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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Major players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>French alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beginning of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_weaknesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_army_in_world_war_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Russian_army_in_world_war_1.jpg/250px-Russian_army_in_world_war_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Russian_army_in_world_war_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Russian troops in the trenches at the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWIchartX.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WWIchartX.svg/350px-WWIchartX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WWIchartX.svg/525px-WWIchartX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WWIchartX.svg/700px-WWIchartX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>European diplomatic alignments shortly before the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>'s entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> unfolded gradually in the days leading up to July 28, 1914. The sequence of events began with <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>'s declaration of war on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, a Russian ally. In response, Russia issued an ultimatum to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> via <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, warning <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> against attacking Serbia. As the conflict escalated with the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">invasion of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> commenced mobilizing its <a href="/wiki/Reserve_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve army">reserve army</a> along the border of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. Consequently, on July 31, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> demanded that Russia demobilize. When Russia did not comply, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914. According to its <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">war plan</a>, Germany prioritized its offensive against <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, declaring war on August 3. Germany deployed its main armies through <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> with the aim of encircling <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. The imminent threat to Belgium prompted <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> to declare war on Germany on August 4.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> subsequently joined the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> by conducting the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea Raid</a> and engaged in warfare against Russia along their shared border at the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians studying the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">causes of World War I</a> have often highlighted the roles of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, while downplaying <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>'s contribution to the outbreak of this global conflict. The prevailing scholarly view has focused on <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Russia–Serbia relations">Russia's defense of Orthodox Serbia</a>, its pan-Slavic aspirations, its treaty commitments with France, and its efforts to maintain its status as a major world power. However, historian <a href="/wiki/Sean_McMeekin" title="Sean McMeekin">Sean McMeekin</a> emphasizes Russia's ambitions to expand its empire southward and to capture <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) as a gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McMeekin2-5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMeekin2-5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>, the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Serbs">Bosnian Serbs</a> on June 28, 1914, in response to Austria-Hungary's annexation of the predominantly Slavic province. Although Austria-Hungary could not conclusively prove that the Serbian state had sponsored the assassination, it issued an ultimatum to Serbia during the <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> one month later, expecting it to be rejected and thus leading to war. Austria-Hungary considered Serbia deserving of punishment for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. </p><p>While Russia had no formal treaty obligation to Serbia, it emphasized its interest in controlling the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, viewing it as a long-term strategic goal to gain a military advantage over Germany and Austria-Hungary. Russia was initially inclined to delay militarization, and most Russian leaders sought to avoid war. However, Russia had secured French support and feared that a failure to defend Serbia would damage its credibility, constituting a significant political setback in its Balkan ambitions. Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> ordered the mobilization of Russian forces on July 30, 1914, to deter Austria-Hungary from invading Serbia. Historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clark" title="Christopher Clark">Christopher Clark</a> views the "Russian general mobilization [of July 30] as one of the most critical decisions of the <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a>." The first general mobilization occurred before the German government declared a state of imminent war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2013509_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013509-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia's warnings to Germany led to military action by German forces, which carried out their mobilization and declared war on August 1, 1914. At the start of the conflict, Russian forces launched offensives against Germany and Austria-Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln198623–59_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln198623–59-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_poster_WWI_083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Russian_poster_WWI_083.jpg/250px-Russian_poster_WWI_083.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Russian_poster_WWI_083.jpg/330px-Russian_poster_WWI_083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Russian_poster_WWI_083.jpg/500px-Russian_poster_WWI_083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="2513" /></a><figcaption>A Russian recruiting poster. Caption reads: "World on Fire; <a href="/wiki/Second_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Patriotic War">Second Patriotic War</a>."</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1873 and 1887, Russia was allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a>, and later with Germany in the 1887–1890 <a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a>. Both alliances collapsed due to the conflicting interests of Austria-Hungary and Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. France capitalized on this situation by forming the 1894 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a>, while Britain viewed Russia with suspicion because of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>. In 1800, there was over 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) separating Russia and <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a>, but by 1902, this distance had decreased to 30 kilometers (19 mi) due to Russian advances into Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proximity raised the risk of conflict between the two powers, compounded by Russia's longstanding goal of gaining control of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosporus Straits">Bosporus Straits</a>, which would provide access to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> dominated by Britain. </p><p>Britain's isolation during the 1899–1902 <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> and Russia's defeat in the 1905 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> prompted both countries to seek allies. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> of 1907 resolved disputes in Asia and paved the way for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> with France, although this alliance was largely informal. In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed the former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, leading to the Russian-backed formation of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a> aimed at preventing further Austrian expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowell191594_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowell191594-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1912–1913 <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> seized most of the remaining Ottoman territories in Europe. Disagreements over their partition led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>, where Bulgaria suffered a decisive defeat at the hands of its former allies. This defeat transformed Bulgaria into a resentful regional power, setting the stage for renewed attempts to achieve its national goals. As a result, Serbia emerged as the primary Russian ally in the region. </p><p>Russia's industrial base and railway network had significantly improved since 1905, albeit from a relatively low starting point.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> expanded the Russian army to over 500,000 men. Although there was no formal alliance between Russia and Serbia, their close bilateral ties provided Russia with a pathway into the weakening Ottoman Empire, where Germany also had significant interests. Coupled with the increase in Russian military capabilities, Austria-Hungary and Germany perceived Serbia's expansion as a threat. When <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia</a> on July 28, 1914, Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergei Sazonov</a> interpreted it as part of an Austro-German plot to diminish Russian influence in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJelavich2004262_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelavich2004262-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 30, Russia announced a general mobilization in support of Serbia. The following day, on August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia, followed by Austria-Hungary on August 6. Russia and the Entente declared war on the Ottoman Empire in November 1914, prompted by Ottoman warships bombarding the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> in late October.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_players">Major players</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many historians agree that Russia's top military leadership was generally regarded as incompetent. <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas II">Tsar Nicholas II</a> made all final decisions but often received conflicting advice from his advisors, leading to flawed decision-making throughout his reign. He established an organizational structure that proved inadequate for the high pressures and immediate demands of wartime. British historian <a href="/wiki/David_Stevenson_(historian)" title="David Stevenson (historian)">David Stevenson</a>, for instance, highlights the "disastrous consequences of deficient civil-military liaison," where civilians and generals lacked communication. The government was unaware of its fatal weaknesses and remained disconnected from public opinion. The Foreign Minister had to warn Nicholas that "unless he yielded to the popular demand and took up arms in support of Serbia, he would risk facing revolution and losing his throne."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nicholas yielded but ultimately lost his throne. Stevenson concludes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Russian decision-making in July 1914 was more truly a tragedy of miscalculation... a policy of deterrence that failed to deter. Yet, like <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, it too rested on the assumption that war was possible without domestic breakdown and that it could be waged with a reasonable prospect of success. Russia was more vulnerable to social upheaval than any other power. Its socialists were more estranged from the existing order than those elsewhere in Europe, and a strike wave among the industrial workforce reached a crescendo with the general stoppage in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> in July 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson198831–32_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson198831–32-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pal%C3%A9ologue" title="Maurice Paléologue">Maurice Paléologue</a> quickly gained influence by repeatedly pledging that France would go to war alongside Russia, aligning with President <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a>'s position.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serious planning for a future war was practically unattainable due to the intricate rivalries and preferences afforded to royalty. The primary criteria for high command were ties to royalty rather than expertise. While the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a> possessed expertise, it was often overshadowed by the elite <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Guard" title="Russian Imperial Guard">Imperial Guards</a>, a favored stronghold of the aristocracy that prioritized ceremonial parades over strategic military planning. Consequently, the grand dukes inevitably ascended to high command positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatrell2015674–677_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatrell2015674–677-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_alliance">French alliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russia relied heavily on the French alliance, as Germany would face greater challenges in a <a href="/wiki/Two-front_war" title="Two-front war">two-front war</a> compared to a conflict with Russia alone. French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pal%C3%A9ologue" title="Maurice Paléologue">Maurice Paléologue</a> harbored deep antipathy toward <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and believed that when war broke out, France and Russia had to be staunch allies against Germany. His stance aligned with that of French President <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a>. France pledged unconditional support to Russia in the unfolding crisis with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Historians debate whether Paléologue exceeded his instructions, but there is consensus that he failed to provide <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> with precise information, neglecting to warn that Russian mobilization could precipitate a world war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2004121–122_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2004121–122-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2013435–450,_480–484_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013435–450,_480–484-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay1930443–446Vol._II_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1930443–446Vol._II-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_the_war">Beginning of the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginning of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 28, 1914, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassinated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, triggering a period of indecision for <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas II">Tsar Nicholas II</a> regarding Russia's course of action. A relatively new factor influencing Russian policy was the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a>, which emphasized Russia's responsibility to all <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, particularly those threatened by Austria-Hungary. This shift in focus redirected attention from the Ottoman Empire to the perceived threat posed by Austria-Hungary against Slavic peoples. Serbia positioned itself as the champion of the Pan-Slavic ideal, while Austria-Hungary aimed to crush Serbia for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas was inclined to defend Serbia but was reluctant to engage in war with Germany. In a series of letters exchanged with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Kaiser Wilhelm</a> of Germany (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Willy%E2%80%93Nicky_correspondence" title="Willy–Nicky correspondence">Willy–Nicky correspondence</a>"), both cousins expressed their desire for peace and attempted to persuade the other to relent. Nicholas sought to limit Russia's mobilization to confront only Austria-Hungary in order to avoid a conflict with Germany. However, the Kaiser had pledged to support Austria-Hungary. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43302,_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._und_Zar_Nikolaus_II..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43302%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._und_Zar_Nikolaus_II..jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43302%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._und_Zar_Nikolaus_II..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43302%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._und_Zar_Nikolaus_II..jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43302%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._und_Zar_Nikolaus_II..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43302%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._und_Zar_Nikolaus_II..jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43302%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._und_Zar_Nikolaus_II..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1741" /></a><figcaption>Nicky (Tsar Nicholas II) (right) with Willy (Kaiser Wilhelm) in 1905. Nicholas is wearing a German Army uniform, and Wilhelm is wearing that of a Russian hussar regiment.</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 25, 1914, Nicholas decided to intervene in the Austro-Serbian conflict, a move that escalated the situation towards a general war. He placed the Russian army on "alert" on July 25, although it was not a full-scale mobilization. This action raised concerns along the German and Austro-Hungarian borders, appearing as military preparations for war. However, the Russian Army had few viable plans and no contingency plans for a partial mobilization. On July 30, 1914, Nicholas took the momentous step of confirming the order for a general mobilization, despite his strong reluctance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 28, Austria-Hungary officially declared war on Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan200385_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan200385-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Count_Witte" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Witte">Count Witte</a> conveyed to the French Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pal%C3%A9ologue" title="Maurice Paléologue">Maurice Palaeologus</a> that the Russian perspective viewed the war as madness, dismissed Slavic solidarity as mere nonsense, and saw no potential benefits from engaging in war.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_prisoners_tannenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Russian_prisoners_tannenberg.jpg/280px-Russian_prisoners_tannenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Russian_prisoners_tannenberg.jpg/420px-Russian_prisoners_tannenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Russian_prisoners_tannenberg.jpg/560px-Russian_prisoners_tannenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Russian prisoners at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tannenberg (1914)">Battle of Tannenberg</a> where German forces annihilated the Russian Second Army.</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 30, Russia ordered a general mobilization but stated that it would not initiate an attack if peace negotiations commenced. In response to the discovery of Russian partial mobilization, which had been ordered on July 25, Germany announced a state of pre-mobilization, citing the imminent threat of war. Germany demanded that Russia demobilize within twelve hours. When the German ultimatum to Russia expired at 7 p.m. in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, the German ambassador to Russia met with Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergei Sazonov</a>. Despite being asked three times if Russia would reconsider, the ambassador delivered a note accepting Russia's challenge to war, leading to Germany declaring war on Russia on August 1. On August 6, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> signed the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war against Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the onset of the war, each European power started releasing curated, and at times misleading, collections of diplomatic correspondence. These publications aimed to justify their own entry into the war while attributing blame to other parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwig-2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwig-2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these <a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">compilations</a> was the <a href="/wiki/German_White_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="German White Book">German White Book</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-von_Mach-1916_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von_Mach-1916-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> released on August 4, 1914, the same day as Britain's declaration of war.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitt-1937_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt-1937-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1937_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1937-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Blue_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="British Blue Book">British Blue Book</a> was published two days later,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orange_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orange Book">Russian Orange Book</a> in mid-August.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitt-1937_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt-1937-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_weaknesses">Military weaknesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military weaknesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The outbreak of war on August 1, 1914, caught Russia severely unprepared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildman1980_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildman1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies relied heavily on the Russian army, which had a pre-war regular strength of 1,400,000 and added 3,100,000 reserves through mobilization. However, Russia was ill-equipped in other aspects for the war effort. Germany had ten times as much railway track per square kilometer, resulting in Russian soldiers traveling an average of 1,290 kilometers (800 mi) to reach the front, while German soldiers traveled less than a quarter of that distance. Russia's heavy industry was insufficient to equip the massive armies that the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> could mobilize, and its munitions reserves were limited. While the German army in 1914 was better equipped than any other on a per-person basis, the Russian army lacked sufficient artillery pieces, shells, motorized transports, and boots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004297–316_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004297–316-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the war, Russian planners overlooked the critical logistical challenge of how the Allies could transport supplies and munitions to Russia. With the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> blocked by <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">German U-boats</a> and surface ships, and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> obstructed by the guns of Germany's ally, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Russia initially could only receive assistance through <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, which was frozen solid in winter, or <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, over 6,400 kilometers (4,000 mi) from the front line. In 1915, construction of a new rail line began, eventually providing access to the ice-free port of <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> by 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes2011207_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes2011207-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrated_War_News,_Jan._13,_1915,_page_11_-_Siege_of_Przemysl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Illustrated_War_News%2C_Jan._13%2C_1915%2C_page_11_-_Siege_of_Przemysl.jpg/220px-Illustrated_War_News%2C_Jan._13%2C_1915%2C_page_11_-_Siege_of_Przemysl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Illustrated_War_News%2C_Jan._13%2C_1915%2C_page_11_-_Siege_of_Przemysl.jpg/330px-Illustrated_War_News%2C_Jan._13%2C_1915%2C_page_11_-_Siege_of_Przemysl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Illustrated_War_News%2C_Jan._13%2C_1915%2C_page_11_-_Siege_of_Przemysl.jpg/440px-Illustrated_War_News%2C_Jan._13%2C_1915%2C_page_11_-_Siege_of_Przemysl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6244" data-file-height="4440" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the second <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a>, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_War_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated War News">Illustrated War News</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian High Command suffered from internal strife due to the mutual animosity between War Minister <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Sukhomlinov" title="Vladimir Sukhomlinov">Vladimir Sukhomlinov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas</a>, who commanded the armies in the field. Despite this, an immediate attack was launched against the German province of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>. The Germans swiftly mobilized and defeated the two invading Russian armies. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a>, in which the entire <a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="2nd Army (Russian Empire)">Russian Second Army</a> was annihilated, cast a dark shadow over the empire's future. The loyal officers who perished were precisely those needed to safeguard the dynasty. While the Russian armies achieved some success against both the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman forces, they faced steady retreats against the German Army. In September 1914, to alleviate pressure on France, the Russians were compelled to halt a successful offensive against Austria-Hungary in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and instead attack German-held <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004316–335_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004316–335-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary Russian objective was focused on the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, particularly the capture of Constantinople (Istanbul)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire's entry into the war</a>, by attacking Russia's Black Sea coast on 29th October 1914, presented new opportunities, but Russia was too strained to capitalize on them. On 3rd November British warships bombarded the outer forts of the Dardanelles Straits, the beginning of the ill fated <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a>. The combination of inadequate preparation and planning undermined the morale of Russian troops and laid the groundwork for the regime's collapse in early 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011115–174_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011115–174-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9314" data-file-height="6521" /></a><figcaption>Russian war poster 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Gradually, a <a href="/wiki/War_of_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of attrition">war of attrition</a> took hold on the expansive <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a>, with the Russians confronting the combined forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary, leading to staggering losses. General <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a>, retreating from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>, wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The German heavy artillery swept away whole lines of trenches and their defenders with them. We hardly replied. There was nothing with which we could reply. Our regiments, although completely exhausted, were beating off one attack after another by bayonet... Blood flowed unendingly, the ranks became thinner and thinner and thinner. The number of graves multiplied.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians examining the origins of the First World War have primarily focused on the roles of Germany and Austria-Hungary. The scholarly consensus minimizes the mention of Russia, with only brief references to its defense of Serbia, its <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavic</a> activities, its treaty commitments with France, and its efforts to maintain its status as a major power.<sup id="cite_ref-McMeekin2-5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMeekin2-5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, historian <a href="/wiki/Sean_McMeekin" title="Sean McMeekin">Sean McMeekin</a> has emphasized Russia's aggressive expansionist aspirations to the south. He contends that for Russia, the war was primarily about the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, asserting that the Foreign Ministry and Army had been planning a war of aggression since at least 1908, and possibly as early as 1895. McMeekin highlights that the immediate objective was to capture <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and control the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> straits to gain access to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201127,_29,_101_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201127,_29,_101-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewers have generally been critical of McMeekin's revisionist interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrary2012_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrary2012-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulligan2014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulligan2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Foreign policy of the Russian Empire">Foreign policy of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Causes of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">British entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">French entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">German entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman entry into World War I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography of the causes of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsChurchillMiller2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Reynolds; Churchill; Miller (February 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rW2ZCwAAQBAJ&q=wwi+britain+declared+war+on+germany+august+4"><i>The Story of the Great War</i></a>. Vol. 4: The World War. VM eBooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Great+War&rft.pub=VM+eBooks&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.au=Reynolds&rft.au=Churchill&rft.au=Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrW2ZCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwwi%2Bbritain%2Bdeclared%2Bwar%2Bon%2Bgermany%2Baugust%2B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloch" class="citation news cs1">Bloch, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/news/news/100-years-ago-a-book-of-the-50-000-uk-jews-who-fought-in-the-wwi-was-presented-to-the-king-5kiU2Xtm2TMY0CuoPERORB">"100 years ago a book of the 50,000 UK Jews who fought in the WWI was presented to the King"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=100+years+ago+a+book+of+the+50%2C000+UK+Jews+who+fought+in+the+WWI+was+presented+to+the+King&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2F100-years-ago-a-book-of-the-50-000-uk-jews-who-fought-in-the-wwi-was-presented-to-the-king-5kiU2Xtm2TMY0CuoPERORB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCengizer2022" class="citation book cs1">Cengizer, Altay (February 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLJeEAAAQBAJ&dq=world+war+I+%22ottoman+empire%22++%2229+October+1914%22&pg=PA41"><i>Incipient Awareness - The First World War and the End of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Transnational Press London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-801-35092-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-801-35092-1"><bdi>978-1-801-35092-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incipient+Awareness+-+The+First+World+War+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Transnational+Press+London&rft.date=2022-02-12&rft.isbn=978-1-801-35092-1&rft.aulast=Cengizer&rft.aufirst=Altay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLJeEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dworld%2Bwar%2BI%2B%2522ottoman%2Bempire%2522%2B%2B%252229%2BOctober%2B1914%2522%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMeekin2-5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McMeekin2-5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMeekin2-5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2011">McMeekin 2011</a>, pp. 2–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013509-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2013509_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, p. 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln198623–59-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln198623–59_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln1986">Lincoln 1986</a>, pp. 23–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopkirk1990" class="citation book cs1">Hopkirk, Peter (1990). <i>The Great Game; On Secret Service in High Asia</i> (1991 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-719-56447-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-719-56447-5"><bdi>978-0-719-56447-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game%3B+On+Secret+Service+in+High+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.edition=1991&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-719-56447-5&rft.aulast=Hopkirk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowell191594-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowell191594_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStowell1915">Stowell 1915</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelavich2004262-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJelavich2004262_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJelavich2004">Jelavich 2004</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMustafa2012" class="citation book cs1">Mustafa, Aksakal (2012). "War as a Saviour? Hopes for War & Peace in Ottoman Politics Before 1914". In Afflerbach, Holger; Stevenson, David (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/AfflerbachImprobable"><i>An Improbable War? the Outbreak of World War I and European Political Culture Before 1914</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45310-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45310-5"><bdi>978-0-857-45310-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+as+a+Saviour%3F+Hopes+for+War+%26+Peace+in+Ottoman+Politics+Before+1914&rft.btitle=An+Improbable+War%3F+the+Outbreak+of+World+War+I+and+European+Political+Culture+Before+1914&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-857-45310-5&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Aksakal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berghahnbooks.com%2Ftitle%2FAfflerbachImprobable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson198831–32-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson198831–32_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson1988">Stevenson 1988</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasquez2018" class="citation book cs1">Vasquez, John A. (November 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nWIDwAAQBAJ&dq=Maurice+Pal%C3%A9ologue+world+war+I+russia+%22France+would+go+to+war%22+along+with+Russia&pg=PA103"><i>Contagion and War: Lessons from the First World War</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41704-4"><bdi>978-1-108-41704-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contagion+and+War%3A+Lessons+from+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41704-4&rft.aulast=Vasquez&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nWIDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMaurice%2BPal%25C3%25A9ologue%2Bworld%2Bwar%2BI%2Brussia%2B%2522France%2Bwould%2Bgo%2Bto%2Bwar%2522%2Balong%2Bwith%2BRussia%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatrell2015674–677-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatrell2015674–677_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGatrell2015">Gatrell 2015</a>, pp. 674–677.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2004121–122-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2004121–122_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2004">Hamilton & Herwig 2004</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013435–450,_480–484-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2013435–450,_480–484_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, pp. 435–450, 480–484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1930443–446Vol._II-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay1930443–446Vol._II_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay1930">Fay 1930</a>, pp. 443–446, Vol. II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoeckh2016" class="citation book cs1">Boeckh, Katrin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-44642-4_5">"The Rebirth of Pan-Slavism in the Russian Empire, 1912–13"</a>. In Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-44642-4"><i>The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-44642-4_5">10.1007/978-3-319-44642-4_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-44641-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-44641-7"><bdi>978-3-319-44641-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rebirth+of+Pan-Slavism+in+the+Russian+Empire%2C+1912%E2%80%9313&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars+from+Contemporary+Perception+to+Historic+Memory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-44642-4_5&rft.isbn=978-3-319-44641-7&rft.aulast=Boeckh&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-44642-4_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHosch2009" class="citation book cs1">Hosch, William L. (December 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BGeWhF7pltoC&dq=world+war+I+russia+general+mobilization+July+30%2C+1914+nicholas&pg=PA163"><i>World War I: People, Politics, and Power</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-013-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-013-6"><bdi>978-1-61530-013-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2009-12-20&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-013-6&rft.aulast=Hosch&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBGeWhF7pltoC%26dq%3Dworld%2Bwar%2BI%2Brussia%2Bgeneral%2Bmobilization%2BJuly%2B30%252C%2B1914%2Bnicholas%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan200385-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan200385_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2003" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H., eds. (2003). <i>Origins of World War One</i>. p. 514.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+World+War+One&rft.pages=514&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMassie1967" class="citation book cs1">Massie, Robert K. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zyqpTQ1AewQC&pg=PA299"><i>Nicholas and Alexandra: The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty</i></a>. Random House Publishing. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64561-0"><bdi>978-0-679-64561-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicholas+and+Alexandra%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Romanov+Dynasty&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64561-0&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzyqpTQ1AewQC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanser2015" class="citation book cs1">Lanser, Amanda (December 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAMgCwAAQBAJ&dq=world+war+I+russia+August+6+Franz+Joseph&pg=PA8"><i>World War I Leaders</i></a>. ABDO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68077-106-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68077-106-0"><bdi>978-1-68077-106-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I+Leaders&rft.pub=ABDO&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-68077-106-0&rft.aulast=Lanser&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAMgCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dworld%2Bwar%2BI%2Brussia%2BAugust%2B6%2BFranz%2BJoseph%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartwig-2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hartwig-2014_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartwig2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hartwig, Matthias (May 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjS0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">"Colour books"</a>. In Bernhardt, Rudolf; Bindschedler, Rudolf; Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Public International Law</i>. Vol. 9 International Relations and Legal Cooperation in General Diplomacy and Consular Relations. Amsterdam: North-Holland. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-5699-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-5699-3"><bdi>978-1-4832-5699-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769268852">769268852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colour+books&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Public+International+Law&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=North-Holland&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769268852&rft.isbn=978-1-4832-5699-3&rft.aulast=Hartwig&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjS0BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-von_Mach-1916-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-von_Mach-1916_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Mach1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_von_Mach" title="Edmund von Mach">von Mach, Edmund</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28tmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR7"><i>Official Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War: With Photographic Reproductions of Official Editions of the Documents (Blue, White, Yellow, Etc., Books)</i></a>. New York: Macmillan. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/16019222">16019222</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/651023684">651023684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Diplomatic+Documents+Relating+to+the+Outbreak+of+the+European+War%3A+With+Photographic+Reproductions+of+Official+Editions+of+the+Documents+%28Blue%2C+White%2C+Yellow%2C+Etc.%2C+Books%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F651023684&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F16019222&rft.aulast=von+Mach&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28tmAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitt-1937-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitt-1937_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitt-1937_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1937" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitt, Bernadotte E. (April 1, 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125112233/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/france/1937-04-01/france-and-outbreak-world-war">"France and the Outbreak of the World War"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>26</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>: <span class="nowrap">516–</span>536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20028790">10.2307/20028790</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028790">20028790</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/france/1937-04-01/france-and-outbreak-world-war">the original</a> on November 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=France+and+the+Outbreak+of+the+World+War&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E516-%3C%2Fspan%3E536&rft.date=1937-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20028790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20028790%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Bernadotte+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Ffrance%2F1937-04-01%2Ffrance-and-outbreak-world-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1937-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1937_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1937">Schmitt 1937</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeer1915" class="citation book cs1">Beer, Max (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OMnAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA16"><i>"Das Regenbogen-Buch": deutsches Wiessbuch, österreichisch-ungarisches Rotbuch, englisches Blaubuch, französisches Gelbbuch, russisches Orangebuch, serbisches Blaubuch und belgisches Graubuch, die europäischen Kriegsverhandlungen</i></a> [<i>The Rainbow Book: German White Book, Austrian-Hungarian Red Book, English Blue Book, French Yellow Book, Russian Orange Book, Serbian Blue Book and Belgian Grey Book, the European war negotiations</i>] (2nd, improved ed.). Bern: F. Wyss. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9427935">9427935</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Das+Regenbogen-Buch%22%3A+deutsches+Wiessbuch%2C+%C3%B6sterreichisch-ungarisches+Rotbuch%2C+englisches+Blaubuch%2C+franz%C3%B6sisches+Gelbbuch%2C+russisches+Orangebuch%2C+serbisches+Blaubuch+und+belgisches+Graubuch%2C+die+europ%C3%A4ischen+Kriegsverhandlungen&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=2nd%2C+improved&rft.pub=F.+Wyss&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9427935&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OMnAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildman1980-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildman1980_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWildman1980">Wildman 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004297–316-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004297–316_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2004">Strachan 2004</a>, pp. 297–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes2011207-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes2011207_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes2011">Pipes 2011</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004316–335-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004316–335_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2004">Strachan 2004</a>, pp. 316–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011115–174-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011115–174_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2011">McMeekin 2011</a>, pp. 115–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTames1972" class="citation book cs1">Tames, Richard (1972). <i>Last of the Tsars: The Life and Death of Nicholas and Alexandra</i>. Pan Books. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-02902-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-02902-9"><bdi>0-330-02902-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+of+the+Tsars%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+Nicholas+and+Alexandra&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-330-02902-9&rft.aulast=Tames&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201127,_29,_101-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201127,_29,_101_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2011">McMeekin 2011</a>, pp. 27, 29, 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrary2012-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrary2012_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrary2012">Frary 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulligan2014-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulligan2014_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulligan2014">Mulligan 2014</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbertini1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Albertini" title="Luigi Albertini">Albertini, Luigi</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertinitheoriginsofthewar1914"><i>The Origins of the War of 1914</i></a>. Vol. 2. Translated by Massey, Isabella M. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+War+of+1914&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Albertini&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertinitheoriginsofthewar1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAleksinsky1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Aleksinsky" title="Grigory Aleksinsky">Aleksinsky, Grigory</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiagreatwar00alek"><i>Russia and the great war</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+great+war&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Aleksinsky&rft.aufirst=Grigory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiagreatwar00alek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBobroff2006" class="citation book cs1">Bobroff, Ronald P. (2006). <i>Roads to Glory: Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits</i>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-17540-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-17540-2"><bdi>978-1-350-17540-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roads+to+Glory%3A+Late+Imperial+Russia+and+the+Turkish+Straits&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-350-17540-2&rft.aulast=Bobroff&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBobroff2014" class="citation book cs1">Bobroff, Ronald P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/outbreak-of-the-first-world-war/war-accepted-but-unsought/E306F3B1962DD0E5C691B4BAE86AF901">"War Accepted but Unsought: Russia's Growing Militancy and the July Crisis, 1914"</a>. In Levy, Jack S.; Vasquez, John A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-outbreak-of-the-first-world-war/CA4B3033A7DBC0DE30AFA86407C294C0"><i>The Outbreak of the First World War</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">227–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-33699-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-33699-5"><bdi>978-1-107-33699-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+Accepted+but+Unsought%3A+Russia%27s+Growing+Militancy+and+the+July+Crisis%2C+1914&rft.btitle=The+Outbreak+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-33699-5&rft.aulast=Bobroff&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Foutbreak-of-the-first-world-war%2Fwar-accepted-but-unsought%2FE306F3B1962DD0E5C691B4BAE86AF901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrandenburg1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Brandenburg" title="Erich Brandenburg">Brandenburg, Erich</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319024001/https://www.questia.com/library/1369211/from-bismarck-to-the-world-war-a-history-of-german"><i>From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1369211/from-bismarck-to-the-world-war-a-history-of-german">the original</a> on March 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Bismarck+to+the+World+War%3A+A+History+of+German+Foreign+Policy+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Brandenburg&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F1369211%2Ffrom-bismarck-to-the-world-war-a-history-of-german&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBury1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bury, J.P.T (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iB_CMH/12/page/n140/mode/1up?view=theater">"Diplomatic History 1900–1912"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._L._Mowat" title="C. L. Mowat">Mowat, C. L.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/iB_CMH/12#page/n3/mode/1up"><i>The New Cambridge Modern History</i></a>. Vol. XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898-1945 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04551-3"><bdi>978-0-521-04551-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diplomatic+History+1900%E2%80%931912&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04551-3&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.P.T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FiB_CMH%2F12%2Fpage%2Fn140%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Clark_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Clark (historian)">Clark, Christopher</a> (March 19, 2013). <i>The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-061-14665-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-061-14665-7"><bdi>978-0-061-14665-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sleepwalkers%3A+How+Europe+Went+to+War+in+1914&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft.isbn=978-0-061-14665-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2014" class="citation web cs1">Clark (October 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6snYQFcyiyg">"Sleepwalkers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Sleepwalkers&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.au=Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6snYQFcyiyg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngelstein2018" class="citation book cs1">Engelstein, Laura (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/russia-in-flames-9780199794218"><i>Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914-1921</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-79421-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-79421-8"><bdi>978-0-199-79421-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+Flames%3A+War%2C+Revolution%2C+Civil+War%2C+1914-1921&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-199-79421-8&rft.aulast=Engelstein&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Frussia-in-flames-9780199794218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFay1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fay, Sidney B. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499097"><i>The Origins of the World War</i></a>. Vol. I, II (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+World+War&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Sidney+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.499097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFromkin2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">Fromkin, David</a> (2004). <i>Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?</i>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41156-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41156-4"><bdi>978-0-375-41156-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Last+Summer%3A+Who+Started+the+Great+War+in+1914%3F&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41156-4&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuller1998" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, William C. (October 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001D1YCWC/"><i>Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914</i></a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86382-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86382-5"><bdi>978-0-684-86382-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+and+Power+in+Russia+1600%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1998-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86382-5&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001D1YCWC%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeyer1987" class="citation book cs1">Geyer, Dietrich (1987). <i>Russian Imperialism: The Interaction of Domestic and Foreign Policy, 1860–1914</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10545-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10545-2"><bdi>978-0-300-10545-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Imperialism%3A+The+Interaction+of+Domestic+and+Foreign+Policy%2C+1860%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10545-2&rft.aulast=Geyer&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2004" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Richard F.; <a href="/wiki/Holger_H._Herwig" class="mw-redirect" title="Holger H. Herwig">Herwig, Holger H.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/decisions-for-war-19141917/FEC90566F595D8F8C291A8C3F7D55D6F"><i>Decisions for war, 1914–1917</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511804854">10.1017/CBO9780511804854</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-80485-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-80485-4"><bdi>978-0-511-80485-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisions+for+war%2C+1914%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511804854&rft.isbn=978-0-511-80485-4&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft.au=Herwig%2C+Holger+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fdecisions-for-war-19141917%2FFEC90566F595D8F8C291A8C3F7D55D6F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHewitson2004" class="citation book cs1">Hewitson, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170409111908/https://www.questia.com/library/117734903/germany-and-the-causes-of-the-first-world-war"><i>Germany and the Causes of the First World War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Berg_Publishers" title="Berg Publishers">Berg Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-859-73870-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-859-73870-2"><bdi>978-1-859-73870-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/117734903/germany-and-the-causes-of-the-first-world-war">the original</a> on April 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Causes+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-859-73870-2&rft.aulast=Hewitson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F117734903%2Fgermany-and-the-causes-of-the-first-world-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerwegHeyman1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Holger_H._Herwig" class="mw-redirect" title="Holger H. Herwig">Herweg, Holger H.</a>; Heyman, Neil (1982). <i>Biographical Dictionary of World War I</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21356-4"><bdi>978-0-313-21356-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+World+War+I&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-313-21356-4&rft.aulast=Herweg&rft.aufirst=Holger+H.&rft.au=Heyman%2C+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1974" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1974). <i>St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35050-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35050-3"><bdi>978-0-253-35050-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Petersburg+and+Moscow%3A+Tsarist+and+Soviet+Foreign+Policy%2C+1814%E2%80%931974&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35050-3&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavich2004" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (2004). <i>Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52250-2"><bdi>978-0-521-52250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Balkan+Entanglements%2C+1806%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52250-2&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJollMartel2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Joll" title="James Joll">Joll, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Martel" title="Gordon Martel">Martel, Gordon</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffirstwo00jame_0"><i>The Origins of the First World War</i></a> (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87535-2"><bdi>978-1-317-87535-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87535-2&rft.aulast=Joll&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Martel%2C+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsoffirstwo00jame_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennan1984" class="citation book cs1">Kennan, George Frost (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatefulalliancef00kenn"><i>The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia, and the Coming of the First World War</i></a>. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-53494-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-53494-7"><bdi>978-0-394-53494-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fateful+Alliance%3A+France%2C+Russia%2C+and+the+Coming+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-394-53494-7&rft.aulast=Kennan&rft.aufirst=George+Frost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatefulalliancef00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1979" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Paul M., ed. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7twAwAAQBAJ"><i>The War Plans of the Great Powers: 1880-1914</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317702511" title="Special:BookSources/9781317702511"><bdi>9781317702511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Plans+of+the+Great+Powers%3A+1880-1914&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9781317702511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7twAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLieven2002" class="citation book cs1">Lieven, Dominic (2002). <i>Empire: The Russian empire and its rivals</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09726-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09726-9"><bdi>978-0-300-09726-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+The+Russian+empire+and+its+rivals&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09726-9&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLieven1983" class="citation book cs1">Lieven, D.C.B (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaoriginsoff0000liev"><i>Russia and the Origins of the First World War</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-28369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-28369-1"><bdi>978-0-333-28369-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-333-28369-1&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=D.C.B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaoriginsoff0000liev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1983" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, W. Bruce (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwarsdarkshadow00linc"><i>In War's Dark Shadow: The Russians Before the Great War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Dial_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial Press">Dial Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">399–</span>444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-27409-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-27409-8"><bdi>978-0-385-27409-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+War%27s+Dark+Shadow%3A+The+Russians+Before+the+Great+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E444&rft.pub=Dial+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-385-27409-8&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finwarsdarkshadow00linc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1986" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, W. Bruce (1986). <i>Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914-1918</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-55709-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-55709-6"><bdi>978-0-671-55709-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passage+Through+Armageddon%3A+The+Russians+in+War+and+Revolution%2C+1914-1918&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-671-55709-6&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2011" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQF099JYW_EC"><i>The Russian Origins of the First World War</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06320-4"><bdi>978-0-674-06320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06320-4&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQF099JYW_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2014" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (April 29, 2014). <i>July 1914: Countdown to War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06074-0"><bdi>978-0-465-06074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=July+1914%3A+Countdown+to+War&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06074-0&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan2013" class="citation book cs1">MacMillan, Margaret (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xjLz2685I74C"><i>The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-812-99470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-812-99470-4"><bdi>978-0-812-99470-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+That+Ended+Peace%3A+The+Road+to+1914&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-812-99470-4&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxjLz2685I74C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenning2009" class="citation book cs1">Menning, Bruce (2009). "War planning and initial operations in the Russian context". In Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger (eds.). <i>War Planning, 1914</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-64237-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-64237-1"><bdi>978-0-511-64237-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+planning+and+initial+operations+in+the+Russian+context&rft.btitle=War+Planning%2C+1914&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-511-64237-1&rft.aulast=Menning&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtte2015" class="citation book cs1">Otte, T. G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/july-crisis-worlds-descent-war-summer-1914"><i>July Crisis: The World's Descent into War, Summer 1914</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69527-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69527-6"><bdi>978-1-107-69527-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=July+Crisis%3A+The+World%27s+Descent+into+War%2C+Summer+1914&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-69527-6&rft.aulast=Otte&rft.aufirst=T.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Funiversitypress%2Fsubjects%2Fhistory%2Ftwentieth-century-european-history%2Fjuly-crisis-worlds-descent-war-summer-1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPipes2011" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA207"><i>The Russian Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday">Knopf Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78857-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78857-3"><bdi>978-0-307-78857-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-78857-3&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXtE54LuhFzEC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRich1992" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Norman (1992). <i>Great Power Diplomacy: 1814-1914</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill">McGraw Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-070-52254-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-070-52254-1"><bdi>978-0-070-52254-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Power+Diplomacy%3A+1814-1914&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-070-52254-1&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitter1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter, Gerhard</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swordscepterprob0000ritt"><i>The Sword and the Scepter</i></a>. Vol. 2: The European Powers and the Wilhelminian Empire 1890-1914. <a href="/wiki/Miami_University_Press" title="Miami University Press">Miami University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-870-24128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-870-24128-4"><bdi>978-0-870-24128-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Scepter&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Miami+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-870-24128-4&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswordscepterprob0000ritt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernadotte_Everly_Schmitt" title="Bernadotte Everly Schmitt">Schmitt, Bernadotte E</a> (1930). <i>The coming of the war, 1914</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+coming+of+the+war%2C+1914&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Bernadotte+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingofwar191401bern">Volume I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingofwar191402bern">Volume II</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott1927" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Jonathan French (1927). "The psychotic explosion in Russian". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721133042/https://www.questia.com/library/83680/five-weeks-the-surge-of-public-opinion-on-the-eve"><i>Five Weeks: The Surge of Public Opinion on the Eve of the Great War</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">154–</span>79. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/83680/five-weeks-the-surge-of-public-opinion-on-the-eve">the original</a> on July 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+psychotic+explosion+in+Russian&rft.btitle=Five+Weeks%3A+The+Surge+of+Public+Opinion+on+the+Eve+of+the+Great+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+French&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F83680%2Ffive-weeks-the-surge-of-public-opinion-on-the-eve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeton-Watson1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Seton-Watson" title="Hugh Seton-Watson">Seton-Watson, Hugh</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-russian-empire-1801-1917-9780198221036"><i>The Russian Empire 1801–1917</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">677–</span>697. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-22103-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-22103-6"><bdi>978-0-198-22103-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire+1801%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E677-%3C%2Fspan%3E697&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-198-22103-6&rft.aulast=Seton-Watson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-russian-empire-1801-1917-9780198221036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoroka2016" class="citation book cs1">Soroka, Marina (2016). <i>Britain, Russia and the Road to the First World War: The Fateful Embassy of Count Aleksandr Benckendorff (1903–16)</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-26120-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-26120-4"><bdi>978-1-138-26120-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%2C+Russia+and+the+Road+to+the+First+World+War%3A+The+Fateful+Embassy+of+Count+Aleksandr+Benckendorff+%281903%E2%80%9316%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-26120-4&rft.aulast=Soroka&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpring2001" class="citation book cs1">Spring, D.W. (2001). "Russia and the Coming of War". In Evans, R. J. W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/d504rk92b"><i>Coming of the First World War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-22899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-22899-8"><bdi>978-0-198-22899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russia+and+the+Coming+of+War&rft.btitle=Coming+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-198-22899-8&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.aufirst=D.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulcrum.org%2Fconcern%2Fmonographs%2Fd504rk92b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1988" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-first-world-war-and-international-politics-9780198202813"><i>The First World War and International Politics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-20281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-20281-3"><bdi>978-0-198-20281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+and+International+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-198-20281-3&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-first-world-war-and-international-politics-9780198202813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStowell1915" class="citation book cs1">Stowell, Ellery Cory (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomacyofwarof00stow"><i>The Diplomacy of the War of 1914: The Beginnings of the War</i></a> (2010 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-165-81956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-165-81956-0"><bdi>978-1-165-81956-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+the+War+of+1914%3A+The+Beginnings+of+the+War&rft.edition=2010&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1915&rft.isbn=978-1-165-81956-0&rft.aulast=Stowell&rft.aufirst=Ellery+Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiplomacyofwarof00stow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Strachan, Hew Francis Anthony</a> (March 13, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-first-world-war-9780199261918"><i>The First World War</i></a>. Vol. 1: To Arms. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-26191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-26191-8"><bdi>978-0-199-26191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-199-26191-8&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew+Francis+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-first-world-war-9780199261918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Strachan, Hew Francis Anthony</a> (2004). <i>The First World War</i>. Vol. 3. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03295-2"><bdi>978-0-670-03295-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03295-2&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew+Francis+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J.P. Taylor">Taylor, A.J.P.</a> (1954). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_for_Mastery_in_Europe_1848%E2%80%931918" title="The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918">The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-22101-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-22101-2"><bdi>978-0-198-22101-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+Europe+1848%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0-198-22101-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker1996" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (1996). <i>The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-815-30399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-815-30399-2"><bdi>978-0-815-30399-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Powers+in+the+First+World+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-815-30399-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVovchenko2016" class="citation book cs1">Vovchenko, Denis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/11837"><i>Containing Balkan Nationalism: Imperial Russia and Ottoman Christians, 1856-1914</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-27667-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-27667-6"><bdi>978-0-190-27667-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Containing+Balkan+Nationalism%3A+Imperial+Russia+and+Ottoman+Christians%2C+1856-1914&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-190-27667-6&rft.aulast=Vovchenko&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F11837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWildman1980" class="citation book cs1">Wildman, Allan K. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691643557/the-end-of-the-russian-imperial-army"><i>The End of the Russian Imperial Army</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-64355-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-64355-7"><bdi>978-0-691-64355-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Russian+Imperial+Army&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-691-64355-7&rft.aulast=Wildman&rft.aufirst=Allan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fhardcover%2F9780691643557%2Fthe-end-of-the-russian-imperial-army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuber2002" class="citation book cs1">Zuber, Terence (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/10471"><i>Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning, 1871-1914</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-25016-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-25016-5"><bdi>978-0-199-25016-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Schlieffen+Plan%3A+German+War+Planning%2C+1871-1914&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-199-25016-5&rft.aulast=Zuber&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F10471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDennis1922" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis, Alfred L.P. (December 1922). "The Freedom of the Straits". <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>216</b> (805): <span class="nowrap">721–</span>734. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25112888">25112888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Freedom+of+the+Straits&rft.volume=216&rft.issue=805&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E721-%3C%2Fspan%3E734&rft.date=1922-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25112888%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrary2012" class="citation journal cs1">Frary, Lucien J. (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=34716">"Review of McMeekin, Sean, The Russian Origins of the First World War"</a>. <i>H-Russia, H-Net Reviews</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H-Russia%2C+H-Net+Reviews&rft.atitle=Review+of+McMeekin%2C+Sean%2C+The+Russian+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.date=2012-02&rft.aulast=Frary&rft.aufirst=Lucien+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D34716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGatrell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gatrell, Peter (2015). "Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914–February 1917". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>87</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">668–</span>700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F682414">10.1086/682414</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/682414">10.1086/682414</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146814733">146814733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Tsarist+Russia+at+War%3A+The+View+from+Above%2C+1914%E2%80%93February+1917&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E668-%3C%2Fspan%3E700&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146814733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F682414%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F682414&rft.aulast=Gatrell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeithly1987" class="citation journal cs1">Keithly, David M. 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"The Perception of Power: Russia in the Pre-1914 Balance". <i>World Politics</i>. <b>39</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">353–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2010224">10.2307/2010224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2010224">2010224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53333300">53333300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Perception+of+Power%3A+Russia+in+the+Pre-1914+Balance&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1987-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53333300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2010224%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2010224&rft.aulast=Wohlforth&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornelissenWeinrich2020" class="citation book cs1">Cornelissen, Christoph; Weinrich, Arndt, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting"><i>Writing the Great War - The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2F9781789204544">10.3167/9781789204544</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789204544" title="Special:BookSources/9781789204544"><bdi>9781789204544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Great+War+-+The+Historiography+of+World+War+I+from+1918+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2F9781789204544&rft.isbn=9781789204544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berghahnbooks.com%2Ftitle%2FCornelissenWriting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorne2012" class="citation book cs1">Horne, John (2012). <i>A Companion to World War I</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+World+War+I&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, Alan (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.17104/1611-8944_2014_1_5">"Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part I)"</a>. <i>Journal of Modern European History</i>. <b>12</b> (1). Sage Publications: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17104%2F1611-8944_2014_1_5">10.17104/1611-8944_2014_1_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202927667">202927667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+European+History&rft.atitle=Recent+Historiography+of+the+First+World+War+%28Part+I%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17104%2F1611-8944_2014_1_5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202927667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.17104%2F1611-8944_2014_1_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, Alan (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.17104/1611-8944_2014_2_155">"Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part II)"</a>. <i>Journal of Modern European History</i>. <b>12</b> (2). Sage Publications: <span class="nowrap">155–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17104%2F1611-8944_2014_2_155">10.17104/1611-8944_2014_2_155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146860980">146860980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+European+History&rft.atitle=Recent+Historiography+of+the+First+World+War+%28Part+II%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17104%2F1611-8944_2014_2_155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146860980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.17104%2F1611-8944_2014_2_155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMombauer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mombauer, Annika (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938915001144">"Guilt or Responsibility? The Hundred-Year Debate on the Origins of World War I"</a>. <i>Central European History</i>. <b>48</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>564. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938915001144">10.1017/S0008938915001144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151653269">151653269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Guilt+or+Responsibility%3F+The+Hundred-Year+Debate+on+the+Origins+of+World+War+I&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E541-%3C%2Fspan%3E564&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938915001144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151653269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mombauer&rft.aufirst=Annika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0008938915001144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulligan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mulligan, William (2014). "The Trial Continues: New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War". <i><a href="/wiki/English_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="English Historical Review">English Historical Review</a></i>. <b>129</b> (538): <span class="nowrap">639–</span>666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fceu139">10.1093/ehr/ceu139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Trial+Continues%3A+New+Directions+in+the+Study+of+the+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=538&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E639-%3C%2Fspan%3E666&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fceu139&rft.aulast=Mulligan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinterProst2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Winter" title="Jay Winter">Winter, Jay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Prost" title="Antoine Prost">Prost, Antoine</a>, eds. (2005). <i>The Great War in History: Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+in+History%3A+Debates+and+Controversies%2C+1914+to+the+Present&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGooch1928" class="citation book cs1">Gooch, G.P. (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recentrevelation01geor"><i>Recent revelations of European diplomacy</i></a>. Longmans, Green and Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+revelations+of+European+diplomacy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Gooch&rft.aufirst=G.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecentrevelation01geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/1914_Documents">Major 1914 documents from BYU</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217813">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._War_Dept._General_Staff1916" class="citation book cs1">United States. War Dept. General Staff (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strengthorganiza00unit"><i>Strength and organization of the armies of France, Germany, Austria, Russia, England, Italy, Mexico and Japan (showing conditions in July 1914)</i></a>. Washington, Govt. print. off.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strength+and+organization+of+the+armies+of+France%2C+Germany%2C+Austria%2C+Russia%2C+England%2C+Italy%2C+Mexico+and+Japan+%28showing+conditions+in+July+1914%29&rft.pub=Washington%2C+Govt.+print.+off.&rft.date=1916&rft.au=United+States.+War+Dept.+General+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrengthorganiza00unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+entry+into+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_entry_into_World_War_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" title="Allied occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur_(1916)" title="Invasion of Darfur (1916)">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription493" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Internment of Ukrainian Canadians">Internment of Ukrainian Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1914_Ottoman_jihad_proclamation" title="1914 Ottoman jihad proclamation">Jihad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Foreign_relations_of_Russia128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Template:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Foreign_relations_of_Russia128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Algeria–Russia relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Angola–Russia relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Benin–Russia relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Botswana–Russia relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Russia relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Burundi–Russia relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cameroon–Russia relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Central African Republic–Russia relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Djibouti–Russia relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Egypt–Russia relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Russia relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eritrea–Russia relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eswatini–Russia relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ethiopia–Russia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Russia relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ghana–Russia relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–Russia relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Russia relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kenya–Russia relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lesotho–Russia relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Libya–Russia relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Madagascar–Russia relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mali–Russia relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritania–Russia relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritius–Russia relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Morocco–Russia relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mozambique–Russia relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Namibia–Russia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nigeria–Russia relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Russia–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Russia–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="Russia–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Russia–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Russia–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Russia–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Russia–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Russia–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Russia–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Russia–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Russia–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Argentina–Russia relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bolivia–Russia relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Canada–Russia relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Chile–Russia relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Colombia–Russia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Costa Rica–Russia relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cuba–Russia relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ecuador–Russia relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guatemala–Russia relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guyana–Russia relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Honduras–Russia relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mexico–Russia relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nicaragua–Russia relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Panama–Russia relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Paraguay–Russia relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Peru–Russia relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Russia–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Russia–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Russia–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Russia relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Armenia–Russia relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Russia relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bahrain–Russia relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bangladesh–Russia relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bhutan–Russia relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brunei–Russia relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cambodia–Russia relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Abkhazia–Russia relations">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Ossetia_relations" title="Russia–South Ossetia relations">South Ossetia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Indonesia–Russia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iraq–Russia relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Russia relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Jordan–Russia relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Russia relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kuwait–Russia relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Russia relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Laos–Russia relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lebanon–Russia relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malaysia–Russia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Maldives–Russia relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mongolia–Russia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Myanmar–Russia relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nepal–Russia relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Korea–Russia relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Oman–Russia relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Pakistan–Russia relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Palestine–Russia relations">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Philippines–Russia relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Qatar–Russia relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Russia–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Russia–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Russia–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Russia–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Russia–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Russia–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Russia–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Timor-Leste_relations" title="Russia–Timor-Leste relations">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Russia–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Russia–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Russia–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Russia–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Russia–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Albania–Russia relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Austria–Russia relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belgium–Russia relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerwegHeyman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkirk1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavich1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavich2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJollMartel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeithly1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennan1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLanser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyMulligan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieven1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieven2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacMillan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassie1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenning2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenning2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMombauer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulligan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeilson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumann2008\"] = 1,\n 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