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He launched the first Protestant mission to Arabic-speaking Muslims, and settled in [[Baghdad]], [[Ottoman Empire]]; and later in southern India. His ideas influenced a circle of friends who became leaders in the [[Plymouth Brethren]]. Among these were [[George Müller]], who had married Groves's sister Mary, as well as [[John Nelson Darby]] and [[John Vesey Parnell, 2nd Baron Congleton]]. Groves wished to simplify the task of churches and missions by returning to the methods of Christ and his apostles described in the New Testament. As a missionary, his goal was to help indigenous converts form their own churches without dependence on foreign training, authorisation or finance. His ideas eventually found wide acceptance in [[evangelical]] circles. ==Biography== Groves was born in [[Newton Valence]], [[Hampshire]], England and was the only son in a family of six.{{sfn|Groves|1869|p=2}} His father was a businessman and the family were [[Anglican]]s. Having trained as a [[dentist]]<ref name=BA /> in London, he set up practice in [[Plymouth]], at the age of 19. Two years later he married his cousin Mary Bethia Thompson, and moved to [[Exeter]]. ===Call to missionary work=== In 1826, while continuing his dentistry in Exeter, he enrolled as an external student of theology at [[Trinity College Dublin]], with a view to ordination in the Church of England and appointment with the [[Church Missionary Society]].<ref name= BAA /> His study of the New Testament led him to believe that the practices of the early church should be considered a model for every age and culture, and this caused him to consider withdrawing from Trinity College, from the CMS, and from the Anglican communion on his wife's advice. However, he had already laid the money aside and considered that he would be thought fickle if he suddenly abandoned his application. The morning before he was due to depart for Dublin, however, he was awoken by a noise and, on investigating, found that a burglary had taken place. Two packets of money were in his drawers - one containing £40 for the Irish trip and the other containing £16 for taxes: only the packet containing £40 was taken. Groves took this as a sign from God that he was not to go to Dublin and thereafter he gave up the idea.<ref>Tayler 1866, p. 80.</ref> He met with other Christian believers in private houses for study of the apostles' doctrine, for fellowship, breaking of bread, and prayer, as was the custom of the early church (Acts 2:42), without requiring the presence of any ordained minister.<ref name= BAA /> It was here that he met [[John Nelson Darby|JN Darby]] and others who were later to become prominent leaders in the [[Plymouth Brethren]] movement. He became increasingly concerned with the drift of the Plymouth Brethren<ref>[[:s:Page:Groves - Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves, 3rd edition.djvu/550|Groves 1869, p. 538]].</ref> towards sectarianism under the leadership of Darby and aligned himself with [[George Müller]] when the brethren split in 1848 to form the [[Open Brethren]] and [[Exclusive Brethren]]. ===Missionary to Baghdad=== In 1829 Groves and his wife Mary set out for [[Baghdad]], together with their two young sons, Henry and Frank,<ref>[https://www.brethrenarchive.org/people/henry-groves/ Brethren Archive website, ''Henry Groves'']</ref> and accompanied by several Christian friends, one of whom was [[John Kitto]]. A second party set out to join them the following year, including [[Francis William Newman]] and [[John Parnell, 2nd Baron Congleton|John Vesey Parnell]]. In March 1831 Baghdad entered upon a year of intense misery, with civil war, plague, floods and famine, in which Groves suffered the death of his wife Mary<ref name=BA /> on 14 May, and a recently born baby daughter on 24 August. ===Missionary to India=== At this time, a revised charter granted to the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] opened the way for unrestricted Christian missionary work in India. On invitation from Colonel Arthur Cotton, in 1833, Groves visited widely among [[missionaries]] in India, and found open doors for the gospel in many parts of the country. In 1834 he accompanied the Scottish missionary educator [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]] from Calcutta to Scotland, nursing him slowly back to health.<ref>[https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/jemh/26/1-2/article-p104_6.xml Brill website, ''Immersed in Dependency: American Missionaries, Empires, and India in the 1830s'', by Darin D. Lenz, published in the Journal of early modern history, Volume 26 (2022), page 123]</ref> Duff probably owed his life to Groves's attentions, as indeed did Arthur Cotton on an earlier occasion. During his time in Britain, Groves married for a second time to Harriet Baynes.<ref name= BAA>[https://borivaliassembly.net/ministry-corner/anthony-norris-groves/ Borivali Assembly website, ''Anthony Norris Grove'']</ref> The wedding took place on 25 April 1835 at St Mary's Church, Great Malvern. She accompanied Groves when he returned to India in 1836. Groves was accompanied by John Kitto, Edward Cronin and John V Parnel (2nd Baron Congleton). Rejoined by his sons and others from [[Baghdad]], he established a missionary team in Madras supported largely through his dentistry, and later a farm and mission settlement in [[Chittoor]]. He recruited a number of missionaries to assist existing efforts in several parts of India, and to pioneer new ventures, notably in the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] Delta and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Groves advocated the adoption of the New Testament as a manual of missionary methods. As a [[Restorationism (Christian primitivism)|primitivist]] among [[missiology|missiologists]], he pre-dated the more celebrated [[Roland Allen]] by eighty years. One of Groves's Indian disciples was [[John Arulappan]] who adopted his principles. As a full-time evangelist, Arulappan lived "by faith" and stimulated the creation of a network of [[indigenous peoples of Asia|indigenous]] Indian fellowships.<ref name= BAA /> Groves's ideas were later taken up in India by descendants of Arulappan associated with [[Bakht Singh]], and, in a Chinese context, by [[Watchman Nee]]. Groves continued preaching and teaching in India until ill health forced him back to England in 1852. His niece, Lydia Müller, wrote at the time 'Leaning his head on his hand, he sweetly fell asleep in Jesus, at twelve on Friday, 20 May 1853'<ref>[[:s:Page:Groves - Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves, 3rd edition.djvu/513|Groves 1869, p. 501]].</ref> in the home of his sister's husband [[George Müller]].<ref name= BAA /> He is buried in [[Arnos Vale Cemetery]] in Bristol.<ref>Boase 1885.</ref> He considered his life a failure, and did not live long enough to see the worldwide impact of his ideas and example on a new generation of "[[faith missions]]" springing from the 1859-60 Revivals. ==Influence== ===Author=== In 1825, Groves wrote a small booklet [[Christian Devotedness]], expounding Jesus' teaching concerning stewardship of material possessions. He exhorted all Christians to live economically, trusting God to supply their needs, and devoting their income to the cause of the Gospel. This booklet had a major impact upon [[George Müller]], and through him on [[James Hudson Taylor]] (who soon after conversion attended the Kennington meeting where [[Edward Cronin (homeopath)|Edward Cronin]] was local) and many other significant Christian leaders. Groves' early journals ''Journal of a Residence in Baghdad'' were edited by AJ Scott and published by J Nisbet, London in 1831 & 1832. After his death, his memoirs were published in 1856 by his widow Harriet Groves, under the title ''Memoir of the late AN Groves, containing Extracts from his Letters and Journals''. ===Letters=== Throughout his life, Groves corresponded with several prominent leaders of the early Brethren movement. His letters are a notable [[primary source]] for historians of the Plymouth Brethren. ===Sectarianism, Communion & Ordination=== Groves, an Anglican, came to recognize fellowship of genuine Christians based on "Life, not light."<ref>[[:s:Page:Groves - Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves, 3rd edition.djvu/552|Groves 1869, p. 540]].</ref> In a letter to J. N. Darby (10 March 1836,) he wrote, "I ever understood our principle of union to be the possession of the common life or common blood of the family of God (for the life is in the blood); these were our early thoughts, and are my most matured ones..." and "I would infinitely rather bear with all their evils, then separate from their good. These were the then principles of our separation and inter-communion."<ref>Coad 1976, p. 25.</ref> Thus he gathered with others of like mind for communion that ignored sectarian divisions, setting the stage for "Open communion" based on faith in Jesus alone, not denominational affiliation. And he later came to realize that ordination - official recognition of authority and privilege in ministry - was itself unbiblical. "One day, the thought was brought to my mind, that ordination of any kind to preach the gospel is no requirement of Scripture. To me it was the removal of a mountain."<ref>Coad 1976, p. 22.</ref> These principles had an effect on non-conformist churches then and non-denominational churches today. ===Father of faith missions=== The biography by RB Dann shows that Anthony Norris Groves may be rightly regarded as the "father of faith missions," ''i.e.'', the principle that a missionary, if called and sent by the Holy Spirit, should go to their mission in faith, believing that God will thus provide for all their needs - and without first raising funds from supporters. In addition, such a missionary should not publish their financial needs but rather wait in faith for God to provide. By his example, Groves challenged much of previous (and current) thinking about the [[missionary]] task through his journeys to Mesopotamia and India which he undertook without the backing of the State or Church. Instead, he put into practice what he believed to be the Biblical principle of trusting God alone to supply his needs. ==Publications== * Christian Devotedness (1829)<ref>[https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/3267135.Anthony_Norris_Groves GoodReads website, ''Anthony Norris Grove'']</ref> * Journal ... During a Journey from London to Bagdad (1831) <ref name=BA /> * Remarks on a Pamphlet, entitled: ''The Perpetuity of the Moral Law.'' (1840) * Journal of a Residence at Bagdad: during the years 1830 and 1831 (1832) * A Brief Account of the Present Circumstances of the Tinnevelly Mission (1835) * The Present State of the Tinevelley Mission. Second Edition Enlarged, with an Historical Preface and Reply to Mr. Strachan's Criticisms; and Mr. Rhenius's (farewell) Letter to the Church Missionary Society (after Receiving His Dismissal) (1836) * Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == ===Books=== * Boase, George Clement (1885). “[[s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Groves, Anthony Norris|Groves, Anthony Norris]],” in [[Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900|''Dictionary of National Biography'']], 1885-1900, in 63 vols. London: Smith, Elder, & Co. * Coad, Roy (1976). ''A History of the Brethren Movement''. 2nd edition. London: Paternoster Press. * Dann, Robert Bernard, ''Father of Faith Missions : The Life and Times of Anthony Norris Groves'', (Authentic Media, 2004), {{ISBN|1-884543-90-1}} * Dann, Robert Bernard, ''The Legacy of Anthony Norris Groves'', (International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol 29, No 4, Oct 2005) * Groves, Anthony Norris (1829). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223010/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/d.haslam/groves/Anthony%20Norris%20Groves.htm Christian Devotedness]''. James Nisbet. * Groves, Anthony Norris (1833). ''[http://silicabiblechapel.com/uploads/3/4/4/6/34464869/on_the_nature_of_christian_influence.pdf On the Nature of Christian Influence]''. American Mission Press. * Groves, Anthony Norris (1834). ''[http://silicabiblechapel.com/uploads/3/4/4/6/34464869/on_the_liberty_of_ministry_in_the_church_of_christ_2.16.23.pdf On the Liberty of Ministry in the Church of Christ]''. Original Printing, Mission Press, Neyoor, 1834. * {{cite book | last = Groves | first = Harriet | date = 1869 | title = [[s:Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves]] | edition = 3rd | publisher = James Nisbet & Co. | location = London }} * Lang, GH, ''Anthony Norris Groves: A Combined Study of a Man of God and of the Principles and Practice of the Brethren'', reprint, 2012, [http://www.kingsleypress.com/anthony-norris-groves-saint-and-pioneer-by-g-h-lang.html Kingsley Press] * Lang, GH, ''The History and Diaries of An Indian Christian: JC Aroolappen'', USA, Schoettle Publishing Co, Inc, 1988, [http://www.schoettlepublishing.com/catalog/lang.htm Schoettle Publishing Company] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608132525/http://www.schoettlepublishing.com/catalog/lang.htm |date=8 June 2008 }} * Stunt, Timothy CF, ''Anthony Norris Groves in an International Context: A Re-assessment of his Early Development'', in ''The Growth of the Brethren Movement: National and International Experiences (Studies in Evangelical History & Thought)'', edited by Neil TR Dickson and Tim Grass, (Carlisle, Paternoster Press, 2006), {{ISBN|1-84227-427-9}}. pp &nbsp;223–40. * Tayler, William Elfe (1866). ''Passages from the Diary and Letters of Henry Craik, of Bristol''. London: J. F. Shaw & Co. ===Video=== * ''Anthony Norris Groves – the Quiet Trailblazer'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717143728/http://www.cta.uk.com/shop.asp?pid=164], (2004), [http://www.cta.uk.com Christian Television Association] for [http://www.echoes.org.uk/ Echoes of Service] ==External links== {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=26379| name=Anthony Norris Groves}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Anthony Norris Groves}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091012055329/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/d.haslam/groves/AboutANG.htm Anthony Norris Groves (1795-1853)] – has some brief biographical data plus a bibliography relating to AN Groves, that includes a modern reprint of his ''Memoirs''. * [http://silicabiblechapel.com/uploads/3/4/4/6/34464869/bearing_witness_to_the_original_principles_of_the_early_brethren.pdf Bearing Witness to the Original Principles of the Early Brethren: As Found in a Letter Written by A.N. Groves to J.N. Darby in 1836 (Updated Version)] {{Protestant missions to India}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Groves, Anthony Norris}} [[Category:1795 births]] [[Category:1853 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century English male writers]] [[Category:19th-century evangelicals]] [[Category:British expatriates in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:British people in colonial India]] [[Category:British Plymouth Brethren]] [[Category:English evangelicals]] [[Category:English Protestant missionaries]] [[Category:Evangelical missionaries]] [[Category:English Evangelical writers]] [[Category:People from Newton Valence]] [[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]] [[Category:Protestant missionaries in Iraq]] [[Category:Burials at Arnos Vale Cemetery]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" 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