;</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en ruso)</span>. JINR. 2012. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jinr.ru/news_article.asp?n_id=1195&amp;language=rus">o orixinal</a> o 01 de agosto de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83+117-%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=JINR&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jinr.ru%2Fnews_article.asp%3Fn_id%3D1195%26language%3Drus&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Scerri, Eric (2013). "Element 61—Promethium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910135005/https://books.google.com/books?id=spjcrJ0UjbsC&amp;pg=PA190"><i>A Tale of 7 Elements</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (USA). pp.&#160;175–194(190). <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-19-539131-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-19-539131-2">978-0-19-539131-2</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=spjcrJ0UjbsC&amp;pg=PA190">o orixinal</a> o 10 de setembro de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Element+61%94Promethium&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.aulast=Scerri&amp;rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+7+Elements&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-539131-2&amp;rft.pages=175-194%28190%29&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28USA%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DspjcrJ0UjbsC%26pg%3DPA190&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Newell, S. B. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rysqAAAACAAJ"><i>Chemistry: An introduction</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p.&#160;196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-316-60455-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-316-60455-0">978-0-316-60455-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Newell&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+An+introduction&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-316-60455-0&amp;rft.pages=196&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrysqAAAACAAJ&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jensen, W. B. (1982). "Classification, Symmetry and the Periodic Table". <i>Computers &amp; Mathematics with Applications</i> <b>12B</b> (1/2): 487–510(498). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0898-1221%2886%2990167-7">10.1016/0898-1221(86)90167-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Classification%2C+Symmetry+and+the+Periodic+Table&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Jensen&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1%2F2&amp;rft.jtitle=Computers+%26+Mathematics+with+Applications&amp;rft.pages=487-510%28498%29&amp;rft.volume=12B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0898-1221%2886%2990167-7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Leach, M. R. "Concerning electronegativity as a basic elemental property and why the periodic table is usually represented in its medium form". <i>Foundations of Chemistry</i> <b>15</b> (1): 13–29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10698-012-9151-3">10.1007/s10698-012-9151-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Concerning+electronegativity+as+a+basic+elemental+property+and+why+the+periodic+table+is+usually+represented+in+its+medium+form&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Leach&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=13-29&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10698-012-9151-3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thyssen, P.; Binnemans, K. (2011). Gschneidner Jr., K. A.; Bünzli, J-C.G; Vecharsky, Bünzli, eds. <i>Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis</i>. <i>Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths</i> <b>41</b> (Ámsterdam: Elsevier). p.&#160;76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-444-53590-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-444-53590-0">978-0-444-53590-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Binnemans%2C+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.aulast=Thyssen&amp;rft.btitle=Accommodation+of+the+Rare+Earths+in+the+Periodic+Table%3A+A+Historical+Analysis&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-444-53590-0&amp;rft.pages=76&amp;rft.place=%C3%81msterdam&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri200720-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri200720_118-0">112,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri200720_118-1">112,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2007">Scerri 2007</a>, p.&#160;20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leach, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook//35_pt/pt_database.php?Button=All">"All Periodic Tables in the INTERNET Periodic Table Database"</a>. <i>Chemogenesis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=All+Periodic+Tables+in+the+INTERNET+Periodic+Table+Database&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Leach&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemogenesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meta-synthesis.com%2Fwebbook%2F%2F35_pt%2Fpt_database.php%3FButton%3DAll&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Emsely, J.; Sharp, R. (21 de xuño de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701044605/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-periodic-table-top-of-the-charts-2005992.html">"The periodic table: Top of the charts"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-periodic-table-top-of-the-charts-2005992.html">o orixinal</a> o 01 de xullo de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+periodic+table%3A+Top+of+the+charts&amp;rft.au=Sharp%2C+R.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Emsely&amp;rft.chron=21+de+xu%C3%B1o+de+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fthe-periodic-table-top-of-the-charts-2005992.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Seaborg, G. (1964). "Plutonium: The Ornery Element". <i>Chemistry</i> <b>37</b> (6): 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Plutonium%3A+The+Ornery+Element&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Seaborg&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leach, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516164123/http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=65">"1925 Courtines' Periodic Classification"</a>. <i>Chemogenesis</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=65">o orixinal</a> o 16 de maio de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de outubro de 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=1925+Courtines%27+Periodic+Classification&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Leach&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemogenesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meta-synthesis.com%2Fwebbook%2F35_pt%2Fpt_database.php%3FPT_id%3D65&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leach, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203150155/http://meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=295">"1949 Wringley's Lamina System"</a>. <i>Chemogenesis</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=295">o orixinal</a> o 03 de decembro de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de outubro de 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=1949+Wringley%27s+Lamina+System&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Leach&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemogenesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meta-synthesis.com%2Fwebbook%2F35_pt%2Fpt_database.php%3FPT_id%3D295&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mazurs, E. G. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicrepresent00unse"><i>Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years</i></a>. Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicrepresent00unse/page/111">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-8173-3200-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-8173-3200-6">978-0-8173-3200-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Mazurs&amp;rft.btitle=Graphical+Representations+of+the+Periodic+System+During+One+Hundred+Years&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8173-3200-6&amp;rft.pages=111&amp;rft.place=Alabama&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicrepresent00unse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leach, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418074643/http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=39">"1996 Dufour's Periodic Tree"</a>. <i>Chemogenesis</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=39">o orixinal</a> o 18 de abril de 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de outubro de 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=1996+Dufour%27s+Periodic+Tree&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Leach&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemogenesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meta-synthesis.com%2Fwebbook%2F35_pt%2Fpt_database.php%3FPT_id%3D39&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leach, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605031716/http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=38">"1989 Physicist's Periodic Table by Timothy Stowe"</a>. <i>Chemogenesis</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=38">o orixinal</a> o 05 de xuño de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de outubro de 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=1989+Physicist%27s+Periodic+Table+by+Timothy+Stowe&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Leach&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemogenesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meta-synthesis.com%2Fwebbook%2F35_pt%2Fpt_database.php%3FPT_id%3D38&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bradley, D. (20 de xullo de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501091625/http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1247399/At_Last_A_Definitive_Periodic_Table.html">"At last, a definitive periodic table?"</a>. <i>ChemViews Magazine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fchemv.201000107">10.1002/chemv.201000107</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1247399/At_Last_A_Definitive_Periodic_Table.html">o orixinal</a> o 01 de maio de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=At+last%2C+a+definitive+periodic+table%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.aulast=Bradley&amp;rft.chron=20+de+xullo+de+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ChemViews+Magazine&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fezine%2F1247399%2FAt_Last_A_Definitive_Periodic_Table.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchemv.201000107&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2007285‒86-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2007285‒86_128-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2007">Scerri 2007</a>, pp.&#160;285‒86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leach, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309084637/http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=429">"2002 Inorganic Chemist's Periodic Table"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=429">o orixinal</a> o 09 de marzo de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de outubro de 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Leach&amp;rft.btitle=2002+Inorganic+Chemist%27s+Periodic+Table&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meta-synthesis.com%2Fwebbook%2F35_pt%2Fpt_database.php%3FPT_id%3D429&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2007285-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2007285_130-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2007">Scerri 2007</a>, p.&#160;285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scerri, E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2008-04_85_4/page/585">"The role of triads in the evolution of the periodic table: Past and present"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i> <b>85</b> (4): 585–89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JChEd..85..585S">2008JChEd..85..585S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed085p585">10.1021/ed085p585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+triads+in+the+evolution+of+the+periodic+table%3A+Past+and+present&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.aulast=Scerri&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.pages=585-89&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_2008-04_85_4%2Fpage%2F585&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JChEd..85..585S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed085p585&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Alper, R. (2010). "The simplified periodic table: elements ordered by their subshells". <i>The Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry</i> <b>10</b> (2): 74–80. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4024%2F43AL09F.jbpc.10.02">10.4024/43AL09F.jbpc.10.02</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+simplified+periodic+table%3A+elements+ordered+by+their+subshells&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Alper&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Physics+and+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=74-80&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4024%2F43AL09F.jbpc.10.02&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScerriJBPC-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ScerriJBPC_133-0">127,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ScerriJBPC_133-1">127,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scerri, E. (2012). "Some comments on the recently proposed periodic table featuring elements ordered by their subshells". <i>Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry</i> <b>12</b> (2): 69–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Some+comments+on+the+recently+proposed+periodic+table+featuring+elements+ordered+by+their+subshells&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.aulast=Scerri&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Physics+and+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=69-70&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bent, H. A.; Weinhold, F. (2007). "Supporting information: News from the periodic table: An introduction to "Periodicity symbols, tables, and models for higher-order valency and donor–acceptor kinships<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i> <b>84</b> (7): 3–4. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed084p1145">10.1021/ed084p1145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Supporting+information%3A+News+from+the+periodic+table%3A+An+introduction+to+%22Periodicity+symbols%2C+tables%2C+and+models+for+higher-order+valency+and+donor%93acceptor+kinships%22&amp;rft.au=Weinhold%2C+F.&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Bent&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.pages=3-4&amp;rft.volume=84&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed084p1145&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Francl, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025135145/http://ericscerri.com/Michelle-Nat%20Chem.pdf">"Table manners"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Chemistry</i> <b>1</b> (2): 97–98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NatCh...1...97F">2009NatCh...1...97F</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21378810">21378810</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.183">10.1038/nchem.183</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ericscerri.com/Michelle-Nat%20Chem.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 25 de outubro de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Table+manners&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Francl&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=97-98&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fericscerri.com%2FMichelle-Nat%2520Chem.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NatCh...1...97F&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.183&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21378810&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Álvarez, Clemente (25 de xaneiro de 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldiario.es/ballenablanca/365_dias/tablas-periodicas-explican-irracional-elementos_0_860564981.html">"Tres tablas periódicas que explican el irracional consumo de muchos aparatos electrónicos"</a>. <i>eldiario.es</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_castel%C3%A1" title="Lingua castelá">castelán</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 27 de xaneiro de 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Tres+tablas+peri%C3%B3dicas+que+explican+el+irracional+consumo+de+muchos+aparatos+electr%C3%B3nicos&amp;rft.aufirst=Clemente&amp;rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez&amp;rft.chron=25+de+xaneiro+de+2019&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=eldiario.es&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldiario.es%2Fballenablanca%2F365_dias%2Ftablas-periodicas-explican-irracional-elementos_0_860564981.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_New_Circular_Vision_for_Electronics.pdf">A New Circular Vision for Electronics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Informe) <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Foro_Econ%C3%B3mico_Mundial" class="mw-redirect" title="Foro Económico Mundial">Foro Económico Mundial</a>. 2019. p.&#160;8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.btitle=A+New+Circular+Vision+for+Electronics&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=Foro+Econ%C3%B3mico+Mundial&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_A_New_Circular_Vision_for_Electronics.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Scerri, Eric (1 de xaneiro de 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eic.rsc.org/feature/trouble-in-the-periodic-table/2020266.article">"Trouble in the periodic table"</a>. <i>Education in Chemistry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 21 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Trouble+in+the+periodic+table&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.aulast=Scerri&amp;rft.chron=1+de+xaneiro+de+2012&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Education+in+Chemistry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feic.rsc.org%2Ffeature%2Ftrouble-in-the-periodic-table%2F2020266.article&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150822234830/http://www.iupac.org/fileadmin/user_upload/news/IUPAC_Periodic_Table-1May13.pdf">"IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. IUPAC. 2013-05-01. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/fileadmin/user_upload/news/IUPAC_Periodic_Table-1May13.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 22 de agosto de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de setembro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.btitle=IUPAC+Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.date=2013-05-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=IUPAC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fnews%2FIUPAC_Periodic_Table-1May13.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lewars, Errol G. (2008-12-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328013723/https://books.google.com/books?id=IoFzgBSSCwEC"><i>Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules</i></a>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. pp.&#160;69–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1-4020-6973-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1-4020-6973-4">978-1-4020-6973-4</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoFzgBSSCwEC">o orixinal</a> o 28 de marzo de 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=Errol+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Lewars&amp;rft.btitle=Modeling+Marvels%3A+Computational+Anticipation+of+Novel+Molecules&amp;rft.date=2008-12-05&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6973-4&amp;rft.pages=69-71&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoFzgBSSCwEC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Seaborg, G. (1945). "The chemical and radioactive properties of the heavy elements". <i>Chemical English Newspaper</i> <b>23</b> (23): 2190–2193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+chemical+and+radioactive+properties+of+the+heavy+elements&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Seaborg&amp;rft.date=1945&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=23&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+English+Newspaper&amp;rft.pages=2190-2193&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hydrogen-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hydrogen_142-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cronyn, M. W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2003-08_80_8/page/947">"The Proper Place for Hydrogen in the Periodic Table"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i> <b>80</b> (8): 947–951. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JChEd..80..947C">2003JChEd..80..947C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed080p947">10.1021/ed080p947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+Proper+Place+for+Hydrogen+in+the+Periodic+Table&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Cronyn&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.pages=947-951&amp;rft.volume=80&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_2003-08_80_8%2Fpage%2F947&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JChEd..80..947C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed080p947&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1984_143-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1984">Greenwood &amp; Earnshaw 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thyssen-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thyssen_144-0">138,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thyssen_144-1">138,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thyssen_144-2">138,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thyssen, P.; Binnemans, K. (2011). Gschneidner Jr., K. A.; Bünzli, J-C.G; Vecharsky, Bünzli, eds. <i>Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis</i>. <i>Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths</i> <b>41</b> (Amsterdam: Elsevier). pp.&#160;1–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-444-53590-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-444-53590-0">978-0-444-53590-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Binnemans%2C+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.aulast=Thyssen&amp;rft.btitle=Accommodation+of+the+Rare+Earths+in+the+Periodic+Table%3A+A+Historical+Analysis&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-444-53590-0&amp;rft.pages=1-94&amp;rft.place=Amsterdam&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hevesy, G. (1929). <i>Redkie zemeli s tochki zreniya stroeniya atoma</i> &#91;<i>Terras raras dende o punto de vista da estrutura do átomo</i>&#93; (citado en <a href="#CITEREFTrifonov1970">Trifonov 1970</a>, p.&#160;188) <span style="font-style: italic;">(en ruso)</span>. Leningrado: NKhTI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Hevesy&amp;rft.btitle=Redkie+zemeli+s+tochki+zreniya+stroeniya+atoma&amp;rft.date=1929&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Leningrado&amp;rft.pub=NKhTI&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seaborg G. T. (1994). Origin of the Actinide Concept'. In K. A. Gschneider Jr. (ed). <i>Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths</i>. <b>18</b>. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 1–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stewart, P. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2008-11_85_11/page/1490">"The Flyleaf Table: An Alternative"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i> <b>85</b> (11): 1490. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JChEd..85.1490S">2008JChEd..85.1490S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed085p1490">10.1021/ed085p1490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+Flyleaf+Table%3A+An+Alternative&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Stewart&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.pages=1490&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_2008-11_85_11%2Fpage%2F1490&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JChEd..85.1490S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed085p1490&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Housecroft-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Housecroft_149-0">142,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Housecroft_149-1">142,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i> (3ª ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9780131755536" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9780131755536">9780131755536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Sharpe%2C+A.+G.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Housecroft&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=3%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780131755536&amp;rft.place=Harlow&amp;rft.pub=Pearson+Education&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halliday-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Halliday_150-0">143,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Halliday_150-1">143,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Halliday, D.; Resnick, R.; Walker, J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0471216437"><i>Fundamentals of Physics</i></a> (7ª ed.). Hoboken, Nova Jersey: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9780471658856" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9780471658856">9780471658856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Resnick%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Walker%2C+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.aulast=Halliday&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Physics&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.edition=7%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780471658856&amp;rft.place=Hoboken%2C+Nova+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0471216437&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nebergall-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nebergall_151-0">144,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nebergall_151-1">144,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nebergall, W. H. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry0006nebe"><i>General Chemistry</i></a> (6ª ed.). Lexington: D. C. Heath and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0669022187" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0669022187">0669022187</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL4435314M">4435314M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Nebergall&amp;rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.edition=6%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0669022187&amp;rft.place=Lexington&amp;rft.pub=D.+C.+Heath+and+Company&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry0006nebe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Keeler, J.; Wothers, P. (2014). <i>Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach</i>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-19-960413-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-19-960413-5">978-0-19-960413-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Wothers%2C+P.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Keeler&amp;rft.btitle=Chemical+Structure+and+Reactivity%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-960413-5&amp;rft.pages=259&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finally-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-finally_153-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scerri, E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705051357/https://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2012/3404/ud.html">"Mendeleev's Periodic Table Is Finally Completed and What To Do about Group 3?"</a>. <i>Chemistry International</i> <b>34</b> (4). Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2012/3404/ud.html">o orixinal</a> o 05 de xullo de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Mendeleev%27s+Periodic+Table+Is+Finally+Completed+and+What+To+Do+about+Group+3%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.aulast=Scerri&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+International&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fci%2F2012%2F3404%2Fud.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705053631/http://iupac.org/projects/project-details/?project_nr=2015-039-2-200">"The constitution of group 3 of the periodic table"</a>. IUPAC. 2015. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iupac.org/projects/project-details/?project_nr=2015-039-2-200">o orixinal</a> o 05 de xullo de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 30 de xullo de 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.btitle=The+constitution+of+group+3+of+the+periodic+table&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=IUPAC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fprojects%2Fproject-details%2F%3Fproject_nr%3D2015-039-2-200&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011651-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011651_155-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmsley2011">Emsley 2011</a>, p.&#160;651.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Atkins, Peter; Shriver, Duwar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inorganicchemist0000unse_j4p2"><i>Shriver &amp; Atkins Inorganic Chemistry</i></a> (4ª ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9780716748786" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9780716748786">9780716748786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Shriver%2C+Duwar&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Atkins&amp;rft.btitle=Shriver+%26+Atkins+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=4%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780716748786&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finorganicchemist0000unse_j4p2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Myers, R. Thomas; Oldham, Keith B.; Tocci, Salvatore (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holtchemistry0000myer"><i>Holt Chemistry</i></a>. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9780030664625" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9780030664625">9780030664625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Oldham%2C+Keith+B.&amp;rft.au=Tocci%2C+Salvatore&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+Thomas&amp;rft.aulast=Myers&amp;rft.btitle=Holt+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780030664625&amp;rft.place=Orlando&amp;rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholtchemistry0000myer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chang, R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialchemist00chan"><i>Essential Chemistry: A Core Text for General Chemistry</i></a> (2ª ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0072412147" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0072412147">978-0072412147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Chang&amp;rft.btitle=Essential+Chemistry%3A+A+Core+Text+for+General+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=2%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0072412147&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialchemist00chan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen1982-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-0">152,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-1">152,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-2">152,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-3">152,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-4">152,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-5">152,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen1982_159-6">152,6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">William B. Jensen (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1982-08_59_8/page/634">"The Positions of Lanthanum (Actinium) and Lutetium (Lawrencium) in the Periodic Table"</a>. <i>J. Chem. Educ.</i> <b>59</b> (8): 634–636. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982JChEd..59..634J">1982JChEd..59..634J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed059p634">10.1021/ed059p634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+Positions+of+Lanthanum+%28Actinium%29+and+Lutetium+%28Lawrencium%29+in+the+Periodic+Table&amp;rft.au=William+B.+Jensen&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&amp;rft.pages=634-636&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_1982-08_59_8%2Fpage%2F634&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982JChEd..59..634J&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed059p634&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trifonov-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Trifonov_160-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTrifonov1970" class="citation book">Trifonov, D. N. (1970). <i>Rare-earth elements and their position in the periodic system</i> (tradución do ruso). Nova Deli: Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre. pp.&#160;201–202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Trifonov&amp;rft.btitle=Rare-earth+elements+and+their+position+in+the+periodic+system&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=201-202&amp;rft.place=Nova+Deli&amp;rft.pub=Indian+National+Scientific+Documentation+Centre&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrington-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harrington_161-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Greenwood, N. N.; Harrington, T. J. (1973). <i>The chemistry of the transition elements</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p.&#160;50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-19-855435-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-19-855435-4">0-19-855435-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Harrington%2C+T.+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Greenwood&amp;rft.btitle=The+chemistry+of+the+transition+elements&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-855435-4&amp;rft.pages=50&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aylward-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Aylward_162-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aylward, G.; Findlay, T. (2008). <i>SI chemical data</i> (6ª ed.). Milton, Queensland: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-470-81638-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-470-81638-7">978-0-470-81638-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Findlay%2C+T.&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Aylward&amp;rft.btitle=SI+chemical+data&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=6%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-470-81638-7&amp;rft.place=Milton%2C+Queensland&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiberg-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiberg_163-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wiberg, N. (2001). <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i>. San Diego: Academic Press. p.&#160;119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-12-352651-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-12-352651-5">0-12-352651-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=N.&amp;rft.aulast=Wiberg&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-352651-5&amp;rft.pages=119&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wulfsberg-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wulfsberg_164-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wulfsberg, G. (2006). "Periodic table: Trends in the properties of the elements". <i>Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry</i>. Nova York: John Wiley &amp; Sons. p.&#160;3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-470-86210-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-470-86210-0">978-0-470-86210-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Periodic+table%3A+Trends+in+the+properties+of+the+elements&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Wulfsberg&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-470-86210-0&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotton-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_165-0">158,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_165-1">158,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cotton, S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lanthanideactini00cott"><i>Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry</i></a>. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lanthanideactini00cott/page/n166">150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-470-01006-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-470-01006-8">978-0-470-01006-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Cotton&amp;rft.btitle=Lanthanide+and+Actinide+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-470-01006-8&amp;rft.pages=150&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanthanideactini00cott&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rayner-Canham, G.; Overton, T. (2013). <i>Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry</i> (6ª ed.). Nova York: W. H. Freeman and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1464125577" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1464125577">978-1464125577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Overton%2C+T.&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Rayner-Canham&amp;rft.btitle=Descriptive+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.edition=6%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1464125577&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brown, T. L. . E. A.; Brown, T. L.; Woodward, P. . C. A.; Murphy, C. J.; Bursten, B. E.; LeMay, J. H. E. (2009). <i>Chemistry&#160;: the central science. - 11th Edition</i> (11ª ed.). Nova Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9780136006176" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9780136006176">9780136006176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+T.+L.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+T.+L.+.+E.+A.&amp;rft.au=Bursten%2C+B.+E.&amp;rft.au=LeMay%2C+J.+H.+E.&amp;rft.au=Murphy%2C+C.+J.&amp;rft.au=Woodward%2C+P.+.+C.+A.&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+%3A+the+central+science.+-+11th+Edition&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.edition=11%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780136006176&amp;rft.place=Nova+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moeller; et al. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistrywithino0000unse_q0c0"><i>Chemistry with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis</i></a> (3ª ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistrywithino0000unse_q0c0/page/955">955</a>–956, 958. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0155064924" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0155064924">0155064924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Moeller&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+with+Inorganic+Qualitative+Analysis&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.edition=3%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0155064924&amp;rft.pages=955-956%2C+958&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistrywithino0000unse_q0c0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Scerri, E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190417/http://www.rsc.org/blogs/eic/2015/09/periodic-table-group-3">"Five ideas in chemical education that must die – part five"</a>. <i>Education in Chemistry</i>. Royal Society of Chemistry. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/blogs/eic/2015/09/periodic-table-group-3">o orixinal</a> o 23 de decembro de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 19 de setembro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Five+ideas+in+chemical+education+that+must+die+%93+part+five&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.aulast=Scerri&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Education+in+Chemistry&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fblogs%2Feic%2F2015%2F09%2Fperiodic-table-group-3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen2015-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen2015_171-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jensen, W. B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223091325/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/251.%20Lawrencium.pdf">"Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/251.%20Lawrencium.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 23 de decembro de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 20 de setembro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Jensen&amp;rft.btitle=Some+Comments+on+the+Position+of+Lawrencium+in+the+Periodic+Table&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.che.uc.edu%2Fjensen%2FW.%2520B.%2520Jensen%2FReprints%2F251.%2520Lawrencium.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xu-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Xu_172-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Xu, W-H.; Pyykkö, P. (2016). 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New York: Wiley-VCH. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inorganicchemist0000king/page/289">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/1-56081-679-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/1-56081-679-1">1-56081-679-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=King&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry+of+Main+Group+Elements&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-56081-679-1&amp;rft.pages=289&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finorganicchemist0000king&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_175-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/T06456.html">"transition element"</a>. <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book")</i> (2ª ed.). <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>. &#160;(2006&#8211;) [1997].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=transition+element&amp;rft.chron=+%282006%26ndash%3B%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology+%28the+%22Gold+Book%22%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2FT06456.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Xuefang, W.; Andrews, L.; Riedel, S.; Kaupp, M. (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF<sub>4</sub>". <i>Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.</i> <b>46</b> (44): 8371–8375. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17899620">17899620</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200703710">10.1002/anie.200703710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Mercury+Is+a+Transition+Metal%3A+The+First+Experimental+Evidence+for+HgF%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E&amp;rft.au=Andrews%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Kaupp%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Riedel%2C+S.&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft.aulast=Xuefang&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=44&amp;rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&amp;rft.pages=8371-8375&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200703710&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17899620&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen2008-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen2008_177-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jensen, W. 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Educ.</i> <b>85</b> (9): 1182–1183. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JChEd..85.1182J">2008JChEd..85.1182J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed085p1182">10.1021/ed085p1182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Is+Mercury+Now+a+Transition+Element%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Jensen&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&amp;rft.pages=1182-1183&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JChEd..85.1182J&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed085p1182&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rayner-Canham, G.; Overton, T. 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Nova York: W H Freeman. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descriptiveinorg00rayn_169/page/n505">484</a>–485. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-7167-8963-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-7167-8963-9">0-7167-8963-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Overton%2C+T.&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Rayner-Canham&amp;rft.btitle=Descriptive+inorganic+chemistry&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=4%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7167-8963-9&amp;rft.pages=484-485&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=W+H+Freeman&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescriptiveinorg00rayn_169&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-179">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schändel, M. 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Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryofsuper0000unse_y0o9/page/277">277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/1-4020-1250-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/1-4020-1250-0">1-4020-1250-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4ndel&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Superheavy+Elements&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-4020-1250-0&amp;rft.pages=277&amp;rft.place=Dordrecht&amp;rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryofsuper0000unse_y0o9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2011142–143-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2011142–143_180-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2011">Scerri 2011</a>, pp.&#160;142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-181">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Frazier, K. 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T. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01172015?LI=true#">"The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements"</a>. <i>Theoretica chimica acta</i> (Springer-Verlag) <b>21</b> (3): 235–260. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01172015">10.1007/BF01172015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+continuation+of+the+periodic+table+up+to+Z+%3D+172.+The+chemistry+of+superheavy+elements&amp;rft.au=Greiner%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Waber%2C+J.+T.&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.aulast=Fricke&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Theoretica+chimica+acta&amp;rft.pages=235-260&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%252FBF01172015%3FLI%3Dtrue%23&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01172015&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Elliot, Q. A. (1911). "A modification of the periodic table". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i> <b>33</b> (5): 684–688 (688). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02218a004">10.1021/ja02218a004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=A+modification+of+the+periodic+table&amp;rft.aufirst=Q.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Elliot&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.pages=684-688+%28688%29&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja02218a004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_185-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Seaborg, G. (c. 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130112151/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element">"transuranium element (chemical element)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element">o orixinal</a> o 30 de novembro de 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de marzo de 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Seaborg&amp;rft.btitle=transuranium+element+%28chemical+element%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F603220%2Ftransuranium-element&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-186">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cwiok, S.; Heenen, P.-H.; Nazarewicz, W. (2005). "Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei". <i>Nature</i> <b>433</b> (7027): 705–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.433..705C">2005Natur.433..705C</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15716943">15716943</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03336">10.1038/nature03336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Shape+coexistence+and+triaxiality+in+the+superheavy+nuclei&amp;rft.au=Heenen%2C+P.-H.&amp;rft.au=Nazarewicz%2C+W.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Cwiok&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=7027&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=705-9&amp;rft.volume=433&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.433..705C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03336&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15716943&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rscend-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rscend_187-0">178,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rscend_187-1">178,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ball, P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021020542/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2010/November/ColumnThecrucible.asp">"Would Element 137 Really Spell the End of the Periodic Table? Philip Ball Examines the Evidence"</a>. <i>Chemistry World</i> (Royal Society of Chemistry). Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2010/November/ColumnThecrucible.asp">o orixinal</a> o 21 de outubro de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 30 de setembro de 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Would+Element+137+Really+Spell+the+End+of+the+Periodic+Table%3F+Philip+Ball+Examines+the+Evidence&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+World&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fchemistryworld%2FIssues%2F2010%2FNovember%2FColumnThecrucible.asp&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Karol, P. J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2002-01_79_1/page/60">"The Mendeleev–Seaborg periodic table: Through Z = 1138 and beyond"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i> <b>79</b> (1): 60–63. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed079p60">10.1021/ed079p60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+Mendeleev%93Seaborg+periodic+table%3A+Through+Z+%3D+1138+and+beyond&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Karol&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.pages=60-63&amp;rft.volume=79&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_2002-01_79_1%2Fpage%2F60&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed079p60&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eisberg, R.; Resnick, R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051214/http://www.sicyon.com/resources/library/pdf/eisberg_resnick-quantum_physics.pdf"><i>Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (2ª ed.). John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0471873730" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0471873730">978-0471873730</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sicyon.com/resources/library/pdf/eisberg_resnick-quantum_physics.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 22 de decembro de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 21 de decembro de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Resnick%2C+R.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Eisberg&amp;rft.btitle=Quantum+Physics+of+Atoms%2C+Molecules%2C+Solids%2C+Nuclei+and+Particles&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.edition=2%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0471873730&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sicyon.com%2Fresources%2Flibrary%2Fpdf%2Feisberg_resnick-quantum_physics.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bjorken, J. D.; Drell, S. D. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relativisticquan0000bjor"><i>Relativistic Quantum Mechanics</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number (a páxina aínda non existe)">ASIN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CMCMI">B0000CMCMI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Drell%2C+S.+D.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Bjorken&amp;rft.btitle=Relativistic+Quantum+Mechanics&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frelativisticquan0000bjor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Greiner, W.; Schramm, S. (2008). "Resource Letter QEDV-1: The QED vacuum". <i>American Journal of Physics</i> <b>76</b>: 509. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1119%2F1.2820395">10.1119/1.2820395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Resource+Letter+QEDV-1%3A+The+QED+vacuum&amp;rft.au=Schramm%2C+S.&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft.aulast=Greiner&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&amp;rft.pages=509&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.2820395&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-193">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bradley, David (20 de xullo de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1247399/At_Last_A_Definitive_Periodic_Table.html?page=21">"At Last, A Definitive Periodic Table?"</a>. <i>ChemistryViews</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fchemv.201000107">10.1002/chemv.201000107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=At+Last%2C+A+Definitive+Periodic+Table%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Bradley&amp;rft.chron=20+de+xullo+de+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ChemistryViews&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fezine%2F1247399%2FAt_Last_A_Definitive_Periodic_Table.html%3Fpage%3D21&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchemv.201000107&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blog-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-blog_194-0">184,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-blog_194-1">184,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Scerri, Eric (9 de agosto de 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613022703/http://ericscerri23.blogspot.com.au/2013/08/0-0-1-16-77-ucla-2-1-92-14.html">"Is there an optimal periodic table and other bigger questions in the philosophy of science"</a>. <i>ericscerri23.blogspot.com.au</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ericscerri23.blogspot.com.au/2013/08/0-0-1-16-77-ucla-2-1-92-14.html">o orixinal</a> o 13 de xuño de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 4 de setembro de 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Is+there+an+optimal+periodic+table+and+other+bigger+questions+in+the+philosophy+of+science&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.aulast=Scerri&amp;rft.chron=9+de+agosto+de+2013&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ericscerri23.blogspot.com.au&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fericscerri23.blogspot.com.au%2F2013%2F08%2F0-0-1-16-77-ucla-2-1-92-14.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScerri2011127-128-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScerri2011127-128_195-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScerri2011">Scerri 2011</a>, pp.&#160;127-128.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portada_galega" class="extiw" title="commons:Portada galega">Wikimedia Commons</a> ten máis contidos multimedia na categoría:&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Periodic table">Táboa periódica dos elementos</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10693" title="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata"><img alt="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/18px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/24px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Editar a sección: «Bibliografía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Bibliografía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBall2002" class="citation book">Ball, P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ingredientsguide0000ball"><i>The Ingredients: A Guided Tour of the Elements</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-19-284100-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-19-284100-9">0-19-284100-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.btitle=The+Ingredients%3A+A+Guided+Tour+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-284100-9&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fingredientsguide0000ball&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bermejo, M. R.; González, A.; Vázquez, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.es/pub/docs/cite/elementos_quimicos.pdf"><i>O nome e o símbolo dos elementos químicos</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Xunta_de_Galicia" title="Xunta de Galicia">Xunta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_Xeral_de_Pol%C3%ADtica_Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Secretaría Xeral de Política Lingüística">Secretaría Xeral de Política Lingüística</a> e <a href="/wiki/Centro_Ram%C3%B3n_Pi%C3%B1eiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Ramón Piñeiro">CRPIH</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-84-453-4325-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-84-453-4325-8">978-84-453-4325-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=V%C3%A1zquez%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Bermejo&amp;rft.btitle=O+nome+e+o+s%C3mbolo+dos+elementos+qu%C3micos&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-453-4325-8&amp;rft.pub=Xunta%2C+Secretar%C3a+Xeral+de+Pol%C3tica+Ling%C3%BC%C3stica+e+CRPIH&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.es%2Fpub%2Fdocs%2Fcite%2Felementos_quimicos.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bermejo, M. R.; González, A.; Maneiro, M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraria.xunta.gal/gl/guia-dos-elementos-quimicos-historia-propiedades-e-aplicacions"><i>Guía dos elementos químicos. Historia, propiedades e aplicacións</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Xunta_de_Galicia" title="Xunta de Galicia">Xunta de Galicia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Centro_Ram%C3%B3n_Pi%C3%B1eiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Ramón Piñeiro">CRPIH</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-84-453-5297-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-84-453-5297-7">978-84-453-5297-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Maneiro%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Bermejo&amp;rft.btitle=Gu%C3a+dos+elementos+qu%C3micos.+Historia%2C+propiedades+e+aplicaci%C3%B3ns&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-453-5297-7&amp;rft.pub=Xunta+de+Galicia+e+CRPIH&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraria.xunta.gal%2Fgl%2Fguia-dos-elementos-quimicos-historia-propiedades-e-aplicacions&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChang2002" class="citation book">Chang, R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistry0000chan"><i>Chemistry</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> (7ª ed.). Nova York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-19-284100-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-19-284100-1">978-0-19-284100-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Chang&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=7%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-284100-1&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistry0000chan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book">Emsley, J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4"><i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Nova York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-19-960563-7">978-0-19-960563-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Emsley&amp;rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-960563-7&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGray2009" class="citation book">Gray, T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray"><i>The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Nova York: Black Dog &amp; Leventhal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1-57912-814-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1-57912-814-2">978-1-57912-814-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.aulast=Gray&amp;rft.btitle=The+Elements%3A+A+Visual+Exploration+of+Every+Known+Atom+in+the+Universe&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-57912-814-2&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Black+Dog+%26+Leventhal+Publishers&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsvisualex0000gray&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1984" class="citation book">Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryofeleme0000gree"><i>Chemistry of the Elements</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Oxford: Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-08-022057-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-08-022057-6">0-08-022057-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Greenwood&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-08-022057-6&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryofeleme0000gree&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHuheeyKeiterKeiter1997" class="citation book">Huheey, J. E.; Keiter, E. A.; Keiter, R. L. (1997). <i>Principles of structure and reactivity</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> (4ª ed.). Nova York: Harper Collins College Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-06-042995-X" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-06-042995-X">0-06-042995-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.au=Keiter%2C+E.+A.&amp;rft.au=Keiter%2C+R.+L.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Huheey&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+of+structure+and+reactivity&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.edition=4%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-06-042995-X&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Harper+Collins+College+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFScerri2007" class="citation book">Scerri, E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableits0000scer"><i>The periodic table: Its story and its significance</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-19-530573-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-19-530573-6">0-19-530573-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.aulast=Scerri&amp;rft.btitle=The+periodic+table%3A+Its+story+and+its+significance&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-530573-6&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodictableits0000scer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFScerri2011" class="citation book">Scerri, E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictablever0000scer"><i>The periodic table: A very short introduction</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-19-958249-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-19-958249-5">978-0-19-958249-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.aulast=Scerri&amp;rft.btitle=The+periodic+table%3A+A+very+short+introduction&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-958249-5&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodictablever0000scer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVenable1896" class="citation book">Venable, F. P. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofper01vena"><i>The Development of the Periodic Law</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Easton, Pensilvania: Chemical Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL7066455M">7066455M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Venable&amp;rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Periodic+Law&amp;rft.date=1896&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Easton%2C+Pensilvania&amp;rft.pub=Chemical+Publishing+Company&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentofper01vena&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligazóns_externas"><span id="Ligaz.C3.B3ns_externas"></span>Ligazóns externas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Ligazóns externas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/">"Periodic Table of Elements"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a></i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=Periodic+Table+of+Elements&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IUPAC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fperiodic-table-of-elements%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/">"The periodic table of the elements"</a>. <i>WebElements</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.atitle=The+periodic+table+of+the+elements&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=WebElements&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/">"The Periodic Table of Videos"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Universidade de Nottingham.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.btitle=The+Periodic+Table+of+Videos&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Universidade+de+Nottingham&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.periodicvideos.com%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consellodacultura.gal/mediateca/extras/CCG_pr_TaboaPeriodicaDosElementos-PropiedadesElementos_XG_RAGC_RAG_CN_20190313_2pp.pdf">"Táboa periódica dos elementos"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Consello_da_Cultura_Galega" title="Consello da Cultura Galega">Consello da Cultura Galega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xunta_de_Galicia" title="Xunta de Galicia">Xunta de Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Galega_de_Ciencias" title="Real Academia Galega de Ciencias">Real Academia Galega de Ciencias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Galega" title="Real Academia Galega">Real Academia Galega</a> e <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Universidade de Santiago de Compostela">Ciencia Nosa</a>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.btitle=T%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Consello+da+Cultura+Galega%2C+Xunta+de+Galicia%2C+Real+Academia+Galega+de+Ciencias%2C+Real+Academia+Galega+e+Ciencia+Nosa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consellodacultura.gal%2Fmediateca%2Fextras%2FCCG_pr_TaboaPeriodicaDosElementos-PropiedadesElementos_XG_RAGC_RAG_CN_20190313_2pp.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Táboa_periódica_dos_elementos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Modelo:Táboa periódica"><abbr title="Ver o modelo">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-conversa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversa_modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversa modelo:Táboa periódica (a páxina aínda non existe)"><abbr title="Conversa do modelo">c</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar o modelo">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Táboa_periódica_dos_elementos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Táboa periódica dos elementos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" title="Alcalinotérreo">2</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_3" title="Elementos do grupo 3">3</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_4" title="Elementos do grupo 4">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_5" title="Elementos do grupo 5">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_6" title="Elementos do grupo 6">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 8 (a páxina aínda non existe)">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 9 (a páxina aínda non existe)">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_10&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 10 (a páxina aínda non existe)">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_12" title="Elementos do grupo 12">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_boro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do boro (a páxina aínda non existe)">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_carbono&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do carbono (a páxina aínda non existe)">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pnict%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pnictóxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calc%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcóxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xeno" title="Halóxeno">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 1 (a páxina aínda non existe)">1</a> </th> <td title="Hidróxeno, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helio, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 2 (a páxina aínda non existe)">2</a> </th> <td title="Litio, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berilio, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boro, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Carbono, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Nitróxeno, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Osíxeno, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Flúor, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_3" title="Elementos do período 3">3</a> </th> <td title="Sodio, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnesio, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminio, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silicio, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fósforo, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(elemento)" title="Fósforo (elemento)"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Xofre, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xofre" title="Xofre"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Cloro, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 4 (a páxina aínda non existe)">4</a> </th> <td title="Potasio, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Calcio, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td title="Escandio, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Titanio, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanadio, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Cromo, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Manganeso, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Ferro, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobalto, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Níquel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobre, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Cinc, 30 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Galio, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Xermanio, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsénico, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selenio, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromo, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Cripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cripton" title="Cripton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 5 (a páxina aínda non existe)">5</a> </th> <td title="Rubidio, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Estroncio, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Estroncio" title="Estroncio"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td title="Itrio, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Circonio, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Niobio, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdeno, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Tecnecio, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tecnecio" title="Tecnecio"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutenio, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rodio, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paladio, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prata, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prata" title="Prata"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Cadmio, 48 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Indio, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indio_(elemento)" title="Indio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Estaño, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimonio, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telurio, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodo, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 6 (a páxina aínda non existe)">6</a> </th> <td title="Cesio, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Bario, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantano, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Cerio, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerio" title="Cerio"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Praseodimio, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Neodimio, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Promecio, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promecio" title="Promecio"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Samario, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Europio, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gadolinio, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Terbio, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Disprosio, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Holmio, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Erbio, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tulio, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Iterbio, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lutecio, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hafnio, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tántalo, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ntalo" title="Tántalo"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Volframio, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Renio, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Osmio, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Iridio, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platino, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Ouro, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Mercurio, 80 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Talio, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Chumbo, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismuto, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polonio, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Ástato, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <td title="Francio, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Radio, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Actinio, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Torio, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Protactinio, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinio" title="Protactinio"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="Uranio, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Neptunio, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Plutonio, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Americio, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americio" title="Americio"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Curio, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curio" title="Curio"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Berkelio, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Californio, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californio" title="Californio"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Einsteinio, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fermio, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Mendelevio, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="Nobelio, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Laurencio, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutherfordio, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dubnio, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seaborgio, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bohrio, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hassio, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnerio, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtio, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgenio, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Copernicio, 112 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonio, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Flerovio, 114 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moscovio, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermorio, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Ténnesso, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganesson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" class="wikitable" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metal</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide">Metaloide</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal" title="Non metal">Non metal</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Propiedades<br />químicas<br />descoñecidas </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino">Alcalino</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" title="Alcalinotérreo">Alcalinotérreo</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">Lantánido</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">Actínido</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n" title="Metal de transición">Metal de transición</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_de_postransici%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal de postransición (a páxina aínda non existe)">Metal de postransición</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal_poliat%C3%B3mico" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metal poliatómico">Non metal poliatómico</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal_diat%C3%B3mico" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metal diatómico">Non metal diatómico</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">Gas nobre</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elementos_químicos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&amp;logic=AND&amp;note=&amp;subjectid=300266315">300266315</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_Central_de_Florencia" title="Biblioteca Nacional Central de Florencia">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=35900">35900</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX532419">XX532419</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Francia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Francia">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122746941">122746941</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclopedia_Rusa" title="Grande Enciclopedia Rusa">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/2331444">2331444</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125872-1">4125872-1</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span 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