CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Type (biology) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c0e943bf-a6b7-4abb-bcc1-9aee474a473d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Type_(biology)","wgTitle":"Type (biology)","wgCurRevisionId":1259412279,"wgRevisionId":1259412279,"wgArticleId":533069,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2022","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","Articles containing French-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012", "Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018","Biological concepts","Taxonomy (biology)","Zoological nomenclature","Botanical nomenclature"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Type_(biology)","wgRelevantArticleId":533069,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Type_specimen","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Type_(biology)#Type_specimen", "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3707858","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready" ,"wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg/1200px-Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1022"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg/800px-Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="681"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg/640px-Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="545"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Type (biology) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)#Type_specimen"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)#Type_specimen"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Type_biology rootpage-Type_biology skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Type+%28biology%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Type+%28biology%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Type+%28biology%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Type+%28biology%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Type_specimen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_specimen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Type specimen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_specimen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Older_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Older terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_botany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_botany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In botany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_botany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_zoology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_zoology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In zoology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_zoology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In zoology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_zoology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_type_specimens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_type_specimens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Use of type specimens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_type_specimens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Holotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paratype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paratype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Paratype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paratype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Allotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Neotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Syntype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Lectotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paralectotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paralectotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Paralectotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paralectotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hapantotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hapantotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.8</span> <span>Hapantotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hapantotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.9</span> <span>Iconotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ergatotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergatotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.10</span> <span>Ergatotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergatotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.11</span> <span>Hypotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kleptotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kleptotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.12</span> <span>Kleptotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kleptotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives_to_preserved_specimens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives_to_preserved_specimens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.13</span> <span>Alternatives to preserved specimens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives_to_preserved_specimens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formalisation_of_the_type_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formalisation_of_the_type_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.14</span> <span>Formalisation of the type system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formalisation_of_the_type_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Type species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_genus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_genus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Type genus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_genus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Type (biology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipe_(biologie)" title="Tipe (biologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tipe (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عينة نمطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عينة نمطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipo_nomenclatural" title="Tipo nomenclatural – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tipo nomenclatural" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_nomenclatural" title="Tipu nomenclatural – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tipu nomenclatural" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatur_tipi" title="Nomenklatur tipi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nomenklatur tipi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4%CD%98-sek_(hun-l%C5%ABi-ha%CC%8Dk)" title="Bô͘-sek (hun-lūi-ha̍k) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bô͘-sek (hun-lūi-ha̍k)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тип (таксономия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тип (таксономия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_(biologija)" title="Tip (biologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tip (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipus_nomenclatural" title="Tipus nomenclatural – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tipus nomenclatural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Номенклатура курăмĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Номенклатура курăмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typus_(Nomenklatur)" title="Typus (Nomenklatur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Typus (Nomenklatur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipo_nomenclatural" title="Tipo nomenclatural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tipo nomenclatural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipo_(biologio)" title="Tipo (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tipo (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale_tipo" title="Ale tipo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ale tipo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="نماد (زیست‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نماد (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biologie)" title="Type (biologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Type (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8B%9D" title="모식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipe_(biologi)" title="Tipe (biologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tipe (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typo_biologic" title="Typo biologic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Typo biologic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipo_nomenclaturale" title="Tipo nomenclaturale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tipo nomenclaturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_(%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="טיפוס (ביולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיפוס (ביולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typus_biologicus" title="Typus biologicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Typus biologicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADpusp%C3%A9ld%C3%A1ny" title="Típuspéldány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Típuspéldány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biologie)" title="Type (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Type (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="タイプ (分類学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイプ (分類学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biologi)" title="Type (biologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Type (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_i_biologisk_nomenklatur" title="Type i biologisk nomenklatur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Type i biologisk nomenklatur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typ_nomenklatoryczny" title="Typ nomenklatoryczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Typ nomenklatoryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipo_nomenclatural" title="Tipo nomenclatural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tipo nomenclatural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_(biologie)" title="Tip (biologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tip (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Номенклатурный тип – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Номенклатурный тип" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Type (biology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_(biologija)" title="Tip (biologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tip (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typ_(biologi)" title="Typ (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Typ (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaw_(tasnudert)" title="Anaw (tasnudert) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anaw (tasnudert)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="ต้นแบบ (ชีววิทยา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ต้นแบบ (ชีววิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Номенклатурний тип – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Номенклатурний тип" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3707858#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Type_(biology)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Type_(biology)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Type_(biology)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&oldid=1259412279" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Type_%28biology%29&id=1259412279&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FType_%28biology%29%23Type_specimen"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FType_%28biology%29%23Type_specimen"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Type_%28biology%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3707858" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_specimen&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">Type specimen</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Specimen(s) to which a scientific name is formally attached</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_(Close_up).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg/220px-Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg/330px-Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg/440px-Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="4094" /></a><figcaption>Type specimen for <i><a href="/wiki/Marocaster_coronatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marocaster coronatus">Marocaster coronatus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, a <b>type</b> is a particular <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:specimen" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:specimen">specimen</a> (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> to which the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a>. In older usage (pre-1900 in botany), a type was a taxon rather than a specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchcock_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">set</a> that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">species description</a>) and on the provision of type material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchcock_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Type_specimen">Type specimen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Type specimen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Type specimen" redirects here. For the mineralogy term, see <a href="/wiki/Type_specimen_(mineralogy)" title="Type specimen (mineralogy)">type specimen (mineralogy)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>'s remains constitute the type specimen for <i>Homo sapiens</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to a precise set of rules laid down in the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN) and the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a></i> (ICN), the scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on one particular <i>specimen</i>, or in some cases specimens. Types are of great significance to biologists, especially to <a href="/wiki/Taxonomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomist">taxonomists</a>. Types are usually physical specimens that are kept in a <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">herbarium</a> research collection, but failing that, an image of an individual of that taxon has sometimes been designated as a type.<sup id="cite_ref-MarshallEvenhuis2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarshallEvenhuis2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific nomenclature">scientific nomenclature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha taxonomy">alpha taxonomy</a>. </p><p>When identifying material, a scientist attempts to apply a taxon name to a specimen or group of specimens based on their understanding of the relevant taxa,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> based on (at least) having read the type description(s),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> preferably also based on an examination of all the type material of all of the relevant taxa. If there is more than one named type that all appear to be the same taxon, then the oldest name takes precedence and is considered to be the correct name of the material in hand. If on the other hand, the taxon appears never to have been named at all, then the scientist or another qualified expert picks a type specimen and publishes a new name and an official description.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Depending on the <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_Codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature Codes">nomenclature code</a> applied to the organism in question, a type can be a specimen, a culture, an <a href="/wiki/Biological_illustration" title="Biological illustration">illustration</a>, or (under the bacteriological code) a description. Some codes consider a subordinate taxon to be the type, but under the botanical code, the type is always a specimen or illustration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For example, in the research collection of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> in London, there is a bird specimen numbered 1886.6.24.20. This is a specimen of a kind of bird commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Spotted_harrier" title="Spotted harrier">spotted harrier</a>, which currently bears the scientific name <i>Circus assimilis</i>. This particular specimen is the <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> for that species; the name <i>Circus assimilis</i> refers, by definition, to the species of that particular specimen. That species was named and described by Jardine and Selby in 1828, and the holotype was placed in the museum collection so that other scientists might refer to it as necessary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At least for type specimens there is no requirement for a "typical" individual to be used. <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">Genera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, particularly those established by early taxonomists, tend to be named after species that are more "typical" for them, but here too this is not always the case and due to changes in <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a> <i>cannot</i> be. Hence, the term <a href="/wiki/Name-bearing_type" title="Name-bearing type">name-bearing type</a> or onomatophore is sometimes used, to denote the fact that biological types do not define "typical" individuals or <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a>, but rather fix a scientific name to a specific <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/operational_taxonomic_unit" class="extiw" title="wikt:operational taxonomic unit">operational taxonomic unit</a>. Type specimens are theoretically even allowed to be aberrant or deformed individuals or color variations, though this is rarely chosen to be the case, as it makes it hard to determine to which population the individual belonged.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchcock_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CANBR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANBR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usage of the term <i>type</i> is somewhat complicated by slightly different uses in <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>. In the <i><a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a></i>, type-based definitions are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">phylogenetic definitions</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Older_terminology">Older terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Older terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some older taxonomic works the word "type" has sometimes been used differently. The meaning was similar in the first <i>Laws of Botanical Nomenclature</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has a meaning closer to the term <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> in some other works:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ce seul caractère permet de distinguer ce type de toutes les autres espèces de la section. ... Après avoir étudié ces diverses formes, j'en arrivai à les considérer comme appartenant à un seul et même type spécifique.</i></span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>Translation: This single character permits [one to] distinguish this type from all other species of the section ... After studying the diverse forms, I came to consider them as belonging to the one and the same specific type.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_botany"><span class="anchor" id="botany"></span><span class="anchor" id="Botany"></span>In botany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">botanical nomenclature</a>, a <i>type</i> (<i>typus</i>, <i>nomenclatural type</i>), "is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached." (article 7.2)<sup id="cite_ref-ICN_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In botany, a type is either a specimen or an illustration. A specimen is a real plant (or one or more parts of a plant or a lot of small plants), dead and kept safe, "curated", in a <a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">herbarium</a> (or the equivalent for fungi). Examples of where an illustration may serve as a type include: </p> <ul><li>A detailed drawing, painting, etc., depicting the plant, from the early days of plant taxonomy. A dried plant was difficult to transport and hard to keep safe for the future; many specimens from the early days of botany have since been lost or damaged. Highly skilled botanical artists were sometimes employed by a botanist to make faithful and detailed illustrations. Some such illustrations have become the best record and have been chosen to serve as the type of taxon.</li> <li>A detailed picture of something that can be seen only through a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>. A tiny "plant" on a <a href="/wiki/Microscope_slide" title="Microscope slide">microscope slide</a> makes for a poor type: the microscope slide may be lost or damaged, or it may be very difficult to find the "plant" in question among whatever else is on the microscope slide. An illustration makes for a much more reliable type (Art 37.5 of the <i>Vienna Code</i>, 2006).</li></ul> <p>A type does not determine the <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscription</a> of the taxon. For example, the common <a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a> is a controversial taxon: some botanists consider it to consist of over a hundred species, and others regard it as a single species. The type of the name <i>Taraxacum officinale</i> is the same whether the circumscription of the species includes all those small species (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i> is a "big" species) or whether the circumscription is limited to only one small species among the other hundred (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i> is a "small" species). The name <i>Taraxacum officinale</i> is the same and the type of the name is the same, but the extent to which the name actually applies varies greatly. Setting the circumscription of a taxon is done by a taxonomist in a publication. </p><p>Miscellaneous notes: </p> <ol><li>Only a species or an <a href="/wiki/Infraspecific_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspecific taxon">infraspecific taxon</a> can have a type of its own. For most new <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> (published on or after 1 January 2007, article 37) at these ranks, a type should not be an illustration.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> has the same type as that of one of its <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> (article 10).</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> has the same type as that of one of its <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> (article 10).</li></ol> <p>The <i>ICN</i> provides a listing of the various kinds of types (article 9 and the Glossary),<sup id="cite_ref-ICN_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most important of which is the holotype. These are </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> – the single specimen or illustration that the author(s) clearly indicated to be the nomenclatural type of a name</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Lectotype">lectotype</a> – a specimen or illustration designated from the original material as the nomenclatural type when there was no holotype specified or the holotype has been lost or destroyed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotype (biology)">isotype</a> – a duplicate of the holotype</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntype" title="Syntype">syntype</a> – any specimen (or illustration) cited in the original description when there is no holotype, or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratype" title="Paratype">paratype</a> – any specimen (or illustration) cited in the original description that is not the holotype nor an isotype, nor one of the syntypes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotype">neotype</a> – a specimen or illustration selected to serve as nomenclatural type if no material from the original description is available</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitype" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitype">epitype</a> – a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type, usually when another kind of type does not show the critical features needed for identification</li></ul> <p>The word "type" appears in botanical literature as a part of some older terms that have no status under the <i>ICN</i>: for example a clonotype. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_zoology">In zoology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In zoology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamidesEliotiMUpUnAC1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/JamidesEliotiMUpUnAC1.jpg/250px-JamidesEliotiMUpUnAC1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/JamidesEliotiMUpUnAC1.jpg/375px-JamidesEliotiMUpUnAC1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/JamidesEliotiMUpUnAC1.jpg/500px-JamidesEliotiMUpUnAC1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">gossamer-winged butterfly</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jamides_elioti" title="Jamides elioti">Jamides elioti</a></i>:<br />1) <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsal</a> and 2) ventral aspect of holotype,<br />3) dorsal and 4) ventral aspect of paratype</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">zoological nomenclature</a>, the type of a species or subspecies is a specimen or series of specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A type specimen is a vernacular term (not a formally defined term) typically used for an individual or fossil that is any of the various name-bearing types for a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. For example, the type specimen for the species <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i> was the specimen "Neanderthal-1" discovered by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Karl_Fuhlrott" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Karl Fuhlrott">Johann Karl Fuhlrott</a> in 1856 at Feldhofer in the Neander Valley in Germany, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Calvaria_(skull)" title="Calvaria (skull)">skullcap</a>, thigh bones, part of a pelvis, some ribs, and some arm and shoulder bones. There may be more than one type specimen, but there is (at least in modern times) only one holotype.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Nominal_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal species">nominal species</a> that is the name-bearing type of a nominal <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">subgenus</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a> is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominal_genus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominal genus (page does not exist)">nominal genus</a> that is the name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Type_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Type series">type series</a> are all those specimens included by the author in a taxon's formal description, unless the author explicitly or implicitly excludes them as part of the series.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_type_specimens">Use of type specimens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use of type specimens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mormopterus_acetabulosus_type_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mormopterus_acetabulosus_type_illustration.jpg/220px-Mormopterus_acetabulosus_type_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mormopterus_acetabulosus_type_illustration.jpg/330px-Mormopterus_acetabulosus_type_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mormopterus_acetabulosus_type_illustration.jpg/440px-Mormopterus_acetabulosus_type_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="2303" /></a><figcaption>Type illustration of <i><a href="/wiki/Mormopterus_acetabulosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormopterus acetabulosus">Mormopterus acetabulosus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description, nonetheless, under the formal rules for naming species (the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature), a single type must be designated, as part of the published description.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A type description must include a diagnosis (typically, a discussion of similarities to and differences from closely related species), and an indication of where the type specimen or specimens are deposited for examination. The geographical location where a type specimen was originally found is known as its <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="type_locality"></span><span class="vanchor-text">type locality</span></span></b>. In the case of parasites, the term <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="type_host"></span><span class="vanchor-text">type host</span></span></b> (or symbiotype) is used to indicate the host organism from which the type specimen was obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoological collections are maintained by universities and museums. Ensuring that types are kept in good condition and made available for examination by taxonomists are two important functions of such collections. And, while there is only one <i>holotype</i> designated, there can be other "type" specimens, the following of which are formally defined: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holotype">Holotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Holotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">Holotype</a></div> <p>When a single specimen is clearly designated in the original description, this specimen is known as the <i>holotype</i> of that species.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The holotype is typically placed in a major museum, or similar well-known public collection, so that it is freely available for later examination by other biologists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paratype">Paratype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paratype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paratype" title="Paratype">Paratype</a></div> <p>When the original description designated a holotype, there may be additional specimens that the author designates as additional representatives of the same species, termed paratypes. These are not <a href="/wiki/Name-bearing_type" title="Name-bearing type">name-bearing types</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allotype">Allotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Allotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An allotype is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype, designated from among paratypes. The word was also formerly used for a specimen that shows features not seen in the holotype of a fossil.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is not regulated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">ICZN</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neotype">Neotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A neotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen when an original holotype has been lost or destroyed or where the original author never cited a specimen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syntype">Syntype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syntype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syntype" title="Syntype">Syntype</a></div> <p>A syntype is any one of two or more specimens that is listed in a species description where no holotype was designated; historically, syntypes were often explicitly designated as such, and under the present ICZN this is a requirement, but modern attempts to publish species description based on syntypes are generally frowned upon by practicing taxonomists, and most are gradually being replaced by lectotypes. Those that still exist are still considered name-bearing types.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lectotype">Lectotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lectotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lectotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen for species originally described from a set of <a href="/wiki/Syntype" title="Syntype">syntypes</a>. In zoology, a lectotype is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Name-bearing_type" title="Name-bearing type">name-bearing type</a>. When a species was originally described on the basis of a name-bearing type consisting of multiple specimens, one of those may be designated as the lectotype. Having a single name-bearing type reduces the potential for confusion, especially considering that it is not uncommon for a series of syntypes to contain specimens of more than one species. </p><p>Formally, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> is the lectotype for <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>, designated in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published the first book considered to be part of taxonomical nomenclature, the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, which included the first description of <i>Homo sapiens</i> and determined all valid syntypes for the species.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crucially, in 1959, Professor William Stearne wrote in a passing remark on Linnaeus's contributions, "Linnaeus himself, must stand as the type of his <i>Homo sapiens.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He justified his choice by noting that the specimen that Linnaeus, who wrote his own autobiography five times, had most studied was probably himself.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sufficiently and correctly designated Linnaeus to be the lectotype for <i>Homo sapiens</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Cope</a> is the lectotype for <i>Homo sapiens</i>, based on the 1994 reporting by Louie Psihoyos of an unpublished proposal by Bob Bakker to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this designation is invalid both because Edward Cope was not one of the specimens described in Systema Naturae 10th Ed., and therefore not being a syntype is not eligible, and because Stearne's designation in 1959 has seniority and invalidates future designations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paralectotype">Paralectotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Paralectotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A paralectotype is any additional specimen from among a set of syntypes after a lectotype has been designated from among them. These are not name-bearing types.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hapantotype">Hapantotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hapantotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A special case in <a href="/wiki/Protistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protistan">Protistans</a> where the type consists of two or more specimens of "directly related individuals" within a preparation medium such as a blood smear. The terms <b>parahapantotype</b> and <b>lectohapantotype</b> refer to type preparations additional to the hapantotype and designated by the describing author.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other type designations the use of the prefix "Neo-", such as <b>Neohapantotype</b>, is employed when a replacement for the original hapantotype is designated, or when an original description did not include a designated type specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-Hapanto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hapanto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iconotype">Iconotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iconotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An illustration on which a new species or subspecies was based. For instance, the Burmese python, <i><a href="/wiki/Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Python bivittatus</a>,</i> is one of many species that are based on illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Seba" title="Albertus Seba">Albertus Seba</a> (1734).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ergatotype">Ergatotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ergatotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An ergatotype is a specimen selected to represent a worker member in <a href="/wiki/Hymenopteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenopteran">hymenopterans</a> which have polymorphic castes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth2010_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypotype">Hypotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hypotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hypotype" redirects here. For the moth, see <a href="/wiki/Hypotype_(genus)" title="Hypotype (genus)">Hypotype (genus)</a>.</div> <p>A hypotype is a specimen whose details have previously been published that is used in a supplementary figure or description of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-babel_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kleptotype">Kleptotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kleptotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kleptotype" title="Kleptotype">Kleptotype</a></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Kleptotype" title="Kleptotype">kleptotype</a>" informally refers to a type specimen or a part of it that has been stolen, or improperly relocated.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_&_Timm,_1976_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_&_Timm,_1976-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glime_et_al.,_2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glime_et_al.,_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternatives_to_preserved_specimens">Alternatives to preserved specimens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alternatives to preserved specimens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type illustrations have also been used by zoologists, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_parakeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Réunion parakeet">Réunion parakeet</a>, which is known only from historical illustrations and descriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p><p>Recently, some species have been described where the type specimen was released alive back into the wild, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bulo_Burti_boubou" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulo Burti boubou">Bulo Burti boubou</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Bushshrike" title="Bushshrike">bushshrike</a>), described as <i>Laniarius liberatus</i>, in which the species description included DNA sequences from blood and feather samples. Assuming there is no future question as to the status of such a species, the absence of a type specimen does not invalidate the name, but it may be necessary for the future to designate a neotype for such a taxon, should any questions arise. However, in the case of the bushshrike, ornithologists have argued that the specimen was a rare and hitherto unknown <a href="/wiki/Morph_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morph (zoology)">color morph</a> of a long-known species, using only the available blood and feather samples. While there is still some debate on the need to deposit actual killed individuals as type specimens, it can be observed that given proper vouchering and storage, tissue samples can be just as valuable should dispute about the validity of a species arise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formalisation_of_the_type_system">Formalisation of the type system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Formalisation of the type system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various types listed above are necessary<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> because many species were described one or two centuries ago, when a single type specimen, a holotype, was often not designated. Also, types were not always carefully preserved, and intervening events such as wars and fires have resulted in the destruction of the original type material. The validity of a species name often rests upon the availability of original type specimens; or, if the type cannot be found, or one has never existed, upon the clarity of the description. </p><p>The ICZN has existed only since 1961 when the first edition of the Code was published. The ICZN does not always demand a type specimen for the historical validity of a species, and many "type-less" species do exist. The current edition of the Code, Article 75.3, prohibits the designation of a <a href="/wiki/Neotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotype">neotype</a> unless there is "an exceptional need" for "clarifying the taxonomic status" of a species (Article 75.2). </p><p>There are many other permutations and variations on terms using the suffix "-type" (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Allotype_(nomenclature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotype (nomenclature)">allotype</a>, cotype, <b>topotype</b>, <a href="/wiki/Generitype" class="mw-redirect" title="Generitype">generitype</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isotype_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotype (biology)">isotype</a>, isoneotype, isolectotype, etc.) but these are not formally regulated by the Code, and a great many are obsolete and/or idiosyncratic. However, some of these categories can potentially apply to genuine type specimens, such as a neotype; e.g., isotypic/topotypic specimens are preferred to other specimens, when they are available at the time a neotype is chosen (because they are from the same time and/or place as the original type).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A topotype is a specimen that was obtained from the same location that the original type specimen came from.<sup id="cite_ref-topotype_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-topotype-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term fixation is used by the Code for the declaration of a name-bearing type, whether by original or subsequent designation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_species">Type species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Type species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bufo_bufo_(Marek_Szczepanek).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bufo_bufo_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/220px-Bufo_bufo_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bufo_bufo_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/330px-Bufo_bufo_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bufo_bufo_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/440px-Bufo_bufo_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Common_toad" title="Common toad">common toad</a>, <i>Bufo bufo</i> described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, is the type species for the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bufo" title="Bufo">Bufo</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Each genus must have a designated type species (the term "genotype" was once used for this but has been abandoned because the word has become much better known as the term for <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">a different concept</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>). The description of a genus is usually based primarily on its type species, modified and expanded by the features of other included species. The generic name is permanently associated with the name-bearing type of its type species.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ideally, a type species best exemplifies the essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs, but this is subjective and, ultimately, technically irrelevant, as it is not a requirement of the Code. If the type species proves, upon closer examination, to belong to a pre-existing genus (a common occurrence), then all of the constituent species must be either moved into the pre-existing genus or disassociated from the original type species and given a new generic name; the old generic name passes into synonymy and is abandoned unless there is a pressing need to make an exception (decided case-by-case, via petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_genus">Type genus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Type genus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a></div> <p>A type genus is a genus from which the name of a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> or subfamily is formed. As with type species, the type genus is not necessarily the most representative but is usually the earliest described, largest or best-known genus. It is not uncommon for the name of a family to be based upon the name of a type genus that has passed into synonymy; the family name does not need to be changed in such a situation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Glossary of scientific naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">Nomen dubium</a> (zoology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nudum" title="Nomen nudum">Nomen nudum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetypes" title="Genetypes">Genetypes</a> – genetic sequence data from type specimens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathotype">Pathotype</a> – a type of intrasubspecific taxon of pathogenic bacteria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typification" title="Principle of typification">Principle of typification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hitchcock-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchcock_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchcock_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchcock_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock,_A.S.1921" class="citation cs2">Hitchcock, A.S. (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/314424">"The Type Concept in Systematic Botany"</a>, <i>American Journal of Botany</i>, <b>8</b> (5): 251–255, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2434993">10.2307/2434993</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2434993">2434993</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=The+Type+Concept+in+Systematic+Botany&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=251-255&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2434993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2434993%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hitchcock%2C+A.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F314424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson" class="citation web cs1">Nicholson, Dan H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botany.si.edu/references/botlinks/dhntyp.htm">"Botanical nomenclature, types, & standard reference works"</a>. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Botanical+nomenclature%2C+types%2C+%26+standard+reference+works&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Museum+of+Natural+History%2C+Department+of+Botany&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Dan+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbotany.si.edu%2Freferences%2Fbotlinks%2Fdhntyp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarshallEvenhuis2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarshallEvenhuis2015_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallEvenhuis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Stephen A.; Evenhuis, Neal L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4607853">"New species without dead bodies: a case for photo-based descriptions, illustrated by a striking new species of <i>Marleyimyia</i> Hesse (Diptera, Bombyliidae) from South Africa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZooKeys" title="ZooKeys">ZooKeys</a></i> (525): 117–127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ZooK..525..117M">2015ZooK..525..117M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.525.6143">10.3897/zookeys.525.6143</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970">1313-2970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4607853">4607853</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26487819">26487819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZooKeys&rft.atitle=New+species+without+dead+bodies%3A+a+case+for+photo-based+descriptions%2C+illustrated+by+a+striking+new+species+of+Marleyimyia+Hesse+%28Diptera%2C+Bombyliidae%29+from+South+Africa&rft.issue=525&rft.pages=117-127&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4607853%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ZooK..525..117M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26487819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fzookeys.525.6143&rft.issn=1313-2970&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=Evenhuis%2C+Neal+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4607853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CANBR-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CANBR_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpbr.gov.au/chah/avh/help/names/">"Plant names – a basic introduction"</a>. Australian National Botanic Gardens, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+names+%E2%80%93+a+basic+introduction&rft.pub=Australian+National+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Centre+for+Australian+National+Biodiversity+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpbr.gov.au%2Fchah%2Favh%2Fhelp%2Fnames%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Candolle,_A.P.1867" class="citation book cs1">de Candolle, A.P. (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-QkAAAAYAAJ"><i>Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique tenu à Paris en août 1867 suivies d'une deuxième édition de l'introduction historique et du commentaire qui accompagnaient la rédaction préparatoire présentée à la congrès</i></a>. Genève et Bale: J.-B. Baillière et fils.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lois+de+la+nomenclature+botanique+adopt%C3%A9es+par+le+Congr%C3%A8s+International+de+Botanique+tenu+%C3%A0+Paris+en+ao%C3%BBt+1867+suivies+d%27une+deuxi%C3%A8me+%C3%A9dition+de+l%27introduction+historique+et+du+commentaire+qui+accompagnaient+la+r%C3%A9daction+pr%C3%A9paratoire+pr%C3%A9sent%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+la+congr%C3%A8s&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve+et+Bale&rft.pub=J.-B.+Bailli%C3%A8re+et+fils&rft.date=1867&rft.au=de+Candolle%2C+A.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-QkAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeddell1868" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Weddell (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924001723604">"Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle, Translated from the French; Reprinted from the English translation published by L. Reeve and Co., London, 1868 (with three-page commentary by Asa Gray)"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Science and Arts</i>. Series II, Volume 46 (63–74, 75–77).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Science+and+Arts&rft.atitle=Laws+of+Botanical+Nomenclature+adopted+by+the+International+Botanical+Congress+held+at+Paris+in+August+1867%3B+together+with+an+Historical+Introduction+and+Commentary+by+Alphonse+de+Candolle%2C+Translated+from+the+French%3B+Reprinted+from+the+English+translation+published+by+L.+Reeve+and+Co.%2C+London%2C+1868+%28with+three-page+commentary+by+Asa+Gray%29&rft.volume=Series+II%2C+Volume+46&rft.issue=63%E2%80%9374%2C+75%E2%80%9377&rft.date=1868&rft.au=Weddell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924001723604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrépin,_F.1886" class="citation journal cs1">Crépin, F. (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22484#page/537/mode/1up">"Rosa Synstylae: études sur les roses de la section Synstyleés"</a>. <i>Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique</i>. <b>25</b> (2: Comptes-redus des séances de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique): 163–217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Royale+de+Botanique+de+Belgique&rft.atitle=Rosa+Synstylae%3A+%C3%A9tudes+sur+les+roses+de+la+section+Synstyle%C3%A9s&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2%3A+Comptes-redus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Royale+de+Botanique+de+Belgique&rft.pages=163-217&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Cr%C3%A9pin%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F22484%23page%2F537%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICN-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICN_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICN_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill,_J.Barrie,_F.R.Buck,_W.R.Demoulin,_V.2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title"><i>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011</i></a>. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-425-6"><bdi>978-3-87429-425-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants+%28Melbourne+Code%29+adopted+by+the+Eighteenth+International+Botanical+Congress+Melbourne%2C+Australia%2C+July+2011&rft.pub=A.R.G.+Gantner+Verlag+KG&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-87429-425-6&rft.au=McNeill%2C+J.&rft.au=Barrie%2C+F.R.&rft.au=Buck%2C+W.R.&rft.au=Demoulin%2C+V.&rft.au=Greuter%2C+W.&rft.au=Hawksworth%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Herendeen%2C+P.S.&rft.au=Knapp%2C+S.&rft.au=Marhold%2C+K.&rft.au=Prado%2C+J.&rft.au=Prud%27homme+Van+Reine%2C+W.F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.F.&rft.au=Wiersema%2C+J.H.&rft.au=Turland%2C+N.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fmain.php%3Fpage%3Dtitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey,_Jennifer_K.Yates,_Terry_L.Duszynski,_Donald_W.Gannon,_William_L.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Frey, Jennifer K.; Yates, Terry L.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Gannon, William L. & Gardner, Scott L. (1992). "Designation and Curatorial Management of Type Host Specimens (Symbiotypes) for New Parasite Species". <i>The Journal of Parasitology</i>. <b>78</b> (5): 930–993. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3283335">10.2307/3283335</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3283335">3283335</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82003952">82003952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Parasitology&rft.atitle=Designation+and+Curatorial+Management+of+Type+Host+Specimens+%28Symbiotypes%29+for+New+Parasite+Species&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=930-993&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82003952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3283335%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3283335&rft.au=Frey%2C+Jennifer+K.&rft.au=Yates%2C+Terry+L.&rft.au=Duszynski%2C+Donald+W.&rft.au=Gannon%2C+William+L.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Scott+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-code-online/?article=75&nfv=">"The Code Online | International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature"</a>. <i>www.iczn.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iczn.org&rft.atitle=The+Code+Online+%26%23124%3B+International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iczn.org%2Fthe-code%2Fthe-code-online%2F%3Farticle%3D75%26nfv%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawksworth2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth2010_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth2010_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawksworth2010" class="citation book cs1">Hawksworth, D.L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qky7_6-UcQQC&q=ergatotype&pg=PA70"><i>Terms Used in Bionomenclature. The naming of organisms (and plant communities)</i></a>. Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-92020-09-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-92020-09-3"><bdi>978-87-92020-09-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terms+Used+in+Bionomenclature.+The+naming+of+organisms+%28and+plant+communities%29&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Global+Biodiversity+Information+Facility&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-87-92020-09-3&rft.aulast=Hawksworth&rft.aufirst=D.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQky7_6-UcQQC%26q%3Dergatotype%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100536/https://www.iczn.org/content/who-type-homo-sapiens">"Who is the type of Homo sapiens?"</a>. <i>International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iczn.org/content/who-type-homo-sapiens">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+type+of+Homo+sapiens%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iczn.org%2Fcontent%2Fwho-type-homo-sapiens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpamer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Spamer, Earle E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4065043">"Know Thyself: Responsible Science and the Lectotype of Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia</i>. <b>149</b>: 109–114. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-3157">0097-3157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4065043">4065043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Academy+of+Natural+Sciences+of+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Know+Thyself%3A+Responsible+Science+and+the+Lectotype+of+Homo+sapiens+Linnaeus%2C+1758&rft.volume=149&rft.pages=109-114&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4065043%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0097-3157&rft.aulast=Spamer&rft.aufirst=Earle+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4065043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearn1959" class="citation journal cs1">Stearn, W. T. (1 March 1959). "The Background of Linnaeus's Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology". <i>Systematic Biology</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 4–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fsysbio%2F8.1.4">10.2307/sysbio/8.1.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1063-5157">1063-5157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Background+of+Linnaeus%27s+Contributions+to+the+Nomenclature+and+Methods+of+Systematic+Biology&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-22&rft.date=1959-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fsysbio%2F8.1.4&rft.issn=1063-5157&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpamer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Spamer, Earle E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4065043">"Know Thyself: Responsible Science and the Lectotype of Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia</i>. <b>149</b>: 109–114. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-3157">0097-3157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4065043">4065043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Academy+of+Natural+Sciences+of+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Know+Thyself%3A+Responsible+Science+and+the+Lectotype+of+Homo+sapiens+Linnaeus%2C+1758&rft.volume=149&rft.pages=109-114&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4065043%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0097-3157&rft.aulast=Spamer&rft.aufirst=Earle+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4065043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen,_Hans_V.Seberg,_Ole1984" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Hans V.; Seberg, Ole (1984). "Paralectotype, a new type term in botany". <i>Taxon</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 707–711. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1220790">10.2307/1220790</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1220790">1220790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Paralectotype%2C+a+new+type+term+in+botany&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=707-711&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1220790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1220790%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Hans+V.&rft.au=Seberg%2C+Ole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishop-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop1989" class="citation thesis cs1">Bishop, M. A. W. (1989). "introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.library.mun.ca/4093/1/Bishop_MadonnaAnneWhiteway.pdf"><i>A taxonomic study of the Haemoproteidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina) of the Avian order Strigiformes</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctorate thesis). Memorial University of Newfound land. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+taxonomic+study+of+the+Haemoproteidae+%28Apicomplexa%3A+Haemosporina%29+of+the+Avian+order+Strigiformes&rft.degree=Doctorate&rft.inst=Memorial+University+of+Newfound+land&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.library.mun.ca%2F4093%2F1%2FBishop_MadonnaAnneWhiteway.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hapanto-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hapanto_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirceBennett1992" class="citation journal cs1">Peirce, M. A.; Bennett, G. F. (1992). "Neohapantotype and paraneohapantotypes of <i>Haemoproteus passeris</i> Kruse, 1890". <i>Journal of Natural History</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 689–690. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JNatH..26..689P">1992JNatH..26..689P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222939200770431">10.1080/00222939200770431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Neohapantotype+and+paraneohapantotypes+of+Haemoproteus+passeris+Kruse%2C+1890&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=689-690&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00222939200770431&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JNatH..26..689P&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+G.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeba1734" class="citation book cs1">Seba, Albertus (1734). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/62760#/summary"><i>Locupletissimi Rerum naturalium Thesauri accurata Descriptio, et Iconibus artificiosissimus Expressio, per universam Physices Historiam. Opus, cui in hoc Rerum Genere, nullum par exstitit</i></a>. Amsterdam: Janssonio-Waesbergios.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locupletissimi+Rerum+naturalium+Thesauri+accurata+Descriptio%2C+et+Iconibus+artificiosissimus+Expressio%2C+per+universam+Physices+Historiam.+Opus%2C+cui+in+hoc+Rerum+Genere%2C+nullum+par+exstitit.&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Janssonio-Waesbergios&rft.date=1734&rft.aulast=Seba&rft.aufirst=Albertus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F62760%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bauer, Aaron M. (2002). "Albertus Seba, Cabinet of Natural Curiosities. The Complete Plates in Colour, 1734–1765. 2001". <i>International Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology</i>. <b>3</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Society+for+the+History+and+Bibliography+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=Albertus+Seba%2C+Cabinet+of+Natural+Curiosities.+The+Complete+Plates+in+Colour%2C+1734%E2%80%931765.+2001.&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Aaron+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-babel-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-babel_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://micropal-basel.unibas.ch/Colls_NMB/GENERALS/COMTYPES.HTML">"Compendium of Types"</a>. University of Basel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Types&rft.pub=University+of+Basel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicropal-basel.unibas.ch%2FColls_NMB%2FGENERALS%2FCOMTYPES.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_&_Timm,_1976-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_&_Timm,_1976_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, N. T., & Timm, R. M. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25009013.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Af7f39bf9abd25ee2072d7f5490117edf&ab_segments=&origin=&acceptTC=1">"Modern type concepts in entomology."</a> Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 201-205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glime_et_al.,_2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glime_et_al.,_2013_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glime, J. M., & Wagner, D. H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=bryophyte-ecology3">"Herbarium methods and exchanges."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleptotype. (n.d.). Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://en_ichthyology.en-academic.com/9763/kleptotype">https://en_ichthyology.en-academic.com/9763/kleptotype</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bionomenclature.net/documents/NOMGLOSS_2010_FINAL.pdf">"Terms Used in Bionomenclature: The Naming of Organisms and Plant Communities : Including Terms Used in Botanical, Cultivated Plant, Phylogenetic, Phytosociological, Prokaryote (bacteriological), Virus, and Zoological Nomenclature."</a> (2010). United Kingdom: Global Biodiversity Information Facility.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hume, Julian Pender (25 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Hume-Mascarene-Parrots.pdf">"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>1513</b> (1513): 1–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1513.1.1">10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334">1175-5334</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Reappraisal+of+the+parrots+%28Aves%3A+Psittacidae%29+from+the+Mascarene+Islands%2C+with+comments+on+their+ecology%2C+morphology%2C+and+affinities&rft.volume=1513&rft.issue=1513&rft.pages=1-76&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1513.1.1&rft.issn=1175-5334&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Julian+Pender&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjulianhume.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F07%2FHume-Mascarene-Parrots.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-topotype-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-topotype_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topotype#:~:text=noun,the%20original%20type%20was%20obtained">"Topotype Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Topotype+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftopotype%23%3A~%3Atext%3Dnoun%2Cthe%2520original%2520type%2520was%2520obtained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>ICZN Code</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iczn.org/">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a>, the official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050523194453/http://filaman.uni-kiel.de/LarvalBase/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=type%20species">Fishbase</a> Glossary section (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151620/http://pages.unibas.ch/museum/microfossils/Colls_NMB/GENERALS/COMTYPES.HTML">A compendium of terms</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/publications/pdf/bm-tp41.pdf">Zoological Type Nomenclature (Evenhuis)</a> (PDF)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&oldid=1259412279#Type_specimen">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&oldid=1259412279#Type_specimen</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biological_concepts" title="Category:Biological concepts">Biological concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Category:Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zoological_nomenclature" title="Category:Zoological nomenclature">Zoological nomenclature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Botanical_nomenclature" title="Category:Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 00:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Type_specimen" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-c5gcc","wgBackendResponseTime":209,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.685","walltime":"0.903","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5559,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":94872,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11784,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":94603,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 810.476 1 -total"," 28.40% 230.141 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.77% 135.932 1 Template:Lang"," 14.46% 117.196 18 Template:Fix"," 13.35% 108.160 1 Template:Short_description"," 13.07% 105.966 13 Template:Cn"," 9.82% 79.565 1 Template:Citation"," 8.03% 65.111 38 Template:Category_handler"," 7.17% 58.130 22 Template:Main_other"," 6.89% 55.871 11 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.418","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14590951,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-g6sd7","timestamp":"20241125004545","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Type (biology)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_(biology)#Type_specimen","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3707858","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3707858","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-17T18:10:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T00:45:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/Marocaster_coronatus_MHNT.PAL.2010.2.2_%28Close_up%29.jpg","headline":"anchoring point (of a name) in taxonomy"}</script> </body> </html>