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<span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ruling_elites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruling_elites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ruling elites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruling_elites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suppression_of_rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Suppression of rebellions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mu'tazilism_and_the_abortive_coup_of_al-Khuza'i" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mu'tazilism_and_the_abortive_coup_of_al-Khuza'i"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mu'tazilism and the abortive coup of al-Khuza'i</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mu'tazilism_and_the_abortive_coup_of_al-Khuza'i-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_the_Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>War with the Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_the_Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Assessment and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="هارون الواثق بالله – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هارون الواثق بالله" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasiq_(x%C9%99lif%C9%99)" title="Vasiq (xəlifə) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vasiq (xəlifə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%82" title="الواثق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الواثق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="আল-ওয়াসিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল-ওয়াসিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аль-Васік Білах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аль-Васік Білах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Al-Wathiq" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-W%C3%A0thiq_(abb%C3%A0ssida)" title="Al-Wàthiq (abbàssida) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Wàthiq (abbàssida)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-V%C3%A1thik" title="Al-Váthik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Al-Váthik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-W%C4%81thiq" title="Al-Wāthiq – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Wāthiq" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB-%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA" title="Αλ-Ουάθικ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλ-Ουάθικ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-W%C3%A1thiq" title="Al-Wáthiq – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Wáthiq" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C5%ACatik" title="Al-Ŭatik – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Al-Ŭatik" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%82" title="واثق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واثق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-W%C4%81t%CC%A0iq" title="Al-Wāt̠iq – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Wāt̠iq" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95" title="अल-वासीक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल-वासीक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Watsiq" title="Al-Watsiq – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Watsiq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Wathiq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA%27%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אל-ואת'ק הראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל-ואת'ק הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ალ-ვასიკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალ-ვასიკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%A3%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B" title="Һәрун әл-Уәсиқ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Һәрун әл-Уәсиқ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._al-V%C3%A1szik_abb%C3%A1szida_kalifa" title="I. al-Vászik abbászida kalifa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. al-Vászik abbászida kalifa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Wathiq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosiq" title="Vosiq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vosiq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="الواثق باللہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الواثق باللہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="واثق بالله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="واثق بالله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wasik" title="Al-Wasik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Wasik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluatique" title="Aluatique – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aluatique" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аль-Васик Биллах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аль-Васик Биллах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwaasiq_bilaah" title="Alwaasiq bilaah – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alwaasiq bilaah" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Vasik" title="Al-Vasik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Vasik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Wathiq" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al-Wathiq" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Восиқ Биллоҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Восиқ Биллоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2sik" title="Vâsik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vâsik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Аль-Ватік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аль-Ватік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="الواثق باللہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الواثق باللہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC" title="瓦西格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦西格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q284585#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abbasid caliph from 842 to 847</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 9th-century Abbasid caliph. For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Al-Wathiq (disambiguation)">Al-Wathiq (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">al-Wathiq<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الواثق</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></i></span></li><li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Caliphs">Khalifat Allah</a></i></span></li></ul></div></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar_of_al-Wathiq,_AH_227-232.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Obverse and reverse of a gold coin with Arabic writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dinar_of_al-Wathiq%2C_AH_227-232.jpg/280px-Dinar_of_al-Wathiq%2C_AH_227-232.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dinar_of_al-Wathiq%2C_AH_227-232.jpg/420px-Dinar_of_al-Wathiq%2C_AH_227-232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Dinar_of_al-Wathiq%2C_AH_227-232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="244" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of al-Wathiq, minted in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 843</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 842 – 10 August 847</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 812<br />Near <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, Abbasid Caliphate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 August 847<br />(aged 35)<br /><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra</a>, Abbasid Caliphate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data">Qurb<br /><a href="/wiki/Farida_(singer)" title="Farida (singer)">Farida</a><br />Qalam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">Muhammad al-Muhtadi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qaratis" title="Qaratis">Qaratis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abū Jaʿfar Hārūn ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">Muḥammad</a> al-Wathiq bi'Llah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو جعفر هارون بن محمد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Abū Jaʿfar Hārūn ibn Muḥammad</i></span>; 18 April 812 – 10 August 847), commonly known by his <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">regnal name</a> <b>al-Wathiq bi'Llah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الواثق بالله</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Wāthiq biʾllāh</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'He who trusts in God'), was an <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> who reigned from 842 until his death in 847. </p><p>Al-Wathiq is described in the sources as well-educated, intellectually curious, but also a poet, who enjoyed the company of poets and musicians as well as scholars. His brief reign was one of continuity with the policies of his father, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 833–842</span>), as power continued to rest in the hands of the same officials whom al-Mu'tasim had appointed. The chief events of the reign were the suppression of revolts: <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> rebellions occurred in <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> in 842, the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> in 845, and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Yamama</a> in 846, <a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Armenia</a> had to be pacified over several years, and above all, an abortive uprising took place in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> itself in 846, under Ahmad ibn Nasr al-Khuza'i. The latter was linked to al-Wathiq's continued support for the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilism</a>, and his reactivation of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">mihna</a></i></span> to root out opponents. In foreign affairs, the perennial conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> continued, and the Abbasids even scored a significant victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauropotamos" title="Battle of Mauropotamos">Mauropotamos</a>, but after a prisoner exchange in 845, warfare ceased for several years. </p><p>Al-Wathiq's character is relatively obscure compared to other early Abbasid caliphs. He appears to have been a sedentary ruler occupied with the luxuries of the court, a capable poet, and a patron of poets and musicians, as well as showing interest in scholarly pursuits. Al-Wathiq's unexpected death left the succession unsettled. Al-Wathiq's son <a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a> was passed over due to his youth, and his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 847–861</span>) was chosen as the next caliph by a coterie of leading officials. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Wathiq was born on 18 April 812 (various sources give slightly earlier or later dates in 811–813), on the road to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. His father was the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid</a> prince, and later caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 833–842</span>), and his mother a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greek</a> slave (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">umm walad</a></i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Qaratis" title="Qaratis">Qaratis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198952–53_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198952–53-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named Harun after his grandfather, Caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 786–809</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had the <a href="/wiki/Teknonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknonym">teknonym</a> Abu Ja'far.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198953_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198953-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early life of al-Wathiq is obscure, all the more since his father was initially a junior prince without prospects of succession,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who owed his rise to prominence, and eventually to the caliphate, to his control of an elite private army of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> slave troops (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">ghilman</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004156–157_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004156–157-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harun_ibn_Ziyad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harun ibn Ziyad (page does not exist)">Harun ibn Ziyad</a> is mentioned as his first teacher, and he learned calligraphy, recitation and literature from his uncle, Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 813–833</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later sources nickname him the "Little Ma'mun" on account of his erudition and moral character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When al-Mu'tasim became caliph, he took care for al-Wathiq, as his son and heir-apparent, to acquire experience in governance. Thus al-Wathiq was left in charge of the capital <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 835, when al-Mu'tasim moved north to found a new capital at <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is then mentioned in the account of <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> as being sent to ceremonially welcome the general <a href="/wiki/Al-Afshin" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Afshin">al-Afshin</a> during his victorious return from the suppression of the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak Khorramdin</a> in 838 (in present-day Iran),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and being left behind as his father's deputy during the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Amorion">Amorion campaign</a> of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Wathiq is then mentioned in 841 as bringing a bowl of fruit to al-Afshin, now disgraced and imprisoned. Fearing that the fruit was poisoned, al-Afshin refused to accept it, and asked for someone else to convey a message to the Caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Samarra, al-Wathiq's residence was immediately adjacent to his father's palace, and he was a fixed presence at court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As historian John Turner remarks, these reports show al-Wathiq in the "role of a trusted agent of his father, which positioned him well to take over the reins of power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, al-Wathiq was never given a military command and did not even participate in the Amorion campaign, in a departure from previous Abbasid practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Tabari records that al-Wathiq was of medium height, handsome and well-built. He was fair with a ruddy complexion, commonly associated with noble descent. His left eye was paralyzed with a white fleck, which reportedly lent his gaze a stern aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198952_(esp._note_195)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198952_(esp._note_195)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When al-Mu'tasim died on 5 January 842, al-Wathiq succeeded him without opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013220_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013220-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inheriting a full treasury, the new caliph made generous donations to the common people, especially in Baghdad and the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Wathiq sent his mother, Qaratis, accompanied by his brother Ja'far (the future caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a>), to head the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage</a> in 842. Qaratis died on the way at <a href="/wiki/Al-Hirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hirah">al-Hirah</a> on 16 August 842, and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer19894_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer19894-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruling_elites">Ruling elites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ruling elites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Wathiq's reign was short and is generally considered to have been essentially a continuation of al-Mu'tasim's own, as the government continued to be led by men that had been raised to power by al-Mu'tasim: the Turkic military commanders <a href="/wiki/Itakh" title="Itakh">Itakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasif_al-Turki" title="Wasif al-Turki">Wasif</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashinas" title="Ashinas">Ashinas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">vizier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Zayyat" title="Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat">Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat</a>, and the chief <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i></span> (judge), <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Duwad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad">Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548–549_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548–549-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013220–221_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013220–221-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These men had been personally loyal to al-Mu'tasim, but were not similarly bound to al-Wathiq; in practice, according to Turner, this narrow circle "controlled the levers of power and thus the Caliph's independence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013221_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013221-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a gesture likely aimed at cementing an alliance between the caliph and his most powerful commander,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013221_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013221-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Wathiq bestowed a crown on Ashinas in June/July 843, and on the occasion invested him with sweeping authority over the western provinces, from Samarra to the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>—an act which the 15th-century Egyptian scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">al-Suyuti</a> considered as the first occasion when royal power (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a></i></span>) was delegated by a caliph to a subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200179_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200179-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer19895_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer19895-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashinas died in 844, and Itakh succeeded him in his rank as commander-in-chief and in his over-governorship of the western provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004159_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004159-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200118,_79_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200118,_79-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new caliph also engaged in much construction in Samarra, which went a long way towards making the caliphal residence a proper city, with markets and a port adequate to its needs. This made Samarra not only more comfortable for its inhabitants but also made investment in property there economically attractive—both major considerations for the Abbasid elites and the military, who had been forced to relocate to the new capital by al-Mu'tasim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013221–222_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013221–222-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 843/44, the Caliph—allegedly at the instigation of the vizier Ibn al-Zayyat, or, according to a story reported by al-Tabari, inspired by the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a> under Harun al-Rashid—arrested, tortured, and imposed heavy fines on several of the secretaries in the central government, in an effort to raise money to pay the Turkic troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer1989xii,_8–16_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer1989xii,_8–16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure was at the same time possibly aimed at driving a wedge between civilian and military elites,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013222_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013222-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at reducing the power of the leading Turkic commanders, such as Itakh and Ashinas, since most of the secretaries arrested and forced to pay were in their service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer1989xii_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer1989xii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppression_of_rebellions">Suppression of rebellions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Suppression of rebellions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbasid_Caliphate_850AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Middle East, with the territory of the Abbasid Caliphate in green and the main cities and provinces shown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Abbasid_Caliphate_850AD.png/280px-Abbasid_Caliphate_850AD.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Abbasid_Caliphate_850AD.png/420px-Abbasid_Caliphate_850AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Abbasid_Caliphate_850AD.png/560px-Abbasid_Caliphate_850AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and its provinces, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Already during the last months of al-Mu'tasim's life, a large-scale revolt had erupted in <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Palestine</a> under a certain <a href="/wiki/Al-Mubarqa" title="Al-Mubarqa">al-Mubarqa</a>. Al-Mu'tasim sent the general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_ibn_Ayyub_al-Hidari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja ibn Ayyub al-Hidari (page does not exist)">Raja ibn Ayyub al-Hidari</a> to confront the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1991203–206_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1991203–206-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When al-Wathiq came to power, he dispatched al-Hidari against <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kilab#Banu_Bayhas_of_Damascus" title="Banu Kilab">Ibn Bayhas</a>, who led a <a href="/wiki/Qays" title="Qays">Qaysi</a> tribal revolt around <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact relationship of this uprising with the revolt of al-Mubarqa is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking advantage of the dissensions among the tribesmen, al-Hidari quickly defeated Ibn Bayhas, and then turned south and confronted al-Mubarqa's forces near <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>. The battle was a decisive victory for the government army, with al-Mubarqa taken prisoner and brought to Samarra, where he was thrown into prison and never heard of again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1991204–206_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1991204–206-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon coming to the throne, al-Wathiq appointed <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid_al-Shaybani" title="Khalid ibn Yazid al-Shaybani">Khalid ibn Yazid al-Shaybani</a> as governor of the restive province of <a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Armenia</a>. At the head of a large army, Khalid defeated the opposition of the local Muslim and Christian princes at the Battle of Kawakert. Khalid died soon after, but his son, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Khalid_al-Shaybani" title="Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Shaybani">Muhammad al-Shaybani</a>, succeeded him in office and continued his father's task.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETer-Ghewondyan197627,_39–40_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETer-Ghewondyan197627,_39–40-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 845, another tribal rebellion broke out. A local tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a>, had become embroiled in a conflict with the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kinanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Kinanah">Banu Kinanah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahila" title="Bahila">Bahilah</a> around Medina, resulting in bloody clashes in February/March 845. The local governor, <a href="/wiki/Salih_ibn_Ali" title="Salih ibn Ali">Salih ibn Ali</a>, sent an army against them comprising regular troops as well as citizens of Medina, but, the Sulaym were victorious and proceeded to loot the environs of the two holy cities. As a result, in May al-Wathiq charged one of his Turkic generals, <a href="/wiki/Bugha_al-Kabir" title="Bugha al-Kabir">Bugha al-Kabir</a>, to handle the affair. Accompanied by professional troops from the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shakiriyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakiriyyah">Shakiriyyah</a></i></span>, Turkic, and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Magharibah" class="mw-redirect" title="Magharibah">Magharibah</a></i></span> guard regiments, Bugha defeated the Sulaym and forced them to surrender. In early autumn, he also forced the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> to submit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198917–21_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198917–21-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bugha's troops took many prisoners, some 1,300 in total who were held in Medina. They tried to escape, but were thwarted by the Medinese, and most were killed in the process. In the meantime, Bugha used the opportunity to intimidate the other Bedouin tribes of the region, and marched to confront the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Fazara" title="Banu Fazara">Banu Fazara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Murra" title="Banu Murra">Banu Murra</a>. The tribes fled before his advance, with many submitting, and others fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Balqa_(region)" title="Balqa (region)">al-Balqa</a>. Bugha then subdued the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kilab" title="Banu Kilab">Banu Kilab</a>, taking some 1,300 of them as prisoners back to Medina in May 846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198922–26_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198922–26-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A minor <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> uprising in 845/6 occurred in <a href="/wiki/Diyar_Rabi%27a" title="Diyar Rabi'a">Diyar Rabi'a</a> under a certain Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Tha'labi (or Muhammad ibn Amr), but was easily suppressed by the governor of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198937_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198937-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the general Wasif suppressed restive <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> tribes in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198937–38_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198937–38-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 846, al-Wathiq sent Bugha al-Kabir to stop the depredations of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Numayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Numayr">Banu Numayr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yamamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamamah">Yamamah</a>. On 4 February 847, Bugha fought a major engagement against about 3,000 Numayris at the watering place of Batn al-Sirr. At first he was hard pressed, and his forces almost disintegrated. Then some troops he had out raiding the Numayris' horses returned, fell upon the forces attacking Bugha and completely routed them. According to one report, up to 1,500 Numayris were killed. Bugha spent a few months pacifying the region, issuing writs of safe-passage to those who submitted and pursuing the rest, before he returned to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in June/July 847. Over 2,200 Bedouin from various tribes were brought captive with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198945–51_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198945–51-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mu'tazilism_and_the_abortive_coup_of_al-Khuza'i"><span id="Mu.27tazilism_and_the_abortive_coup_of_al-Khuza.27i"></span>Mu'tazilism and the abortive coup of al-Khuza'i</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mu'tazilism and the abortive coup of al-Khuza'i"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihna_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Middle East with brief descriptions of events associated with the mihna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mihna_Map.svg/280px-Mihna_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mihna_Map.svg/420px-Mihna_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mihna_Map.svg/560px-Mihna_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilite">Mu'tazilite</a> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">mihna</a></i></span> and events associated with it</figcaption></figure> <p>Like his father, al-Wathiq was an ardent <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilite">Mu'tazilite</a>—the sources agree that he was strongly influenced by the chief <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qadi</i></span>, Ibn Abi Duwad<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198928_(note_94)_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198928_(note_94)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—but also, like his father, maintained good relations with the <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013222_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013222-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the third year of his caliphate, al-Wathiq revived the inquisition (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">mihna</a></i></span>), sending officials to question jurists on their views on the controversial topic of the <a href="/wiki/Createdness_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Createdness of the Quran">createdness of the Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Wathiq supported the Mu'tazili view that the Quran was created and not eternal, and hence fell within the authority of a God-guided <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> (i.e., the caliph) to interpret according to the changing circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004161–162_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004161–162-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even during a <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_prisoner_exchanges" title="Arab–Byzantine prisoner exchanges">prisoner exchange</a> held with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 845, the ransomed Muslim prisoners were questioned on their opinions regarding the topic, with those giving unsatisfactory answers reportedly left to remain in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198939–40_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198939–40-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">school of jurisprudence</a>, who opposed the Mu'tazili doctrine, was forced to cease his teachings and only resumed them after al-Wathiq's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 846, a well-respected notable, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_ibn_Nasr_ibn_Malik_al-Khuza%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad ibn Nasr ibn Malik al-Khuza'i (page does not exist)">Ahmad ibn Nasr ibn Malik al-Khuza'i</a>, a descendant of one of the original missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a>, launched a plot in Baghdad to overthrow al-Wathiq, his Turkic commanders, and the Mu'tazilite doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013224_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013224-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231–232_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231–232-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His followers distributed money to the people, and the date for the uprising was scheduled for the night of 4/5 April 846. However, according to al-Tabari, those who were supposed to sound a drum as the signal to rise got drunk and did so a day early, and there was no response.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231–232_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231–232-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198926–29_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198926–29-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khatib_al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatib al-Baghdadi">Khatib al-Baghdadi</a> on the other hand reports simply that an informer gave the plot away to the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013224_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013224-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deputy governor of the city, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Mus%27abi" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Mus'abi">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim</a>—the governor, his brother <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Mus%27abi" title="Ishaq ibn Ibrahim al-Mus'abi">Ishaq</a>, was absent—inquired on the event, and the conspiracy was revealed. Al-Khuza'i and his followers were arrested and brought before al-Wathiq at Samarra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198929–31_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198929–31-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Caliph interrogated al-Khuza'i publicly, though more on the thorny theological issue of the createdness of the Quran rather than on the actual rebellion. Ahmad's answers enraged al-Wathiq so much, that the Caliph took al-Samsamah, a famous sword of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic period</a>, and personally joined in the execution of Ahmad, along with the Turks <a href="/wiki/Bugha_al-Sharabi" title="Bugha al-Sharabi">Bugha al-Sharabi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sima_al-Dimashqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sima al-Dimashqi (page does not exist)">Sima al-Dimashqi</a>. Ahmad's corpse was publicly displayed next to the <a href="/wiki/Gibbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbet">gibbet</a> of Babak in Baghdad, while twenty of his followers were thrown into prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198931–35_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198931–35-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013224–228_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013224–228-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same year there was a break-in at the public treasury (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">bayt al-mal</i></span>) in Samarra. Thieves made off with 42,000 silver <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhams</a> and a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">gold dinars</a>. The <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sahib_al-shurta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahib al-shurta">sahib al-shurta</a></i></span> (chief of security), <a href="/wiki/Yazid_al-Huwani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazid al-Huwani">Yazid al-Huwani</a>, a deputy of Itakh, pursued and caught them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198936–37_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198936–37-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner points out that this episode may provide some premonition of the <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">crisis</a> to erupt in later decades: security even at the main palace was lax, and, based on the thieves' loot, the treasury appears to have been almost empty at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013225_(note_57)_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013225_(note_57)-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_the_Byzantine_Empire">War with the Byzantine Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War with the Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Geophysical map of 9th-century Anatolia, with provinces, main settlements and roads" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg/280px-Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg/420px-Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg/560px-Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Map of Byzantine Asia Minor and the Arab–Byzantine frontier region <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 842</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In 838 al-Mu'tasim had scored a major victory against the Abbasid Caliphate's perennial foe, the Byzantine Empire, with the celebrated sack of Amorion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935137–173_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935137–173-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This success was not followed up, and warfare reverted to the usual raids and counter-raids along the border. According to Byzantine sources, at the time of his death in 842, al-Mu'tasim was preparing yet another large-scale invasion, but the great fleet he had prepared to assault Constantinople perished in a storm off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Chelidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Chelidonia">Cape Chelidonia</a> a few months later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935175–176,_192–193_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935175–176,_192–193-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event is not reported in Muslim sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following al-Mu'tasim's death, the Byzantine regent <a href="/wiki/Theoktistos" title="Theoktistos">Theoktistos</a> attempted to reconquer the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a>, an Abbasid vassal, but the campaign ended in disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935194–195_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935194–195-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 844, an army from the border emirates of <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Qaliqala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a>, led by Abu Sa'id, and possibly the emir of <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar_al-Aqta" title="Umar al-Aqta">Umar al-Aqta</a>, raided deep into Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and reached as far as the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>. The Muslims then defeated Theoktistos at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauropotamos" title="Battle of Mauropotamos">Battle of Mauropotamos</a>, aided by the defection of senior Byzantine officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935195–198,_399–404_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935195–198,_399–404-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Paulicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicians">Paulicians</a>, a sect persecuted as heretical in Byzantium, defected to the Arabs under their leader <a href="/wiki/Karbeas" title="Karbeas">Karbeas</a>. They founded a small principality on the Abbasid–Byzantine frontier, centred on the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Tephrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Tephrike">Tephrike</a>, and henceforth joined the Arabs in their attacks on Byzantine territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZal-Wāṯiq_(#8593)_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZal-Wāṯiq_(#8593)-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935230–233_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935230–233-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 845, a Byzantine embassy arrived at the caliphal court to negotiate about a prisoner exchange. It was held in September of the same year under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Yazaman_al-Khadim" title="Yazaman al-Khadim">Yazaman al-Khadim</a>, and somewhere between 3,500 and 4,600 Muslims were ransomed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198922,_39–43_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198922,_39–43-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935198–204_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935198–204-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March of the same year, however, <a href="/wiki/42_Martyrs_of_Amorium" title="42 Martyrs of Amorium">42 officers</a> taken captive at Amorion were executed at Samarra, after refusing to convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013223_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013223-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZAnonymi_(42)_(#10542);_al-Wāṯiq_(#8593)_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZAnonymi_(42)_(#10542);_al-Wāṯiq_(#8593)-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the truce arranged for the exchange expired, the Abbasid governor of Tarsus, Ahmad ibn Sa'id ibn Salm, led a winter raid with 7,000 men. It failed disastrously, with 500 men dying of cold or drowning, and 200 taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198943–44_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198943–44-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the Arab-Byzantine frontier remained quiet for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in the west did the Abbasids' <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabid</a> clients continue their gradual <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">conquest</a> of Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> (842/43), <a href="/wiki/Modica" title="Modica">Modica</a> (845), and <a href="/wiki/Leontini" class="mw-redirect" title="Leontini">Leontini</a> (846).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204–207_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204–207-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 845/46, the Aghlabids captured <a href="/wiki/Miseno" title="Miseno">Miseno</a> near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in mainland Italy, and in the next year their ships appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Tiber_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber River">Tiber River</a> and their crews <a href="/wiki/Arab_raid_against_Rome" title="Arab raid against Rome">raided</a> the environs of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935210–211_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935210–211-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deaths_of_Al-Wathiq_and_Muhammad_B._Baiis_Jalis_(recto),_Death_of_Anbakh_(verso),_Folio_from_a_Tarikh-I_Alfi_Manuscript_LACMA_M.78.9.4_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Parchment with Persianate miniatures with Persian writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Deaths_of_Al-Wathiq_and_Muhammad_B._Baiis_Jalis_%28recto%29%2C_Death_of_Anbakh_%28verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Tarikh-I_Alfi_Manuscript_LACMA_M.78.9.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/220px-Deaths_of_Al-Wathiq_and_Muhammad_B._Baiis_Jalis_%28recto%29%2C_Death_of_Anbakh_%28verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Tarikh-I_Alfi_Manuscript_LACMA_M.78.9.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Deaths_of_Al-Wathiq_and_Muhammad_B._Baiis_Jalis_%28recto%29%2C_Death_of_Anbakh_%28verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Tarikh-I_Alfi_Manuscript_LACMA_M.78.9.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Deaths_of_Al-Wathiq_and_Muhammad_B._Baiis_Jalis_%28recto%29%2C_Death_of_Anbakh_%28verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Tarikh-I_Alfi_Manuscript_LACMA_M.78.9.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Deaths_of_Al-Wathiq_and_Muhammad_B._Baiis_Jalis_%28recto%29%2C_Death_of_Anbakh_%28verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Tarikh-I_Alfi_Manuscript_LACMA_M.78.9.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/440px-Deaths_of_Al-Wathiq_and_Muhammad_B._Baiis_Jalis_%28recto%29%2C_Death_of_Anbakh_%28verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Tarikh-I_Alfi_Manuscript_LACMA_M.78.9.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Death of Caliph al-Wathiq, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> miniature from the <i>Tarikh-I Alfi</i> (1594)</figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Wathiq died as the result of <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, likely from liver damage or diabetes, while being seated in an oven in an attempt to cure it,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013228–229_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013228–229-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 10 August 847.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His age is variously given as 32, 34, or 36 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_years&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic years (page does not exist)">Islamic years</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in the Haruni Palace in Samarra,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he had built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013221_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013221-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His death was unexpected, and left the succession open<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—although the near-contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Ya%27qubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ya'qubi">al-Ya'qubi</a> at least claims that an heir had been named, and the <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">oath of allegiance</a> given to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013229_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013229-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the leading officials, the vizier, Ibn al-Zayyat, the chief <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qadi</i></span>, Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad, the Turkic generals Itakh and Wasif, and a few others, assembled to determine his successor. Ibn al-Zayyat initially proposed al-Wathiq's son Muhammad (the future caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a>), but due to his youth he was passed over, and instead the council chose al-Wathiq's 26-year-old half-brother Ja'far, who became the caliph al-Mutawakkil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232–233_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232–233-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198968_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198968-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This selection is commonly considered by historians to have been in effect a conspiracy to place a weak and pliable ruler on the throne, while the same cabal of officials would run affairs as under al-Wathiq.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013229_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013229-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006234_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006234-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would be quickly proven wrong, for al-Mutawakkil quickly moved to eliminate Ibn al-Zayyat and Itakh and consolidate his own authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006234–239_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006234–239-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assessment and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Wathiq is reported as having been generous to the poor of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to have reduced taxes on maritime commerce,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he does not appear to have enjoyed any great popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is told of his character shows him being a mild-mannered person,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given to indolence and the pleasures of court life, to the point of becoming inebriated and falling asleep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219–220_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219–220-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an accomplished poet—more poems of his survive than of any other Abbasid caliph—as well as a skilled composer, and could play the <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a patron of poets, singers and musicians, inviting them to the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed particular favour to the musician <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Mawsili" title="Ishaq al-Mawsili">Ishaq al-Mawsili</a>, the singer <a href="/wiki/Mukhariq" title="Mukhariq">Mukhariq</a>, and the poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Dahhak_al-Bahili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Dahhak al-Bahili (page does not exist)">al-Dahhak al-Bahili</a>, known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Khali</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Debauched One</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to this picture, the 10th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27udi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mas'udi">al-Mas'udi</a> portrays al-Wathiq as "interested in scientific learning and facilitating disputations among physicians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a> continued to flourish under his reign,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sources also relate some episodes that show al-Wathiq's own "intellectual curiosity", especially as related to issues that could burnish his religious credentials: he reportedly dreamed that the "<a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Barrier</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dhu%27l-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu'l-Qarnayn">Dhu'l-Qarnayn</a>" had been breached—probably resulting from news of the movements of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Kirghiz Turks</a> at the time that caused large population shifts among the Turkic nomads of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>—and sent the chancery official <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallam_al-Tarjuman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sallam al-Tarjuman (page does not exist)">Sallam al-Tarjuman</a> to journey to the region and investigate. Likewise, according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a>, the Caliph sent the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">al-Khwarizmi</a> to the Byzantines to investigate the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sleepers of Ephesus">Seven Sleepers of Ephesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013222–223_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013222–223-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Wathiq is one of the more obscure <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphs">Abbasid caliphs</a>. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Hugh Kennedy</a>, "no other caliph of the period has left so little trace of the history of his times, and it is impossible to form any clear impression of his personality",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004166_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004166-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> writes that "he had not the gifts of a great ruler, and his brief reign was not distinguished by remarkable events".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His very obscurity allowed <a href="/wiki/William_Beckford_(novelist)" title="William Beckford (novelist)">William Beckford</a> to present a heavily fictionalized version of al-Wathiq in his classic 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic fantasy">Gothic fantasy</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Vathek" title="Vathek">Vathek</a></i>, which Kennedy describes as "a fantastic tale of cruelty, dissipation and a search for the lost treasure of ancient kings, guarded by <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> himself".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of al-Wathiq's concubines was Qurb, a Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Waines_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waines-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 833 she gave birth to al-Wathiq's son, Muhammad, the future caliph al-Muhtadi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006173_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006173-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another concubine was <a href="/wiki/Farida_(singer)" title="Farida (singer)">Farida</a>, who was also a musician and al-Wathiq's favourite. When al-Wathiq died, the singer Amr ibn Banah presented her to Caliph al-Mutawakkil. He married her, and she became one of his favourites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_al-Sāʿī201753_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_al-Sāʿī201753-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had another concubine, who was a servant of Farida. Al-Wathiq was infatuated with her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_al-Sāʿī201731_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_al-Sāʿī201731-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another concubine was Qalam. She belonged to Salih bin Abdul al-Wahhab, who had trained her as a singer. Al-Wathiq bought her for 5000 dinars and called her Ightibat ("delight").<sup id="cite_ref-al-Ṭabarī_Kraemer_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Ṭabarī_Kraemer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198952–53-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198952–53_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002178_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002">Zetterstéen, Bosworth & van Donzel 2002</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198953-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198953_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004156–157-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004156–157_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKan2012">Kan 2012</a>, p. 548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198952_(esp._note_195)-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198952_(esp._note_195)_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, p. 52 (esp. note 195).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2006">Kennedy 2006</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013220-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013220_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer19894-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer19894_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012548–549-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012548–549_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKan2012">Kan 2012</a>, pp. 548–549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013220–221-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013220–221_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013221-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013221_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013221_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013221_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200179-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200179_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2001">Gordon 2001</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer19895-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer19895_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004159-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004159_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200118,_79-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200118,_79_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2001">Gordon 2001</a>, pp. 18, 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013221–222-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013221–222_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, pp. 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer1989xii,_8–16-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer1989xii,_8–16_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. xii, 8–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013222-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013222_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013222_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer1989xii-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer1989xii_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1993279_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenstein1993">Eisenstein 1993</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1991203–206-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1991203–206_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1991">Bosworth 1991</a>, pp. 203–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1991204–206-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1991204–206_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1991">Bosworth 1991</a>, pp. 204–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETer-Ghewondyan197627,_39–40-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETer-Ghewondyan197627,_39–40_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTer-Ghewondyan1976">Ter-Ghewondyan 1976</a>, pp. 27, 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198917–21-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198917–21_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 17–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198922–26-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198922–26_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 22–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198937-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198937_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198937–38-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198937–38_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198945–51-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198945–51_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 45–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198928_(note_94)-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198928_(note_94)_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, p. 28 (note 94).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKan2012549-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKan2012549_32-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKan2012">Kan 2012</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004161–162-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004161–162_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198939–40-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198939–40_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013224-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013224_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013224_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231–232-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231–232_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006231–232_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2006">Kennedy 2006</a>, pp. 231–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198926–29-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198926–29_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 26–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198929–31-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198929–31_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 29–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198931–35-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198931–35_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 31–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2006">Kennedy 2006</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013224–228-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013224–228_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, pp. 224–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198936–37-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198936–37_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013225_(note_57)-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013225_(note_57)_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, p. 225 (note 57).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935137–173-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935137–173_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 137–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935175–176,_192–193-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935175–176,_192–193_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 175–176, 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935194–195-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935194–195_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935195–198,_399–404-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935195–198,_399–404_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 195–198, 399–404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZal-Wāṯiq_(#8593)-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZal-Wāṯiq_(#8593)_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, al-Wāṯiq (#8593).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935230–233-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935230–233_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 230–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198922,_39–43-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198922,_39–43_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 22, 39–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935198–204-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935198–204_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 198–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013223-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013223_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZAnonymi_(42)_(#10542);_al-Wāṯiq_(#8593)-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZAnonymi_(42)_(#10542);_al-Wāṯiq_(#8593)_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Anonymi (42) (#10542); al-Wāṯiq (#8593).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198943–44-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198943–44_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204–207-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935204–207_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 204–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935210–211-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1935210–211_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013228–229-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013228–229_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013229-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013229_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013229_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232–233-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006232–233_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2006">Kennedy 2006</a>, pp. 232–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraemer198968-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraemer198968_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1989">Kraemer 1989</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006234-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006234_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2006">Kennedy 2006</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006234–239-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006234–239_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2006">Kennedy 2006</a>, pp. 234–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013219–220-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013219–220_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, pp. 219–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2013222–223-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2013222–223_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004166-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004166_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waines-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waines_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWaines2015" class="citation book cs1">Waines, D. (2015). <i>The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 36: The Revolt of the Zanj A.D. 869-879/A.H. 255-265</i>. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2304-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2304-3"><bdi>978-1-4384-2304-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB+Vol.+36%3A+The+Revolt+of+the+Zanj+A.D.+869-879%2FA.H.+255-265&rft.series=SUNY+series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2304-3&rft.aulast=Waines&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006173-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006173_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2006">Kennedy 2006</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_al-Sāʿī201753-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_al-Sāʿī201753_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_al-Sāʿī2017">Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_al-Sāʿī201731-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_al-Sāʿī201731_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_al-Sāʿī2017">Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Ṭabarī_Kraemer-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-al-Ṭabarī_Kraemer_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-ṬabarīKraemer1989" class="citation book cs1">al-Ṭabarī, A.J.M.J.; Kraemer, J.L. (1989). <i>The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 34: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil, and al-Muntaṣir A.D. 841-863/A.H. 227-248</i>. Bibliotheca Persica. State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-874-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-874-4"><bdi>978-0-88706-874-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB+Vol.+34%3A+Incipient+Decline%3A+The+Caliphates+of+al-W%C4%81thiq%2C+al-Mutawakkil%2C+and+al-Munta%E1%B9%A3ir+A.D.+841-863%2FA.H.+227-248&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Persica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-874-4&rft.aulast=al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=A.J.M.J.&rft.au=Kraemer%2C+J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>, ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky2rl0xN2SQC"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIII: Storm and Stress Along the Northern Frontiers of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Muʿtasim, A.D. 833–842/A.H. 218–227</i></a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0493-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-0493-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+XXXIII%3A+Storm+and+Stress+Along+the+Northern+Frontiers+of+the+%CA%BFAbb%C4%81sid+Caliphate%3A+The+Caliphate+of+al-Mu%CA%BFtasim%2C+A.D.+833%E2%80%93842%2FA.H.+218%E2%80%93227&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0493-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKy2rl0xN2SQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstein1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eisenstein, H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5292">"al-Mubarḳaʿ"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume VII:<i> Mif–Naz</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5292">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09419-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Mubar%E1%B8%B3a%CA%BF&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VII%3A+Mif%E2%80%93Naz&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5292&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09419-2&rft.aulast=Eisenstein&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2001" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Matthew S. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/breakingofthousa0000gord"><i>The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E.)</i></a></span>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4795-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4795-2"><bdi>0-7914-4795-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Breaking+of+a+Thousand+Swords%3A+A+History+of+the+Turkish+Military+of+Samarra+%28A.H.+200%E2%80%93275%2F815%E2%80%93889+C.E.%29&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7914-4795-2&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbreakingofthousa0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_al-Sāʿī2017" class="citation book cs1">Ibn al-Sāʿī (2017). <i>Consorts of the Caliphs: Women and the Court of Baghdad</i>. Translated by Shawkat M. Toorawa and the Editors of the Library of Arabic Literature. Introduction by Julia Bray. Foreword by Marina Warner. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-0477-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-0477-1"><bdi>978-1-4798-0477-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consorts+of+the+Caliphs%3A+Women+and+the+Court+of+Baghdad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-0477-1&rft.au=Ibn+al-S%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKan2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kan, Kadir (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/vasik-billah">"Vâsiḳ-Billâh"</a>. <i>TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 42 (Tütün – Vehran)</i> (in Turkish). Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Turkiye Diyanet Foundation</a>, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">548–</span>549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-737-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-389-737-2"><bdi>978-975-389-737-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V%C3%A2si%E1%B8%B3-Bill%C3%A2h&rft.btitle=TDV+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+Vol.+42+%28T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn+%E2%80%93+Vehran%29&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E548-%3C%2Fspan%3E549&rft.pub=Turkiye+Diyanet+Foundation%2C+Centre+for+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-975-389-737-2&rft.aulast=Kan&rft.aufirst=Kadir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fvasik-billah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century</i></a> (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7"><bdi>978-0-582-40525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-40525-7&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWux0lWbxs1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67fZB5YGkOQC"><i>When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306814808" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306814808"><bdi>978-0-306814808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Baghdad+Ruled+the+Muslim+World%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Islam%27s+Greatest+Dynasty&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-306814808&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67fZB5YGkOQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer1989" class="citation book cs1">Kraemer, Joel L., ed. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nxyl-gp36y8C"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248</i></a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-874-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-874-4"><bdi>978-0-88706-874-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+XXXIV%3A+Incipient+Decline%3A+The+Caliphates+of+al-W%C4%81thiq%2C+al-Mutawakkil+and+al-Munta%E1%B9%A3ir%2C+A.D.+841%E2%80%93863%2FA.H.+227%E2%80%93248&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-874-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnxyl-gp36y8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPmbZ" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a>; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz"><i>Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt</i></a> (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopographie+der+mittelbyzantinischen+Zeit+Online.+Berlin-Brandenburgische+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften.+Nach+Vorarbeiten+F.+Winkelmanns+erstellt&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Pratsch%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Zielke%2C+Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fdb%2Fpmbz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTer-Ghewondyan1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aram_Ter-Ghevondyan" title="Aram Ter-Ghevondyan">Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram</a> (1976) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rbedrosian_gmail_Aeba"><i>The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Nina_Garso%C3%AFan" title="Nina Garsoïan">Garsoïan, Nina</a>. Lisbon: <a href="/wiki/Livraria_Bertrand" title="Livraria Bertrand">Livraria Bertrand</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/490638192">490638192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Emirates+in+Bagratid+Armenia&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Livraria+Bertrand&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F490638192&rft.aulast=Ter-Ghewondyan&rft.aufirst=Aram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frbedrosian_gmail_Aeba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2013" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA218">"The Enigmatic Reign of al-Wāthiq (r. 227/842-232/847)"</a>. In Bernards, Monique (ed.). <i>ʿAbbāsid Studies IV. Occasional Papers of the School of ʿAbbāsid Studies, Leuven, July 5 – July 9, 2010</i>. Gibb Memorial Trust. pp. <span class="nowrap">218–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906094-98-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906094-98-3"><bdi>978-0-906094-98-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Enigmatic+Reign+of+al-W%C4%81thiq+%28r.+227%2F842-232%2F847%29&rft.btitle=%CA%BFAbb%C4%81sid+Studies+IV.+Occasional+Papers+of+the+School+of+%CA%BFAbb%C4%81sid+Studies%2C+Leuven%2C+July+5+%E2%80%93+July+9%2C+2010&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.pub=Gibb+Memorial+Trust&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-906094-98-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwcoVBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasiliev_(historian)" title="Alexander Vasiliev (historian)">Vasiliev, Alexander A.</a> (1935). <i>Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La dynastie d'Amorium (820–867)</i>. Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire_(historian)" title="Henri Grégoire (historian)">Henri Grégoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Marius Canard</a>. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181731396">181731396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzance+et+les+Arabes%2C+Tome+I%3A+La+dynastie+d%27Amorium+%28820%E2%80%93867%29&rft.place=Brussels&rft.series=Corpus+Bruxellense+Historiae+Byzantinae&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+l%27Institut+de+philologie+et+d%27histoire+orientales&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181731396&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterstéenBosworthvan_Donzel2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zetterstéen, K. V.; Bosworth, C. E. & van Donzel, E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7894">"al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ Bi 'llāh"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume XI:<i> W–Z</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_7894">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7894</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-W%C4%81t%CC%B2h%CC%B2i%E1%B8%B3+Bi+%27ll%C4%81h&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XI%3A+W%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_7894&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12756-2&rft.aulast=Zetterst%C3%A9en&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+C.+E.&rft.au=van+Donzel%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_7894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Wathiq" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Al-Wathiq </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 812</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 847</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">Al-Mu'tasim</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs" title="List of Abbasid caliphs">Caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> </b><br />5 January 842 – 10 August 847 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">Al-Mutawakkil</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a><br />(749–1258)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amin" title="Al-Amin">al-Amin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</a></i><sup>[B]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Wathiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muntasir" title="Al-Muntasir">al-Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in" title="Al-Musta'in">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazz" title="Al-Mu'tazz">al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi">al-Muktafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_al-Mu%27tazz" title="Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz">Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz</a></i><sup>[B]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Radi" title="Al-Radi">al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">al-Mustakfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muti%27" title="Al-Muti'">al-Muti'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ta%27i%27" title="Al-Ta'i'">al-Ta'i'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">al-Mustarshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Billah" title="Al-Rashid Billah">al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid" title="Al-Mustanjid">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah">al-Zahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_I" title="Al-Mustansir I">al-Mustansir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Mongol conquest</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a><br />(1261–1517)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_II" title="Al-Mustansir II">al-Mustansir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_I" title="Al-Hakim I">al-Hakim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_I_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)">al-Mustakfi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq_I" title="Al-Wathiq I">al-Wathiq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_II" title="Al-Hakim II">al-Hakim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid_I" title="Al-Mu'tadid I">al-Mu'tadid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq_II" title="Al-Wathiq II">al-Wathiq II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Musta'in (Cairo)">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid_II" title="Al-Mu'tadid II">al-Mu'tadid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_II" title="Al-Mustakfi II">al-Mustakfi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Cairo)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Cairo)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustanjid (Cairo)">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_II" title="Al-Mutawakkil II">al-Mutawakkil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustamsik" title="Al-Mustamsik">al-Mustamsik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustamsik" title="Al-Mustamsik">al-Mustamsik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)">Ottoman conquest</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>[B]</sup> indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&oldid=1268549587">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathiq&oldid=1268549587</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:812_births" title="Category:812 births">812 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:847_deaths" title="Category:847 deaths">847 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Muslims" title="Category:Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Abbasid_caliphs" 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