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St. Elmo (1914 film) - Wikipedia

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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1914 film</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1914 silent film. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elmo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Saint Elmo (disambiguation)">Saint Elmo</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">St. Elmo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Elmo_1914_film_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/St_Elmo_1914_film_poster.jpg/220px-St_Elmo_1914_film_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/St_Elmo_1914_film_poster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="360" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical release poster</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Bracken" title="Bertram Bracken">Bertram Bracken</a> and/or</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Edwards_(director)" title="J. Gordon Edwards (director)">J. Gordon Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data">William Jossey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_(novel)" title="St. Elmo (novel)"><i>St. Elmo</i></a><br />by <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Jane_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta Jane Evans">Augusta Jane Evans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Fox_(producer)" title="William Fox (producer)">William Fox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>William Jossey</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production<br />company</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Balboa_Amusement_Producing_Company" title="Balboa Amusement Producing Company">Balboa Amusement Producing Company</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Attractions_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Box Office Attractions Company">Box Office Attractions Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>August&#160;1914<span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1914-08</span>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 reels</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a> (English <a href="/wiki/Intertitle" title="Intertitle">intertitles</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>St. Elmo</b></i> is a 1914 American <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama film</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Balboa_Amusement_Producing_Company" title="Balboa Amusement Producing Company">Balboa Amusement Producing Company</a> and distributed by <a href="/wiki/William_Fox_(producer)" title="William Fox (producer)">William Fox</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Attractions_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Box Office Attractions Company">Box Office Attractions Company</a>. It was the first <a href="/wiki/Feature-length" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature-length">feature-length</a> film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Jane_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta Jane Evans">Augusta Jane Evans</a>'s 1866 <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_(novel)" title="St. Elmo (novel)">novel of the same name</a>. The story follows the life of the title character (played by William Jossey), who kills his cousin (<a href="/wiki/Francis_McDonald" title="Francis McDonald">Francis McDonald</a>) over the love of Agnes (Madeline Pardee), falls from grace, and eventually finds redemption and love with Edna (<a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Abbott" title="Gypsy Abbott">Gypsy Abbott</a>). It is disputed who directed the film; many sources credit <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Bracken" title="Bertram Bracken">Bertram Bracken</a>, while others list <i>St. Elmo</i> as <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Edwards_(director)" title="J. Gordon Edwards (director)">J. Gordon Edwards</a>'s directorial debut. </p><p>Some reviewers praised the scenery and overall production quality, considering the film an improvement over staged adaptations of the novel. Others found the scenery irrelevant and the story confusing. Despite mixed reviews, the film was financially successful, reportedly setting box office records. The following year, a film adaptation of an unrelated Evans novel, <i>Beulah</i>, was marketed as a sequel. As with most Balboa films, <i>St. Elmo</i> is now believed <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Elmo_(1914_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Elmo Murray and Murray Hammond, his cousin and best friend, are both in love with a young woman named Agnes Hunt. Although Agnes loves Murray, she rejects him for being too poor. Instead, she accepts the wealthy St. Elmo's marriage proposal. St. Elmo's mother holds a ball to celebrate the engagement. After the betrothal is publicly announced, Murray and Agnes meet covertly in the gardens. St. Elmo discovers their affair, challenges Murray to a duel, and kills his cousin with the first shot. The Devil possesses St. Elmo, and he becomes a cruel wanderer, spreading misery and misfortune where he travels. </p><p>Twenty years later, the <a href="/wiki/Ingenue_(stock_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingenue (stock character)">ingenue</a> Edna Earle is traveling by train, hoping to find employment in a cotton mill after the death of her father, the village blacksmith. The train derails, and St. Elmo saves her from the burning wreckage. This act sets St. Elmo on the path to salvation as he and Edna slowly fall in love. Initially planning to depart for distant lands, a vision of Christ leads him to aid the impoverished. Freed from the Devil, he becomes a minister and marries Edna.<sup id="cite_ref-AFI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPN70_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPN70-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trenton_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Elmo_(1914_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Cast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;min-width: min(25em, 100%);"> <ul><li>William Jossey as St. Elmo Murray</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollie_McConnell" title="Mollie McConnell">Mollie McConnell</a> as Mrs. Murray</li> <li>Madeline Pardee as Agnes Hunt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_McDonald" title="Francis McDonald">Francis McDonald</a> as Murray Hammond</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Abbott" title="Gypsy Abbott">Gypsy Abbott</a> as Edna Earle</li> <li>Henry Stanley as Parson Hammond</li> <li>Richard Johnson (credited as Dick Johnson) as Mr. Grady</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Leonard" title="Gus Leonard">Gus Leonard</a> (credited as Pop Leonard) as Gabe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalie_Jensen" title="Eulalie Jensen">Eulalie Jensen</a> (credited as Miss Jensen) as Hagar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Whitman_(actor)" title="Fred Whitman (actor)">Fred Whitman</a> as Dent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Erlanger" title="Frank Erlanger">Frank Erlanger</a> as Clinton<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007251_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007251-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Elmo_(1914_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmo_kills_Murray.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man kneels over a dead body as a crowd watches." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Elmo_kills_Murray.JPG/220px-Elmo_kills_Murray.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Elmo_kills_Murray.JPG/330px-Elmo_kills_Murray.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Elmo_kills_Murray.JPG/440px-Elmo_kills_Murray.JPG 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>St. Elmo (Jossey) has killed his cousin (McDonald) as others look on. This scene was censored for Chicago showings.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Jane_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta Jane Evans">Augusta Jane Evans</a>'s 1866 <a href="/wiki/Domestic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic novel">domestic novel</a> <i>St. Elmo</i> was one of the best-selling novels of the 19th century, surpassed at the time only by <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom&#39;s Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurice-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and later by <i><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ" title="Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ">Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler2002129_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler2002129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With the novel's success came broad cultural impact. Various consumer products, hotels, steamboats, railway carriages, and even several towns were named after the book, and many families named children after its characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurice-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler2002128–129_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler2002128–129-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although there was considerable interest in a <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_adaptation" title="Theatrical adaptation">theatrical adaptation</a>, Evans was concerned about how the novel's themes would be portrayed on the stage and did not approve the first script for a <i>St. Elmo</i> play until 1909. Other stage versions, many of which were financially successful, were quickly developed after her death later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler2002142–143_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler2002142–143-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The first film versions of the story followed shortly. In 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Thanhouser_Company" title="Thanhouser Company">Thanhouser Company</a> chose <i>St. Elmo</i> for its <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_(1910_Thanhouser_film)" title="St. Elmo (1910 Thanhouser film)">second production</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitagraph_Studios" title="Vitagraph Studios">Vitagraph Studios</a> produced <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_(1910_Vitagraph_film)" title="St. Elmo (1910 Vitagraph film)">its own adaptation</a> the same year. Both were one-reel <a href="/wiki/Short_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Short films">short films</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlide197870_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlide197870-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlideGevinson1987195_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlideGevinson1987195-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1914, while working for the <a href="/wiki/Balboa_Amusement_Producing_Company" title="Balboa Amusement Producing Company">Balboa Amusement Producing Company</a>, William Jossey wrote the screenplay for the first <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature-length</a> film adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-MPW1676_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPW1676-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Filming took place in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MPN70_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPN70-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> where the Balboa studios were located.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Footage of an actual church under construction across the street from the studio was used for a scene in which one was built by St. Elmo.<sup id="cite_ref-MPW1676_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPW1676-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contemporary writers credited <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Bracken" title="Bertram Bracken">Bertram Bracken</a> as director,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJusticeSmith191428_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJusticeSmith191428-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BB52_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB52-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as do some modern sources, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFI_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Others consider the film the directorial debut of <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Edwards_(director)" title="J. Gordon Edwards (director)">J. Gordon Edwards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoble1999504_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoble1999504-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeister201191_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeister201191-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Both men subsequently had long careers directing for <a href="/wiki/Fox_Film" title="Fox Film">Fox Film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon201114_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon201114-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balboa highlighted the film's production value and artistry in its marketing;<sup id="cite_ref-Atlanta_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlanta-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> its <a href="/wiki/Film_poster" title="Film poster">film poster</a> advertises "194&#160;gorgeous scenes".<sup id="cite_ref-Poster_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poster-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, Balboa was not a film distributor,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon201113_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon201113-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> so in May 1914 they contracted with <a href="/wiki/William_Fox_(producer)" title="William Fox (producer)">William Fox</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Attractions_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Box Office Attractions Company">Box Office Attractions Company</a> to have Fox handle the distribution of all Balboa films,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlide200126–27_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlide200126–27-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> beginning with <i>St. Elmo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Contracts_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contracts-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Copies of these films were then shown at Fox's theaters or rented out to other theater franchise owners, in what was known as the states' rights distribution system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENealeHall201024_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENealeHall201024-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 1 February 1915, William Fox incorporated Fox Film, which inherited Box Office's assets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon201119_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon201119-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The new company continued to distribute some Box Office films, including <i>St. Elmo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which played in some areas into 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-Honolulu_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honolulu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Elmo_(1914_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Reception and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Elmo_drinks_with_the_devil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man, next to a corpse in a standing coffin, drinks with another man who represents the Devil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/St_Elmo_drinks_with_the_devil.jpg/220px-St_Elmo_drinks_with_the_devil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/St_Elmo_drinks_with_the_devil.jpg/330px-St_Elmo_drinks_with_the_devil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/St_Elmo_drinks_with_the_devil.jpg/440px-St_Elmo_drinks_with_the_devil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>St. Elmo shares a drink with the Devil, with Murray's body in a coffin between them. This scene was also censored in Chicago.</figcaption></figure> <p>Contemporary reviews were mixed. Writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_News" title="Motion Picture News">Motion Picture News</a></i>, A.&#160;Danson Michell found the film superior to stage adaptations of the novel, and especially praised the photography.<sup id="cite_ref-MPN70_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPN70-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Moving Picture World">Moving Picture World</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">&#39;s</span> Hanford Judson also gave a generally positive review, believing that its production qualities and popular appeal more than compensated for the "artificiality" of a few scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-MPW70_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPW70-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Not all critics praised the film. Vanderheyden Fyles of <i>Movie Pictorial</i> felt the Long Beach scenery lauded elsewhere was irrelevant to the plot and the adapted story was a "baffling mix-up".<sup id="cite_ref-MP28_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP28-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A particularly negative review appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>, suggesting the film was so bad that its makers "might have got a little profit out of the raw [film] by not ruining it through putting <i>St. Elmo</i> on it."<sup id="cite_ref-Variety17_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variety17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Chicago Board of <a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Film censorship in the United States">Censorship</a> found some scenes objectionable and required that Chicago showings of the film be edited to remove depictions of dueling and Murray's dead body.<sup id="cite_ref-Menace_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menace-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>St. Elmo</i> was a financial success,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007204_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007204-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> reported by <i>The Photoplayers' Weekly</i> as breaking box office records.<sup id="cite_ref-TPW_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPW-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The following year, Bertram Bracken directed a film adaptation of another Augusta Jane Evans novel, <i>Beulah</i> (1859), for Balboa. Though not directly related to <i>St. Elmo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler200256,_125_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler200256,_125-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the 1915 <i>Beulah</i> film was marketed as a sequel.<sup id="cite_ref-BB52_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB52-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007204_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007204-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1923, Fox Film produced <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_(1923_American_film)" title="St. Elmo (1923 American film)">another adaptation</a> of the novel, also titled <i>St. Elmo</i>, which was also a success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler2002144_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler2002144-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 90% of Balboa's films have been <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> probably including the 1914 <i>St. Elmo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarbox1983188,_191_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarbox1983188,_191-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> is not aware of any extant copies.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Elmo_(1914_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_silent_films_(1910%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lost silent films (1910–14)">List of lost silent films (1910–14)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Elmo_(1914_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AFI-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=1&amp;Movie=16398">"St. Elmo"</a>. <i>Catalogue of Feature Films</i>. American Film Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113341/http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=1&amp;Movie=16398">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Catalogue+of+Feature+Films&amp;rft.atitle=St.+Elmo&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2Fmembers%2Fcatalog%2FDetailView.aspx%3Fs%3D1%26Movie%3D16398&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPN70-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPN70_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPN70_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPN70_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1914" class="citation journal cs1">Michell, A. Danson (1914-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/motionpicturenew101unse#page/n75/mode/1up">"St. Elmo"</a>. <i>Motion Picture News</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Motion+Picture+News&amp;rft.atitle=St.+Elmo&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=70&amp;rft.date=1914-07-11&amp;rft.aulast=Michell&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+Danson&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmotionpicturenew101unse%23page%2Fn75%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trenton-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trenton_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/6942642">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'St. Elmo' Pictures"</a></span>. <i>Trenton Evening Times</i>. Trenton, NJ. 1915-03-07. p.&#160;4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827084324/http://www.newspapers.com/image/6942642/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Trenton+Evening+Times&amp;rft.atitle=%27St.+Elmo%27+Pictures&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.date=1915-03-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F6942642&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007251-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007251_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuraBardin2007">Jura &amp; Bardin 2007</a>, p.&#160;251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maurice-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maurice_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maurice_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice1910" class="citation journal cs1">Maurice, Arthur Bartlett. (1910). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Best Sellers' of Yesterday: I—Augusta Jane Evans's 'St. Elmo'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Bookman</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 35–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Bookman&amp;rft.atitle=%27Best+Sellers%27+of+Yesterday%3A+I%E2%80%94Augusta+Jane+Evans%27s+%27St.+Elmo%27&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=35-42&amp;rft.date=1910&amp;rft.aulast=Maurice&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+Bartlett.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler2002129-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler2002129_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFidler2002">Fidler 2002</a>, p.&#160;129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler2002128–129-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler2002128–129_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFidler2002">Fidler 2002</a>, pp.&#160;128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler2002142–143-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler2002142–143_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFidler2002">Fidler 2002</a>, pp.&#160;142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlide197870-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlide197870_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlide1978">Slide 1978</a>, p.&#160;70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlideGevinson1987195-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlideGevinson1987195_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlideGevinson1987">Slide &amp; Gevinson 1987</a>, p.&#160;195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPW1676-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPW1676_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPW1676_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/movingpicturewor20newy#page/1676/mode/1up">"Doings at Los Angeles"</a>. <i>The Moving Picture World</i>. <b>20</b> (12): 1676. 1914-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Moving+Picture+World&amp;rft.atitle=Doings+at+Los+Angeles&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1676&amp;rft.date=1914-06-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmovingpicturewor20newy%23page%2F1676%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2009" class="citation web cs1">Harvey, Steve (2009-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-oct-25-me-then25-story.html">"The movie capital of yore"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045329/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/25/local/me-then25">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+movie+capital+of+yore&amp;rft.date=2009-10-25&amp;rft.aulast=Harvey&amp;rft.aufirst=Steve&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-oct-25-me-then25-story.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJusticeSmith191428-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJusticeSmith191428_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJusticeSmith1914">Justice &amp; Smith 1914</a>, p.&#160;28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BB52-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BB52_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BB52_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Bracken Back with Balboa Co". <i>Billboard</i>. 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Library of Congress. 2014-03-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124055/http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.mbrs.sfdb.9500/default.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Silent+Feature+Film+Database&amp;rft.atitle=St.+Elmo+%5Bmotion+picture%5D&amp;rft.date=2014-03-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fdiglib%2Fihas%2Floc.mbrs.sfdb.9500%2Fdefault.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoble1999504-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoble1999504_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoble1999">Goble 1999</a>, p.&#160;504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeister201191-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeister201191_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeister2011">Keister 2011</a>, p.&#160;91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon201114-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon201114_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon2011">Solomon 2011</a>, p.&#160;14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlanta-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atlanta_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/26823027/">"At the Grand"</a></span>. <i>The Atlanta Constitution</i>. Vol.&#160;47, no.&#160;111. 1914-10-04. p.&#160;14M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818192525/https://www.newspapers.com/image/26823027/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Constitution&amp;rft.atitle=At+the+Grand&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=111&amp;rft.pages=14M&amp;rft.date=1914-10-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F26823027%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poster-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poster_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.oscars.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=27965">"ST. ELMO / &#91;poster&#93;&#160;; J. Gordon Edwards&#160;; 1914"</a>. Margaret Herrick Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=ST.+ELMO+%2F+%5Bposter%5D+%3B+J.+Gordon+Edwards+%3B+1914.&amp;rft.pub=Margaret+Herrick+Library&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.oscars.org%2Fvwebv%2FholdingsInfo%3FbibId%3D27965&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon201113-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon201113_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon2011">Solomon 2011</a>, p.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlide200126–27-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlide200126–27_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlide2001">Slide 2001</a>, pp.&#160;26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Contracts-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Contracts_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/motionp09moti#page/n583/mode/1up">"Fox Contracts for Whole Balboa Output"</a>. <i>Motion Picture News</i>. <b>9</b> (20): 30. 1914-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Motion+Picture+News&amp;rft.atitle=Fox+Contracts+for+Whole+Balboa+Output&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=30&amp;rft.date=1914-05-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmotionp09moti%23page%2Fn583%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENealeHall201024-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENealeHall201024_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNealeHall2010">Neale &amp; Hall 2010</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon201119-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon201119_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon2011">Solomon 2011</a>, p.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/motionpicturenew102unse#page/n622/mode/1up/">"Fox Film Company Formed in Milwaukee"</a>. <i>Motion Picture News</i>. <b>10</b> (21): 33. 1914-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Motion+Picture+News&amp;rft.atitle=Fox+Film+Company+Formed+in+Milwaukee&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft.date=1914-11-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmotionpicturenew102unse%23page%2Fn622%2Fmode%2F1up%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honolulu-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Honolulu_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/85833017/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'St. Elmo' to be Film Feature at New Playhouse"</a></span>. <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i>. Vol.&#160;23, no.&#160;7425. 1916-01-29. p.&#160;7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818190449/https://www.newspapers.com/image/85833017/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=%27St.+Elmo%27+to+be+Film+Feature+at+New+Playhouse&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=7425&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rft.date=1916-01-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F85833017%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPW70-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPW70_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudson1914" class="citation journal cs1">Judson, Hanford C. (1914-07-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/movingpicturewor21newy#page/70/mode/1up">"St. Elmo"</a>. <i>The Moving Picture World</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Moving+Picture+World&amp;rft.atitle=St.+Elmo&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=70&amp;rft.date=1914-07-04&amp;rft.aulast=Judson&amp;rft.aufirst=Hanford+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmovingpicturewor21newy%23page%2F70%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP28-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MP28_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyles1914" class="citation journal cs1">Fyles, Vanderheyden (1914-09-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MoviePictorialSept.-nov.1914/MoviePictorialSept-Nov1914#page/n98/mode/1up">"Famous Feature Films"</a>. <i>Movie Pictorial</i>. <b>1</b> (20): 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Movie+Pictorial&amp;rft.atitle=Famous+Feature+Films&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=28&amp;rft.date=1914-09-19&amp;rft.aulast=Fyles&amp;rft.aufirst=Vanderheyden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FMoviePictorialSept.-nov.1914%2FMoviePictorialSept-Nov1914%23page%2Fn98%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Variety17-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Variety17_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/variety35-1914-08#page/n116/mode/1up">"St. Elmo"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. <b>35</b> (13): 17. 1914-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Variety&amp;rft.atitle=St.+Elmo&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=17&amp;rft.date=1914-09-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvariety35-1914-08%23page%2Fn116%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menace-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menace_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/motography12elec#page/458/mode/1up">"Growing Menace of Chicago Censors: More Films Cut"</a>. <i>Motography</i>. <b>12</b> (14): 459–462. 1914-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Motography&amp;rft.atitle=Growing+Menace+of+Chicago+Censors%3A+More+Films+Cut&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=459-462&amp;rft.date=1914-11-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmotography12elec%23page%2F458%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007204-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007204_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuraBardin2007204_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuraBardin2007">Jura &amp; Bardin 2007</a>, p.&#160;204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TPW-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TPW_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ThePhotoplayersWeeklySept.1915ToMarch1916/PhotoplayersWeeklySept1915-Mar1916#page/n70/mode/1up/">"Balboa's Phenomenal Success in the Film World"</a>. <i>The Photoplayers' Weekly</i>. <b>3</b> (21): 3. 1915-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Photoplayers%27+Weekly&amp;rft.atitle=Balboa%27s+Phenomenal+Success+in+the+Film+World&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.date=1915-12-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FThePhotoplayersWeeklySept.1915ToMarch1916%2FPhotoplayersWeeklySept1915-Mar1916%23page%2Fn70%2Fmode%2F1up%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler200256,_125-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler200256,_125_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFidler2002">Fidler 2002</a>, pp.&#160;56, 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler2002144-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler2002144_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFidler2002">Fidler 2002</a>, p.&#160;144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarbox1983188,_191-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarbox1983188,_191_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarbox1983">Tarbox 1983</a>, pp.&#160;188, 191.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Elmo_(1914_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFidler2002" class="citation book cs1">Fidler, William Perry (2002). <i>Augusta Evans Wilson, 1835–1909</i>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5026-0"><bdi>978-0-8173-5026-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Augusta+Evans+Wilson%2C+1835%E2%80%931909&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5026-0&amp;rft.aulast=Fidler&amp;rft.aufirst=William+Perry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoble1999" class="citation book cs1">Goble, Alan (1999). <i>The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film</i>. Bowker-Saur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85739-229-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85739-229-6"><bdi>978-1-85739-229-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Complete+Index+to+Literary+Sources+in+Film&amp;rft.pub=Bowker-Saur&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85739-229-6&amp;rft.aulast=Goble&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuraBardin2007" class="citation book cs1">Jura, Jean-Jacques; Bardin, Rodney Norman (2007). <i>Balboa Films: A History and Filmography of the Silent Film Studio</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3098-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3098-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-3098-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Balboa+Films%3A+A+History+and+Filmography+of+the+Silent+Film+Studio&amp;rft.pub=McFarland&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3098-7&amp;rft.aulast=Jura&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&amp;rft.au=Bardin%2C+Rodney+Norman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJusticeSmith1914" class="citation book cs1">Justice, Fred C.; Smith, Tom R., eds. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/whoswhoinfilmwor00just#page/28/mode/1up"><i>Who's Who in the Film World</i></a>. Film World Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8807170">8807170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Film+World&amp;rft.pub=Film+World+Publishing&amp;rft.date=1914&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8807170&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fwhoswhoinfilmwor00just%23page%2F28%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeister2011" class="citation book cs1">Keister, Douglas (2011). <i>Stories in Stone New York: A Field Guide to New York City Cemeteries and Their Residents</i>. Gibbs Smith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2102-7"><bdi>978-1-4236-2102-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Stories+in+Stone+New+York%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+New+York+City+Cemeteries+and+Their+Residents&amp;rft.pub=Gibbs+Smith&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4236-2102-7&amp;rft.aulast=Keister&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNealeHall2010" class="citation book cs1">Neale, Steve; Hall, Sheldon (2010). <i>Epics, Spectacles, and Blockbusters: A Hollywood History</i>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3008-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3008-1"><bdi>978-0-8143-3008-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Epics%2C+Spectacles%2C+and+Blockbusters%3A+A+Hollywood+History&amp;rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8143-3008-1&amp;rft.aulast=Neale&amp;rft.aufirst=Steve&amp;rft.au=Hall%2C+Sheldon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlide1978" class="citation book cs1">Slide, Anthony (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsofamerica0000slid"><i>Aspects of American Film History Prior to 1920</i></a></span>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1130-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1130-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-1130-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aspects+of+American+Film+History+Prior+to+1920&amp;rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8108-1130-0&amp;rft.aulast=Slide&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faspectsofamerica0000slid&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlide2001" class="citation book cs1">Slide, Anthony (2001). <i>The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57886-015-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57886-015-9"><bdi>978-1-57886-015-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Historical+Dictionary+of+the+American+Film+Industry&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-57886-015-9&amp;rft.aulast=Slide&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlideGevinson1987" class="citation book cs1">Slide, Anthony; Gevinson, Alan (1987). <i>The Big V: A History of the Vitagraph Company</i> (revised&#160;ed.). Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2030-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-2030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Big+V%3A+A+History+of+the+Vitagraph+Company&amp;rft.edition=revised&amp;rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8108-2030-2&amp;rft.aulast=Slide&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rft.au=Gevinson%2C+Alan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2011" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Aubrey (2011). <i>The Fox Film Corporation, 1915–1935: A History and Filmography</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6286-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6286-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-6286-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Fox+Film+Corporation%2C+1915%E2%80%931935%3A+A+History+and+Filmography&amp;rft.pub=McFarland&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6286-5&amp;rft.aulast=Solomon&amp;rft.aufirst=Aubrey&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarbox1983" class="citation book cs1">Tarbox, Charles H. (1983). <i>Lost Films 1895–1917</i>. Jef Films. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9610916-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9610916-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9610916-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lost+Films+1895%E2%80%931917&amp;rft.pub=Jef+Films&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9610916-0-6&amp;rft.aulast=Tarbox&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Elmo+%281914+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Elmo_(1914_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Gordon Edwards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Director</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Elmo</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life%27s_Shop_Window" title="Life&#39;s Shop Window">Life's Shop Window</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1915_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1915 film)">Anna Karenina</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Woman%27s_Resurrection" title="A Woman&#39;s Resurrection">A Woman's Resurrection</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Should_a_Mother_Tell%3F" title="Should a Mother Tell?">Should a Mother Tell?</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Hate" title="The Song of Hate">The Song of Hate</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blindness_of_Devotion" title="The Blindness of Devotion">The Blindness of Devotion</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Galley_Slave_(1915_film)" title="The Galley Slave (1915 film)">The Galley Slave</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Unfaithful_Wife_(1915_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Unfaithful Wife (1915 film) (page does not exist)">The Unfaithful Wife</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Green-Eyed_Monster_(1916_film)" title="The Green-Eyed Monster (1916 film)">The Green-Eyed Monster</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Wife%27s_Sacrifice" title="A Wife&#39;s Sacrifice">A Wife's Sacrifice</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spider_and_the_Fly_(1916_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Spider and the Fly (1916 film) (page does not exist)">The Spider and the Fly</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(1916_film)" title="Under Two Flags (1916 film)">Under Two Flags</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Her_Double_Life" title="Her Double Life">Her Double Life</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(1916_Fox_film)" title="Romeo and Juliet (1916 Fox film)">Romeo and Juliet</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vixen_(film)" title="The Vixen (film)">The Vixen</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darling_of_Paris" title="The Darling of Paris">The Darling of Paris</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiger_Woman_(1917_film)" title="The Tiger Woman (1917 film)">The Tiger Woman</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Her_Greatest_Love" title="Her Greatest Love">Her Greatest Love</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tangled_Lives_(1917_film)" title="Tangled Lives (1917 film)">Tangled Lives</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_and_Soul_(1917_film)" title="Heart and Soul (1917 film)">Heart and Soul</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camille_(1917_film)" title="Camille (1917 film)">Camille</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_of_Blood" title="The Rose of Blood">The Rose of Blood</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Du_Barry_(1917_film)" title="Madame Du Barry (1917 film)">Madame Du Barry</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forbidden_Path" title="The Forbidden Path">The Forbidden Path</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_Buddha" title="The Soul of Buddha">The Soul of Buddha</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Yoke_(film)" title="Under the Yoke (film)">Under the Yoke</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(1917_film)" title="Cleopatra (1917 film)">Cleopatra</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_a_Woman_Sins" title="When a Woman Sins">When a Woman Sins</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_She-Devil" title="The She-Devil">The She-Devil</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Light_(1919_film)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Light (1919 film) (page does not exist)">The Light</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(1918_film)" title="Salomé (1918 film)">Salomé</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Men_Desire" title="When Men Desire">When Men Desire</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Siren%27s_Song_(1919_film)" title="The Siren&#39;s Song (1919 film)">The Siren's Song</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_There_Was" title="A Woman There Was">A Woman There Was</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lone_Star_Ranger_(1919_film)" title="The Lone Star Ranger (1919 film)">The Lone Star Ranger</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolves_of_the_Night" title="Wolves of the Night">Wolves of the Night</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Duanes_(1919_film)" title="The Last of the Duanes (1919 film)">The Last of the Duanes</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Morning_(1919_film)" title="Wings of the Morning (1919 film)">Wings of the Morning</a></i> 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(1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Greatest_Sacrifice" title="His Greatest Sacrifice">His Greatest Sacrifice</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Sheba_(1921_film)" title="The Queen of Sheba (1921 film)">The Queen of Sheba</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nero_(1922_film)" title="Nero (1922 film)">Nero</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_Command" title="The Silent Command">The Silent Command</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_King" title="The Shepherd King">The Shepherd King</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Net_(1923_film)" title="The Net (1923 film)">The Net</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Is_the_Law" title="It Is the Law">It Is the Law</a></i> (1924)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenwriter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blindness_of_Devotion" title="The Blindness of Devotion">The Blindness of Devotion</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Wife%27s_Sacrifice" title="A Wife&#39;s Sacrifice">A Wife's Sacrifice</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_She-Devil" title="The She-Devil">The She-Devil</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Sheba_(1921_film)" title="The Queen of Sheba (1921 film)">The Queen of Sheba</a></i> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Daughter_of_the_Gods" title="A Daughter of the Gods">A Daughter of the Gods</a></i> (1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Edwards_filmography" title="J. Gordon Edwards filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Blake Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐g7nzk Cached time: 20241124203152 Cache expiry: 3600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.815 seconds Real time usage: 1.010 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4112/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 81983/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8577/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 109440/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.524/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8228990/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 925.574 1 -total 25.13% 232.581 1 Template:Reflist 11.67% 108.024 4 Template:Cite_web 11.40% 105.495 19 Template:Sfn 10.93% 101.145 1 Template:J._Gordon_Edwards 10.69% 98.970 1 Template:Navbox 10.69% 98.907 1 Template:Infobox_film 10.09% 93.384 1 Template:Short_description 8.95% 82.794 1 Template:IMDb_title 8.75% 81.029 30 Template:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44954662-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124203152 and revision id 1247079691. 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