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<span>Genome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Microbiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammarenavirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammarenavirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Mammarenavirus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammarenavirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_World_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_World_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Old World complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_World_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_World_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_World_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>New World complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_World_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptarenavirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptarenavirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Reptarenavirus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reptarenavirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hartmanivirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hartmanivirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Hartmanivirus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hartmanivirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antennavirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antennavirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Antennavirus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antennavirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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id="toc-Recent_outbreaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Treatments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Experimental_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Experimental approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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title="Arenaviridae – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arenaviridae" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenaviridae" title="Arenaviridae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arenaviridae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenaviridae" title="Arenaviridae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arenaviridae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenaviridae" title="Arenaviridae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arenaviridae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenaviridae" title="Arenaviridae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arenaviridae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D9%89_(%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="فيروس رملى (فصيله من الفيروسات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيروس رملى (فصيله من الفيروسات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenaviridae" title="Arenaviridae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arenaviridae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Аренавирусы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аренавирусы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q641664#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of RNA viruses</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><i>Arenaviridae</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Viruses-04-02973-g002.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Viruses-04-02973-g002.webp/220px-Viruses-04-02973-g002.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Viruses-04-02973-g002.webp/330px-Viruses-04-02973-g002.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Viruses-04-02973-g002.webp/440px-Viruses-04-02973-g002.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="2593" data-file-height="2390" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">(A) <a href="/wiki/Electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron micrograph">Electron micrograph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lassa_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassa virus">Lassa virus</a>, bar = 100nm (B) diagram and (C) genome of arenavirus </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Arenaviridae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Realm</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria"><i>Riboviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthornavirae" title="Orthornavirae"><i>Orthornavirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Negarnaviricota" class="mw-redirect" title="Negarnaviricota"><i>Negarnaviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales"><i>Ellioviricetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales"><i>Bunyavirales</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><b><i>Arenaviridae</i></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antennavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antennavirus (page does not exist)">Antennavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmanivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmanivirus (page does not exist)">Hartmanivirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innmovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innmovirus (page does not exist)">Innmovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mammarenavirus" title="Mammarenavirus">Mammarenavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptarenavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reptarenavirus (page does not exist)">Reptarenavirus</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>An <b>arenavirus</b> is a bi- or trisegmented ambisense RNA virus that is a member of the family <i><b>Arenaviridae</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These viruses infect rodents and occasionally humans. A class of novel, highly divergent arenaviruses, properly known as reptarenaviruses, have also been discovered which infect snakes to produce <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_body_disease" title="Inclusion body disease">inclusion body disease</a>, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Boa_constrictors" class="mw-redirect" title="Boa constrictors">boa constrictors</a>. At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause human disease. The diseases derived from arenaviruses range in severity. Aseptic meningitis, a severe human disease that causes inflammation covering the brain and spinal cord, can arise from the <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus">lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Hemorrhagic fever</a> syndromes, including <a href="/wiki/Lassa_fever" title="Lassa fever">Lassa fever</a>, are derived from infections such as <a href="/wiki/Guanarito_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanarito virus">Guanarito virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junin_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junin virus">Junin virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lassa_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassa virus">Lassa virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lujo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lujo virus">Lujo virus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Machupo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Machupo virus">Machupo virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabia virus">Sabia virus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_Arroyo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater Arroyo virus">Whitewater Arroyo virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the epidemiological association with rodents, some arenaviruses and <a href="/wiki/Bunyavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunyavirus">bunyaviruses</a> are designated as <a href="/wiki/Robovirus" title="Robovirus">roboviruses</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viruses-12-00784-g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Viruses-12-00784-g001.png/220px-Viruses-12-00784-g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Viruses-12-00784-g001.png/330px-Viruses-12-00784-g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Viruses-12-00784-g001.png/440px-Viruses-12-00784-g001.png 2x" data-file-width="3358" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>Mammarenavirus structure and genome composition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Viewed in cross-section, arenaviruses contain grainy particles that are <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> acquired from their host cells. It is from this characteristic that they acquired the name <i><a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">arena</a></i>, from the Latin root meaning <i><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ribosomal structures are not believed to be essential for virus replication. Virus particles, or virions, are pleomorphic (variable in shape) but are often spherical, with a diameter of 60–300 nm, and are covered with surface glycoprotein spikes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21324503_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21324503-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The virus contains a beaded <a href="/wiki/Virus#Structure" title="Virus">nucleocapsid</a> with two single-stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> segments. The nucleocapsid consists of a core of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat. Although they are categorized as <a href="/wiki/Sense_(molecular_biology)" title="Sense (molecular biology)">negative-sense</a> viruses,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arenaviruses are <a href="/wiki/Ambisense" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambisense">ambisense</a>. While sections of their genome encode genes in the negative sense (reverse polarity), other sections encode genes in the opposite (forward/positive sense) direction. This complex gene expression structure is theorized to be a primitive regulatory system, allowing the virus to control what proteins are synthesized at what point in the life cycle. The life cycle of the arenavirus is restricted to the cell cytoplasm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genome">Genome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genomes_of_Arenaviridae.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Genomes_of_Arenaviridae.png/220px-Genomes_of_Arenaviridae.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Genomes_of_Arenaviridae.png/330px-Genomes_of_Arenaviridae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Genomes_of_Arenaviridae.png/440px-Genomes_of_Arenaviridae.png 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Genomes of <i>Arenaviridae</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Arenaviruses have a segmented <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> genome that consists of two single-stranded ambisense RNAs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid178925_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid178925-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with all negative-sense RNA viruses, the genomic RNA alone is not infectious and the viral replication machinery is required to initiate infection within a host cell.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10729120_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10729120-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genomic sense RNA packaged into the arenavirus virion is designated negative-sense RNA, and must first be copied into a positive-sense <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> in order to produce viral <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11987804_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11987804-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RNA segments are denoted Small (S), Medium (M; if present), and Large (L),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid178925_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid178925-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid4734917_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4734917-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and code for four viral proteins in a unique ambisense coding strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6492264_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6492264-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2916333_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2916333-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For mammarenaviruses and reptarenaviruses, each RNA segment codes for two viral proteins in opposite orientation such that the negative-sense RNA genome serves as the template for <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> of a single <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> and the positive-sense copy of the RNA genome templates a second <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11987804_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11987804-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The separate coding sequences of the two viral proteins are divided by an intergenic region RNA sequence that is predicted to fold into a stable hairpin structure.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6324469_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6324469-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extreme termini of each RNA segment contains a 19 <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> highly conserved sequence that is critical for recruitment of the viral replication machinery and initiation of viral <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> and genomic <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">replication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6278715_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6278715-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid6287720_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6287720-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2502835_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2502835-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17005649_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17005649-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20978208_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20978208-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conserved 5' and 3' RNA termini sequences are complementary and allows each RNA segment to adopt a double-stranded RNA panhandle structure<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2435460_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2435460-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that maintains the termini in close proximity and results in a circular appearance to purified arenavirus genomic templates visualized by <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6682139_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6682139-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid199698_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid199698-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The double-stranded RNA panhandle structure is critical for efficient viral RNA synthesis,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17005649_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17005649-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12502835_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12502835-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but potential interterminal double-stranded RNA interactions must be transiently relieved in order to recruit the viral <a href="/wiki/Polymerase" title="Polymerase">polymerase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20978208_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20978208-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The S-segment RNA is approximately 3.5 kb, and encodes the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP) and glycoprotein (GPC).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1654373_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1654373-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The L-segment RNA is approximately 7.2 kb, and encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (L) and a small RING-domain containing protein (Z).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2510403_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2510403-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2718387_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2718387-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2510401_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2510401-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Z protein forms homo oligomers and a structural component of the virions.<sup id="cite_ref-Loureiro2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loureiro2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of these oligomers is an essential step for particle assembly and budding. Binding between Z and the viral envelope glycoprotein complex is required for virion infectivity. Z also interacts with the L and NP proteins. Polymerase activity appears to be modulated by the association between the L and Z proteins. Interaction between the Z and NP proteins is critical for genome packaging.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microbiology">Microbiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Microbiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viruses-12-00784-g003.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Viruses-12-00784-g003.png/220px-Viruses-12-00784-g003.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Viruses-12-00784-g003.png/330px-Viruses-12-00784-g003.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Viruses-12-00784-g003.png/440px-Viruses-12-00784-g003.png 2x" data-file-width="3177" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption>Arenavirus replication cycle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The glycoprotein (GP) is synthesised as a precursor molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-Burri2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burri2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is cleaved into three parts - GP1, GP2 and a stable signal peptide (SSP). These reactions are catalysed by cellular signal peptidases and the cellular enzyme Subtilisin Kexin Isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/Site-1 Protease (S1P). These processes are essential for fusion competence and incorporation of mature GP into nascent budding virion particles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the family <i>Arenaviridae</i>, arenaviruses were formerly all placed in the genus <i>Arenavirus</i>, but in 2015 were divided into the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Mammarenavirus" title="Mammarenavirus">Mammarenavirus</a></i> for those with mammalian hosts and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptarenavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reptarenavirus (page does not exist)">Reptarenavirus</a></i> for those infecting snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reptarenaviruses and mammarenavirus are separated by an impenetrable species barrier. Infected rodents cannot pass disease onto snakes, and IBD in captive snakes is not transmissible to humans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A third genus, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmanivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmanivirus (page does not exist)">Hartmanivirus</a></i> (not to be confused with genus <i>Haartmanvirus</i> of <a href="/wiki/Vibrio" title="Vibrio">vibrio</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriophages">phages</a> in family <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerecviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demerecviridae (page does not exist)">Demerecviridae</a></i>, order <i><a href="/wiki/Caudovirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudovirales">Caudovirales</a></i>), has also been established,<sup id="cite_ref-Stenglein2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenglein2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including other species that infect snakes. The organisation of the genome of this genus is typical of arenaviruses but their glycoproteins resemble those of <a href="/wiki/Filovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Filovirus">filoviruses</a>. Species in this genus lack the matrix protein.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fourth genus, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antennavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antennavirus (page does not exist)">Antennavirus</a></i>, has also been established<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to accommodate two arenaviruses found in striated frogfish (<i><a href="/wiki/Antennarius_striatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antennarius striatus">Antennarius striatus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third antennavirus has been detected in <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">sockeye salmon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mammarenaviruses can be divided into two serogroups, which differ genetically and by geographical distribution:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the virus is classified "Old World" this means it was found in the Eastern Hemisphere in places such as Europe, Asia, and Africa. When it is found in the Western Hemisphere, in places such as Argentina, Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil, and the United States, it is classified "New World". Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus is the only mammarenavirus found worldwide because of its ubiquitous Old World host, the <a href="/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">house mouse</a>. Old and New World area viruses appear to have diverged ~45,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Forni2018_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forni2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old World Mammarenaviruses originated ~23.1-1.88 thousand years ago, most likely in Southern Africa, while the New World Mammarenaviruses evolved in the Latin America-Caribbean region ~41.4-3.3 thousand years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Forni2018_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forni2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammarenavirus"><i>Mammarenavirus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mammarenavirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_World_complex">Old World complex</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Old World complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fimmu-10-00372-g001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fimmu-10-00372-g001.jpg/220px-Fimmu-10-00372-g001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fimmu-10-00372-g001.jpg/330px-Fimmu-10-00372-g001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fimmu-10-00372-g001.jpg/440px-Fimmu-10-00372-g001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Arenavirus taxonomy and location</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alxa_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alxa virus (page does not exist)">Alxa virus</a> (ALXV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitu_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitu virus (page does not exist)">Bitu virus</a> (BITV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dandenong_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dandenong virus (page does not exist)">Dandenong virus</a> (DANV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhati_Welel_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhati Welel virus (page does not exist)">Dhati Welel virus</a> (DHWV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gairo_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gairo virus (page does not exist)">Gairo virus</a> (GAIV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbagroube_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gbagroube virus (page does not exist)">Gbagroube virus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ippy_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ippy virus (page does not exist)">Ippy virus</a> (IPPYV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitale_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitale virus (page does not exist)">Kitale virus</a> (KTLV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodoko_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodoko virus (page does not exist)">Kodoko virus</a> (KODV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanza_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwanza virus (page does not exist)">Kwanza virus</a> (KWAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassa_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassa virus">Lassa virus</a> (LASV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ACji%C4%81ng_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lìjiāng virus (page does not exist)">Lìjiāng virus</a> (LIJV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loei_River_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loei River virus (page does not exist)">Loei River virus</a> (LORV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lujo virus">Lujo virus</a>(LUJV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna virus (page does not exist)">Luna virus</a> (LUAV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunk_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunk virus (page does not exist)">Lunk virus</a> (LNKV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus</a> (LCMV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafiga_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mafiga virus (page does not exist)">Mafiga virus</a> (MAFV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariental_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariental virus (page does not exist)">Mariental virus</a> (MRTV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merino_Walk_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merino Walk virus (page does not exist)">Merino Walk virus</a> (MRWV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menekre_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menekre virus (page does not exist)">Menekre virus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minu_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minu virus (page does not exist)">Minu virus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobala_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobala virus (page does not exist)">Mobala virus</a> (MOBV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mopeia_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mopeia virus (page does not exist)">Mopeia virus</a> (MOPV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morogoro_virus" title="Morogoro virus">Morogoro virus</a> (MORV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okahandja_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okahandja virus (page does not exist)">Okahandja virus</a> (OKAV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryukyu_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryukyu virus (page does not exist)">Ryukyu virus</a> (RYKV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solwezi_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solwezi virus (page does not exist)">Solwezi virus</a> (SOLV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Souris_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Souris virus (page does not exist)">Souris virus</a> (SOUV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wenzhou_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wenzhou virus (page does not exist)">Wenzhou virus</a> (WENV)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_World_complex">New World complex</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New World complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Clade A <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allpahuayo_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allpahuayo virus (page does not exist)">Allpahuayo virus</a> (AALV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexal_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexal virus">Flexal virus</a> (FLEV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraná virus">Paraná virus</a> (PRAV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pichind%C3%A9_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pichindé virus (page does not exist)">Pichindé virus</a> (PICHV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirital_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirital virus (page does not exist)">Pirital virus</a> (PIRV)</li></ul></li> <li>Clade B <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amapar%C3%AD_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amaparí virus (page does not exist)">Amaparí virus</a> (AMAV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apor%C3%A9_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aporé virus (page does not exist)">Aporé virus</a> (APOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapare_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapare virus">Chapare virus</a> (CHAPV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupixi_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cupixi virus (page does not exist)">Cupixi virus</a> (CUPXV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanarito_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanarito virus">Guanarito virus</a> (GTOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADn_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junín virus">Junín virus</a> (JUNV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machupo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Machupo virus">Machupo virus</a> (MACV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocozocoautla_de_Espinosa_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocozocoautla de Espinosa virus (page does not exist)">Ocozocoautla de Espinosa virus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_de_Catorce_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Real de Catorce virus (page does not exist)">Real de Catorce virus (RCTV)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacaribe_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacaribe virus (page does not exist)">Tacaribe virus</a> (TCRV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xapuri_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xapuri virus (page does not exist)">Xapuri virus</a> (XAPV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabi%C3%A1_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabiá virus">Sabiá virus</a> (SBAV)</li></ul></li> <li>Clade C <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latino virus (page does not exist)">Latino virus</a> (LATV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliveros_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliveros virus (page does not exist)">Oliveros virus</a> (OLVV)</li></ul></li> <li>Clade D <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Canyon_mammarenavirus" title="Bear Canyon mammarenavirus">Bear Canyon virus</a> (BCNV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catarina_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catarina virus (page does not exist)">Catarina virus (CTNV)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skinner_Tank_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skinner Tank virus (page does not exist)">Skinner Tank virus (SKTV)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamiami_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamiami virus (page does not exist)">Tamiami virus</a> (TMMV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_Arroyo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater Arroyo virus">Whitewater Arroyo virus</a> (WWAV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catarina_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catarina virus (page does not exist)">Catarina virus</a> (CTNV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Brushy_Tank_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Brushy Tank virus (page does not exist)">Big Brushy Tank virus</a> (BBTV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skinner_Tank_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skinner Tank virus (page does not exist)">Skinner Tank virus</a> (SKTV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonto_Creek_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonto Creek virus (page does not exist)">Tonto Creek virus</a> (TTCV)</li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patawa_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patawa virus (page does not exist)">Patawa virus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reptarenavirus"><i>Reptarenavirus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reptarenavirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Academy_of_Sciences_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California Academy of Sciences virus (page does not exist)">California reptarenavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giessen_reptarenavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giessen reptarenavirus (page does not exist)">Giessen reptarenavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Gate_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Gate virus (page does not exist)">Golden reptarenavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinary_reptarenavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinary reptarenavirus (page does not exist)">Ordinary reptarenavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam_reptarenavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotterdam reptarenavirus (page does not exist)">Rotterdam reptarenavirus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hartmanivirus"><i>Hartmanivirus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hartmanivirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haartman_hartmanivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haartman hartmanivirus (page does not exist)">Haartman hartmanivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimat_hartmanivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heimat hartmanivirus (page does not exist)">Heimat hartmanivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dante_Muikkunen_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dante Muikkunen virus (page does not exist)">Muikkunen hartmanivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Schoolhouse_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Schoolhouse virus (page does not exist)">Schoolhouse hartmanivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Setpatvet_hartmanivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Setpatvet hartmanivirus (page does not exist)">Setpatvet hartmanivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_Pathology_Zurich_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veterinary Pathology Zurich virus (page does not exist)">Zurich hartmanivirus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antennavirus">Antennavirus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antennavirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hairy_antennavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hairy antennavirus (page does not exist)">Hairy antennavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmon_antennavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmon antennavirus (page does not exist)">Salmon antennavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Striated_antennavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Striated antennavirus (page does not exist)">Striated antennavirus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolution of the Mammarenavirus genus has been studied.<sup id="cite_ref-Forni2018_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forni2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New World and Old World species diverged less than 45,000 years ago. The New World species evolved between 41,400 and 3,300 years ago in the Latin America-Caribbean region. The Old World species evolved between 23,100 and 1,880 years ago, most likely in southern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Forni2018_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forni2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reservoirs">Reservoirs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reservoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some arenaviruses are <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonotic</a> pathogens and are generally associated with <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a>—transmitted disease in humans. Each virus usually is associated with a particular rodent host species in which it is maintained. Arenaviruses persist in nature by infecting rodents first and then transmitted into humans. Humans can be infected through mucosal exposure to aerosols, or by direct contact of abraded skin with the infectious material, derived from infected rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21324503_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21324503-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aerosols are fine mists or sprays of rodent dried excreta, especially urine that is dropped in the environment. Most of the Arenaviruses caught by humans are within their own homes when these rodents seek shelter. The virus can be caught in factories, from food that has been contaminated, or within agricultural work areas. Humans' risk of contracting the Arenavirus infection is related to age, race, or sex within the degree of contact with the dried rodent excreta.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hosts">Hosts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hosts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption><b>Arenavirus diseases and hosts</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Virus </th> <th>Disease </th> <th>Host </th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dandenong<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Dandenong hemorrhagic fever </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>old world ( Australian cases from Serbia ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">House mouse</a> (<i>Mus musculus</i>) </td> <td>Worldwide </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Lassa virus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lassa_fever" title="Lassa fever">Lassa fever</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natal_Multimammate_Mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Multimammate Mouse">Natal Multimammate Mouse</a> (<i>Mastomys natalensis</i>) </td> <td>West Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Junin virus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Argentine hemorrhagic fever">Argentine hemorrhagic fever</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drylands_Vesper_Mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drylands Vesper Mouse">Drylands Vesper Mouse</a> (<i>Calomys musculinus</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Machupo virus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Bolivian hemorrhagic fever">Bolivian hemorrhagic fever</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Large_Vesper_Mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Vesper Mouse">Large Vesper Mouse</a> (<i>Calomys callosus</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Guanarito virus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever">Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_Cane_Mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-tailed Cane Mouse">Short-tailed Cane Mouse</a> (<i>Zygodontomys brevicauda</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sabiá virus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Brazilian hemorrhagic fever">Brazilian hemorrhagic fever</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Tacaribe virus</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">Bat</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Artibeus" title="Artibeus">Artibeus</a></i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Flexal virus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>-like illness </td> <td>Rice rat (<i><a href="/wiki/Oryzomys" title="Oryzomys">Oryzomys</a></i>) </td> <td>Brazil </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Whitewater Arroyo virus</i> </td> <td>Hemorrhagic fever </td> <td>Woodrat (<i><a href="/wiki/Neotoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotoma">Neotoma</a></i>) </td> <td>Southwestern United States </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_diseases">Clinical diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Clinical diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fimmu-10-00372-g005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fimmu-10-00372-g005.jpg/220px-Fimmu-10-00372-g005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fimmu-10-00372-g005.jpg/330px-Fimmu-10-00372-g005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fimmu-10-00372-g005.jpg/440px-Fimmu-10-00372-g005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of disease phenotypes of OW and NW arenaviruses</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) viruses cause <i>influenza-like febrile illness</i>, but occasionally they may cause <i>meningitis,</i> characteristically accompanied by large numbers of lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (as the name LCM suggests).</li> <li>Lassa virus causes <a href="/wiki/Lassa_fever" title="Lassa fever">Lassa fever</a>. Lassa fever is endemic in west Africa. The virus was first isolated from Americans stationed in the village of Lassa, Nigeria. The virus can be transmitted person-to-person. <ul><li>Subclinical diseases: Serological studies suggest that inapparent infections particularly among members of hunting tribes are common.</li> <li>Clinical infections: Lassa fever is characterised by high fever, severe myalgia, coagulopathy, haemorrhagic skin rash, and occasional visceral haemorrhage as well as necrosis of liver and spleen.</li></ul></li> <li>Other Arenaviruses like Junin virus, Machupo virus cause haemorrhagic fevers.</li></ol> <p>All of these diseases pose a great threat to public health in the regions where it is taking place. For example, when the Old World Lassa virus turns into Lassa fever, this usually results in a significant amount of mortality. Similarly the New World Junin virus causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever. This fever is a severe illness with hemorrhagic and neurological manifestations and a case fatality of fifteen to thirty percent.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21324503_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21324503-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way this virus spreads is through increased traveling to and from endemic regions. This traveling has led to the importation of Lassa fever into non-endemic metropolitan areas all over the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_outbreaks">Recent outbreaks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recent outbreaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new species of arenavirus named the <a href="/wiki/Lujo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lujo virus">Lujo virus</a> has been linked to five patients who exhibited symptoms of viral hemorrhagic fever in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease originated near Lusaka, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and spread to <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, after the first patient was transported to a hospital there. The results of genetic sequencing tests conducted by epidemiologists at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, USA, and at the Special Pathogens Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, USA, provided evidence that the causative agent of the disease is a virus from the family Arenaviridae, which ultimately resulted in the deaths of four out of the five infected in Zambia and South Africa during the outbreak which began in September 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Arenavirus has also pinpointed as the cause of death of three donor organ recipients in Australia who contracted the virus after receiving kidney and a liver donations from a single infected organ donor in late 2006. All three died in the first week of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> and its Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) partners continue to support the Ministries of Health of the two countries in various facets of the outbreak investigation, including laboratory diagnosis, investigations, active case finding and follow-up of contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatments">Treatments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very few treatment methods are available. The current lack of a licensed vaccine and limited therapeutic options for the arenavirus make it arguably among the most neglected virus groups. The only licensed drug for the treatment of human arenavirus infection is the nucleoside analogue <a href="/wiki/Ribavirin" title="Ribavirin">ribavirin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-citepmid21183197_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citepmid21183197-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ribavirin reduces morbidity and mortality in humans infected with certain arenaviruses, such as LASV and JUNV infections, if it is taken in the early stages of the disease. Ribavirin displays mixed success in treating severe arenaviral disease and is associated with significant toxicities.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_approaches">Experimental approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Experimental approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Effective antiviral drugs need to be produced at a low cost, taken orally, and able to withstand tropical climates due to the regions where these infections are occurring. For this reason high throughput screening (HTS) of small molecular libraries could be the answer to finding a better remedy. HTS collects libraries of small synthetic molecules that can be used to identify protein promoting "agonist" molecules or protein inhibiting "antagonist" interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-citepmid21183197_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citepmid21183197-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With HTS sustainable antiviral drugs can be discovered against possible new human pathogenic viruses. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</a> is another potential approach. <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal antibodies</a> against <a href="/wiki/Junin_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junin virus">Junin virus</a> have been tested in animal models. An immunotherapeutic agent active against all tested mammarenaviruses that use the <a href="/wiki/Transferrin_receptor_1" title="Transferrin receptor 1">transferrin receptor 1</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a> was under investigation in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arenavirus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRadoshitzkyBuchmeierCharrelClegg2019" class="citation journal cs1">Radoshitzky, SR; 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoonotic_viral_diseases_(A80–B34,_042–079)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Template:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Template talk:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoonotic_viral_diseases_(A80–B34,_042–079)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral diseases</a> (A80–B34, <a href="/wiki/042%E2%80%93079" class="mw-redirect" title="042–079">042–079</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropod<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">Mosquito<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Batai_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Batai virus">Batai virus</a> <ul><li>BATV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwamba_orthobunyavirus" title="Bwamba orthobunyavirus">Bwamba Fever</a> <ul><li>BWAV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_encephalitis_orthobunyavirus" title="California encephalitis orthobunyavirus">California encephalitis</a> <ul><li>CEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Canyon_encephalitis" title="Jamestown Canyon encephalitis">Jamestown Canyon encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_encephalitis" title="La Crosse encephalitis">La Crosse encephalitis</a> <ul><li>LACV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahyna_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahyna virus">Tahyna virus</a> <ul><li>TAHV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tete virus">Tete virus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bunyamwera_orthobunyavirus" title="Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus">Bunyamwera fever</a> <ul><li>BUNV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_virus" title="Ngari virus">Ngari virus</a> <ul><li>NRIV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_fever" title="Rift Valley fever">Rift Valley fever</a> <ul><li>RVFV</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis" title="Japanese encephalitis">Japanese encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese encephalitis virus">JEV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Valley_encephalitis_virus" title="Murray Valley encephalitis virus">Australian encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Valley_encephalitis_virus" title="Murray Valley encephalitis virus">MVEV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjin_virus" title="Kunjin virus">KUNV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_encephalitis" title="Saint Louis encephalitis">Saint Louis encephalitis</a> <ul><li>SLEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usutu_virus" title="Usutu virus">Usutu virus</a> <ul><li>USUV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nile_fever" title="West Nile fever">West Nile fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">WNV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_virus" title="Dengue virus">DENV-1-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow fever virus">YFV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_fever" title="Zika fever">Zika fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZIKV" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIKV">ZIKV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Togaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Togaviridae">Togaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis" title="Eastern equine encephalitis">Eastern equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>EEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Western equine encephalitis virus">Western equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>WEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus">Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>VEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya" title="Chikungunya">Chikungunya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikungunya virus">CHIKV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27nyong%27nyong_virus" title="O'nyong'nyong virus">O'nyong'nyong fever</a> <ul><li>ONNV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogosta_disease" title="Pogosta disease">Pogosta disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindbis_virus" title="Sindbis virus">Sindbis virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_River_fever" title="Ross River fever">Ross River fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_River_virus" title="Ross River virus">RRV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semliki_Forest_virus" title="Semliki Forest virus">Semliki Forest virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">Reoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banna_virus" title="Banna virus">Banna virus encephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease#Viral" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Congo_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever">Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever</a> (CCHFV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartland virus">Heartland virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_fever_with_thrombocytopenia_syndrome" title="Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome">Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huaiyangshan_banyangvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaiyangshan banyangvirus">Huaiyangshan banyangvirus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tete virus">Tete virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bhanja_virus" title="Bhanja virus">Bhanja virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis" title="Tick-borne encephalitis">Tick-borne encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus" title="Tick-borne encephalitis virus">TBEV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powassan_encephalitis" title="Powassan encephalitis">Powassan encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powassan_virus" title="Powassan virus">POWV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Omsk_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Omsk hemorrhagic fever">Omsk hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>OHFV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyasanur_Forest_disease" title="Kyasanur Forest disease">Kyasanur Forest disease</a> <ul><li>KFDV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkhurma_virus" title="Alkhurma virus">AHFV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langat_virus" title="Langat virus">Langat virus</a> <ul><li>LGTV</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_virus" title="Bourbon virus">Bourbon virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">Reoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_tick_fever" title="Colorado tick fever">Colorado tick fever</a> <ul><li>CTFV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_tickborne_viral_fever" title="Kemerovo tickborne viral fever">Kemerovo tickborne viral fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sandfly#Viruses" title="Sandfly">Sandfly<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adria_virus" title="Adria virus">Adria virus</a> (ADRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropouche_fever" title="Oropouche fever">Oropouche fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oropouche_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropouche virus">Oropouche virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappataci_fever" title="Pappataci fever">Pappataci fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toscana_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Toscana virus">Toscana virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandfly_fever_Naples_phlebovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus">Sandfly fever Naples virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammal<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodent<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arenaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lassa_fever" title="Lassa fever">Lassa fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassa_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassa virus">LASV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever">Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>GTOV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Argentine hemorrhagic fever">Argentine hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentinian_mammarenavirus" title="Argentinian mammarenavirus">JUNV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Brazilian hemorrhagic fever">Brazilian hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Brazilian hemorrhagic fever">SABV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Bolivian hemorrhagic fever">Bolivian hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>MACV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujo_mammarenavirus" title="Lujo mammarenavirus">LUJV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapare_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapare virus">CHPV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_hemorrhagic_fever_with_renal_syndrome" title="Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome">Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrava-Belgrade_orthohantavirus" title="Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus">DOBV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantaan_orthohantavirus" title="Hantaan orthohantavirus">HTNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puumala_orthohantavirus" title="Puumala orthohantavirus">PUUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_orthohantavirus" title="Seoul orthohantavirus">SEOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_virus" title="Amur virus">AMRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_virus" title="Thailand virus">THAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome" title="Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome">Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andes_orthohantavirus" title="Andes orthohantavirus">ANDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_Nombre_orthohantavirus" title="Sin Nombre orthohantavirus">SNV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murid_gammaherpesvirus_4" title="Murid gammaherpesvirus 4">Murid gammaherpesvirus 4</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bat#Disease_transmission" title="Bat">Bat<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Filoviridae" title="Filoviridae">Filoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundibugyo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundibugyo virus">BDBV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan virus">SUDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_Forest_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Taï Forest virus">TAFV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_ebolavirus" title="Zaire ebolavirus">ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus_disease" title="Marburg virus disease">Marburg virus disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">MARV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravn_virus" title="Ravn virus">RAVV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_bat_lyssavirus" title="Australian bat lyssavirus">ABLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokola_lyssavirus" title="Mokola lyssavirus">MOKV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvenhage_lyssavirus" title="Duvenhage lyssavirus">DUVV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_bat_lyssavirus" title="Lagos bat lyssavirus">LBV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">CHPV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henipavirus" title="Henipavirus">Henipavirus encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendra_virus" title="Hendra virus">HeV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus" title="Nipah virus">NiV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" title="Coronaviridae">Coronaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-related_coronavirus" title="SARS-related coronavirus">SARS-related coronavirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primate<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B_virus" title="B virus">B virus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">Retroviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simian_foamy_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simian foamy virus">Simian foamy virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_2" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 2">HTLV-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanapox" title="Tanapox">Tanapox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaba_monkey_tumor_virus" title="Yaba monkey tumor virus">Yaba monkey tumor virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple<br />vectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RABV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokola_lyssavirus" title="Mokola lyssavirus">Mokola virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monkeypox" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkeypox">Monkeypox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Arenavirus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span 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