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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Headwaters_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headwaters_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Headwaters and sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headwaters_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anterior_Rhine_and_Posterior_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterior_Rhine_and_Posterior_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Anterior Rhine and Posterior Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anterior_Rhine_and_Posterior_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alpine_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpine_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Alpine Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpine_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lake_Constance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_Constance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lake Constance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_Constance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obersee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obersee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Obersee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obersee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seerhein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seerhein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Seerhein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seerhein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Untersee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Untersee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Untersee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Untersee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>High Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Upper Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Middle Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Lower Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Delta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geologic history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geologic_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geologic history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geologic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alpine_orogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpine_orogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Alpine orogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpine_orogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stream_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stream_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stream capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stream_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_last_glacial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_last_glacial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>End of the last glacial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_last_glacial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holocene_delta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocene_delta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Holocene delta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocene_delta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_cultural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_cultural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military and cultural history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_and_cultural_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military and cultural history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_and_cultural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Medieval and modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lists of features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lists_of_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lists of features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_on_the_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_on_the_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cities on the Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_on_the_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_and_borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_and_borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Countries and borders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_and_borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_distributaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_distributaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Former distributaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_distributaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ryn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rhein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D" title="ራይን ወንዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራይን ወንዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABn" title="Rīn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rīn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="راين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Rin" title="Río Rin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Río Rin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin" title="Rin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Rin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ৰাইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Rin" title="Ríu Rin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu Rin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADno" title="Ríno – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ríno" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Райн – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Райн" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyn" title="Reyn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Reyn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="راین چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راین چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukad_Rhine" title="Tukad Rhine – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tukad Rhine" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="রাইন নদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাইন নদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein_H%C3%B4" title="Rhein Hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rhein Hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рэйн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэйн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Райн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Райн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="राइन नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="राइन नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rhein" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="རེན་གཙང་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རེན་གཙང་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajna" title="Rajna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rajna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roen" title="Roen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Райн мүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Райн мүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin" title="Rin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin" title="Rin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BDn" title="Rýn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rýn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsinje_wa_Rhine" title="Mtsinje wa Rhine – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mtsinje wa Rhine" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renu" title="Renu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Renu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Rhein" title="Afon Rhein – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Rhein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinen" title="Rhinen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rhinen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rhein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ryn" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein" title="Rein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ρήνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρήνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin" title="Rin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejno" title="Rejno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rejno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhin" title="Rhin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rhin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF)" title="راین (رود) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راین (رود)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Naddi" title="Rhine Naddi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rhine Naddi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhin" title="Rhin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rhin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ryn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%A9in" title="An Réin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Réin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Rhine" title="Yn Rhine – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Rhine" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Rin" title="Río Rin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Rin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="ऱ्हायन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ऱ्हायन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-h%C3%B2" title="Rhine-hò – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Rhine-hò" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%95" title="라인강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라인강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հռենոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռենոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="राइन नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राइन नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ryn" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajna" title="Rajna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rajna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheno" title="Rheno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rheno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin" title="Rin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rhein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheno" title="Rheno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rheno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhen" title="Rhen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Rhen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADn" title="Rín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno" title="Reno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ריין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Rhein" title="Kali Rhein – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Rhein" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%9B%C9%9B_p%C9%94%C9%94" title="Rɛɛ pɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rɛɛ pɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რაინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowr_Ryn" title="Dowr Ryn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dowr Ryn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rhine" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyn" title="Reyn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Reyn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rain" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenus" title="Rhenus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rhenus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina" title="Reina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Reina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%A4in" title="Rhäin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rhäin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinas" title="Reinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Reinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rien" title="Rien – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rien" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein" title="Rein – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Rein" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Reno" title="Rio Reno – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio Reno" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renu" title="Renu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Renu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajna" title="Rajna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rajna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="राइन नदी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="राइन नदी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рајна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рајна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhin" title="Rhin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rhin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="റൈൻ നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൈൻ നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="ऱ्हाइन नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऱ्हाइन नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რაინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რაინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نهر الراين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر الراين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="راین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="راین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Rhine" title="Sungai Rhine – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Rhine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Reno" title="Riu Reno – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Riu Reno" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Райн мөрөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Райн мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ရိုင်းမြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရိုင်းမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijn" title="Rijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rien" title="Rien – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rien" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="राइन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राइन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9D" title="ライン川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライン川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rhein" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinen" title="Rhinen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rhinen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinen" title="Rhinen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rhinen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_(fluvi)" title="Ren (fluvi) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ren (fluvi)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyn" title="Reyn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Reyn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਰਾਈਨ ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਈਨ ਦਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Rhein" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="دریائے رائن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریائے رائن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhien" title="Rhien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rhien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Reno" title="Rio Reno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Reno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyn" title="Reyn – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Reyn" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhing" title="Rhing – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Rhing" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin" title="Rin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Rain" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rhein" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Рін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rhine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhien" title="Rhien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Rhien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi_i_Rinit" title="Lumi i Rinit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lumi i Rinit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renu" title="Renu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Renu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_River" title="Rhine River – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rhine River" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="رائن ندي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رائن ندي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BDn" title="Rýn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rýn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryn_(rzyka)" title="Ryn (rzyka) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ryn (rzyka)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ڕاین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рајна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рајна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajna" title="Rajna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rajna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein" title="Rein – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rein" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhen" title="Rhen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rhen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilog_Rin" title="Ilog Rin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilog Rin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="ரைன் ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரைன் ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ne,_jume" title="Réne, jume – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Réne, jume" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="แม่น้ำไรน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำไรน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%BDn" title="Reýn – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Reýn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Рейн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рейн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="دریائے رائن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے رائن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno" title="Reno – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Reno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein" title="Rein – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rein" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rhein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin" title="Rin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiwe_do_R%C3%A9n" title="Aiwe do Rén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aiwe do Rén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" title="萊茵河 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="萊茵河" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyn" title="Reyn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Reyn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salog_Rin" title="Salog Rin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salog Rin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" title="莱茵河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莱茵河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A)" title="ריין (טייך) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ריין (טייך)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" title="萊茵河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="萊茵河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%C3%AA_Reni" title="Royê Reni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Royê Reni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijn" title="Rijn – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Rijn" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reins" title="Reins – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Reins" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" title="莱茵河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莱茵河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejn" title="Rejn – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Rejn" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q584#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rhine&params=51_58_54_N_4_4_50_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°58′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°4′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.98167°N 4.08056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.98167; 4.08056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Rhine&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="River Rhine">River Rhine</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major river in Western Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the river. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rhine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rhine (disambiguation)">Rhine (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhein_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rhein (disambiguation)">Rhein (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Rhine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Bridge,_Basel,_Switzerland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG/300px-Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG/450px-Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG/600px-Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Rhine in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flusssystemkarte_Rhein_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flusssystemkarte_Rhein_04.jpg/240px-Flusssystemkarte_Rhein_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flusssystemkarte_Rhein_04.jpg/360px-Flusssystemkarte_Rhein_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flusssystemkarte_Rhein_04.jpg/480px-Flusssystemkarte_Rhein_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3198" data-file-height="4344" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Rhine basin</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-zoom="5" data-overlays="["_236344dd66d98cf1a8102622a5df9d8e5fc3a55f"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,250x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Rhine&revid=1258716787&groups=_236344dd66d98cf1a8102622a5df9d8e5fc3a55f" width="250" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,250x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Rhine&revid=1258716787&groups=_236344dd66d98cf1a8102622a5df9d8e5fc3a55f 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data">Celtic <i>Rēnos</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rhein</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></li><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Rhin</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-French_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Rijn</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ריין</span>‎</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">Rien</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a>)</span></li><li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Ragn</i></span>  (<a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutsilvan">Sutsilvan</a>)</li><li><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm-vallader">Rain</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Rhi(n)</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannic German language">Alemannic German</a>)</span></li><li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Rhing</i></span>  (<a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian languages</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rhine Basin</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a></li><li>Southern and Western Germany</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, France</li><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Lei" class="mw-redirect" title="Val di Lei">Val di Lei</a>, Italy</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Central and Western Europe</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vorderrhein" title="Vorderrhein">Vorderrhein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a>: <i>Rein Anteriur</i>)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tomasee" title="Tomasee">Tomasee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: <i lang="rm">Lai da Tuma</i>), <a href="/wiki/Surselva_Region" title="Surselva Region">Surselva</a>, Graubünden, Switzerland</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rhine&params=46_37_57_N_8_40_20_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°37′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">8°40′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.63250°N 8.67222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.63250; 8.67222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,345 m (7,694 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2nd source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinterrhein_(river)" title="Hinterrhein (river)">Hinterrhein</a> (Sursilvan: <i>Rein Posteriur</i>)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paradies_Glacier" title="Paradies Glacier">Paradies Glacier</a>, Graubünden, Switzerland</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source confluence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reichenau,_Switzerland" title="Reichenau, Switzerland">Reichenau</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamins" title="Tamins">Tamins</a>, Graubünden, Switzerland</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rhine&params=46_49_24_N_9_24_27_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°49′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°24′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.82333°N 9.40750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.82333; 9.40750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">585 m (1,919 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rhine&params=51_58_54_N_4_4_50_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°58′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°4′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.98167°N 4.08056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.98167; 4.08056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,230 km (760 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-length_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-length-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">185,000 km<sup>2</sup> (71,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,900 m<sup>3</sup>/s (100,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">800 m<sup>3</sup>/s (28,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">13,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (460,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrijtersLeentvaar2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrijtersLeentvaar2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Rhine</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">RYNE</span></i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the major <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">European rivers</a>. The river begins in the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Graubünden">canton of Graubünden</a> in the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a>. It forms the Swiss-Liechtenstein border and partly the <a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Switzerland_border" title="Austria–Switzerland border">Swiss-Austrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany-Switzerland_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany-Switzerland border">Swiss-German</a> borders. After that the Rhine defines much of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-German_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-German border">Franco-German border</a>, after which it flows in a mostly northerly direction through the German <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. Finally in Germany, the Rhine turns into a predominantly westerly direction and flows into the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> where it eventually empties into the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. It drains an area of 9,973 km<sup>2</sup>. </p><p>Its name derives from the Celtic <i>Rēnos</i>. There are two <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a> named after the river, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, in addition to several <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">districts</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rhein-Sieg-Kreis" title="Rhein-Sieg-Kreis">Rhein-Sieg</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a> in Alsace (France) are also named after the river. Some adjacent towns are named after it, such as <a href="/wiki/Rheinau,_Switzerland" title="Rheinau, Switzerland">Rheinau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheineck" title="Rheineck">Rheineck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheinfelden_(Aargau)" title="Rheinfelden (Aargau)">Rheinfelden</a> (CH) and <a href="/wiki/Rheinfelden_(Baden)" title="Rheinfelden (Baden)">Rheinfelden</a> (D). </p><p>The International Commission for the Hydrology of the Rhine Basin (CHR) and EUWID contend that the river could experience a massive decrease in volume, or even dry up completely in case of drought, within the next 30 to 80 years, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rhine is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">second-longest river</a> in Central and Western Europe (after the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>), at about 1,230 km (760 mi),<sup id="cite_ref-length_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-length-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an average discharge of about 2,900 m<sup>3</sup>/s (100,000 cu ft/s). </p><p>The Rhine and the Danube comprised much of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">northern inland boundary</a>, and the Rhine has been a vital navigable waterway bringing trade and goods deep inland since those days. The various castles and defenses built along it attest to its prominence as a waterway in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Among the largest and most important cities on the Rhine are <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The variants of the name of the Rhine (Latin Rhenus; French Rhin, Italian Reno, Romansh Rain or Rein, Dutch Rijn, Alemannic Ry, Ripuarian Rhing)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in modern languages are all derived from the <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> name <i><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Rēnos</i></span></i>, which was adapted in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman geography">Roman-era geography</a> (1st century BC) as Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rhenus</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ῥῆνος</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Rhēnos</i></span></i>). </p><p>The spelling with <i>Rh-</i> in English <i>Rhine</i> as well as in German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rhein</i></span></i> and French <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Rhin</i></span></i> is due to the influence of Greek orthography, while the vocalization <i>-i-</i> is due to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> adoption of the Gaulish name as *<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Germanic/R%C4%ABnaz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic/Rīnaz">Rīnaz</a></i>, via <a href="/wiki/Old_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish">Old Frankish</a> giving <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Rín</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i><span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Rīn</i></span></i>, early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span>) <i><span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">Rijn</i></span></i> (then also spelled <i><span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">Ryn</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">Rin</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern German diphthong <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rhein</i></span></i> (also used in <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>) <i><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">Rein, Rain</i></span></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> development of the <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">early modern period</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> name <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">R(n)</i></span></i> keeping the older vocalism. In Alemannic, the deletion of the ending <i>-n</i> in pausa is a recent development; the form <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Rn</i></span></i> is largely preserved in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucernese</a> dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Rhing</i></span></i> in <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> is diphthongized, as is <i><span title="Palatine German-language text"><i lang="pfl">Rhei, Rhoi</i></span></i> in <a href="/wiki/Palatine_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine dialect">Palatine</a>. While Spanish has adopted the Germanic vocalism <i><span title="Romance languages collective text"><i lang="roa">Rin-</i></span></i>, Italian, Occitan, and Portuguese have retained the Latin <i><span title="Romance languages collective text"><i lang="roa">Ren-</i></span></i>. </p><p>The Gaulish name <i>Rēnos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">pre-Celtic</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>*Reinos</i>) belongs to a class of river names built from the <a href="/wiki/PIE_root" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE root">PIE root</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*rei-</span></span></i> "to move, flow, run", also found in other names such as the <a href="/wiki/Reno_(river)" title="Reno (river)">Reno</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-etym_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etym-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grammatical gender of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> name (as well as of its Greek and Latin adaptation) is masculine, and the name remains masculine in German, Dutch, French, Spanish and Italian. The Old English river name was variously inflected as masculine or feminine; and its <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a> adoption was inflected as feminine.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhein-Karte2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rhein-Karte2.png/270px-Rhein-Karte2.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rhein-Karte2.png/405px-Rhein-Karte2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rhein-Karte2.png/540px-Rhein-Karte2.png 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2228" /></a><figcaption><u><b>Sections of the Rhine:</b></u> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff7474; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8c35; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff27; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#82b143; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4abbb7; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High Rhine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2d7cea; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Untersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Untersee (Lake Constance)">Untersee</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seerhein" title="Seerhein">Seerhein</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Obersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Obersee (Lake Constance)">Obersee</a></i>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ba7eff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vorderrhein" title="Vorderrhein">Vorderrhein</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hinterrhein_(river)" title="Hinterrhein (river)">Hinterrhein</a></i></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_the_Rhine" title="Sources of the Rhine">Rhine sources</a></div> For an interactive map, click here: <a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" data-overlays="["_d91269969878f06d7cd9ac88452a4a9d2816d3d6"]">Map</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rhine-kilometers" (<i>Rheinkilometer</i>), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the 0 km datum at <a href="/wiki/Old_Rhine_Bridge_(Constance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Rhine Bridge (Constance)">Old Rhine Bridge</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a>, at the western end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Hook_of_Holland" title="Hook of Holland">Hook of Holland</a> at 1,036.20 km. </p><p>The river is significantly shortened from its natural course due to a number of canal projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "total length of the Rhine", to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a> is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometers (766 miles) by the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-length_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-length-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its course is conventionally divided as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Length</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Avg. discharge</th> <th>Elevation</th> <th>Left tributaries<sup id="cite_ref-partial_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partial-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Right tributaries<sup id="cite_ref-partial_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partial-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>76 km<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The various <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_the_Rhine" title="Sources of the Rhine">sources</a> and headwaters forming the <b><a href="/wiki/Anterior_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior Rhine">Anterior</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Posterior_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior Rhine">Posterior Rhine</a></b> within <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>, Switzerland</td> <td>116 m<sup>3</sup>/s<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>584 m</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aua_Russein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aua Russein (page does not exist)">Aua Russein</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schmu%C3%A8r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schmuèr (page does not exist)">Schmuèr</a><sup id="cite_ref-STVR_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STVR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Tuma" title="Rein da Tuma">Rein da Tuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Curnera" title="Rein da Curnera">Rein da Curnera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Medel" title="Rein da Medel">Rein da Medel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rein_da_Sumvitg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rein da Sumvitg (page does not exist)">Rein da Sumvitg</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rein_da_Vigliuts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rein da Vigliuts (page does not exist)">Rein da Vigliuts</a>), <a href="/wiki/Glogn" title="Glogn">Glogn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valser_Rhine" title="Valser Rhine">Valser Rhine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rabiusa" title="Rabiusa">Rabiusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinterrhein_(river)" title="Hinterrhein (river)">Rein Posteriur/Hinterrhein</a> (tributaries of which include the <a href="/wiki/Ragn_da_Ferrera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragn da Ferrera">Ragn da Ferrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albula_(river)" title="Albula (river)">Albula/Alvra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelgia_(river)" title="Gelgia (river)">Gelgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Landwasser" title="Landwasser">Landwasser</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-STVR_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STVR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="Circa">c.</abbr> 90 km<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The <b><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a></b> running through the Grisonian and St. Gall Rhine Valley (partly forming the Swiss border with <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian-Swiss_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian-Swiss border">Austria</a>)</td> <td>245 m<sup>3</sup>/s<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>400 m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamina_(river)" title="Tamina (river)">Tamina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saar_(Rhine)" title="Saar (Rhine)">Saar</a><sup id="cite_ref-STAR_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STAR-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plessur_(river)" title="Plessur (river)">Plessur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landquart_(river)" title="Landquart (river)">Landquart</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-STAR_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STAR-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_inland_canal" title="Liechtenstein inland canal">Liechtenstein inland canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ill_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ill (Austria)">Ill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frutz" title="Frutz">Frutz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 60 km<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a></b>, including the short channel called <a href="/wiki/Seerhein" title="Seerhein">Seerhein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/Obersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Obersee (Lake Constance)">Obersee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Untersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Untersee (Lake Constance)">Untersee</a></td> <td>364 m<sup>3</sup>/s<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>395 m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alter_Rhein" title="Alter Rhein">Alter Rhein</a> (<i>Rheintaler Binnenkanal</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldach_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldach (river) (page does not exist)">Goldach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aach_(Arbon)" title="Aach (Arbon)">Aach</a><sup id="cite_ref-STLC_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STLC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dornbirner_Ach" title="Dornbirner Ach">Dornbirner Ach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bregenzer_Ach" title="Bregenzer Ach">Bregenzer Ach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiblach" title="Leiblach">Leiblach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argen" title="Argen">Argen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schussen" title="Schussen">Schussen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotach" title="Rotach">Rotach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunnisach" title="Brunnisach">Brunnisach</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipbach (page does not exist)">Lipbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seefelder_Aach" title="Seefelder Aach">Seefelder Aach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockacher_Aach" title="Stockacher Aach">Stockacher Aach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radolfzeller_Aach" title="Radolfzeller Aach">Radolfzeller Aach</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STLC_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STLC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 150 km<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ix<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The <b><a href="/wiki/High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High Rhine</a></b> from the exit of Lake Constance to <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, forming a substantial part of the <a href="/wiki/German-Swiss_border" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Swiss border">German-Swiss border</a></td> <td>1,089 m<sup>3</sup>/s<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>246 m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thur_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thur (Switzerland)">Thur</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6ss_(river)" title="Töss (river)">Töss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glatt_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glatt (river)">Glatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aare_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aare (river)">Aare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sissle" title="Sissle">Sissle</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6hlinbach" title="Möhlinbach">Möhlinbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergolz" title="Ergolz">Ergolz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birs" title="Birs">Birs</a><sup id="cite_ref-STHR_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STHR-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biber_(Rhine)" title="Biber (Rhine)">Biber</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durach_(Rhine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durach (Rhine) (page does not exist)">Durach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wutach_(river)" title="Wutach (river)">Wutach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alb_(Southern_Black_Forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alb (Southern Black Forest)">Alb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murg_(Southern_Black_Forest)" title="Murg (Southern Black Forest)">Murg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wehra" title="Wehra">Wehra</a><sup id="cite_ref-STHR_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STHR-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>362 km<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The <b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a></b> from Basel to <a href="/wiki/Bingen_am_Rhein" title="Bingen am Rhein">Bingen</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain" title="Upper Rhine Plain">Upper Rhine Plain</a> and in its upper course the <a href="/wiki/Franco-German_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-German border">Franco-German border</a></td> <td></td> <td>79 m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birsig" title="Birsig">Birsig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ill_(France)" title="Ill (France)">Ill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moder_(river)" title="Moder (river)">Moder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauter_(Rhine)" title="Lauter (Rhine)">Lauter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahe_(Rhine)" title="Nahe (Rhine)">Nahe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wiese_(river)" title="Wiese (river)">Wiese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kander_(Germany)" title="Kander (Germany)">Kander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elz_(Rhine)" title="Elz (Rhine)">Elz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinzig_(Rhine)" title="Kinzig (Rhine)">Kinzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rench" title="Rench">Rench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acher" title="Acher">Acher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murg_(Northern_Black_Forest)" title="Murg (Northern Black Forest)">Murg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alb_(Northern_Black_Forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alb (Northern Black Forest)">Alb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pfinz" title="Pfinz">Pfinz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>159 km<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xiii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The <b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a></b> between Bingen and either <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> is entirely within Germany, passing the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Gorge" title="Rhine Gorge">Rhine Gorge</a>;</td> <td></td> <td>45 m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle (river)">Moselle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nette_(Rhine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nette (Rhine)">Nette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahr" title="Ahr">Ahr</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wied_(river)" title="Wied (river)">Wied</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sieg_(river)" title="Sieg (river)">Sieg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>177 km<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xiv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The <b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a></b> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Niederrhein</i></span> downstream of Bonn, passing the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine_region" title="Lower Rhine region">Lower Rhine region</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td></td> <td>11 m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erft" title="Erft">Erft</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wupper" title="Wupper">Wupper</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCssel" title="Düssel">Düssel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_(river)" title="Ruhr (river)">Ruhr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emscher" title="Emscher">Emscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lippe_(river)" title="Lippe (river)">Lippe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 50 km<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The <b><a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nether Rhine</a></b> or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederrijn</i></span> (shortened course of <a href="/wiki/Oude_Rijn_(Gelderland)" title="Oude Rijn (Gelderland)">Oude Rijn</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a> in the Netherlands)</td> <td>2,900 m<sup>3</sup>/s<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xvi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0 m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meuse_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse (river)">Meuse</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oude_IJssel" title="Oude IJssel">Oude IJssel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkel" title="Berkel">Berkel</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-partial-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-partial_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-partial_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Partial list.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Length of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior Rhine">Anterior Rhine</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Medel" title="Rein da Medel">Rein da Medel</a>; 47 mi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Average runoff for the Rhine catchment for the years 1961–1990 as measured at <a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">56 mi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Average runoff for the Rhine catchment for the years 1961–1990 as measured at the Swiss border immediately upstream of Lake Constance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">37 mi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Average runoff for the Rhine and Lake Constance catchment for the years 1961–1990 as measured at <a href="/wiki/Rheinklingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinklingen">Rheinklingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most of the water of the Radolfzeller Aach comes from the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Sinkhole" title="Danube Sinkhole">Danube Sinkhole</a>, making the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> indirectly a tributary of the Rhine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstanz to Basel, <i>Rheinkilometer</i> 0–167; 93 mi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Average discharge for the years 1961–1990 as measured at Basel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-12_"Rhein–Landesgrenze_(Gesamtgebiet)"_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-12_"Rhein–Landesgrenze_(Gesamtgebiet)"-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discharges of 2,500 m<sup>3</sup>/s are regularly achieved during annual peaks, and discharges of over 4,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s have been recorded during exceptional flooding events.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the confluence of the Aare and the Rhine, the Aare at 564 m<sup>3</sup>/s<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_20-10_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_20-10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carries more water on average than the Rhine at 442 m<sup>3</sup>/s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-10_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-10-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that hydrographically speaking the Rhine is a right tributary of the Aare.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basel to Bingen, <i>Rheinkilometer</i> 167–529; 225 mi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bingen to Cologne, <i>Rheinkilometer</i> 529–688; 99 mi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cologne to the Dutch-German border, <i>Rheinkilometer</i> 688–865.5; 110 mi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">31 mi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The total discharge of the Rhine is subject to significant fluctuations, and average values cited vary between sources; the total discharge given here consists of: <a href="/wiki/Maasmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasmond">Maasmond</a>, 1450 m<sup>3</sup>/s; <a href="/wiki/Haringvliet" title="Haringvliet">Haringvliet</a>, 820 m<sup>3</sup>/s; <a href="/wiki/Den_Oever" title="Den Oever">Den Oever</a>, 310 m<sup>3</sup>/s; <a href="/wiki/Kornwerderzand" title="Kornwerderzand">Kornwerderzand</a>, 220 m<sup>3</sup>/s; <a href="/wiki/IJmuiden" title="IJmuiden">IJmuiden</a>, 9 m<sup>3</sup>/s; and the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt%E2%80%93Rhine_Canal" title="Scheldt–Rhine Canal">Scheldt–Rhine Canal</a>, 10 m<sup>3</sup>/s.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headwaters_and_sources">Headwaters and sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Headwaters and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources">Sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_the_Rhine" title="Sources of the Rhine">Sources of the Rhine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Above_Tomasee.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Above_Tomasee.JPG/220px-Above_Tomasee.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Above_Tomasee.JPG/330px-Above_Tomasee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Above_Tomasee.JPG/440px-Above_Tomasee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Toma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Toma">Lake Toma</a> seen from the Rhine's upstream end</figcaption></figure> <p>The Rhine carries its name without distinctive accessories only from the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vorderrhein" title="Vorderrhein">Rein Anteriur/Vorderrhein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinterrhein_(river)" title="Hinterrhein (river)">Rein Posteriur/Hinterrhein</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Reichenau,_Switzerland" title="Reichenau, Switzerland">Reichenau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamins" title="Tamins">Tamins</a>. Above this point is the extensive <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">catchment area</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Headwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwater">headwaters</a> of the Rhine. This area belongs almost exclusively to the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Swiss canton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Graubünden</i></span>), ranging from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gotthard_Massif" title="Saint-Gotthard Massif">Saint-Gotthard Massif</a> in the west via one valley lying in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">canton of Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sondrio" title="Province of Sondrio">Sondrio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, Italy) in the south to the <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BCela_Pass" title="Flüela Pass">Flüela Pass</a> in the east. The Rhine is one of four major rivers taking their source in the Gotthard region, along with the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> (drainage basin of the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuss_(river)" title="Reuss (river)">Reuss</a> (Rhine basin). The <a href="/wiki/Witenwasserenstock" title="Witenwasserenstock">Witenwasserenstock</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Triple_divide" title="Triple divide">triple watershed</a> between the Rhine, Rhône and Po. </p><p>Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Toma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Toma">Lake Toma</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Oberalp_Pass" title="Oberalp Pass">Oberalp Pass</a> in the Gotthard region is seen as the source of the Anterior Rhine and the Rhine as a whole. The Posterior Rhine rises in the <a href="/wiki/Rheinwald" title="Rheinwald">Rheinwald</a> below the <a href="/wiki/Rheinwaldhorn" title="Rheinwaldhorn">Rheinwaldhorn</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anterior_Rhine_and_Posterior_Rhine">Anterior Rhine and Posterior Rhine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anterior Rhine and Posterior Rhine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vorderrhein" title="Vorderrhein">Vorderrhein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinterrhein_(river)" title="Hinterrhein (river)">Hinterrhein (river)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinzusammenfluss.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rheinzusammenfluss.JPG/220px-Rheinzusammenfluss.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rheinzusammenfluss.JPG/330px-Rheinzusammenfluss.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rheinzusammenfluss.JPG/440px-Rheinzusammenfluss.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The confluence of the Anterior Rhine to the lower left and the Posterior Rhine in the background forms the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a> (to the left) next to <a href="/wiki/Reichenau,_Switzerland" title="Reichenau, Switzerland">Reichenau</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The source of the river is generally considered north of <i><a href="/wiki/Tomasee" title="Tomasee">Lai da Tuma/Tomasee</a></i> on <i>Rein Anteriur/Vorderrhein</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although its southern tributary <i><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Medel" title="Rein da Medel">Rein da Medel</a></i> is actually longer before its confluence with the Anterior Rhine near <a href="/wiki/Disentis" title="Disentis">Disentis</a>. </p> <dl><dd>The <b>Anterior Rhine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: <i lang="rm">Rein Anteriur</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Vorderrhein</i>) springs from <i>Lai da Tuma/Tomasee</i>, near the <a href="/wiki/Oberalp_Pass" title="Oberalp Pass">Oberalp Pass</a> and passes the impressive <i><a href="/wiki/Ruinaulta" title="Ruinaulta">Ruinaulta</a></i> formed by the largest visible rock slide in the alps, the <a href="/wiki/Flims_Rockslide" class="mw-redirect" title="Flims Rockslide">Flims Rockslide</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The <b>Posterior Rhine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: <i lang="rm">Rein Posteriur</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Hinterrhein</i>) starts from the <a href="/wiki/Paradies_Glacier" title="Paradies Glacier">Paradies Glacier</a>, near the <i>Rheinwaldhorn</i>. One of its tributaries, the <i>Reno di Lei</i>, drains the <i><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Lei" title="Lago di Lei">Valle di Lei</a></i> on politically Italian territory. After three main valleys separated by the two gorges, <i><a href="/wiki/Roflaschlucht" class="mw-redirect" title="Roflaschlucht">Roflaschlucht</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Viamala" title="Viamala">Viamala</a></i>, it reaches <a href="/wiki/Reichenau,_Switzerland" title="Reichenau, Switzerland">Reichenau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamins" title="Tamins">Tamins</a>.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Alpenrhein.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Karte_Alpenrhein.png/250px-Karte_Alpenrhein.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Karte_Alpenrhein.png/375px-Karte_Alpenrhein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Karte_Alpenrhein.png/500px-Karte_Alpenrhein.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Alpine Rhine</figcaption></figure> <p>The Anterior Rhine arises from numerous source streams in the upper <a href="/wiki/Surselva" class="mw-redirect" title="Surselva">Surselva</a> and flows in an easterly direction. One source is <i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Toma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Toma">Lai da Tuma</a></i> (2,345 m (7,694 ft))<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Tuma" title="Rein da Tuma">Rein da Tuma</a></i>, which is usually indicated as source of the Rhine, flowing through it. </p><p>Into it flow tributaries from the south, some longer, some equal in length, such as the <i>Rein da Medel</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Maighels" title="Rein da Maighels">Rein da Maighels</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Curnera" title="Rein da Curnera">Rein da Curnera</a></i>. The Cadlimo Valley in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">canton of Ticino</a> is drained by the <i>Reno di Medel</i>, which crosses the <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphologic</a> Alpine main ridge from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All streams in the source area are partially, sometimes completely, captured and sent to storage reservoirs for the local hydro-electric power plants. </p><p>The culminating point of the Anterior Rhine's drainage basin is the <a href="/wiki/Piz_Russein" class="mw-redirect" title="Piz Russein">Piz Russein</a> of the Tödi massif of the <a href="/wiki/Glarus_Alps" title="Glarus Alps">Glarus Alps</a> at 3,613 meters (11,854 ft) above sea level. It starts with the creek <i>Aua da Russein</i> (lit.: "Water of the Russein").<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its lower course, the Anterior Rhine flows through a gorge named <i><a href="/wiki/Ruinaulta" title="Ruinaulta">Ruinaulta</a></i> (Flims Rockslide). The whole stretch of the Anterior Rhine to the Alpine Rhine confluence next to Reichenau in Tamins is accompanied by a long-distance hiking trail called <i>Senda Sursilvana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Posterior Rhine flows first east-northeast, then north. It flows through the three valleys named <a href="/wiki/Rheinwald" title="Rheinwald">Rheinwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schams" title="Schams">Schams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domleschg_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Domleschg valley">Domleschg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Heinzenberg_GR" title="Heinzenberg GR">Heinzenberg</a>. The valleys are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Rofla_Gorge" title="Rofla Gorge">Rofla Gorge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viamala" title="Viamala">Viamala</a> Gorge. Its sources are located in the <a href="/wiki/Adula_Alps" title="Adula Alps">Adula Alps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rheinwaldhorn" title="Rheinwaldhorn">Rheinwaldhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheinquellhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinquellhorn">Rheinquellhorn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCferhorn" title="Güferhorn">Güferhorn</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Avers_Rhine" title="Avers Rhine">Avers Rhine</a> joins from the south. One of its headwaters, the <i>Reno di Lei</i> (stowed in the <a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Lei" title="Lago di Lei">Lago di Lei</a>), is partially located in Italy. </p><p>Near <a href="/wiki/Sils_im_Domleschg" title="Sils im Domleschg">Sils</a> the Posterior Rhine is joined by the <a href="/wiki/Albula_(river)" title="Albula (river)">Albula</a>, from the east, from the <a href="/wiki/Albula_Pass" title="Albula Pass">Albula Pass</a> region. The Albula draws its water mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Landwasser" title="Landwasser">Landwasser</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Dischmabach" title="Dischmabach">Dischmabach</a> as the largest source stream, but almost as much from the <a href="/wiki/Gelgia_(river)" title="Gelgia (river)">Gelgia</a>, which comes down from the <a href="/wiki/Julier_Pass" title="Julier Pass">Julier Pass</a>. </p><p>Numerous larger and smaller tributary rivers bear the name of the <i>Rhine</i> or equivalent in various <a href="/wiki/Romansch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romansch language">Romansh</a> idioms, including <i>Rein</i> or <i>Ragn</i>, including: </p> <ul><li>Anterior Rhine area: <i>Rein Anteriur/Vorderrhein</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Medel" title="Rein da Medel">Rein da Medel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Tuma" title="Rein da Tuma">Rein da Tuma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Curnera" title="Rein da Curnera">Rein da Curnera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Maighels" title="Rein da Maighels">Rein da Maighels</a></i>, <i>Rein da Cristallina</i>, <i>Rein da Nalps</i>, <i>Rein da Plattas</i>, <i>Rein da Sumvitg</i>, <i>Rein da Vigliuts</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Valser_Rhine" title="Valser Rhine">Valser Rhine</a></i></li> <li>Posterior Rhine basin: <i>Rein Posteriur/Hinterrhein</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Lei" title="Lago di Lei">Reno di Lei</a></i>, <i>Madrischer Rhein</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Avers_Rhine" title="Avers Rhine">Avers Rhine</a></i>, <i>Jufer Rhein</i></li> <li>Albula-Landwasser area: In the <a href="/wiki/Dischma" title="Dischma">Dischma</a> valley, near Davos, far east of the Rhine, there's a place called <i>Am Rin</i> ("Upon Rhine"). A tributary of the Dischma is called <i>Riner Tälli</i>. Nearby, on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Sertig" title="Sertig">Sertig</a>, is the <i>Rinerhorn</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alpine_Rhine">Alpine Rhine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alpine Rhine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhein_bei_Balzers_-_Blick_auf_Gonzen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rhein_bei_Balzers_-_Blick_auf_Gonzen.JPG/220px-Rhein_bei_Balzers_-_Blick_auf_Gonzen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rhein_bei_Balzers_-_Blick_auf_Gonzen.JPG/330px-Rhein_bei_Balzers_-_Blick_auf_Gonzen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rhein_bei_Balzers_-_Blick_auf_Gonzen.JPG/440px-Rhein_bei_Balzers_-_Blick_auf_Gonzen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Rhine between <a href="/wiki/Sargans" title="Sargans">Sargans</a> in Switzerland (left) and <a href="/wiki/Balzers" title="Balzers">Balzers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (right) with the <a href="/wiki/Gonzen" title="Gonzen">Gonzen</a> (1,829 m (6,001 ft), left), the <a href="/wiki/Girrenspitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Girrenspitz">Girrenspitz</a> (2,099 m (6,886 ft)) in the back, and the Maziferchopf (855 m (2,805 ft)) to the right</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rheintal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rheintal (disambiguation)">Rheintal</a></div> <p>Next to <a href="/wiki/Reichenau,_Switzerland" title="Reichenau, Switzerland">Reichenau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamins" title="Tamins">Tamins</a> the <a href="/wiki/Vorderrhein" title="Vorderrhein">Anterior Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hinterrhein_(river)" title="Hinterrhein (river)">Posterior Rhine</a> join and form the Alpine Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near <a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 meters to 396 meters. It flows through a wide glacial Alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Rheintal</i>). Near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargan (page does not exist)">Sargan</a> a natural dam, only a few meters high, prevents it from flowing into the open <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sztal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sztal (page does not exist)">Sztal</a> valley and then through <a href="/wiki/Lake_Walen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Walen">Lake Walen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Zurich" title="Lake Zurich">Lake Zurich</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a>. The Alpine Rhine begins in the westernmost part of the Swiss canton of <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a>, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the west and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the east. </p><p>As an effect of human work, it empties into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> on Austrian territory and not on the <a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Switzerland_border" title="Austria–Switzerland border">border</a> that follows its old natural river bed called <i><a href="/wiki/Alter_Rhein" title="Alter Rhein">Alter Rhein</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Old Rhine</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rhine_delta_(Lake_Constance)" title="Rhine delta (Lake Constance)">mouth of the Rhine</a> into Lake Constance forms an <a href="/wiki/Inland_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland delta">inland delta</a>. The delta is delimited in the west by the <i>Alter Rhein</i> and in the east by the modern canalized section of the Alpine Rhine (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fußacher Durchstich</i></span>). Most of the delta is a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird_sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird sanctuary">bird sanctuary</a>. It includes the Austrian towns of <a href="/wiki/Gai%C3%9Fau" title="Gaißau">Gaißau</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6chst,_Austria" title="Höchst, Austria">Höchst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fach" title="Fußach">Fußach</a>. The natural Rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments. In the local <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> dialect, the singular is pronounced "Isel" and this is also the local pronunciation of <i>Esel</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey</a>"). Many local fields have an official name containing this element. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_the_mouth_of_the_Rhine_into_Lake_Constance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aerial_image_of_the_mouth_of_the_Rhine_into_Lake_Constance.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_the_mouth_of_the_Rhine_into_Lake_Constance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aerial_image_of_the_mouth_of_the_Rhine_into_Lake_Constance.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_the_mouth_of_the_Rhine_into_Lake_Constance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aerial_image_of_the_mouth_of_the_Rhine_into_Lake_Constance.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_the_mouth_of_the_Rhine_into_Lake_Constance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Aerial image of the mouth of the Rhine into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Regulation" title="Rhine Regulation">regulation of the Rhine</a> was called for, with an upper canal near <a href="/wiki/Diepoldsau" title="Diepoldsau">Diepoldsau</a> and a lower canal at Fußach, in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a> in the western Rhine Delta. The <a href="/wiki/Dornbirner_Ach" title="Dornbirner Ach">Dornbirner Ach</a> had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake <a href="/wiki/Tuggenersee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuggenersee">Tuggenersee</a>. </p><p>The cut-off Old Rhine at first formed a <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> landscape. Later an artificial ditch of about two km was dug. It was made navigable to the Swiss town of <a href="/wiki/Rheineck_SG" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheineck SG">Rheineck</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_Constance">Lake Constance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lake Constance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodensee_satellit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bodensee_satellit.jpg/330px-Bodensee_satellit.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bodensee_satellit.jpg/495px-Bodensee_satellit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bodensee_satellit.jpg/660px-Bodensee_satellit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image. In the center and on the right (i.e. to the east) the larger part of Lake Constance, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Obersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Obersee (Lake Constance)">Obersee</a></i>, is visible, and it includes, in the lower right, the <a href="/wiki/River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="River Delta">delta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a>. The northwesterly "finger" (on the top left) is <i>Lake Überlingen</i>, containing the island of <a href="/wiki/Mainau" title="Mainau">Mainau</a>. Below Lake Überlingen (also in the west) is the smaller <i><a href="/wiki/Untersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Untersee (Lake Constance)">Untersee</a></i>, containing <a href="/wiki/Reichenau_Island" title="Reichenau Island">Reichenau Island</a>. The Obersee and Untersee are connected by the four kilometers long <a href="/wiki/Seerhein" title="Seerhein">Seerhein</a>. On the left the <a href="/wiki/High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High Rhine</a> can be seen.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a></div> <p>Lake Constance consists of three bodies of water: the <a href="/wiki/Obersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Obersee (Lake Constance)">Obersee</a> ("upper lake"), the <a href="/wiki/Untersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Untersee (Lake Constance)">Untersee</a> ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein ("Lake Rhine"). The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> near the Alps. Specifically, its shorelines lie in the German states of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, the Austrian state of <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>, and the Swiss cantons of <a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>. The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss-Austrian border. It is located at approximately <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rhine&params=47_39_N_9_19_E_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°39′N</span> <span class="longitude">9°19′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.650°N 9.317°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.650; 9.317</span></span></span></a></span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obersee">Obersee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Obersee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Obersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Obersee (Lake Constance)">Obersee (Lake Constance)</a></div> <p>The flow of cold, grey mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first does not mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called <i>Rheinbrech</i>, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of <a href="/wiki/Lindau_(Bodensee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindau (Bodensee)">Lindau</a>. The water then follows the northern shore until <a href="/wiki/Hagnau_am_Bodensee" title="Hagnau am Bodensee">Hagnau am Bodensee</a>. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of <a href="/wiki/Mainau" title="Mainau">Mainau</a> into Lake Überlingen. Most of the water flows via the <i>Constance hopper</i> into the <i>Rheinrinne</i> ("Rhine Gutter") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake. </p><p>The Rhine carries very large amounts of debris into the lake – over three million cubic meters (110,000,000 cu ft) annually.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mouth region, it is therefore necessary to permanently remove gravel by dredging. The large <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> loads are partly due to the extensive <a href="/wiki/Land_improvements" class="mw-redirect" title="Land improvements">land improvements</a> upstream. </p><p>Three countries border the Obersee, namely Switzerland in the south, Austria in the southeast and the German states of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> in the northeast and <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> in the north and northwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seerhein">Seerhein</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seerhein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seerhein" title="Seerhein">Seerhein</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstanz_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Konstanz_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm.jpg/220px-Konstanz_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Konstanz_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm.jpg/330px-Konstanz_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Konstanz_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm.jpg/440px-Konstanz_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Distance markers along the Rhine indicate distances from this bridge in <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinkilometer_Loreley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Rheinkilometer_Loreley.JPG/170px-Rheinkilometer_Loreley.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Rheinkilometer_Loreley.JPG/255px-Rheinkilometer_Loreley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Rheinkilometer_Loreley.JPG/340px-Rheinkilometer_Loreley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The 555 km marker downstream from the <a href="/wiki/Lorelei" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seerhein" title="Seerhein">Seerhein</a> is only 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) long. It connects the <a href="/wiki/Obersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Obersee (Lake Constance)">Obersee</a> with the 30 cm lower <a href="/wiki/Untersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Untersee (Lake Constance)">Untersee</a>. Distance markers along the Rhine measure the distance from the bridge in the old city center of Konstanz. </p><p>For most of its length, the Seerhein forms the border between Germany and Switzerland. The exception is the old city center of Konstanz, on the Swiss side of the river. </p><p>The Seerhein emerged in the last thousands of years, when erosion caused the lake level to be lowered by about 10 meters. Previously, the two lakes formed a single lake, as the name still suggests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Untersee">Untersee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Untersee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Untersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Untersee (Lake Constance)">Untersee (Lake Constance)</a></div> <p>Like in the Obersee, the flow the Rhine can be traced in the Untersee. Here, too, the river water is hardly mixed with the lake water. The northern parts of the Untersee (Lake Zell and Gnadensee) remain virtually unaffected by the flow. The river traverses the southern, which, in isolation, is sometimes called <i>Rhinesee</i> ("Lake Rhine"). </p><p>Besides the <i>Seerhein</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Radolfzeller_Aach" title="Radolfzeller Aach">Radolfzeller Aach</a> is the main tributary of <i>Untersee</i>. It adds large amounts of water from the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> system to the <i>Untersee</i> via the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Sinkhole" title="Danube Sinkhole">Danube Sinkhole</a>. </p><p>Reichenau Island was formed at the same time as the Seerhein, when the water level fell to its current level. </p><p>Lake Untersee is part of the <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Switzerland_border" title="Germany–Switzerland border">border between Switzerland and Germany</a>, with Germany on the north bank and Switzerland on the south, except both sides are Swiss in <a href="/wiki/Stein_am_Rhein" title="Stein am Rhein">Stein am Rhein</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High Rhine</a> flows out of the lake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Rhine">High Rhine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: High Rhine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High Rhine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Hochrhein.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Karte_Hochrhein.png/300px-Karte_Hochrhein.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Karte_Hochrhein.png/450px-Karte_Hochrhein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Karte_Hochrhein.png/600px-Karte_Hochrhein.png 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>The High Rhine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinfall_mit_Rheinfallbr%C3%BCcke_und_Schloss_Laufen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rheinfall_mit_Rheinfallbr%C3%BCcke_und_Schloss_Laufen.jpg/220px-Rheinfall_mit_Rheinfallbr%C3%BCcke_und_Schloss_Laufen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rheinfall_mit_Rheinfallbr%C3%BCcke_und_Schloss_Laufen.jpg/330px-Rheinfall_mit_Rheinfallbr%C3%BCcke_und_Schloss_Laufen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rheinfall_mit_Rheinfallbr%C3%BCcke_und_Schloss_Laufen.jpg/440px-Rheinfall_mit_Rheinfallbr%C3%BCcke_und_Schloss_Laufen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Rhine Falls near <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The High Rhine (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hochrhein</i></span>) begins in <a href="/wiki/Stein_am_Rhein" title="Stein am Rhein">Stein am Rhein</a> at the western end of the Untersee. Now flowing generally westwards, it passes over the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Falls" title="Rhine Falls">Rhine Falls</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinfall</i></span>) below <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a> before being joined – near <a href="/wiki/Koblenz_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Koblenz AG">Koblenz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Aargau" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Aargau">canton of Aargau</a> – by its major tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a>. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of slightly more than 1,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (35,000 cu ft/s),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the Dutch border. The Aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of <a href="/wiki/Finsteraarhorn" title="Finsteraarhorn">Finsteraarhorn</a>, the highest point of the Rhine <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basin</a>. </p><p>Between <a href="/wiki/Eglisau" title="Eglisau">Eglisau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, the vast majority of its length, the High Rhine forms the <a href="/wiki/German-Swiss_border" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Swiss border">border between Germany and Switzerland</a>. Only for brief distances at its extremities does the river run entirely within Switzerland; at the eastern end it separates the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">canton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCsingen_am_Hochrhein" title="Büsingen am Hochrhein">Büsingen am Hochrhein</a> on the northern bank from cantons of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Zürich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a>, while at the western end it bisects the canton of <a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a>. Here, at the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_knee" title="Rhine knee">Rhine knee</a>, the river turns north and leaves Switzerland altogether. </p><p>The High Rhine is characterized by numerous dams. On the few remaining natural sections, there are still several <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a>. Over its entire course from Lake Constance to the Swiss border at Basel the river descends from 395 m to 252 m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Rhine">Upper Rhine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Upper Rhine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_autumn_morning_in_Basel_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/One_autumn_morning_in_Basel_v2.jpg/220px-One_autumn_morning_in_Basel_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/One_autumn_morning_in_Basel_v2.jpg/330px-One_autumn_morning_in_Basel_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/One_autumn_morning_in_Basel_v2.jpg/440px-One_autumn_morning_in_Basel_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3194" data-file-height="4822" /></a><figcaption>The Rhine in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> is Switzerland's gateway to the sea.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhein_Mainzer_Becken_stromab_von_Mainz_bei_Eltville_und_Erbach_vor_Bingen_Foto_2008_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_IMG_0263.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rhein_Mainzer_Becken_stromab_von_Mainz_bei_Eltville_und_Erbach_vor_Bingen_Foto_2008_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_IMG_0263.jpg/220px-Rhein_Mainzer_Becken_stromab_von_Mainz_bei_Eltville_und_Erbach_vor_Bingen_Foto_2008_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_IMG_0263.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rhein_Mainzer_Becken_stromab_von_Mainz_bei_Eltville_und_Erbach_vor_Bingen_Foto_2008_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_IMG_0263.jpg/330px-Rhein_Mainzer_Becken_stromab_von_Mainz_bei_Eltville_und_Erbach_vor_Bingen_Foto_2008_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_IMG_0263.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rhein_Mainzer_Becken_stromab_von_Mainz_bei_Eltville_und_Erbach_vor_Bingen_Foto_2008_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_IMG_0263.jpg/440px-Rhein_Mainzer_Becken_stromab_von_Mainz_bei_Eltville_und_Erbach_vor_Bingen_Foto_2008_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_IMG_0263.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>View of the Mainz Basin downstreams of Mainz, from Eltville and Erbach to Bingen</figcaption></figure> <p>In the center of Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream, is the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_knee" title="Rhine knee">Rhine knee</a>, a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from west to north. Here the High Rhine ends. Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine. The river now flows north as Upper Rhine through the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain" title="Upper Rhine Plain">Upper Rhine Plain</a>, which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide. The most important tributaries in this area are the <a href="/wiki/Ill_(France)" title="Ill (France)">Ill</a> below of Strasbourg, the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> in Mannheim and the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> across from Mainz. In Mainz, the Rhine leaves the Upper Rhine Valley and flows through the Mainz Basin. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A4hre-Altrip_Schiffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F%C3%A4hre-Altrip_Schiffe.jpg/220px-F%C3%A4hre-Altrip_Schiffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F%C3%A4hre-Altrip_Schiffe.jpg/330px-F%C3%A4hre-Altrip_Schiffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F%C3%A4hre-Altrip_Schiffe.jpg/440px-F%C3%A4hre-Altrip_Schiffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The Rhine at <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Neckar" title="Rhine-Neckar">Rhine-Neckar</a> industrial area</figcaption></figure> <p>The southern half of the Upper Rhine forms the <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a> between France (<a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>) and Germany (Baden-Württemberg). The northern part forms the border between the German states of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> in the west on the one hand, and <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> on the other hand, in the east and north. A curiosity of this border line is that the parts of the city of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> on the right bank of the Rhine were given to Hesse by the occupying forces in 1945. </p><p>The Upper Rhine was a significant cultural landscape in Central Europe already in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">antiquity</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Today, the Upper Rhine area hosts many important manufacturing and service industries, particularly in the centers Basel, Strasbourg and Mannheim-Ludwigshafen. Strasbourg is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, and so one of the three European capitals is located on the Upper Rhine. </p><p>The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th century. The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly. Dead branches were removed by construction workers and the area around the river was made more habitable for humans on <a href="/wiki/Flood_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood plains">flood plains</a> as the rate of flooding decreased sharply. On the French side, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_d%27Alsace" title="Grand Canal d'Alsace">Grand Canal d'Alsace</a> was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water, and all of the traffic. In some places, there are large compensation pools, for example, the huge <i>Bassin de compensation de <a href="/wiki/Plobsheim" title="Plobsheim">Plobsheim</a></i> in Alsace. </p><p>The Upper Rhine has undergone significant human change since the 19th century. While it was slightly modified during the Roman occupation, it was not until the emergence of engineers such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Tulla" title="Johann Gottfried Tulla">Johann Gottfried Tulla</a> that significant modernization efforts changed the shape of the river. Earlier work under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> surrounded efforts to ease shipping and construct dams to serve <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200248–49_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200248–49-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tulla is considered to have domesticated the Upper Rhine, a domestication that served goals such as reducing stagnant <a href="/wiki/Bogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogs">bogs</a> that fostered waterborne diseases, making regions more habitable for human settlement, and reduce high frequency of floods. Not long before Tulla went to work on widening and straightening the river, heavy floods caused significant loss of life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200252_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200252-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four diplomatic treaties were signed among German state governments and French regions dealing with the changes proposed along the Rhine, one was "the Treaty for the Rectification of the Rhine flow from Neuberg to Dettenheim"(1817), which surrounded states such as <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon France">Bourbon France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian Palatinate">Bavarian Palatinate</a>. Loops, <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">oxbows</a>, branches and islands were removed along the Upper Rhine so that there would be uniformity to the river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200253_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200253-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engineering of the Rhine was not without protest, farmers and fishermen had grave concerns about valuable fishing areas and farmland being lost. While some areas lost ground, other areas saw swamps and bogs be drained and turned into arable land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200254_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200254-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johann Tulla had the goal of shortening and straightening the Upper Rhine. Early engineering projects the Upper Rhine also had issues, with Tulla's project at one part of the river creating rapids, after the Rhine cut down from erosion to sheer rock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200254_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200254-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engineering along the Rhine eased flooding and made transportation along the river less cumbersome. These state projects were part of the advanced and technical progress going on in the country alongside the industrial revolution. For the German state, making the river more predictable was to ensure development projects could easily commence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200256_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200256-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The section of the Upper Rhine downstream from <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> is also known as the "Island Rhine". Here a number of <a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">river islands</a> occur, locally known as "Rheinauen". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Rhine">Middle Rhine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle Rhine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RheinBeiR%C3%BCdesheim2008Video.ogv/220px--RheinBeiR%C3%BCdesheim2008Video.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="RheinBeiRüdesheim2008Video.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:RheinBeiR%C3%BCdesheim2008Video.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/RheinBeiR%C3%BCdesheim2008Video.ogv/RheinBeiR%C3%BCdesheim2008Video.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="392" data-height="294" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/RheinBeiR%C3%BCdesheim2008Video.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="392" data-height="294" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/RheinBeiR%C3%BCdesheim2008Video.ogv/RheinBeiR%C3%BCdesheim2008Video.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/RheinBeiR%C3%BCdesheim2008Video.ogv/RheinBeiR%C3%BCdesheim2008Video.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Rhine by ship from <a href="/wiki/Assmannshausen" title="Assmannshausen">Assmannshausen</a> to <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdesheim_am_Rhein" title="Rüdesheim am Rhein">Rüdesheim</a>, a 2008 video</figcaption></figure> <p>The Rhine is the longest river in Germany. It is here that the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> and, later, the <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle (river)">Moselle</a>, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m<sup>3</sup>/s (11,000 cu ft/s). Northeastern France drains to the Rhine via the Moselle; smaller rivers drain the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges Mountains">Vosges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a> uplands. Most of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and a very small part of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> also drain to the Rhine via the Moselle. As it approaches the Dutch border, the Rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m<sup>3</sup>/s (81,000 cu ft/s) and an average width of 400 m (1,300 ft). </p><p>Between <a href="/wiki/Bingen_am_Rhein" title="Bingen am Rhein">Bingen am Rhein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a> flows through the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Gorge" title="Rhine Gorge">Rhine Gorge</a>, a formation which was created by <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. The rate of erosion equaled the <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">uplift</a> in the region, such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised. The gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002)</a> and known as "the Romantic Rhine", with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and many quaint and lovely country villages. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FR-67-Strasbourg35.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Between Strasbourg and Kehl"><img alt="Between Strasbourg and Kehl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FR-67-Strasbourg35.JPG/300px-FR-67-Strasbourg35.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FR-67-Strasbourg35.JPG/451px-FR-67-Strasbourg35.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FR-67-Strasbourg35.JPG/600px-FR-67-Strasbourg35.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Between <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kehl" title="Kehl">Kehl</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhein_stromabw%C3%A4rts_bei_Erbach_im_Rheingau_mit_Insel_Mariannenau_Hessen_Landesgrenze_Rheinland-Pfalz_links_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_Photo_IMG_0274.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial photo between Eltville and Bingen"><img alt="Aerial photo between Eltville and Bingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rhein_stromabw%C3%A4rts_bei_Erbach_im_Rheingau_mit_Insel_Mariannenau_Hessen_Landesgrenze_Rheinland-Pfalz_links_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_Photo_IMG_0274.jpg/372px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rhein_stromabw%C3%A4rts_bei_Erbach_im_Rheingau_mit_Insel_Mariannenau_Hessen_Landesgrenze_Rheinland-Pfalz_links_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_Photo_IMG_0274.jpg/559px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rhein_stromabw%C3%A4rts_bei_Erbach_im_Rheingau_mit_Insel_Mariannenau_Hessen_Landesgrenze_Rheinland-Pfalz_links_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_Photo_IMG_0274.jpg/744px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="1924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial photo between <a href="/wiki/Eltville" title="Eltville">Eltville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bingen_am_Rhein" title="Bingen am Rhein">Bingen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marksburg1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marksburg near Koblenz, built in 1231"><img alt="Marksburg near Koblenz, built in 1231" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marksburg1900.jpg/302px-Marksburg1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marksburg1900.jpg/454px-Marksburg1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marksburg1900.jpg/604px-Marksburg1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marksburg" title="Marksburg">Marksburg</a> near <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>, built in 1231</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besch%C3%A4digte_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, showing damage before collapse during the Battle of Remagen"><img alt="Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, showing damage before collapse during the Battle of Remagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Besch%C3%A4digte_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/284px-Besch%C3%A4digte_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Besch%C3%A4digte_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/427px-Besch%C3%A4digte_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Besch%C3%A4digte_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/569px-Besch%C3%A4digte_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4202" data-file-height="3326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ludendorff_Bridge" title="Ludendorff Bridge">Ludendorff Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Remagen" title="Remagen">Remagen</a>, showing damage before collapse during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remagen" title="Battle of Remagen">Battle of Remagen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_(K%C3%B6ln)_Rhine_River_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rhine in Cologne"><img alt="The Rhine in Cologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cologne_%28K%C3%B6ln%29_Rhine_River_view.jpg/325px-Cologne_%28K%C3%B6ln%29_Rhine_River_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cologne_%28K%C3%B6ln%29_Rhine_River_view.jpg/488px-Cologne_%28K%C3%B6ln%29_Rhine_River_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cologne_%28K%C3%B6ln%29_Rhine_River_view.jpg/650px-Cologne_%28K%C3%B6ln%29_Rhine_River_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="1897" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Rhine in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_Rhin_%C3%A0_Dusseldorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhine at Düsseldorf"><img alt="Rhine at Düsseldorf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_Rhin_%C3%A0_Dusseldorf.jpg/338px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_Rhin_%C3%A0_Dusseldorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_Rhin_%C3%A0_Dusseldorf.jpg/507px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_Rhin_%C3%A0_Dusseldorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_Rhin_%C3%A0_Dusseldorf.jpg/675px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_Rhin_%C3%A0_Dusseldorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3831" data-file-height="2554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhine at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rhine_H%C3%BCnxe_Germany_.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhine at Hünxe, near the border of the Netherlands"><img alt="Rhine at Hünxe, near the border of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Rhine_H%C3%BCnxe_Germany_.jpeg/300px-The_Rhine_H%C3%BCnxe_Germany_.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Rhine_H%C3%BCnxe_Germany_.jpeg/451px-The_Rhine_H%C3%BCnxe_Germany_.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Rhine_H%C3%BCnxe_Germany_.jpeg/600px-The_Rhine_H%C3%BCnxe_Germany_.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhine at <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCnxe" title="Hünxe">Hünxe</a>, near the border of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>The Mainz Basin ends in <a href="/wiki/Bingen_am_Rhein" title="Bingen am Rhein">Bingen am Rhein</a>; the Rhine continues as "Middle Rhine" into the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Gorge" title="Rhine Gorge">Rhine Gorge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Slate_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Slate Mountains">Rhenish Slate Mountains</a>. In this sections the river falls from 77.4 m above sea level to 50.4 m. On the left, is located the mountain ranges of <a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck" title="Hunsrück">Hunsrück</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a>, on the right <a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald">Westerwald</a>. According to geologists, the characteristic narrow valley form was created by <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> by the river while the surrounding landscape was lifted (see <a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">water gap</a>). </p><p>Major tributaries in this section are the <a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>. They join the Rhine near <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>, for the right and left respectively. Almost the entire length of the Middle Rhine runs in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. </p><p>The dominant economic sectors in the Middle Rhine area are <a href="/wiki/Viniculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniculture">viniculture</a> and tourism. The <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Gorge" title="Rhine Gorge">Rhine Gorge</a> between <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdesheim_am_Rhein" title="Rüdesheim am Rhein">Rüdesheim am Rhein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a> is listed as a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Near <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Goarshausen" title="Sankt Goarshausen">Sankt Goarshausen</a>, the Rhine flows around the famous rock <a href="/wiki/Lorelei" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a>. With its outstanding architectural monuments, the slopes full of vines, settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes, the Middle Rhine Valley can be considered the epitome of the Rhine romanticism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Rhine">Lower Rhine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lower Rhine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Rhein_D%C3%BCsseldorf_Bird%27s_eye_view_-_Rathausufer_vor_histor._Altstadt_-_Rheinufer_NRW_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN1026.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/River_Rhein_D%C3%BCsseldorf_Bird%27s_eye_view_-_Rathausufer_vor_histor._Altstadt_-_Rheinufer_NRW_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN1026.jpg/220px-River_Rhein_D%C3%BCsseldorf_Bird%27s_eye_view_-_Rathausufer_vor_histor._Altstadt_-_Rheinufer_NRW_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN1026.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/River_Rhein_D%C3%BCsseldorf_Bird%27s_eye_view_-_Rathausufer_vor_histor._Altstadt_-_Rheinufer_NRW_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN1026.jpg/330px-River_Rhein_D%C3%BCsseldorf_Bird%27s_eye_view_-_Rathausufer_vor_histor._Altstadt_-_Rheinufer_NRW_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN1026.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/River_Rhein_D%C3%BCsseldorf_Bird%27s_eye_view_-_Rathausufer_vor_histor._Altstadt_-_Rheinufer_NRW_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN1026.jpg/440px-River_Rhein_D%C3%BCsseldorf_Bird%27s_eye_view_-_Rathausufer_vor_histor._Altstadt_-_Rheinufer_NRW_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN1026.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Low water in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmerich_am_Rhein_Osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Emmerich_am_Rhein_Osten.jpg/220px-Emmerich_am_Rhein_Osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Emmerich_am_Rhein_Osten.jpg/330px-Emmerich_am_Rhein_Osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Emmerich_am_Rhein_Osten.jpg/440px-Emmerich_am_Rhein_Osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Lower Rhine at <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_am_Rhein" title="Emmerich am Rhein">Emmerich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Sieg_(river)" title="Sieg (river)">Sieg</a> flows into the Rhine, the Rhine enters the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Plain" title="North German Plain">North German Plain</a> and turns into the Lower Rhine. The Lower Rhine falls from 50 m to 12 m. The main tributaries on this stretch are the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe">Lippe</a>. Like the Upper Rhine, the Lower Rhine used to <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meander</a> until engineering created a solid river bed. Because the levees are some distance from the river, at high tide the Lower Rhine has more room for widening than the Upper Rhine. </p><p>The Lower Rhine flows through <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. Its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Agglomerations" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglomerations">agglomerations</a> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Düsseldorf and <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr area">Ruhr area</a>. Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a> region. One of the most important cities in this region is <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a> with the largest <a href="/wiki/River_port" class="mw-redirect" title="River port">river port</a> in Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east–west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal, which runs parallel to the Lippe. Between <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_am_Rhein" title="Emmerich am Rhein">Emmerich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleves">Cleves</a> the <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_Rhine_Bridge" title="Emmerich Rhine Bridge">Emmerich Rhine Bridge</a>, the longest suspension bridge in Germany, crosses the 400-meter-wide (1,300 ft) river. Near <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a>, the river crosses the <a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_line" title="Uerdingen line">Uerdingen line</a>, the line which separates the areas where <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> are spoken. The Rhine River is crossed by several <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferries</a>, including the one between <a href="/wiki/Bad_Honnef" title="Bad Honnef">Bad Honnef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolandseck" title="Rolandseck">Rolandseck</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Lohfelderf%C3%A4hre" title="Lohfelderfähre">Lohfelderfähre</a> district is situated. </p><p>Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, it is along the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a>. Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_(river)" title="Ruhr (river)">Ruhr</a>, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is nowadays a clean river, thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls, a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slag_heaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Slag heaps">Slag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">brownfields</a>. The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It contributes 70 m<sup>3</sup>/s (2,500 cu ft/s) to the Rhine. Other rivers in the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Area">Ruhr Area</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Emscher" title="Emscher">Emscher</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delta">Delta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Delta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nether_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nether Rhine">Nether Rhine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maas_Delta1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maas_Delta1.jpg/220px-Maas_Delta1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maas_Delta1.jpg/330px-Maas_Delta1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maas_Delta1.jpg/440px-Maas_Delta1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>The central and northern parts of the Rhine-Meuse delta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbinden_der_Maas_von_der_Waal_1904_aus_Hochwasserschutzgr%C3%BCnden.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Abbinden_der_Maas_von_der_Waal_1904_aus_Hochwasserschutzgr%C3%BCnden.gif/220px-Abbinden_der_Maas_von_der_Waal_1904_aus_Hochwasserschutzgr%C3%BCnden.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Abbinden_der_Maas_von_der_Waal_1904_aus_Hochwasserschutzgr%C3%BCnden.gif/330px-Abbinden_der_Maas_von_der_Waal_1904_aus_Hochwasserschutzgr%C3%BCnden.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Abbinden_der_Maas_von_der_Waal_1904_aus_Hochwasserschutzgr%C3%BCnden.gif/440px-Abbinden_der_Maas_von_der_Waal_1904_aus_Hochwasserschutzgr%C3%BCnden.gif 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption> Changing the <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse (river)">Meuse</a> estuary in 1904: light blue old course, dark blue today's course</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_annual_average_discharge_of_Rhine_and_Maas_2000-2011_(EN).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_the_annual_average_discharge_of_Rhine_and_Maas_2000-2011_%28EN%29.png/220px-Map_of_the_annual_average_discharge_of_Rhine_and_Maas_2000-2011_%28EN%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_the_annual_average_discharge_of_Rhine_and_Maas_2000-2011_%28EN%29.png/330px-Map_of_the_annual_average_discharge_of_Rhine_and_Maas_2000-2011_%28EN%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_the_annual_average_discharge_of_Rhine_and_Maas_2000-2011_%28EN%29.png/440px-Map_of_the_annual_average_discharge_of_Rhine_and_Maas_2000-2011_%28EN%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>Map showing how the waters of the Rhine and Meuse rivers split into various branches of their combined delta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Frostbrug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/John_Frostbrug.jpg/220px-John_Frostbrug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/John_Frostbrug.jpg/330px-John_Frostbrug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/John_Frostbrug.jpg/440px-John_Frostbrug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch name for Rhine is "Rijn". The Rhine turns west and enters the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, where, together with the rivers <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse (river)">Meuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>, it forms the extensive <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta">Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta</a>, with 25,347 km<sup>2</sup> (9,787 sq mi) the largest <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossing the border into the Netherlands at <a href="/wiki/Spijk_(Rijnwaarden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spijk (Rijnwaarden)">Spijk</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, the Rhine is at its widest, although the river then splits into three main <a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributaries</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Waal_(river)" title="Waal (river)">Waal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a> ("Nether Rhine") and <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a>. </p><p>From here, the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name <i>Rijn</i> no longer coincides with the main flow of water. Two-thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west, through the Waal and then, via the <a href="/wiki/Merwede" title="Merwede">Merwede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Merwede" title="Nieuwe Merwede">Nieuwe Merwede</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_Biesbosch" class="mw-redirect" title="De Biesbosch">De Biesbosch</a>), merging with the Meuse, through the <a href="/wiki/Hollands_Diep" title="Hollands Diep">Hollands Diep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haringvliet" title="Haringvliet">Haringvliet</a> <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>, into the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Beneden_Merwede" title="Beneden Merwede">Beneden Merwede</a> branches off, near <a href="/wiki/Hardinxveld-Giessendam" title="Hardinxveld-Giessendam">Hardinxveld-Giessendam</a> and continues as the <a href="/wiki/Noord_(river)" title="Noord (river)">Noord</a>, to join the <a href="/wiki/Lek_(river)" title="Lek (river)">Lek</a>, near the village of <a href="/wiki/Kinderdijk" title="Kinderdijk">Kinderdijk</a>, to form the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Maas" title="Nieuwe Maas">Nieuwe Maas</a>; then flows past <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and continues via <a href="/wiki/Het_Scheur" class="mw-redirect" title="Het Scheur">Het Scheur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Waterweg" title="Nieuwe Waterweg">Nieuwe Waterweg</a>, to the North Sea. The <a href="/wiki/Oude_Maas" title="Oude Maas">Oude Maas</a> branches off, near <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, farther down rejoining the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Maas" title="Nieuwe Maas">Nieuwe Maas</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Het_Scheur" class="mw-redirect" title="Het Scheur">Het Scheur</a>. </p><p>The other third of the water flows through the <a href="/wiki/Pannerdens_Kanaal" title="Pannerdens Kanaal">Pannerdens Kanaal</a> and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn. The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the <i>Rhine</i> north into the <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a> (a former bay), while the Nederrijn carries approximately two-ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the Waal. However, at <a href="/wiki/Wijk_bij_Duurstede" title="Wijk bij Duurstede">Wijk bij Duurstede</a>, the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the <a href="/wiki/Lek_(river)" title="Lek (river)">Lek</a>. It flows farther west, to rejoin the <a href="/wiki/Noord_(river)" title="Noord (river)">Noord</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Maas" title="Nieuwe Maas">Nieuwe Maas</a> and to the North Sea. </p><p>The name <i>Rijn</i>, from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> times. Though they retained the name, these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine, but are used for draining the surrounding land and <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a>. From Wijk bij Duurstede, the old north branch of the Rhine is called <a href="/wiki/Kromme_Rijn" title="Kromme Rijn">Kromme Rijn</a> ("Bent Rhine") past <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Leidse_Rijn" title="Leidse Rijn">Leidse Rijn</a> ("Rhine of <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>") and then, <a href="/wiki/Oude_Rijn_(Utrecht_and_South_Holland)" title="Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)">Oude Rijn</a> ("Old Rhine"). The latter flows west into a <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluice</a> at <a href="/wiki/Katwijk" title="Katwijk">Katwijk</a>, where its waters can be discharged into the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. This branch once formed the line along which the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a> were built. During periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages, the Rhine took a left turn, creating the <a href="/wiki/Channel_River" title="Channel River">Channel River</a>, the course of which now lies below the English Channel. </p><p>The Rhine-Meuse Delta, the most important <a href="/wiki/Natural_region" title="Natural region">natural region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> begins near <a href="/wiki/Millingen_aan_de_Rijn" title="Millingen aan de Rijn">Millingen aan de Rijn</a>, close to the Dutch-German border with the division of the Rhine into <a href="/wiki/Waal_(river)" title="Waal (river)">Waal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a>. The region between the Dutch-German border and Rotterdam, where the Waal, Lek, and Meuse run more or less parallel, is colloquially known as the "Great Rivers". Since the Rhine contributes most of the water, the shorter term <i>Rhine Delta</i> is commonly used. However, this name is also used for the <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a> where the Rhine flows into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>, so it is clearer to call the larger one <i>Rhine-Meuse delta</i>, or even <i><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></i>, as the Scheldt ends in the same delta. </p><p>The shape of the Rhine delta is determined by two <a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">bifurcations</a>: first, at <a href="/wiki/Millingen_aan_de_Rijn" title="Millingen aan de Rijn">Millingen aan de Rijn</a>, the Rhine splits into <a href="/wiki/Waal_(river)" title="Waal (river)">Waal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannerdens_Kanaal" title="Pannerdens Kanaal">Pannerdens Kanaal</a>, which changes its name to <a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Angeren" title="Angeren">Angeren</a>, and second near <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a> branches off from the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather often. The largest and southern main branch begins as Waal and continues as <a href="/wiki/Boven_Merwede" title="Boven Merwede">Boven Merwede</a> ("Upper Merwede"), <a href="/wiki/Beneden_Merwede" title="Beneden Merwede">Beneden Merwede</a> ("Lower Merwede"), <a href="/wiki/Noord_(river)" title="Noord (river)">Noord</a> ("the North"), <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Maas" title="Nieuwe Maas">Nieuwe Maas</a> ("New Meuse"), <a href="/wiki/Het_Scheur" class="mw-redirect" title="Het Scheur">Het Scheur</a> ("the Rip") and <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Waterweg" title="Nieuwe Waterweg">Nieuwe Waterweg</a> ("New Waterway"). The middle flow begins as <a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a>, then changes into <a href="/wiki/Lek_(river)" title="Lek (river)">Lek</a>, then joins the Noord, thereby forming Nieuwe Maas. The northern flow keeps the name IJssel until it flows into Lake <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a>. Three more flows carry significant amounts of water: the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Merwede" title="Nieuwe Merwede">Nieuwe Merwede</a> ("New Merwede"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Boven to Beneden Merwede; the <a href="/wiki/Oude_Maas" title="Oude Maas">Oude Maas</a> ("Old Meuse"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Beneden Merwede into Noord, and <a href="/wiki/Dordtse_Kil" class="mw-redirect" title="Dordtse Kil">Dordtse Kil</a>, which branches off from Oude Maas. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_flood_(1421)" title="St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)">St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse (river)">Meuse</a> flowed just south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea and formed an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>-like estuary with Waal and Lek. This system of numerous bays, estuary-like extended rivers, many islands and constant changes of the coastline, is hard to imagine today. From 1421 to 1904, the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at <a href="/wiki/Gorinchem" title="Gorinchem">Gorinchem</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Merwede" title="Merwede">Merwede</a>. For flood protection reasons, the Meuse was separated from the Waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called "<a href="/wiki/Bergse_Maas" title="Bergse Maas">Bergse Maas</a>", then <a href="/wiki/Amer_(river)" title="Amer (river)">Amer</a> and then flows into the former bay Hollands Diep. </p><p>The northwestern part of the estuary (around <a href="/wiki/Hook_of_Holland" title="Hook of Holland">Hook of Holland</a>), is still called <i>Maasmond</i> ("Meuse Mouth"), ignoring the fact that it now carries only water from the Rhine. This might explain the confusing naming of the various branches. </p><p>The hydrography of the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (<a href="/wiki/Hollandse_IJssel" title="Hollandse IJssel">Hollandse IJssel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linge" title="Linge">Linge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vecht_(Utrecht)" title="Vecht (Utrecht)">Vecht</a>, etc.) and smaller rivers and streams. Many rivers have been closed ("dammed") and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous <a href="/wiki/Polders" class="mw-redirect" title="Polders">polders</a>. The construction of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a> changed the Delta in the second half of the 20th century fundamentally. Currently Rhine water runs into the sea, or into former marine bays now separated from the sea, in five places, namely at the mouths of the Nieuwe Merwede, Nieuwe Waterway (Nieuwe Maas), Dordtse Kil, <a href="/wiki/Spui_(river)" title="Spui (river)">Spui</a> and IJssel. </p><p>The Rhine-Meuse Delta is a tidal delta, shaped not only by the <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a> of the rivers, but also by tidal currents. This meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea. Before the construction of the Delta Works, tidal influence was palpable up to Nijmegen, and even today, after the regulatory action of the Delta Works, the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tide</a> acts far inland. At the Waal, the most landward tidal influence can be detected between <a href="/wiki/Brakel,_Gelderland" title="Brakel, Gelderland">Brakel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaltbommel" title="Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologic_history">Geologic history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geologic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alpine_orogeny">Alpine orogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alpine orogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinegrabencross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rhinegrabencross.jpg/220px-Rhinegrabencross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rhinegrabencross.jpg/330px-Rhinegrabencross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rhinegrabencross.jpg/440px-Rhinegrabencross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Schematic cross section of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Graben" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Rhine Graben">Upper Rhine Graben</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Rhine flows from the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea#Geological_history" title="North Sea">North Sea Basin</a>. The geography and geology of its present-day watershed has been developing since the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a> began. </p><p>In southern Europe, the stage was set in the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> Period of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> Era, with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a>, between the Eurasian and African <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plates</a>, between about 240 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">MBP</a> and 220 MBP (million years before present). The present <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. At about 180 MBP, in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> Periods. Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the Alps, and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, moving west, the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the islands. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes. </p><p>In northern Europe, the North Sea Basin had formed during the Triassic and Jurassic periods and continued to be a sediment receiving basin since. In between the zone of Alpine orogeny and North Sea Basin subsidence, highlands resulting from an earlier orogeny (<a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan</a>) remained, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a>. </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> onward, the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a north–south rift system to develop in this zone. The main elements of this rift are the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Graben" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Rhine Graben">Upper Rhine Graben</a>, in southwest Germany and eastern France and the Lower Rhine Embayment, in northwest Germany and the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. By the time of the Miocene, a river system had developed in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Graben" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Rhine Graben">Upper Rhine Graben</a>, that continued northward and is considered the first Rhine river. At that time, it did not yet carry discharge from the Alps; instead, the watersheds of the <a href="/wiki/Rhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone">Rhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> drained the northern flanks of the Alps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stream_capture">Stream capture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stream capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The watershed of the Rhine reaches into the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> today, but it did not start out that way.<sup id="cite_ref-Ber_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ber-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> period, the watershed of the Rhine reached south, only to the <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald">Westerwald</a> hills, about 450 km (280 mi) north of the Alps. The Rhine then had the <a href="/wiki/Sieg_(river)" title="Sieg (river)">Sieg</a> as a tributary, but not yet the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>. The northern Alps were then drained by the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. </p><p>Through <a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">stream capture</a>, the Rhine extended its watershed southward. By the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> period, the Rhine had captured streams down to the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges Mountains">Vosges Mountains</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a>. The northern Alps were then drained by the <a href="/wiki/Rhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone">Rhone</a>. By the early <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> period, the Rhine had captured most of its current Alpine watershed from the Rhône, including the <a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a>. Since that time, the Rhine has added the watershed above <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vorderrhein" title="Vorderrhein">Vorderrhein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinterrhein_(river)" title="Hinterrhein (river)">Hinterrhein</a>, Alpenrhein; captured from the Rhône), the upper reaches of the Main, beyond <a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a> and the Moselle in the Vosges Mountains, captured during the Saale Ice-age from the <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse (river)">Meuse</a>, to its watershed. </p><p>Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) the Ice Ages began. Since approximately 600,000 years ago, six major glacial periods have occurred, in which sea level dropped as much as 120 m (390 ft) and much of the continental margins were exposed. In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>, the Rhine followed a course to the northwest, through the present North Sea. During the so-called <a href="/wiki/Anglian_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglian glaciation">Anglian glaciation</a> (~450,000 yr BP, marine oxygen isotope stage 12), the northern part of the present <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> was blocked by the ice and a large lake developed, that overflowed through the English Channel. This caused the Rhine's course to be diverted through the English Channel. Since then, during glacial times, the river mouth was located offshore of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest, France</a> and rivers, like the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, became tributaries to the Rhine. During interglacials, when sea level rose to approximately the present level, the Rhine built deltas in what is now the Netherlands. </p><p>The most recent <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a> period ran from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> (~11,600 BP). In northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases, peaking around 70,000 BP and around 29,000–24,000 BP. The last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum (<a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>). During this time, the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. The English Channel, the Irish Channel and most of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> were dry land, mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today. </p><p>Most of the Rhine's current course was not under the ice during the last Ice Age; although, its source must still have been a glacier. A <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, with Ice Age flora and fauna, stretched across middle Europe, from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean. Such was the case during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, ca. 22,000–14,000 yr BP, when ice-sheets covered Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps, but left the space between as open tundra. <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a> (wind-blown topsoil dust) arose from the south and North Sea plain settling on the slopes of the Alps, Urals and the Rhine Valley, rendering the valleys facing the prevailing winds especially fertile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_last_glacial_period">End of the last glacial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: End of the last glacial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As northwest Europe slowly began to warm from 22,000 years ago onward, frozen <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> and expanded <a href="/wiki/Alpine_glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine glaciers">alpine glaciers</a> began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring. Much of the discharge was routed to the Rhine and its downstream extension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénotBardRostekWeijers2006_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénotBardRostekWeijers2006-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapid warming and changes of vegetation, to open forest, began about 13,000 BP. By 9000 BP, Europe was fully forested. With globally shrinking ice-cover, ocean water levels rose and the English Channel and North Sea re-inundated. Meltwater, adding to the ocean and land <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a>, drowned the former coasts of Europe <a href="/wiki/Transgression_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgression (geology)">transgressionally</a>. </p><p>About 11000 years ago, the Rhine estuary was in the Strait of Dover. There remained some dry land in the southern <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a>, connecting mainland Europe to Britain. About 9000 years ago, that last divide was overtopped / dissected. Humans were already resident in the area when these events happened. </p><p>Since 7500 years ago the situation of tides, currents and land-forms has resembled the present. Rates of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> dropped such that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes widely compensate for transgression by the sea. In the southern <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, due to ongoing <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_subsidence" title="Tectonic subsidence">tectonic subsidence</a>, the coastline and sea bed are sinking at the rate of about 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century (1 meter or 39 inches in last 3000 years). </p><p>About 7000–5000 BP, a general warming encouraged migration of all former ice-locked areas, including up the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and down the Rhine by peoples to the east. A <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">sudden massive expansion of the Black Sea</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> burst into it through the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> may have occurred about 7500 BP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holocene_delta">Holocene delta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Holocene delta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> (~11,700 years ago), the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley. As a <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meandering</a> river, it reworked its ice-age floodplain. As sea-level rise continued in the Netherlands, the formation of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta began (~8,000 years ago). Coeval absolute sea-level rise and <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> subsidence have strongly influenced delta evolution. Other factors of importance to the shape of the delta are the local tectonic activities of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peel_Boundary_Fault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peel Boundary Fault (page does not exist)">Peel Boundary Fault</a>, the substrate and <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a>, as inherited from the Last Glacial period and the coastal-marine dynamics, such as barrier and tidal inlet formations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenStouthamerBerendsen2002_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenStouthamerBerendsen2002-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since ~3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance (<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany), the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmannErkensCohenHouben2007_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmannErkensCohenHouben2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and delta growth has sped up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGouwErkens2007_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGouwErkens2007-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has caused increased flooding and sedimentation, ending peat formation in the delta. In the geologically recent past the main process distributing sediment across the delta has been the shifting of river channels to new locations on the floodplain (termed avulsion). Over the past 6000 years, approximately 80 avulsions have occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Ber_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ber-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct human impact in the delta began with the mining of <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> for salt and fuel from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> times onward. This was followed by embankment of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries, which took place in the 11–13th century AD. Thereafter, canals were dug, bends were straightened and <a href="/wiki/Groynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Groynes">groynes</a> were built to prevent the river's channels from migrating or silting up. </p><p>At present, the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea through the former Meuse <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>, near Rotterdam. The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a> (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Zuider_Zee" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuider Zee">Zuider Zee</a>), initially a brackish lagoon but a freshwater lake since 1932. The discharge of the Rhine is divided into three branches: the Waal (6/9 of total discharge), the Nederrijn – Lek (2/9 of total discharge) and the IJssel (1/9 of total discharge). This discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709 by river engineering works including the digging of the <a href="/wiki/Pannerdens_Kanaal" title="Pannerdens Kanaal">Pannerdens Kanaal</a> and the installation, in the 20th century, of a series of weirs on the <a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_cultural_history">Military and cultural history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Military and cultural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rhenus_Pater" title="Rhenus Pater">Rhenus Pater</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rhine" title="Special:EditPage/Rhine">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loreley_von_Spitznack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Loreley_von_Spitznack.jpg/220px-Loreley_von_Spitznack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Loreley_von_Spitznack.jpg/330px-Loreley_von_Spitznack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Loreley_von_Spitznack.jpg/440px-Loreley_von_Spitznack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loreley" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreley">Loreley</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">Crossing of the Rhine</a></div> <p>The Rhine was not known to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and first enters the historical period in the 1st century BC in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman geography">Roman-era geography</a>. At that time, it formed the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. <i>It is estimated that Germanic tribes have been inhabiting the area since 2000 BCE.</i> <sup>[no source]</sup> </p><p>The Upper Rhine had been part of the areal of the late <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> since the 6th century BC, and by the 1st century BC, the areal of the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> covered almost its entire length, forming a contact zone with the <a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf culture</a>, i.e. the locus of early <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> cultural contact. </p><p>In Roman geography, the Rhine formed the boundary between <i>Gallia</i> and <i>Germania</i> by definition; e.g. <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a>, <i>Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil</i> (8.727) <i>(Rhenus) fluvius Galliae, qui Germanos a Gallia dividit</i> "(The Rhine is a) river of Gaul, which divides the Germanic people from Gaul." </p><p>In Roman geography, the Rhine and <a href="/wiki/Hercynia_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynia Silva">Hercynia Silva</a> were considered the boundary of the civilized world; as it was a wilderness, the Romans were eager to explore it. This view is typified by <i><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a></i>, a long public inscription of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, in which he boasts of his exploits; including, sending an expeditionary fleet north of the Rheinmouth, to <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Old Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, which he claimed no Roman had ever done before. </p><p>Augustus ordered his stepson Roman general <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a> to establish 50 <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">military camps</a> along the Rhine, starting the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Wars">Germanic Wars</a> in 12 BC. At this time, the plain of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> was the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a>. The first urban settlement, on the grounds of what is today Downtown Cologne, along the Rhine, was <i>Oppidum Ubiorum</i>, which was founded in 38 BC by the Ubii. Cologne became acknowledged, as a city by the Romans in AD 50, by the name of <i>Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castellum_NigrumPullum_vogelvlucht_impressie_Stevie_Xinas_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Castellum_NigrumPullum_vogelvlucht_impressie_Stevie_Xinas_2016.jpg/220px-Castellum_NigrumPullum_vogelvlucht_impressie_Stevie_Xinas_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Castellum_NigrumPullum_vogelvlucht_impressie_Stevie_Xinas_2016.jpg/330px-Castellum_NigrumPullum_vogelvlucht_impressie_Stevie_Xinas_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Castellum_NigrumPullum_vogelvlucht_impressie_Stevie_Xinas_2016.jpg/440px-Castellum_NigrumPullum_vogelvlucht_impressie_Stevie_Xinas_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>Castellum <i>Nigrum Pullum</i>, <a href="/wiki/Zwammerdam" title="Zwammerdam">Zwammerdam</a>, Netherlands, artist impression Stevie Xinas</figcaption></figure> <p>From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD 70, Rome accepted as her <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Germanic frontier</a> the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, opposite the Roman border fortress of Moguntiacum (<a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>), the southernmost slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a> and a few scattered bridge-heads. The northern section of this frontier, where the Rhine is deep and broad, remained the Roman boundary until the empire fell. The southern part was different. The upper Rhine and upper Danube are easily crossed. The frontier which they form is inconveniently long, enclosing an acute-angled wedge of foreign territory between the modern <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>. The Germanic populations of these lands seem in Roman times to have been scanty, and Roman subjects from the modern <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> had drifted across the river eastwards. </p><p>The Romans kept eight legions in five bases along the Rhine. The number was reduced to four as more units were moved to the Danube. The actual number of legions present at any base or in all, depended on whether a state or threat of war existed. Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as follows: </p><p>For the army of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, two legions at Vetera (<a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_I_Germanica" title="Legio I Germanica">I Germanica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">XX Valeria</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonian</a> troops); two legions at oppidum Ubiorum ("town of the <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a>"), which was renamed to Colonia Agrippina, descending to <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Alaudae" title="Legio V Alaudae">V Alaudae</a></i>, a Celtic legion recruited from <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_XXI_Rapax" title="Legio XXI Rapax">XXI</a></i>, possibly a <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatian</a> legion from the other side of the empire. </p><p>For the army of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>: one legion, <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta" title="Legio II Augusta">II Augusta</a></i>, at <a href="/wiki/Argentoratum" title="Argentoratum">Argentoratum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>); and one, <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_XIII_Gemina" title="Legio XIII Gemina">XIII Gemina</a></i>, at <a href="/wiki/Vindonissa" title="Vindonissa">Vindonissa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windisch,_Switzerland" title="Windisch, Switzerland">Windisch</a>). Vespasian had commanded II Augusta, before he became emperor. In addition, were a double legion, XIV and XVI, at Moguntiacum (<a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>). </p><p>The two original military districts of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, came to influence the surrounding tribes, who later respected the distinction in their alliances and confederations. For example, the upper Germanic peoples combined into the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alemanni</a>. For a time, the Rhine ceased to be a border, when the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> crossed the river and occupied Roman-dominated Celtic <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, as far as Paris. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed the Rhine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a>, by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians" title="Kingdom of the Burgundians">Burgundy</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High Rhine</a>. This "<a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heroic_Age" title="Germanic Heroic Age">Germanic Heroic Age</a>" is reflected in medieval legend, such as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></span> which tells of the hero Siegfried killing a dragon on the <a href="/wiki/Drachenfels_(Siebengebirge)" title="Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)">Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)</a> ("dragons rock"), near <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> at the Rhine and of the Burgundians and their court at Worms, at the Rhine and Kriemhild's golden treasure, which was thrown into the Rhine by Hagen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_modern_history">Medieval and modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Medieval and modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine romanticism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over,_12_juni_1672_(Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg/220px-Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg/330px-Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg/440px-Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7060" data-file-height="4416" /></a><figcaption>French forces under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">cross the Rhine</a> into the Netherlands in 1672.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 6th century, the Rhine was within the borders of <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>. In the 9th, it formed part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Francia">Eastern Francia</a>, but in the 10th century, it was fully within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, flowing through <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a>. The mouths of the Rhine, in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">county of Holland</a>, fell to the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a> in the 15th century; Holland remained contentious territory throughout the <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> and the eventual collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, when the length of the Rhine fell to the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> and its client states. The <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> on the left banks of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a> was sold to Burgundy by Archduke <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund of Austria">Sigismund of Austria</a> in 1469 and eventually fell to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. The numerous historic <a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="List of castles in Rhineland-Palatinate">castles in Rhineland-Palatinate</a> attest to the importance of the river as a commercial route. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and Germany. Establishing "<a href="/wiki/Natural_border" title="Natural border">natural borders</a>" on the Rhine was a long-term goal of French foreign policy, since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Language_border" title="Language border">language border</a> was – and is – far more to the west. French leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the Rhine. The <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> was established by Napoleon, as a French <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>, in 1806 and lasted until 1814, during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>. In 1840, the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_crisis" title="Rhine crisis">Rhine crisis</a>, prompted by French prime minister <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> desire to reinstate the Rhine as a natural border, led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in Germany. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment_crossing_the_Rhine_into_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment_crossing_the_Rhine_into_Germany.jpg/220px-Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment_crossing_the_Rhine_into_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment_crossing_the_Rhine_into_Germany.jpg/330px-Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment_crossing_the_Rhine_into_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment_crossing_the_Rhine_into_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Allied soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">Royal Newfoundland Regiment</a> crossing the Rhine into Germany after the end of WWI, December 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The Rhine became an important symbol in <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a> during the formation of the German state in the 19th century (see <a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine romanticism</a>). </p> <ul><li>The song <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Wacht_am_Rhein" title="Die Wacht am Rhein">Die Wacht am Rhein</a></i>, which almost became a national anthem.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i> – inspired by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></span>, the Rhine is one of the settings for the first opera of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i>. The action of the epic opens and ends underneath the Rhine, where three Rheinmaidens swim and protect a hoard of gold.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Loreley" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreley">Loreley</a>/Lorelei is a rock on the eastern bank of the Rhine, that is associated with several legendary tales, poems and songs. The river spot has a reputation for being a challenge for inexperienced navigators.</li></ul> <p>At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> was subject to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. This decreed that it would be occupied by the allies, until 1935 and after that, it would be a demilitarized zone, with the German army forbidden to enter. The Treaty of Versailles and this particular provision, in general, caused much resentment in Germany. The Allies' troops left the Rhineland in 1930 and, following the rise to power of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, the German army re-occupied it in 1936, which proved an enormously popular action in Germany. Although the Allies could probably have prevented the reoccupation, Britain and France were not inclined to do so, a feature of their policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> to Hitler. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossingtherhine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crossingtherhine.jpg/220px-Crossingtherhine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crossingtherhine.jpg/330px-Crossingtherhine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crossingtherhine.jpg/440px-Crossingtherhine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/US_89th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="US 89th Infantry Division">US 89th Infantry Division</a> cross the Rhine in assault boats under German fire as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Operation Plunder</a> on 24 March 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it was recognized that the Rhine would present a <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany, by the Western Allies</a>. The Rhine bridge at <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, immortalized in the book, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(book)" title="A Bridge Too Far (book)">A Bridge Too Far</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(film)" title="A Bridge Too Far (film)">film</a>, was a central focus of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">battle of Arnhem</a>, during the failed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> of September 1944. The bridges at <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, over the Waal distributary of the Rhine, were also an objective of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a>. In a separate operation, the <a href="/wiki/Ludendorff_Bridge" title="Ludendorff Bridge">Ludendorff Bridge</a>, crossing the Rhine at <a href="/wiki/Remagen" title="Remagen">Remagen</a>, became famous, when U.S. forces were able to capture it intact – much to their own surprise – after the Germans failed to demolish it. This also became the subject of a film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_at_Remagen" title="The Bridge at Remagen">The Bridge at Remagen</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p><p>Until 1932, the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometers (760 mi). In 1932 the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometers (820 mi), presumably a typographical error. After this number was placed into the authoritative Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications. The error was discovered in 2010, and the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat confirms the length at 1,232 kilometers (766 miles).<sup id="cite_ref-length_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-length-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_features">Lists of features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lists of features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_on_the_Rhine">Cities on the Rhine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cities on the Rhine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p>Large cities that are situated on the Rhine: </p><p><b>Switzerland:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></li></ul> <p><b>France:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li></ul> <p><b>Germany:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uerdingen" title="Uerdingen">Uerdingen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li></ul> <p><b>Netherlands:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> (Nederrijn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> (Waal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a> (Kromme Rijn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> (Nieuwe Maas)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>Smaller cities that are situated on the Rhine: </p><p><b>Switzerland:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreuzlingen" title="Kreuzlingen">Kreuzlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Liechtenstein:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></li></ul> <p><b>Germany:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breisach" title="Breisach">Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingen_am_Rhein" title="Bingen am Rhein">Bingen am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdesheim_am_Rhein" title="Rüdesheim am Rhein">Rüdesheim am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuwied" title="Neuwied">Neuwied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andernach" title="Andernach">Andernach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Honnef" title="Bad Honnef">Bad Honnef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigswinter" title="Königswinter">Königswinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederkassel" title="Niederkassel">Niederkassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesseling" title="Wesseling">Wesseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormagen" title="Dormagen">Dormagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zons" title="Zons">Zons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monheim_am_Rhein" title="Monheim am Rhein">Monheim am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmerich_am_Rhein" title="Emmerich am Rhein">Emmerich am Rhein</a></li></ul> <p><b>Netherlands:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a> (IJssel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a> (IJssel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a> (IJssel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a> (IJssel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> (Oude Rijn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a> (Merwede)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wageningen" title="Wageningen">Wageningen</a> (Nederrijn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woerden" title="Woerden">Woerden</a> (Oude Rijn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wijk_bij_Duurstede" title="Wijk bij Duurstede">Wijk bij Duurstede</a> (Neder Rijn / Kromme Rijn / Lek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphen_aan_den_Rijn" title="Alphen aan den Rijn">Alphen aan den Rijn</a> (Oude Rijn)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries_and_borders">Countries and borders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Countries and borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During its course from the Alps to the North Sea, the Rhine passes through four countries and constitutes six different country borders. On the various parts: </p> <ul><li>the Anterior Rhine lies entirely within Switzerland, while at least one tributary to Posterior Rhine, <i>Reno di Lei</i> originates in Italy, but is not considered a part of the Rhine proper.</li> <li>the Alpine Rhine flows within Switzerland till <a href="/wiki/Sargans" title="Sargans">Sargans</a>, from which it becomes the border between Switzerland (to the west) and Liechtenstein (to the east) until <a href="/wiki/Oberriet" title="Oberriet">Oberriet</a>, and the river never flows within Liechtenstein. It then becomes the border between Switzerland (to the west) and Austria (to the east) until <a href="/wiki/Diepoldsau" title="Diepoldsau">Diepoldsau</a> where the modern and straight course enters Switzerland, while the original course <i>Alter Rhein</i> makes a bend to the east and continues as the Swiss-Austrian border until the confluence at <a href="/wiki/Widnau" title="Widnau">Widnau</a>. From here the river continues as the border until <a href="/wiki/Lustenau" title="Lustenau">Lustenau</a>, where the modern and straight course enters Austria (the only part of the river that flows within Austria), while the original course makes a bend to the west and continues as the border, until both courses enter <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>.</li> <li>the first half of <i>Seerhein</i>, between the upper and lower body of Lake Constance, flows within Germany (and the city of <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a>), while the second is the German (to the north) – Swiss (to the south) frontier.</li> <li>the first parts of the High Rhine, from Lake Constance to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altholz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altholz (page does not exist)">Altholz</a>, the river alternates flowing within Switzerland and being the German-Swiss frontier (three times each). From Altholz the river is the German-Swiss border until <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, where it enters Switzerland for the last time.</li> <li>the Upper Rhine is the border between France (to the west) and Switzerland (to the east) for a short distance, from Basel to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunningue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunningue (page does not exist)">Hunningue</a>. Here it becomes the Franco (to the west) – German (to the east) frontier until <a href="/wiki/Au_am_Rhein" title="Au am Rhein">Au am Rhein</a>. Hence, the main course of the Rhine never flows within France, although some river canals do. From Au am Rhein the river flows within Germany.</li> <li>the Middle Rhine flows entirely within Germany.</li> <li>the Lower Rhine flows within Germany until <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_am_Rhein" title="Emmerich am Rhein">Emmerich am Rhein</a>, where it becomes the border between The Netherlands (to the north) and Germany (to the south). At <a href="/wiki/Millingen_aan_de_Rijn" title="Millingen aan de Rijn">Millingen aan de Rijn</a> the river enters the Netherlands.</li> <li>all parts of the Delta Rhein flows within the Netherlands until they enter the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a> (<a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Haringvliet" title="Haringvliet">Haringvliet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waal_(river)" title="Waal (river)">Waal</a>) at the Dutch coast.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges">Bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_over_the_Rhine" title="List of bridges over the Rhine">List of bridges over the Rhine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_distributaries">Former distributaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Former distributaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Order: panning north to south through the Western Netherlands</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vecht_(Utrecht)" title="Vecht (Utrecht)">Vecht (Utrecht)</a> (minor channel in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> times, flowing into former <a href="/wiki/Zuider_Zee" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuider Zee">Zuider Zee</a> lagoon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromme_Rijn" title="Kromme Rijn">Kromme Rijn</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oude_Rijn_(Utrecht_and_South_Holland)" title="Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)">Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)</a> (main channel in Roman times, dammed in the 12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollandse_IJssel" title="Hollandse IJssel">Hollandse IJssel</a> (formed after Roman times, dammed in the 13th century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linge" title="Linge">Linge</a> (big channel in Roman times, dammed in the 14th century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Biesbosch" class="mw-redirect" title="De Biesbosch">De Biesbosch</a>-area (initiated by AD 1421–1424 storm surges and river floods, by-passed since the digging of <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Merwede" title="Nieuwe Merwede">Nieuwe Merwede</a> canal in AD 1904)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canals">Canals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Order: upstream to downstream</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Main%E2%80%93Danube_Canal" title="Rhine–Main–Danube Canal">Rhine–Main–Danube Canal</a> – southeastern Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_d%27Alsace" title="Grand Canal d'Alsace">Grand Canal d'Alsace</a> – eastern France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine-Herne_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Herne Canal">Rhine-Herne Canal</a> – northwest Germany, connection to the <a href="/wiki/Dortmund-Ems_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dortmund-Ems Canal">Dortmund-Ems Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mittellandkanal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittellandkanal">Mittellandkanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maas-Waal_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maas-Waal Canal">Maas-Waal Canal</a> – eastcentral <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Rhine_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam-Rhine Canal">Amsterdam-Rhine Canal</a> – central <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheldt-Rhine_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheldt-Rhine Canal">Scheldt-Rhine Canal</a> – southwest <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_of_Drusus" title="Canal of Drusus">Canal of Drusus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainz_(1929_ship)" title="Mainz (1929 ship)">Mainz (1929 ship)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Navigation_on_the_Rhine" title="Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine">Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EV15_The_Rhine_Cycle_Route" title="EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route">EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln-D%C3%BCsseldorfer" title="Köln-Düsseldorfer">Köln-Düsseldorfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piz_Lunghin" title="Piz Lunghin">Piz Lunghin</a> (triple watershed: Po–Rhine–Danube)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witenwasserenstock" title="Witenwasserenstock">Witenwasserenstock</a> (triple watershed: Rhone–Rhine–Po)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_old_waterbodies_of_the_Rhine" title="List of old waterbodies of the Rhine">List of old waterbodies of the Rhine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-length-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-length_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-length_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-length_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-length_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Rhine only has an official length scale (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinkilometer</i></span>) downstream of <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a>. Its full length is subject to the definition of the Alpine Rhine. In 2010, there were media reports to the effect that the length of the Rhine had been consistently over-stated in 20th-century encyclopedias, and upon request by journalists, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Rijkswaterstaat" title="Rijkswaterstaat">Rijkswaterstaat</a> gave a length of 1,232 kilometers (766 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Rhein</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ʁaɪn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c7\/De-Rhein.ogg\/De-Rhein.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Rhein.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/De-Rhein.ogg/De-Rhein.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Rhein.ogg" title="File:De-Rhein.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Rhin</i><sup id="cite_ref-French_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁɛ̃]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/83\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Eihel-Rhin.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Eihel-Rhin.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Eihel-Rhin.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Eihel-Rhin.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Eihel-Rhin.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Eihel-Rhin.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Eihel-Rhin.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Rijn</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[rɛin]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/Nl-Rijn.ogg\/Nl-Rijn.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Rijn.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Nl-Rijn.ogg/Nl-Rijn.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Rijn.ogg" title="File:Nl-Rijn.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>: <i lang="wa">Rén</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">[ʀẽ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/df\/Wa-r%C3%A9n.oga\/Wa-r%C3%A9n.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Wa-r\u00e9n.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Wa-r%C3%A9n.oga/Wa-r%C3%A9n.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Wa-r%C3%A9n.oga" title="File:Wa-rén.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a>: <i lang="li">Rien</i>; <a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a>: <i lang="rm">Rein</i>, <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ריין</span>‎</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutsilvan">Sutsilvan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surmiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Surmiran">Surmiran</a>: <i lang="rm">Ragn</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rumantsch_Grischun" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumantsch Grischun">Rumantsch Grischun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallader" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallader">Vallader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puter" class="mw-redirect" title="Puter">Puter</a>: <i lang="rm">Rain</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Reno</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈrɛːno]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannic German language">Alemannic German</a>: <i lang="gsw">Rhi(n)</i>, including in <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic German</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a>: <i lang="ksh">Rhing</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Rhenus</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈr̥eːnʊs]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Rhine was not known in the Hellenistic period. It is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i>In Pisonem</i> 33.81. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1.4.3) mentions the countries "at the mouth of the Rhine" <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αἱ τοῦ Ῥήνου ἐκβολαί</span></span>; "states that the countries "beyond the Rhine and as far as <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>" <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καὶ τὰ πέραν τοῦ Ῥήνου τὰ μέχρι Σκυθῶ</span></span> should be considered unknown, as <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>' account of remote nations cannot be trusted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Krahe (1964) claims the hydronym as "<a href="/wiki/Old_European_hydronymy" title="Old European hydronymy">Old European</a>", i.e. belonging to the oldest Indo-European layer of names predating the 6th century BC (<a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt D</a>) Celtic expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etym-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etym_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Albanian/Illyrian <i>rrhedh</i> also means to "move, flow, run". <a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Pokorny's</a> (1959) "3. <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">er- : or- : r-</span></span></i> 'to move, set in motion'" (pp. 326–32), <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngealist</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*h<sub>1</sub>reiH-</span></span></i>, with an <i>-n-</i> suffix; Celtic reflexes: <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <i>renn</i> "rapid", <i><a href="/wiki/Rian" title="Rian">rīan</a></i> "sea", Middle Irish <i>rian</i> "river, way". The root gives the Germanic verb <i>rinnan</i> (' ← <i>*ri-nw-an</i>) whence English <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/run" class="extiw" title="wikt:run">run</a></i> (from a causative <i>*rannjanan</i>, Old English <i>eornan</i>); Gothic <i>rinnan</i> "run, flow", Old English <i>rinnan</i>, Old Norse <i>rinna</i> "to run",, <i>rinno</i> "brook"; c.f. Sanskrit <i>rinati</i> "causes to flow"; Root cognates without the <i>-n-</i> suffix include Middle Low German <i>ride</i> "brook", Old English <i>riþ</i> "stream", Dutch <i>ril</i> "running stream", Latin <i>rivus</i> "stream", Old Church Slavonic <i>reka</i> "river".; see also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Rhine">"Rhine"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. Douglas Harper. November 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Rhine&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DRhine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">most notably the straightening of the Upper Rhine planned by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Tulla" title="Johann Gottfried Tulla">Johann Gottfried Tulla</a>, completed during 1817–1876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The geomorphological ridge line does not necessarily coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a>, since it refers to the average altitude in a surrounding circle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The fact that the Aare contributes the larger portion of the combined volume – 51.8%, based on 1961–1990 averages<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_rows_10-10_and_20-10_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_rows_10-10_and_20-10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – means that in hydrographical terms the Rhine could be considered a tributary of the Aare, but the greater length of the Alpine Rhine means that it retains the designation as main branch.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-French-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tab.geoportail.fr/?c=7.503120422363362,47.67887135071144&z=12&l0=ORTHOIMAGERY.ORTHOPHOTOS:WMTS(1)&l1=GEOGRAPHICALGRIDSYSTEMS.MAPS.SCAN-EXPRESS.STANDARD:WMTS(1)&permalink=yes">"Le Rhin"</a> (official site) (in French). Paris, France: L'Institut National de l'Information Geographique et Forestrière IGN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Rhin&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=L%27Institut+National+de+l%27Information+Geographique+et+Forestri%C3%A8re+IGN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftab.geoportail.fr%2F%3Fc%3D7.503120422363362%2C47.67887135071144%26z%3D12%26l0%3DORTHOIMAGERY.ORTHOPHOTOS%3AWMTS%281%29%26l1%3DGEOGRAPHICALGRIDSYSTEMS.MAPS.SCAN-EXPRESS.STANDARD%3AWMTS%281%29%26permalink%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrijtersLeentvaar2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrijtersLeentvaar2003_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrijtersLeentvaar2003">Frijters & Leentvaar 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/rhine">"Rhine"</a>. <i>Collins Dictionary</i> (Online ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhine&rft.btitle=Collins+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Frhine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahlWeilerVan_TielKohn2022" class="citation book cs1">Stahl, K.; Weiler, M.; Van Tiel, M.; Kohn, I.; Hänsler, A.; Freudiger, D.; Seibert, J.; Gerlinger, K.; Moretti, G. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chr-khr.org/sites/default/files/ASG-II_Synthese_EN_mit-Links.pdf"><i>CHR Report No. I-28: Impact of climate change on the rain, snow and glacier melt components of streamflow of the river Rhine and its tributaries</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lelystad: International Commission for the Hydrology of the Rhine Basin. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-70980-44-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-70980-44-3"><bdi>978-90-70980-44-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CHR+Report+No.+I-28%3A+Impact+of+climate+change+on+the+rain%2C+snow+and+glacier+melt+components+of+streamflow+of+the+river+Rhine+and+its+tributaries&rft.place=Lelystad&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=International+Commission+for+the+Hydrology+of+the+Rhine+Basin&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-70980-44-3&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Weiler%2C+M.&rft.au=Van+Tiel%2C+M.&rft.au=Kohn%2C+I.&rft.au=H%C3%A4nsler%2C+A.&rft.au=Freudiger%2C+D.&rft.au=Seibert%2C+J.&rft.au=Gerlinger%2C+K.&rft.au=Moretti%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chr-khr.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FASG-II_Synthese_EN_mit-Links.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerber, A. (6 July 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euwid-wasser.de/news/wirtschaft/klimaforscher-latif-rhein-koennte-bei-duerre-austrocknen-120722/">"Klimaforscher Latif: Rhein könnte bei Dürre austrocknen"</a></span> [Climate researcher Latif: The Rhine could dry out in the event of a drought]. <i>EUWID Wasser und Abwasser</i> (in German). Gernsbach: EUWID Europäischer Wirtschaftsdienst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EUWID+Wasser+und+Abwasser&rft.atitle=Klimaforscher+Latif%3A+Rhein+k%C3%B6nnte+bei+D%C3%BCrre+austrocknen&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euwid-wasser.de%2Fnews%2Fwirtschaft%2Fklimaforscher-latif-rhein-koennte-bei-duerre-austrocknen-120722%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchraderUhlmann2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schrader, C.; Uhlmann, B. (28 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/der-rhein-ist-kuerzer-als-gedacht-jahrhundert-irrtum-1.24664-0">"Der Rhein ist kürzer als gedacht – Jahrhundert-Irrtum"</a> [The Rhine is Shorter Than Expected – The Mistake of the Century]. <i>Süddeutsche Zeitung</i> (in German). München.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Der+Rhein+ist+k%C3%BCrzer+als+gedacht+%E2%80%93+Jahrhundert-Irrtum&rft.date=2010-03-28&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Uhlmann%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fwissen%2Fder-rhein-ist-kuerzer-als-gedacht-jahrhundert-irrtum-1.24664-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.de/20100327/26161">"Rhine River 90 km shorter than everyone thinks"</a>. <i>The Local</i>. 27 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819165418/https://www.thelocal.de/20100327/26161/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We checked it out and came to 1,232 kilometers," said Ankie Pannekoek, spokeswoman for the Dutch government hydrology office.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=Rhine+River+90+km+shorter+than+everyone+thinks&rft.date=2010-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2F20100327%2F26161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chr-khr.org/en/news/length-rhine-update-2015">"Length of the Rhine (Update 2015) | International Commission for the Hydrology of the Rhine basin (CHR)"</a>. <i>www.chr-khr.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chr-khr.org&rft.atitle=Length+of+the+Rhine+%28Update+2015%29+%26%23124%3B+International+Commission+for+the+Hydrology+of+the+Rhine+basin+%28CHR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chr-khr.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Flength-rhine-update-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth and Toller, <i>An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary</i> (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/html/oe_bosworthtoller/b0799.html">p. 799</a>. <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Sió eá ðe man hǽt Rín</i></span></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></i> (ed. J. Bosworth 1859) 1.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID30242&lemmodern=Rijn">Rijn</a>, <i>Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://digital.idiotikon.ch/idtkn/id6.htm#page/60993/mode/1up">[1]</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schweizerisches_Idiotikon" title="Schweizerisches Idiotikon">Schweizerisches Idiotikon</a></i> s.v. <i>Rī(n)</i> (6,994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrahe1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krahe, H. (1964). <i>Unsere ältesten Flussnamen</i> [<i>Our Oldest River Names</i>] (in German). Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015055266442">2027/mdp.39015055266442</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10374594">10374594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsere+%C3%A4ltesten+Flussnamen&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=O.+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015055266442&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10374594&rft.aulast=Krahe&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth and Toller, <i>An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary</i> (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/html/oe_bosworthtoller/b0799.html">p. 799</a>: <i>Rín</i>; m.; f. The Rhine [...] O. H. Ger. <i>Rín</i>; m.: Icel. <i>Rín</i>; f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-4_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchädlerWeingartner2002">Schädler & Weingartner 2002</a>, Table 1, row 10-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STVR-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STVR_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STVR_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gewiss.ch">"Maps of Switzerland – Swiss Confederation – GEWISS"</a> (online map). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.geo.admin.ch/69348abdd3"><i>Vorderrhein</i></a>. Gewässernetz 1:2 Mio. National Map 1:200 000 (in German). Cartography by Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo. Berne, Switzerland: Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2016</span> – via map.geo.admin.ch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maps+of+Switzerland+%E2%80%93+Swiss+Confederation+%E2%80%93+GEWISS&rft.btitle=Vorderrhein&rft.place=Berne%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=National+Map+1%3A200+000&rft.pub=Federal+Office+for+the+Environment+FOEN&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gewiss.ch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-6_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchädlerWeingartner2002">Schädler & Weingartner 2002</a>, Table 1, row 10-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STAR-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STAR_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STAR_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gewiss.ch">"Maps of Switzerland – Swiss Confederation – GEWISS"</a> (online map). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.geo.admin.ch/6934a65dad"><i>Alpenrhein</i></a>. Gewässernetz 1:2 Mio. National Map 1:2 Mio (in German). Cartography by Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo. Berne, Switzerland: Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2016</span> – via map.geo.admin.ch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maps+of+Switzerland+%E2%80%93+Swiss+Confederation+%E2%80%93+GEWISS&rft.btitle=Alpenrhein&rft.place=Berne%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=National+Map+1%3A2+Mio&rft.pub=Federal+Office+for+the+Environment+FOEN&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gewiss.ch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-7-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-7_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchädlerWeingartner2002">Schädler & Weingartner 2002</a>, Table 1, row 10-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STLC-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STLC_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STLC_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gewiss.ch">"Maps of Switzerland – Swiss Confederation – GEWISS"</a> (online map). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.geo.admin.ch/693cf9db17"><i>Lake Constance</i></a>. Gewässernetz 1:200 000, Flussordnung. National Map 1:2 Mio (in German). Cartography by Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo. Berne, Switzerland: Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span> – via map.geo.admin.ch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maps+of+Switzerland+%E2%80%93+Swiss+Confederation+%E2%80%93+GEWISS&rft.btitle=Lake+Constance&rft.place=Berne%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=National+Map+1%3A2+Mio&rft.pub=Federal+Office+for+the+Environment+FOEN&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gewiss.ch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-12_"Rhein–Landesgrenze_(Gesamtgebiet)"-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-12_"Rhein–Landesgrenze_(Gesamtgebiet)"_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchädlerWeingartner2002">Schädler & Weingartner 2002</a>, Table 1, row 10-12 "Rhein–Landesgrenze (Gesamtgebiet)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherrerPetrascheckHode2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scherrer, S.; Petrascheck, A.; Hode, H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scherrer-hydrol.ch/pdf/scherrer/scherrer_etal_wel_2006_extreme_hochwasser_HQ.pdf">"Extreme Hochwasser des Rheins bei Basel – Herleitung von Szenarien"</a> [Extreme Flooding of the Rhine near Basel - Derivation of Scenarios] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wasser Energie Luft</i> (in German). <b>98</b> (1). Baden: Schweizerischer Wasserwirtschaftsverband: 43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-905X">0377-905X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wasser+Energie+Luft&rft.atitle=Extreme+Hochwasser+des+Rheins+bei+Basel+%E2%80%93+Herleitung+von+Szenarien&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0377-905X&rft.aulast=Scherrer&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Petrascheck%2C+A.&rft.au=Hode%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scherrer-hydrol.ch%2Fpdf%2Fscherrer%2Fscherrer_etal_wel_2006_extreme_hochwasser_HQ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_20-10-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_20-10_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchädlerWeingartner2002">Schädler & Weingartner 2002</a>, Table 1, row 20-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-10-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_row_10-10_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchädlerWeingartner2002">Schädler & Weingartner 2002</a>, Table 1, row 10-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STHR-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STHR_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STHR_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gewiss.ch">"Maps of Switzerland – Swiss Confederation – GEWISS"</a> (online map). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.geo.admin.ch/693cf9db17"><i>High Rhine</i></a>. Gewässernetz 1:2 Mio. National Map 1:2 Mio (in German). Cartography by Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo. Berne, Switzerland: Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span> – via map.geo.admin.ch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maps+of+Switzerland+%E2%80%93+Swiss+Confederation+%E2%80%93+GEWISS&rft.btitle=High+Rhine&rft.place=Berne%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=National+Map+1%3A2+Mio&rft.pub=Federal+Office+for+the+Environment+FOEN&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gewiss.ch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609183630/http://www.atlasderschweiz.ch/atlas/en/trial_version/">"Atlas der Schweiz Switzerland maps by Swiss Federal Office of Topography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasderschweiz.ch/atlas/en/trial_version/">the original</a> on 9 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atlas+der+Schweiz+Switzerland+maps+by+Swiss+Federal+Office+of+Topography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasderschweiz.ch%2Fatlas%2Fen%2Ftrial_version%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.swisstopo.admin.ch/en/products/maps/national/lk25?layer=ch.swisstopo.landeskarte25_papier.metadata&product=1232&productIdentifier=1232&childGroupIdentifier=lk25eb#product-1232">"1232 - Oberalppass"</a> (Map). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.geo.admin.ch/790e465925"><i>Lai da Tuma</i></a> (2015 ed.). 1:25 000. National Map 1:25'000. Wabern, Switzerland: Federal Office of Topography – <a href="/wiki/Swisstopo" title="Swisstopo">swisstopo</a>. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-302-01232-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-302-01232-2"><bdi>978-3-302-01232-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2018</span> – via map.geo.admin.ch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1232+-+Oberalppass&rft.btitle=Lai+da+Tuma&rft.place=Wabern%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=National+Map+1%3A25%27000&rft.edition=2015&rft.pub=Federal+Office+of+Topography+%E2%80%93+swisstopo&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-302-01232-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.swisstopo.admin.ch%2Fen%2Fproducts%2Fmaps%2Fnational%2Flk25%3Flayer%3Dch.swisstopo.landeskarte25_papier.metadata%26product%3D1232%26productIdentifier%3D1232%26childGroupIdentifier%3Dlk25eb%23product-1232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.swisstopo.admin.ch/en/products/maps/national/lk25?layer=ch.swisstopo.landeskarte25_papier.metadata&product=1193&productIdentifier=1193&childGroupIdentifier=lk25eb#product-1193">"1193 - Tödi"</a> (Map). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s.geo.admin.ch/9324aa0f5"><i>Piz Russein</i></a> (2016 ed.). 1:25 000. National Map 1:25'000. Wabern, Switzerland: Federal Office of Topography – <a href="/wiki/Swisstopo" title="Swisstopo">swisstopo</a>. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-302-01193-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-302-01193-6"><bdi>978-3-302-01193-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span> – via map.geo.admin.ch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1193+-+T%C3%B6di&rft.btitle=Piz+Russein&rft.place=Wabern%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=National+Map+1%3A25%27000&rft.edition=2016&rft.pub=Federal+Office+of+Topography+%E2%80%93+swisstopo&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-302-01193-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.swisstopo.admin.ch%2Fen%2Fproducts%2Fmaps%2Fnational%2Flk25%3Flayer%3Dch.swisstopo.landeskarte25_papier.metadata%26product%3D1193%26productIdentifier%3D1193%26childGroupIdentifier%3Dlk25eb%23product-1193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106225753/https://maps.graubuenden.ch/de/tour/weitwanderweg/85-senda-sursilvana-5-etappen-/13223088/">"85 Senda Sursilvana (5 Etappen)"</a>. <i>maps.graubuenden.ch</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.graubuenden.ch/de/tour/weitwanderweg/85-senda-sursilvana-5-etappen-/13223088/">the original</a> on 6 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=maps.graubuenden.ch&rft.atitle=85+Senda+Sursilvana+%285+Etappen%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.graubuenden.ch%2Fde%2Ftour%2Fweitwanderweg%2F85-senda-sursilvana-5-etappen-%2F13223088%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmeisterKalt" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bergmeister, U.; Kalt, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322191124/http://www.rheinregulierung.at/kms/cms/kms.php?id=21&str_id=22&det_back=1">"Geschiebeführung"</a> [Conveyance of bedload] (in German). Lustenau: Internationale Rheinregulierung. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rheinregulierung.at/kms/cms/kms.php?id=21&str_id=22&det_back=1">the original</a> on 22 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geschiebef%C3%BChrung&rft.place=Lustenau&rft.pub=Internationale+Rheinregulierung&rft.aulast=Bergmeister&rft.aufirst=U.&rft.au=Kalt%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rheinregulierung.at%2Fkms%2Fcms%2Fkms.php%3Fid%3D21%26str_id%3D22%26det_back%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_rows_10-10_and_20-10-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchädlerWeingartner2002Table_1,_rows_10-10_and_20-10_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchädlerWeingartner2002">Schädler & Weingartner 2002</a>, Table 1, rows 10-10 and 20-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200248–49-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200248–49_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCioc2002">Cioc 2002</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200252-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200252_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCioc2002">Cioc 2002</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200253-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200253_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCioc2002">Cioc 2002</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200254-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200254_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200254_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCioc2002">Cioc 2002</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECioc200256-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECioc200256_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCioc2002">Cioc 2002</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocknerUehlingerRobinsonSiber2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tockner, K.; Uehlinger, U.; Robinson, C. T.; Siber, R.; Tonolla, D.; Peter, F. D. (2009). "European Rivers". In Likens, G. E. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Inland Waters</i>. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 366–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-012370626-3.00044-2">10.1016/B978-012370626-3.00044-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-370630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-370630-0"><bdi>978-0-12-370630-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319211428">319211428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=European+Rivers&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Inland+Waters&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=366-377&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319211428&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-012370626-3.00044-2&rft.isbn=978-0-12-370630-0&rft.aulast=Tockner&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Uehlinger%2C+U.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+C.+T.&rft.au=Siber%2C+R.&rft.au=Tonolla%2C+D.&rft.au=Peter%2C+F.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ber-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ber_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ber_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerendsenStouthamer2001">Berendsen & Stouthamer 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénotBardRostekWeijers2006-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénotBardRostekWeijers2006_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMénotBardRostekWeijers2006">Ménot et al. 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenStouthamerBerendsen2002-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenStouthamerBerendsen2002_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenStouthamerBerendsen2002">Cohen, Stouthamer & Berendsen 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmannErkensCohenHouben2007-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmannErkensCohenHouben2007_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmannErkensCohenHouben2007">Hoffmann et al. 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGouwErkens2007-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGouwErkens2007_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGouwErkens2007">Gouw & Erkens 2007</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerendsenStouthamer2001" class="citation book cs1">Berendsen, H. J. A.; Stouthamer, E. (2001). <i>Palaeogeographic Development of the Rhine-Meuse Delta, the Netherlands</i>. Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3695-5"><bdi>978-90-232-3695-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48632545">48632545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palaeogeographic+Development+of+the+Rhine-Meuse+Delta%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.place=Assen&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Van+Gorcum&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48632545&rft.isbn=978-90-232-3695-5&rft.aulast=Berendsen&rft.aufirst=H.+J.+A.&rft.au=Stouthamer%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackbourn2006" class="citation book cs1">Blackbourn, D. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestofnature00davi/mode/2up"><i>The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape, and the Making of Modern Germany</i></a></span> (1st American ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06212-0"><bdi>978-0-393-06212-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63244666">63244666</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7452134M">7452134M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+Nature%3A+Water%2C+Landscape%2C+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63244666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7452134M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06212-0&rft.aulast=Blackbourn&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconquestofnature00davi%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCioc2002" class="citation book cs1">Cioc, M. (2002). <i>The Rhine: An Eco-Biography, 1815–2000</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98254-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98254-0"><bdi>978-0-295-98254-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwndcf">j.ctvcwndcf</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50041291">50041291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhine%3A+An+Eco-Biography%2C+1815%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50041291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvcwndcf%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98254-0&rft.aulast=Cioc&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenStouthamerBerendsen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, K. M.; Stouthamer, E.; Berendsen, H. J. A. (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016774600022678">"Fluvial Deposits as a Record for Late Quaternary Neotectonic Activity in the Rhine-Meuse Delta, the Netherlands"</a>. <i>Netherlands Journal of Geosciences</i>. <b>81</b> (3–4): 389–405. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002NJGeo..81..389C">2002NJGeo..81..389C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016774600022678">10.1017/S0016774600022678</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7746">0016-7746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Netherlands+Journal+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Fluvial+Deposits+as+a+Record+for+Late+Quaternary+Neotectonic+Activity+in+the+Rhine-Meuse+Delta%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=389-405&rft.date=2002-02&rft.issn=0016-7746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0016774600022678&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002NJGeo..81..389C&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft.au=Stouthamer%2C+E.&rft.au=Berendsen%2C+H.+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0016774600022678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidgeMuirheadAshworth1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge" title="W. A. B. Coolidge">Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Fullarton_Muirhead" title="James Fullarton Muirhead">Muirhead, James Fullarton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Arthur_Ashworth" title="Philip Arthur Ashworth">Ashworth, Philip Arthur</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rhine">"Rhine" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=240-242&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=William+Augustus+Brevoort&rft.au=Muirhead%2C+James+Fullarton&rft.au=Ashworth%2C+Philip+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrijtersLeentvaar2003" class="citation book cs1">Frijters, I. D.; Leentvaar, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001333/133303e.pdf"><i>Rhine Case Study</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Technical Documents in Hydrology, PCCP series. Vol. 17. Paris: UNESCO International Hydrological Programme. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55974122">55974122</a>. SC/2003/WS/54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhine+Case+Study&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Technical+Documents+in+Hydrology%2C+PCCP+series&rft.pub=UNESCO+International+Hydrological+Programme&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55974122&rft.aulast=Frijters&rft.aufirst=I.+D.&rft.au=Leentvaar%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0013%2F001333%2F133303e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouwErkens2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gouw, M. J. P.; Erkens, G. (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016774600021302">"Architecture of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (the Netherlands) – A result of changing external controls"</a>. <i>Netherlands Journal of Geosciences</i>. <b>86</b> (1): 23–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NJGeo..86...23G">2007NJGeo..86...23G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016774600021302">10.1017/S0016774600021302</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7746">0016-7746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Netherlands+Journal+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Architecture+of+the+Holocene+Rhine-Meuse+delta+%28the+Netherlands%29+%E2%80%93+A+result+of+changing+external+controls&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-54&rft.date=2007-03&rft.issn=0016-7746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0016774600021302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007NJGeo..86...23G&rft.aulast=Gouw&rft.aufirst=M.+J.+P.&rft.au=Erkens%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0016774600021302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmannErkensCohenHouben2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffmann, T.; Erkens, G.; Cohen, K.; Houben, P.; Seidel, J.; Dikau, R. (2007). "Holocene Floodplain Sediment Storage and Hillslope Erosion Within the Rhine Catchment". <i>The Holocene</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 105–118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Holoc..17..105H">2007Holoc..17..105H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959683607073287">10.1177/0959683607073287</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128500289">128500289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=Holocene+Floodplain+Sediment+Storage+and+Hillslope+Erosion+Within+the+Rhine+Catchment&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-118&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128500289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959683607073287&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Holoc..17..105H&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Erkens%2C+G.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+K.&rft.au=Houben%2C+P.&rft.au=Seidel%2C+J.&rft.au=Dikau%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMénotBardRostekWeijers2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ménot, G.; Bard, E.; Rostek, F.; Weijers, J. W. H.; Hopmans, E. C.; Schouten, S.; Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (15 September 2006). "Early Reactivation of European Rivers During the Last Deglaciation". <i>Science</i>. <b>313</b> (5793): 1623–1625. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...313.1623M">2006Sci...313.1623M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1130511">10.1126/science.1130511</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F22529">1874/22529</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16973877">16973877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45157193">45157193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Early+Reactivation+of+European+Rivers+During+the+Last+Deglaciation&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=5793&rft.pages=1623-1625&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F22529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45157193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...313.1623M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16973877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1130511&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9not&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Bard%2C+E.&rft.au=Rostek%2C+F.&rft.au=Weijers%2C+J.+W.+H.&rft.au=Hopmans%2C+E.+C.&rft.au=Schouten%2C+S.&rft.au=Sinninghe+Damst%C3%A9%2C+J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchädlerWeingartner2002" class="citation book cs1">Schädler, B.; Weingartner, R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hydrologicalatlas.ch/downloads/01/content/Tafel_63.pdf">"Plate 6.3: Components of the Natural Water Balance 1961–1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hydrological Atlas of Switzerland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plate+6.3%3A+Components+of+the+Natural+Water+Balance+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.btitle=Hydrological+Atlas+of+Switzerland&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4dler&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Weingartner%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhydrologicalatlas.ch%2Fdownloads%2F01%2Fcontent%2FTafel_63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.french-waterways.com/waterways/north-east/river-rhine/">Rhine</a> with maps and details of navigation through the French section; places, ports and moorings, by the author of <i>Inland Waterways of France</i>, Imray</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.french-waterways.com/waterways/canals-rivers-france/">Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals</a> (French waterways website section)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,river%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=topic,include,Rhine%20River,1&mfacet=tlevel,include,online_resources,2&lang=en_US&offset=0&came_from=sort">Old maps of the Rhine</a>, from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhine_Tributaries" title="Template:Rhine Tributaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rhine_Tributaries" title="Template talk:Rhine Tributaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhine_Tributaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhine Tributaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tributaries_of_the_Rhine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tributaries of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vorderrhein_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorderrhein (river)">Vorderrhein</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Val_Russein" title="Val Russein">Aua da Russein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schmu%C3%A8r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schmuèr (page does not exist)">Schmuèr</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vorderrhein_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorderrhein (river)">Vorderrhein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamina_(river)" title="Tamina (river)">Tamina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saar_(Rhine)" title="Saar (Rhine)">Saar</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Alter_Rhein" title="Alter Rhein">Alter Rhein</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheintaler_Binnenkanal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rheintaler Binnenkanal (page does not exist)">Rheintaler Binnenkanal</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Obersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Obersee (Lake Constance)">Upper Lake Constance</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldach_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldach (river) (page does not exist)">Goldach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aach_(Arbon)" title="Aach (Arbon)">Aach (Arbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aach_(Romanshorn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aach (Romanshorn) (page does not exist)">Aach (Romanshorn)</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Seerhein" title="Seerhein">Seerhein</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenzbach_(Rhine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grenzbach (Rhine) (page does not exist)">Grenzbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorfbach_(Rhine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorfbach (Rhine) (page does not exist)">Dorfbach</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Untersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Untersee (Lake Constance)">Lower Lake Constance</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderbach_(Lake_Constance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anderbach (Lake Constance) (page does not exist)">Anderbach</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High Rhine</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thur_(Rhine)" title="Thur (Rhine)">Thur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6ss_(river)" title="Töss (river)">Töss</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glatt_(Rhine)" title="Glatt (Rhine)">Glatt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sissle" title="Sissle">Sissle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6hlinbach" title="Möhlinbach">Möhlinbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ergolz" title="Ergolz">Ergolz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Birs_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birs (river)">Birs</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Birsig" title="Birsig">Birsig</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ill_(France)" title="Ill (France)">Ill</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Moder_(river)" title="Moder (river)">Moder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sauer_(Rhine)" title="Sauer (Rhine)">Sauer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lauter_(Rhine)" title="Lauter (Rhine)">Lauter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spiegelbach" title="Spiegelbach">Spiegelbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Queich" title="Queich">Queich</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Speyerbach" title="Speyerbach">Speyerbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rehbach_(Palatinate)" title="Rehbach (Palatinate)">Rehbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isenach" title="Isenach">Isenach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eckbach" title="Eckbach">Eckbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eisbach_(Rhine)" title="Eisbach (Rhine)">Eisbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pfrimm" title="Pfrimm">Pfrimm</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selz" title="Selz">Selz</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Welzbach_(Rhine)" title="Welzbach (Rhine)">Welzbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nahe_(Rhine)" title="Nahe (Rhine)">Nahe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nette_(Middle_Rhine)" title="Nette (Middle Rhine)">Nette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brohlbach_(Rhine)" title="Brohlbach (Rhine)">Brohlbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ahr" title="Ahr">Ahr</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erft" title="Erft">Erft</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhein-Karte2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Rhine"><img alt="Map of the Rhine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rhein-Karte2.png/100px-Rhein-Karte2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rhein-Karte2.png/150px-Rhein-Karte2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rhein-Karte2.png/200px-Rhein-Karte2.png 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vorderrhein_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorderrhein (river)">Vorderrhein</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Tuma" title="Rein da Tuma">Rein da Tuma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Curnera" title="Rein da Curnera">Rein da Curnera</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rein_da_Medel" title="Rein da Medel">Rein da Medel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rein_da_Sumvitg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rein da Sumvitg (page does not exist)">Rein da Sumvitg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glogn" title="Glogn">Glogn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rabiusa" title="Rabiusa">Rabiusa</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hinterrhein_(river)" title="Hinterrhein (river)">Hinterrhein</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avers_Rhine" title="Avers Rhine">Ragn da Ferrera</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albula_(river)" title="Albula (river)">Albula/Alvra</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hinterrhein_(river)" title="Hinterrhein (river)">Hinterrhein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plessur_(river)" title="Plessur (river)">Plessur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Landquart_(river)" title="Landquart (river)">Landquart</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BClbach_(Rhine,_Switzerland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mülbach (Rhine, Switzerland) (page does not exist)">Mülbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_inland_canal" title="Liechtenstein inland canal">Liechtenstein inland canal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ill_(Vorarlberg)" title="Ill (Vorarlberg)">Ill</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frutz" title="Frutz">Frutz</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Obersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Obersee (Lake Constance)">Upper Lake Constance</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dornbirner_Ach" title="Dornbirner Ach">Dornbirner Ach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bregenzer_Ache" class="mw-redirect" title="Bregenzer Ache">Bregenzer Ach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leiblach" title="Leiblach">Leiblach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Argen" title="Argen">Argen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schussen" title="Schussen">Schussen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotach" title="Rotach">Rotach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brunnisach" title="Brunnisach">Brunnisach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipbach (page does not exist)">Lipbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seefelder_Aach" title="Seefelder Aach">Seefelder Aach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockacher_Aach" title="Stockacher Aach">Stockacher Aach</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Untersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Untersee (Lake Constance)">Lower Lake Constance</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radolfzeller_Aach" title="Radolfzeller Aach">Radolfzeller Aach</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High Rhine</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Biber_(Rhine)" title="Biber (Rhine)">Biber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durach_(Rhine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durach (Rhine) (page does not exist)">Durach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wutach_(river)" title="Wutach (river)">Wutach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alb_(High_Rhine)" title="Alb (High Rhine)">Alb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Murg_(Southern_Black_Forest)" title="Murg (Southern Black Forest)">Murg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wehra" title="Wehra">Wehra</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wiese_(river)" title="Wiese (river)">Wiese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kander_(Germany)" title="Kander (Germany)">Kander</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elz_(Rhine)" title="Elz (Rhine)">Elz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kinzig_(Rhine)" title="Kinzig (Rhine)">Kinzig</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rench" title="Rench">Rench</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acher" title="Acher">Acher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Murg_(Northern_Black_Forest)" title="Murg (Northern Black Forest)">Murg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alb_(Upper_Rhine)" title="Alb (Upper Rhine)">Alb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pfinz" title="Pfinz">Pfinz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saalbach_(Rhine)" title="Saalbach (Rhine)">Saalbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kraichbach" title="Kraichbach">Kraichbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leimbach_(Rhein-Neckar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leimbach (Rhein-Neckar)">Leimbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weschnitz" title="Weschnitz">Weschnitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modau" title="Modau">Modau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisper" title="Wisper">Wisper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wied_(river)" title="Wied (river)">Wied</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sieg_(river)" title="Sieg (river)">Sieg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wupper" title="Wupper">Wupper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCssel" title="Düssel">Düssel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_(river)" title="Ruhr (river)">Ruhr</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emscher" title="Emscher">Emscher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lippe_(river)" title="Lippe (river)">Lippe</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oude_IJssel" title="Oude IJssel">Oude IJssel/Issel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berkel" title="Berkel">Berkel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schipbeek" title="Schipbeek">Schipbeek</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lake_Constance_(Bodensee)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lake_Constance" title="Template:Lake Constance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lake_Constance" title="Template talk:Lake Constance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lake_Constance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lake Constance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lake_Constance_(Bodensee)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance (<i>Bodensee</i>)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz_District" title="Bregenz District">Bregenz</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodenseekreis" title="Bodenseekreis">Bodenseekreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz_(district)" title="Konstanz (district)">Konstanz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_(district)" title="Lindau (district)">Lindau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rorschach_(Wahlkreis)" title="Rorschach (Wahlkreis)">Rorschach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbon_District" title="Arbon District">Arbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld_District" title="Frauenfeld District">Frauenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreuzlingen_District" title="Kreuzlingen District">Kreuzlingen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard,_Austria" title="Hard, Austria">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6chst,_Austria" title="Höchst, Austria">Höchst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rbranz" title="Hörbranz">Hörbranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fussach" class="mw-redirect" title="Fussach">Fussach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaissau">Gaissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochau" title="Lochau">Lochau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allensbach" title="Allensbach">Allensbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodman-Ludwigshafen" title="Bodman-Ludwigshafen">Bodman-Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriskirch" title="Eriskirch">Eriskirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Friedrichshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaienhofen" title="Gaienhofen">Gaienhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagnau_am_Bodensee" title="Hagnau am Bodensee">Hagnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immenstaad_am_Bodensee" title="Immenstaad am Bodensee">Immenstaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dingelsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dingelsdorf (page does not exist)">Dingelsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litzelstetten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litzelstetten (page does not exist)">Litzelstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradies,_Konstanz" title="Paradies, Konstanz">Paradies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petershausen,_Konstanz" title="Petershausen, Konstanz">Petershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallhausen_(Bodensee)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallhausen (Bodensee) (page does not exist)">Wallhausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kressbronn_am_Bodensee" title="Kressbronn am Bodensee">Kressbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langenargen" title="Langenargen">Langenargen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meersburg" title="Meersburg">Meersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moos,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Moos, Baden-Württemberg">Moos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnenhorn" title="Nonnenhorn">Nonnenhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96hningen" title="Öhningen">Öhningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radolfzell" title="Radolfzell">Radolfzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichenau,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Reichenau, Baden-Württemberg">Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipplingen" title="Sipplingen">Sipplingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stetten,_Bodenseekreis" title="Stetten, Bodenseekreis">Stetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Überlingen">Überlingen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dingen_(%C3%9Cberlingen)" title="Hödingen (Überlingen)">Hödingen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhldingen-M%C3%BChlhofen" title="Uhldingen-Mühlhofen">Uhldingen-Mühlhofen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unteruhldingen" title="Unteruhldingen">Unteruhldingen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasserburg_am_Bodensee" title="Wasserburg am Bodensee">Wasserburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Switzerland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altnau" title="Altnau">Altnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbon" title="Arbon">Arbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlingen,_Switzerland" title="Berlingen, Switzerland">Berlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottighofen" title="Bottighofen">Bottighofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egnach" title="Egnach">Egnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermatingen" title="Ermatingen">Ermatingen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triboltingen" title="Triboltingen">Triboltingen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschenz" title="Eschenz">Eschenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frasnacht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frasnacht (page does not exist)">Frasnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldach" title="Goldach">Goldach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieben" title="Gottlieben">Gottlieben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCttingen" title="Güttingen">Güttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiden,_Switzerland" title="Heiden, Switzerland">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn,_Switzerland" title="Horn, Switzerland">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesswil" title="Kesswil">Kesswil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreuzlingen" title="Kreuzlingen">Kreuzlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutzenberg,_Switzerland" title="Lutzenberg, Switzerland">Lutzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammern" title="Mammern">Mammern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterlingen" title="Münsterlingen">Münsterlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanshorn" title="Romanshorn">Romanshorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorschach,_Switzerland" title="Rorschach, Switzerland">Rorschach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorschacherberg" title="Rorschacherberg">Rorschacherberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmsach" title="Salmsach">Salmsach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salenstein" title="Salenstein">Salenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinach,_St._Gallen" title="Steinach, St. Gallen">Steinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steckborn" title="Steckborn">Steckborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stein_am_Rhein" title="Stein am Rhein">Stein am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4gerwilen" title="Tägerwilen">Tägerwilen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4germoos" title="Tägermoos">Tägermoos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thal,_St._Gallen" title="Thal, St. Gallen">Thal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttwil" title="Uttwil">Uttwil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walzenhausen" title="Walzenhausen">Walzenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhalden" title="Wolfhalden">Wolfhalden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Bodensee.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Karte_Bodensee.png/200px-Karte_Bodensee.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Karte_Bodensee.png/300px-Karte_Bodensee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Karte_Bodensee.png/400px-Karte_Bodensee.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="689" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodensee_topografische_Karte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bodensee_topografische_Karte.jpg/200px-Bodensee_topografische_Karte.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bodensee_topografische_Karte.jpg/300px-Bodensee_topografische_Karte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bodensee_topografische_Karte.jpg/400px-Bodensee_topografische_Karte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12260" data-file-height="7290" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodensee,_Meersburg,_reger_Schiffsverkehr_und_die_Nagelfluhkette_im_Allg%C3%A4u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bodensee%2C_Meersburg%2C_reger_Schiffsverkehr_und_die_Nagelfluhkette_im_Allg%C3%A4u.jpg/200px-Bodensee%2C_Meersburg%2C_reger_Schiffsverkehr_und_die_Nagelfluhkette_im_Allg%C3%A4u.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bodensee%2C_Meersburg%2C_reger_Schiffsverkehr_und_die_Nagelfluhkette_im_Allg%C3%A4u.jpg/300px-Bodensee%2C_Meersburg%2C_reger_Schiffsverkehr_und_die_Nagelfluhkette_im_Allg%C3%A4u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bodensee%2C_Meersburg%2C_reger_Schiffsverkehr_und_die_Nagelfluhkette_im_Allg%C3%A4u.jpg/400px-Bodensee%2C_Meersburg%2C_reger_Schiffsverkehr_und_die_Nagelfluhkette_im_Allg%C3%A4u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodanr%C3%BCck" title="Bodanrück">Bodanrück Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicans_Island" title="Dominicans Island">Dominicans Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entlib%C3%BChl" title="Entlibühl">Entlibühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galgeninsel" title="Galgeninsel">Galgeninsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy_(Lake_Constance)" title="Hoy (Lake Constance)">Hoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebesinsel_(Lake_Constance)" title="Liebesinsel (Lake Constance)">Liebesinsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_(island)" title="Lindau (island)">Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainau" title="Mainau">Mainau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mettnau" title="Mettnau">Mettnau Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichenau_Island" title="Reichenau Island">Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboldingerbohl" title="Triboldingerbohl">Triboldingerbohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogelinsel_(Lake_Constance)" title="Vogelinsel (Lake Constance)">Vogelinsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werd_(Lake_Constance)" title="Werd (Lake Constance)">Werd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aach_(Arbon)" title="Aach (Arbon)">Aach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argen" title="Argen">Argen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregenzer_Ach" title="Bregenzer Ach">Bregenzer Ach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunnisach" title="Brunnisach">Brunnisach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornbirner_Ach" title="Dornbirner Ach">Dornbirner Ach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiblach" title="Leiblach">Leiblach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipbach (page does not exist)">Lipbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radolfzeller_Aach" title="Radolfzeller Aach">Radolfzeller Aach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter_Rhein" title="Alter Rhein">Alter Rhein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhein" title="Seerhein">Seerhein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotach" title="Rotach">Rotach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schussen" title="Schussen">Schussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seefelder_Aach" title="Seefelder Aach">Seefelder Aach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockacher_Aach" title="Stockacher Aach">Stockacher Aach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Valleys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marienschlucht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marienschlucht (page does not exist)">Marien Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spetzgarter_Tobel" title="Spetzgarter Tobel">Spetzgarter Gorge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allg%C3%A4u_Alps" title="Allgäu Alps">Allgäu Alps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pf%C3%A4nder" title="Pfänder">Pfänder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Alps" title="Appenzell Alps">Appenzell Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz_Forest_Mountains" title="Bregenz Forest Mountains">Bregenz Forest Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegau" title="Hegau">Hegau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenkr%C3%A4hen" title="Hohenkrähen">Hohenkrähen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenstoffeln" title="Hohenstoffeln">Hohenstoffeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohentwiel" title="Hohentwiel">Hohentwiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiener_Berg" title="Schiener Berg">Schiener Berg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seer%C3%BCcken" title="Seerücken">Seerücken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Obersee (Lake Constance)">Obersee</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bay_of_Bregenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bay of Bregenz (page does not exist)">Bay of Bregenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Hopper" title="Constance Hopper">Constance Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Lake Überlingen">Überlinger See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_delta_(Lake_Constance)" title="Rhine delta (Lake Constance)">Rhine Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untersee_(Lake_Constance)" title="Untersee (Lake Constance)">Untersee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnadensee" title="Gnadensee">Gnadensee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markelfinger_Winkel" title="Markelfinger Winkel">Markelfinger Winkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinsee">Rheinsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollmatinger_Ried" title="Wollmatinger Ried">Wollmatinger Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeller_See_(Lake_Constance)" title="Zeller See (Lake Constance)">Zeller See</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alt_Dettingen_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alt Dettingen Castle (page does not exist)">Alt Dettingen Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbon_Castle" title="Arbon Castle">Arbon Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arenenberg" title="Arenenberg">Arenenberg Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernegg_Castle,_Thurgau" title="Bernegg Castle, Thurgau">Bernegg Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell_Castle" title="Castell Castle">Castell Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugensberg_Castle" title="Eugensberg Castle">Eugensberg Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudenfels_Castle" title="Freudenfels Castle">Freudenfels Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieben_Castle" title="Gottlieben Castle">Gottlieben Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Heiligenberg_(Heiligenberg)" title="Schloss Heiligenberg (Heiligenberg)">Heiligenberg Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenfels_Castle_(Hohenfels)" title="Hohenfels Castle (Hohenfels)">Hohenfels Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenklingen_Castle" title="Hohenklingen Castle">Hohenklingen Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohentwiel_Castle" title="Hohentwiel Castle">Hohentwiel Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz_Minster" title="Konstanz Minster">Konstanz Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisenberg_Castle" title="Louisenberg Castle">Louisenberg Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammern_Castle" title="Mammern Castle">Mammern Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meersburg_Castle" title="Meersburg Castle">Meersburg Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Schloss_(Meersburg)" title="Neues Schloss (Meersburg)">New Castle (Meersburg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petershausen_Abbey" title="Petershausen Abbey">Petershausen Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichenau_Abbey" title="Reichenau Abbey">Reichenau Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeburg_Castle" title="Seeburg Castle">Seeburg Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Wettingen-Mehrerau" title="Territorial Abbey of Wettingen-Mehrerau">Wettingen-Mehrerau Abbey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Touristic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bregenzer_Festspiele" title="Bregenzer Festspiele">Bregenzer Festspiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfahlbaumuseum_Unteruhldingen" title="Pfahlbaumuseum Unteruhldingen">Pile Dwellings Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Life" title="Sea Life">Sea Life (Konstanz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeppelin_Museum_Friedrichshafen" title="Zeppelin Museum Friedrichshafen">Zeppelin Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen%E2%80%93Altenrhein_Airport" title="St. Gallen–Altenrhein Airport">Altenrhein Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen_Airport" title="Friedrichshafen Airport">Friedrichshafen Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pf%C3%A4nderbahn" title="Pfänderbahn">Pfänderbahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance_train_ferries" title="Lake Constance train ferries">Train Ferries</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Railway" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">Railway</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodensee%E2%80%93Toggenburg_railway" title="Bodensee–Toggenburg railway">Bodensee–Toggenburg Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance_Belt_Railway" title="Lake Constance Belt Railway">Gürtelbahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rhine_Regulation_Railway" title="International Rhine Regulation Railway">International Rhine Regulation Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheineck%E2%80%93Walzenhausen_mountain_railway" title="Rheineck–Walzenhausen mountain railway">Rheineck–Walzenhausen Mountain Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorschach%E2%80%93Heiden_railway" title="Rorschach–Heiden railway">Rorschach–Heiden Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seehas" title="Seehas">Seehas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWEG_S%C3%BCdwestdeutsche_Landesverkehrs" title="SWEG Südwestdeutsche Landesverkehrs">SWEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurbo" title="Thurbo">Thurbo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chur%E2%80%93Rorschach_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chur–Rorschach railway">Chur–Rorschach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#406ab3;border:.075em solid #406ab3;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/S2_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)" title="S2 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S2</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#ec008c;border:.075em solid #ec008c;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/S4_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)" title="S4 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S4</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#8dc63f;border:.075em solid #8dc63f;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/S5_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)" title="S5 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S5</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#f26532;border:.075em solid #f26532;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/S7_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)" title="S7 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S7</span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen%E2%80%93Lindau_railway" title="Friedrichshafen–Lindau railway">Friedrichshafen–Lindau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#249bd7;border:.075em solid #249bd7;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_routes_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg#Regional_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railway routes in Baden-Württemberg"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">RB 93</span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Rhine_Railway" title="High Rhine Railway">High Rhine Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#5e6a51;border:.075em solid #5e6a51;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/Seehas" title="Seehas"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S6</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#0069b4;border:.075em solid #0069b4;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_routes_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg#Regional_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railway routes in Baden-Württemberg"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">RE 2</span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Line" title="Lake Line">Lake Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#006536;border:.075em solid #006536;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/S1_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)" title="S1 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S1</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#f26532;border:.075em solid #f26532;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/S7_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)" title="S7 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S7</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#f7941d;border:.075em solid #f7941d;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/S14_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)" title="S14 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S14</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#812990;border:.075em solid #812990;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/S44_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)" title="S44 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S44</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#ffc220;border:.075em solid #ffc220;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/RegioExpress" title="RegioExpress"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">RE1</span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radolfzell%E2%80%93Mengen_railway" title="Radolfzell–Mengen railway">Radolfzell–Mengen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#02aa9e;border:.075em solid #02aa9e;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_routes_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg#Regional_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railway routes in Baden-Württemberg"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">RB 31</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#490268;border:.075em solid #490268;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/Bodensee_S-Bahn" title="Bodensee S-Bahn"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S 61</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#e5007d;border:.075em solid #e5007d;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_routes_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg#Regional_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railway routes in Baden-Württemberg"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">IRE 3</span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stahringen%E2%80%93Friedrichshafen_railway" title="Stahringen–Friedrichshafen railway">Stahringen–Friedrichshafen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#02aa9e;border:.075em solid #02aa9e;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_routes_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg#Regional_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railway routes in Baden-Württemberg"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">RB 31</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#e5007d;border:.075em solid #e5007d;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_routes_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg#Regional_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railway routes in Baden-Württemberg"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">IRE 3</span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St._Margrethen%E2%80%93Lauterach_line" title="St. Margrethen–Lauterach line">St. Margrethen–Lauterach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#DC0530;border:.075em solid #DC0530;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg_S-Bahn#Lines" title="Vorarlberg S-Bahn"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S3</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#f26532;border:.075em solid #f26532;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/S7_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)" title="S7 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S7</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#DC0530;border:.075em solid #DC0530;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg_S-Bahn#Lines" title="Vorarlberg S-Bahn"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">R5</span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg_Railway" title="Vorarlberg Railway">Vorarlberg Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#DC0530;border:.075em solid #DC0530;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg_S-Bahn#Lines" title="Vorarlberg S-Bahn"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S1</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#DC0530;border:.075em solid #DC0530;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg_S-Bahn#Lines" title="Vorarlberg S-Bahn"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S3</span></a></span></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#f26532;border:.075em solid #f26532;border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em"><a href="/wiki/S7_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)" title="S7 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:inherit;white-space:nowrap">S7</span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodensee_S-Bahn" title="Bodensee S-Bahn">Bodensee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_S-Bahn" title="St. Gallen S-Bahn">St. Gallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg_S-Bahn" title="Vorarlberg S-Bahn">Vorarlberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">Stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allensbach_station" title="Allensbach station">Allensbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altnau_railway_station" title="Altnau railway station">Altnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbon_railway_station" title="Arbon railway station">Arbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbon_Seemoosriet_railway_station" title="Arbon Seemoosriet railway station">Arbon Seemoosriet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlingen_railway_station" title="Berlingen railway station">Berlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermatingen-Ahausen_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bermatingen-Ahausen station (page does not exist)">Bermatingen-Ahausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottighofen_railway_station" title="Bottighofen railway station">Bottighofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz_railway_station" title="Bregenz railway station">Bregenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz_Hafen_railway_station" title="Bregenz Hafen railway station">Bregenz Hafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz_Riedenburg_railway_station" title="Bregenz Riedenburg railway station">Bregenz Riedenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egnach_railway_station" title="Egnach railway station">Egnach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzisweiler_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enzisweiler station (page does not exist)">Enzisweiler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eriskirch_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eriskirch station (page does not exist)">Eriskirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermatingen_railway_station" title="Ermatingen railway station">Ermatingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschenz_railway_station" title="Eschenz railway station">Eschenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen_Stadt_station" title="Friedrichshafen Stadt station">Friedrichshafen Stadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrichshafen-Fischbach_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrichshafen-Fischbach station (page does not exist)">Friedrichshafen-Fischbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen_Hafen_station" title="Friedrichshafen Hafen station">Friedrichshafen Hafen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrichshafen_Kluftern_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrichshafen Kluftern station (page does not exist)">Friedrichshafen Kluftern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrichshafen_Landratsamt_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrichshafen Landratsamt station (page does not exist)">Friedrichshafen Landratsamt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrichshafen-Manzell_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrichshafen-Manzell station (page does not exist)">Friedrichshafen-Manzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen_Ost_station" title="Friedrichshafen Ost station">Friedrichshafen Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCttingen_railway_station" title="Güttingen railway station">Güttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-Fussach_railway_station" title="Hard-Fussach railway station">Hard-Fussach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegne_station" title="Hegne station">Hegne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiden_railway_station" title="Heiden railway station">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_railway_station" title="Horn railway station">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesswil_railway_station" title="Kesswil railway station">Kesswil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreuzlingen_railway_station" title="Kreuzlingen railway station">Kreuzlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreuzlingen_Hafen_railway_station" title="Kreuzlingen Hafen railway station">Kreuzlingen Hafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz_station" title="Konstanz station">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz-F%C3%BCrstenberg_station" title="Konstanz-Fürstenberg station">Konstanz-Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz-Petershausen_station" title="Konstanz-Petershausen station">Konstanz-Petershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz-Wollmatingen_station" title="Konstanz-Wollmatingen station">Konstanz-Wollmatingen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kressbronn_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kressbronn station (page does not exist)">Kressbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurzrickenbach_Seepark_railway_station" title="Kurzrickenbach Seepark railway station">Kurzrickenbach Seepark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landschlacht_railway_station" title="Landschlacht railway station">Landschlacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langenargen_station" title="Langenargen station">Langenargen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauterach_Unterfeld_railway_station" title="Lauterach Unterfeld railway station">Lauterach Unterfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau-Aeschach_station" title="Lindau-Aeschach station">Lindau-Aeschach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau-Insel_station" title="Lindau-Insel station">Lindau-Insel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau-Reutin_station" title="Lindau-Reutin station">Lindau-Reutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochau-H%C3%B6rbranz_railway_station" title="Lochau-Hörbranz railway station">Lochau-Hörbranz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwigshafen_(Bodensee)_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwigshafen (Bodensee) station (page does not exist)">Ludwigshafen (Bodensee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustenau_railway_station" title="Lustenau railway station">Lustenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammern_railway_station" title="Mammern railway station">Mammern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannenbach-Salenstein_railway_station" title="Mannenbach-Salenstein railway station">Mannenbach-Salenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markdorf_(Baden)_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Markdorf (Baden) station (page does not exist)">Markdorf (Baden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markelfingen_station" title="Markelfingen station">Markelfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterlingen-Scherzingen_railway_station" title="Münsterlingen-Scherzingen railway station">Münsterlingen-Scherzingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterlingen_Spital_railway_station" title="Münsterlingen Spital railway station">Münsterlingen Spital</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonnenhorn_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonnenhorn station (page does not exist)">Nonnenhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nussdorf_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nussdorf station (page does not exist)">Nussdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radolfzell_station" title="Radolfzell station">Radolfzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichenau_(Baden)_station" title="Reichenau (Baden) station">Reichenau (Baden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheineck_railway_station" title="Rheineck railway station">Rheineck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorschach_railway_station" title="Rorschach railway station">Rorschach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorschach_Hafen_railway_station" title="Rorschach Hafen railway station">Rorschach Hafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanshorn_railway_station" title="Romanshorn railway station">Romanshorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruderbach_railway_station" title="Ruderbach railway station">Ruderbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salem_(Baden)_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salem (Baden) station (page does not exist)">Salem (Baden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandb%C3%BCchel_railway_station" title="Sandbüchel railway station">Sandbüchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwendi_bei_Heiden_railway_station" title="Schwendi bei Heiden railway station">Schwendi bei Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seebleiche_railway_station" title="Seebleiche railway station">Seebleiche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipplingen_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipplingen station (page does not exist)">Sipplingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staad_railway_station" title="Staad railway station">Staad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stahringen_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stahringen station (page does not exist)">Stahringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steckborn_railway_station" title="Steckborn railway station">Steckborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stein_am_Rhein_railway_station" title="Stein am Rhein railway station">Stein am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinach_railway_station" title="Steinach railway station">Steinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Margrethen_railway_station" title="St. Margrethen railway station">St. Margrethen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4gerwilen-Gottlieben_railway_station" title="Tägerwilen-Gottlieben railway station">Tägerwilen-Gottlieben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboltingen_railway_station" title="Triboltingen railway station">Triboltingen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cberlingen_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Überlingen station (page does not exist)">Überlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cberlingen_Therme_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Überlingen Therme station (page does not exist)">Überlingen Therme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uhldingen-M%C3%BChlhofen_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uhldingen-Mühlhofen station (page does not exist)">Uhldingen-Mühlhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttwil_railway_station" title="Uttwil railway station">Uttwil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walzenhausen_railway_station" title="Walzenhausen railway station">Walzenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartensee_railway_station" title="Wartensee railway station">Wartensee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasserburg_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasserburg station (page does not exist)">Wasserburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wienacht-Tobel_railway_station" title="Wienacht-Tobel railway station">Wienacht-Tobel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jezioro_Bode%C5%84skie" title="Jezioro Bodeńskie">Jezioro Bodeńskie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt_delta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Template:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt_delta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhine</a><br /><small>Rijn<br />Rhin<br /></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Current distributaries</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waal_(river)" title="Waal (river)">Waal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lek_(river)" title="Lek (river)">Lek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Merwede" title="Merwede">Merwede</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boven_Merwede" title="Boven Merwede">Boven Merwede</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Merwede" title="Nieuwe Merwede">Nieuwe Merwede</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beneden_Merwede" title="Beneden Merwede">Beneden Merwede</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oude_Maas" title="Oude Maas">Oude Maas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dordtsche_Kil" title="Dordtsche Kil">Dordtsche Kil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Noord_(river)" title="Noord (river)">Noord</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Maas" title="Nieuwe Maas">Nieuwe Maas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scheur" title="Scheur">Scheur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Waterweg" title="Nieuwe Waterweg">Nieuwe Waterweg</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Former distributaries</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kromme_Rijn" title="Kromme Rijn">Kromme Rijn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leidse_Rijn" title="Leidse Rijn">Leidse Rijn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oude_Rijn_(Utrecht_and_South_Holland)" title="Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)">Oude Rijn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hollandse_IJssel" title="Hollandse IJssel">Hollandse IJssel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vecht_(Utrecht)" title="Vecht (Utrecht)">Vecht</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waaltje" title="Waaltje">Waaltje</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brielse_Meer" title="Brielse Meer">Brielse Maas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spui_(river)" title="Spui (river)">Spui</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Current estuaries</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Waterweg" title="Nieuwe Waterweg">Nieuwe Waterweg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Former estuaries</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hollands_Diep" title="Hollands Diep">Hollands Diep</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haringvliet" title="Haringvliet">Haringvliet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volkerak" title="Volkerak">Volkerak</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krammer" title="Krammer">Krammer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grevelingen" title="Grevelingen">Grevelingen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keeten-Mastgat" title="Keeten-Mastgat">Keeten-Mastgat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oosterschelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Oosterschelde">Oosterschelde</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Associated canals</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bijlands_Kanaal" title="Bijlands Kanaal">Bijlands Kanaal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pannerdens_Kanaal" title="Pannerdens Kanaal">Pannerdens Kanaal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam%E2%80%93Rhine_Canal" title="Amsterdam–Rhine Canal">Amsterdam–Rhine Canal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vaartse_Rijn" title="Vaartse Rijn">Vaartse Rijn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Merwede" title="Nieuwe Merwede">Nieuwe Merwede</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Waterweg" title="Nieuwe Waterweg">Nieuwe Waterweg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scheldt%E2%80%93Rhine_Canal" title="Scheldt–Rhine Canal">Scheldt–Rhine Canal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maas%E2%80%93Waal_Canal" title="Maas–Waal Canal">Maas–Waal Canal</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a><br /><small>Maas</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Current distributaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergse_Maas" title="Bergse Maas">Bergse Maas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amer_(river)" title="Amer (river)">Amer</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Former distributaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oude_Maasje" title="Oude Maasje">Oude Maasje</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Afgedamde_Maas" title="Afgedamde Maas">Afgedamde Maas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Merwede" title="Merwede">Merwede</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boven_Merwede" title="Boven Merwede">Boven Merwede</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beneden_Merwede" title="Beneden Merwede">Beneden Merwede</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oude_Maas" title="Oude Maas">Oude Maas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dordtsche_Kil" title="Dordtsche Kil">Dordtsche Kil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Noord_(river)" title="Noord (river)">Noord</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Maas" title="Nieuwe Maas">Nieuwe Maas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scheur" title="Scheur">Scheur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Waterweg" title="Nieuwe Waterweg">Nieuwe Waterweg</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Current estuaries</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Former estuaries</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hollands_Diep" title="Hollands Diep">Hollands Diep</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haringvliet" title="Haringvliet">Haringvliet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volkerak" title="Volkerak">Volkerak</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krammer" title="Krammer">Krammer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grevelingen" title="Grevelingen">Grevelingen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keeten-Mastgat" title="Keeten-Mastgat">Keeten-Mastgat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oosterschelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Oosterschelde">Oosterschelde</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Associated canals</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heusden_Canal" title="Heusden Canal">Heusden Canal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergse_Maas" title="Bergse Maas">Bergse Maas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maas%E2%80%93Waal_Canal" title="Maas–Waal Canal">Maas–Waal Canal </a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a><br /><small>Schelde<br />Escaut</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Current distributaries</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Scheldt" title="Western Scheldt">Western Scheldt</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Former distributaries</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oosterschelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Oosterschelde">Oosterschelde</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eendracht" title="Eendracht">Eendracht</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Current estuaries</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Scheldt" title="Western Scheldt">Western Scheldt</a><br /></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Former estuaries</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oosterschelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Oosterschelde">Oosterschelde</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krammer" title="Krammer">Krammer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grevelingen" title="Grevelingen">Grevelingen</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Associated canals</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scheldt%E2%80%93Rhine_Canal" title="Scheldt–Rhine Canal">Scheldt–Rhine Canal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canal_through_Zuid-Beveland" title="Canal through Zuid-Beveland">Canal through Zuid-Beveland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canal_through_Walcheren" title="Canal through Walcheren">Canal through Walcheren</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other rivers <br /> <small>(directly draining <br /> into the delta)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linge" title="Linge">Linge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_(Dintel)" title="Mark (Dintel)">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donge_(river)" title="Donge (river)">Donge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotte_(river)" title="Rotte (river)">Rotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oude_IJssel" title="Oude IJssel">Oude IJssel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands and <br /> Peninsulas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rozenburg_(island)" title="Rozenburg (island)">Rozenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJsselmonde_(island)" title="IJsselmonde (island)">IJsselmonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Het Eiland van Dordt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voorne-Putten" title="Voorne-Putten">Voorne and Putten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoeksche_Waard" title="Hoeksche Waard">Hoeksche Waard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiengemeten" title="Tiengemeten">Tiengemeten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goeree-Overflakkee" title="Goeree-Overflakkee">Goeree-Overflakkee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schouwen-Duiveland" title="Schouwen-Duiveland">Schouwen-Duiveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholen" title="Tholen">Tholen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Philipsland_(island)" title="Sint Philipsland (island)">Sint Philipsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noord-Beveland" title="Noord-Beveland">Noord-Beveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuid-Beveland" title="Zuid-Beveland">Zuid-Beveland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom" title="Bergen op Zoom">Bergen-op-Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiedam" title="Schiedam">Schiedam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Vlissingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaardingen" title="Vlaardingen">Vlaardingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spijkenisse" title="Spijkenisse">Spijkenisse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdronken_Land_van_Reimerswaal" title="Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal">Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdronken_Land_van_Saeftinghe" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdronken Land van Saeftinghe">Verdronken Land van Saeftinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_flood_(1421)" title="St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)">St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Felix%27s_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Felix's Flood">St. Felix's Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Flood_(1570)" title="All Saints' Flood (1570)">All Saints' Flood (1570)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Germany&#124;link=Germany_Rivers_of_Germany_by_drainage_basin_or_main_stem" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Template:Rivers of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rivers_of_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rivers of Germany (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Germany&#124;link=Germany_Rivers_of_Germany_by_drainage_basin_or_main_stem" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Germany" title="List of rivers of Germany">Rivers of Germany</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">by <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">main stem</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse" title="Lusatian Neisse">Lusatian Neisse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peenestrom" title="Peenestrom">Peenestrom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recknitz" title="Recknitz">Recknitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwentine" title="Schwentine">Schwentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trave" title="Trave">Trave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepenitz_(Trave)" title="Stepenitz (Trave)">Stepenitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uecker" title="Uecker">Uecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warnow" title="Warnow">Warnow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nebel_(river)" title="Nebel (river)">Nebel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abens" title="Abens">Abens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altm%C3%BChl" title="Altmühl">Altmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenz_(river)" title="Brenz (river)">Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedberger_Ach" title="Friedberger Ach">Friedberger Ach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Laber" title="Große Laber">Große Laber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnz" title="Günz">Günz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iller" title="Iller">Iller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilz" title="Ilz">Ilz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isar" title="Isar">Isar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauchert" title="Lauchert">Lauchert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_(river)" title="Lech (river)">Lech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindel" title="Mindel">Mindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naab" title="Naab">Naab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paar" title="Paar">Paar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regen_(river)" title="Regen (river)">Regen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riss_(river)" title="Riss (river)">Riß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rot_(Danube)" title="Rot (Danube)">Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarze_Laber" title="Schwarze Laber">Schwarze Laber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vils_(Danube)" title="Vils (Danube)">Vils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6rnitz_(river)" title="Wörnitz (river)">Wörnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zusam" title="Zusam">Zusam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aland_(river)" title="Aland (river)">Aland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bille_(Elbe)" title="Bille (Elbe)">Bille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elster" title="Black Elster">Black Elster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh%C5%99e" title="Ohře">Eger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havel" title="Havel">Havel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmenau_(river)" title="Ilmenau (river)">Ilmenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeetzel" title="Jeetzel">Jeetzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6cknitz_(river)" title="Löcknitz (river)">Löcknitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulde" title="Mulde">Mulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohre" title="Ohre">Ohre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oste" title="Oste">Oste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B6r" title="Stör">Stör</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepenitz_(Elbe)" title="Stepenitz (Elbe)">Stepenitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Feritz" title="Weißeritz">Weißeritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesenitz" title="Wesenitz">Wesenitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eider_(river)" title="Eider (river)">Eider</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treene_(river)" title="Treene (river)">Treene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hase" title="Hase">Hase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acher" title="Acher">Acher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahr" title="Ahr">Ahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elz_(Rhine)" title="Elz (Rhine)">Elz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emscher" title="Emscher">Emscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erft" title="Erft">Erft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinzig_(Rhine)" title="Kinzig (Rhine)">Kinzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauter_(Rhine)" title="Lauter (Rhine)">Lauter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippe_(river)" title="Lippe (river)">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murg_(Northern_Black_Forest)" title="Murg (Northern Black Forest)">Murg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahe_(Rhine)" title="Nahe (Rhine)">Nahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfinz" 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href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008768">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045635">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhine&oldid=1258716787">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhine&oldid=1258716787</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhine" title="Category:Rhine">Rhine</a></li><li><a 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