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Understanding Radiation-Induced Malignancies: A Two-Edged Sword? – Cancer Science
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id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-248" class="post-248 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-radiation-induced-malignancies tag-dna-damage tag-intensity-modulated-radiation-therapy tag-long-term-cancer-risks tag-proton-therapy tag-radiation-induced-malignancies tag-radiotherapy tag-secondary-cancer-prevention tag-secondary-cancers" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="800" height="419" src="https://cancerscience.net/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Understanding-Radiation-Induced-Malignancies-A-Two-Edged-Sword.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://cancerscience.net/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Understanding-Radiation-Induced-Malignancies-A-Two-Edged-Sword.jpg 800w, https://cancerscience.net/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Understanding-Radiation-Induced-Malignancies-A-Two-Edged-Sword-300x157.jpg 300w, https://cancerscience.net/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Understanding-Radiation-Induced-Malignancies-A-Two-Edged-Sword-768x402.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Understanding Radiation-Induced Malignancies: A Two-Edged Sword?</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-11-20T12:10:56+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">November 20, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://cancerscience.net/archive/author/cancerscience/" title="View all posts by cancerscience" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">cancerscience</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Radiotherapy has long been established as one of the most useful mechanisms in handling cases of cancer. This treatment modality aims at delivering high-energy radiation to malignant cells in a bid to kill or at least impair them to stop their proliferation and formation of tumors. Nevertheless, it has been observed that radiotherapy is a popular approach whose effectiveness cannot be undermined as it is used to treat many types of cancer. but some risks come with its use. Among these, there is a group of dangers that may be truly life-threatening and need immediate treatment or follow-up care; the worst of these difficulties is radiation-induced malignancy and RIMs. By being brought about by the cancer therapy that seeks to heal or contain the primary disease, these secondary cancers are bittersweet for cancer therapy. In reality, radiotherapy is still a life-saving treatment that comes with the risk of secondary malignancies, thus adding to challenges in the long-term management of cancer survivors. This article focuses on elucidating the topic of secondary cancer development, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with radiation malignancies, and efforts being made to reduce the risk of modern-day cancer therapy.</span></p> <h4><b>The Dual Nature of Radiotherapy</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Radiotherapy, on the other hand, makes use of ionizing radiation to affect cancer cells and damage their DNA strands. This makes it most useful against rapidly proliferating tissues or cells because, in their case, cancerous cells are usually much more sensitive to radiation than normal cells. However, this mechanism is not without risk, which can be seen in the next paragraph. Unfortunately, radiotherapy is directed at killing cancerous tissues, and this means that healthy neighboring tissues are also destroyed. The long-term effect of ionizing on healthy cells is that over time they get mutated to become malignant, thus causing secondary cancers.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">An example of this is the so-called ‘radiation-induced malignancy’ which presents its own set of problems. With discoveries in handling cancer, patients are living longer only to be threatened by other cancer diseases that are a result of radiation exposure. It has been found that the risk of developing another malignancy is highest in patients who had radiotherapy for prostate, breast, and lymphatic system cancers and more, among other types of cancer. Such duality of radiotherapy, which on the one hand acts as a lawful treatment for cancer and, on the other hand, may lead to secondary malignancies, makes its clinical application highly questionable.</span></p> <h4><b>Mechanisms Behind Radiation-Induced Malignancies</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The ways through which radiation triggers the development of secondary cancers are explained by the DNA injury that radiotherapy has on the malignant as well as nonmalignant cells. Ionizing radiation causes the breaking of the DNA strands within cells, and this is followed by the formation of mutations that will either end up killing the damaged cell or, in the worst case, transform it into a cancerous cell. Radiation is capable of inducing changes in DNA replication, chromosomal alterations, and mutations or alterations in gene expression. Although the human body has its natural ways of fixing this problem; at times, the repair is only partial and imprecise, and what you are left with are mutated cells that may turn into malignant tumors in the long run.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Similar to other malignancies, the appearance of radiation-induced malignancies depends on such factors as the doses of radiation, irradiated tissues’ volume, and the age and genetic profile of the patient. Radiation dose per fraction is inversely propositioned with lateral voltage in that raising the dose per fraction boosts the chances of cellular injury, and exposure of a bigger volume of tissue to radiation raises the number of cells in jeopardy. Further, the cancers are more likely to be induced in children, those with divided cells that are dividing rapidly, and more so given the fact that they have a longer life length so as the secondary cancers to develop.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://cancerscience.net/publication-trends/index/radiation induced malignancies" target="_blank" title="radiation induced malignancies - yearwise publication trends">radiation induced malignancies</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 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It has been established that there is a likelihood of incurring secondary cancer for a long time, perhaps several years or decades, after undergoing radiation therapy. For instance, radiotherapy for treating prostate cancer increases the probability of getting colorectal cancers in the regions that were exposed to radiation, such as the rectum and the sigmoid colon. Similarly, women suffering from breast cancer and treated with radiation are at a higher risk of developing lung and heart cancers because the heart and lungs are organs located in proximity to the breast, and radiation therapy affects them as well.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The most frequently diagnosed secondary cancers are those of tissues that are in direct contact with radiation, and this includes skin, bones, and GI tracts. Some of the side effects have included secondary bladder and rectal cancers where radiotherapy has been undertaken for the treatment of other cancers such as those occurring within the pelvic cavity. It also used to be observed that patients with hematologic malignancies like leukemia and lymphoma are seen often and especially in patients who have been exposed to massive radiation that affected the bone marrow radiation; nevertheless, sarcomas—the cancers of bones and connective tissue—can also develop in the irradiated areas, although these are rarer, and they usually develop only after such a high level of radiation or after a long exposure.</span></p> <h4><b>Risk Factors and Contributing Variables</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Factors that affect radiation-induced malignancies include: There are so many factors, and most of them are unique to the patient and their treatment regimen. The total dose per fraction, or total dose of radiation given during treatment, is also one of the most important considerations. A study also shows that exposure to large doses of radiation enhances the risk of getting another type of cancer. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that the type of radiation that is employed in treatment may matter as well, as other types of radiation, in particular, have higher LET and tend to cause more severe DNA damage.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As to the risk factors, it is also important to consider the age of the patient when he or she was exposed to radiation. Secondary cancers are more common in young patients because growing tissues have a higher rate of cell division, while radiation-induced malignancies can appear a long time after the initial treatment. There are other factors, including genetic factors; human beings who inherit some adjustments in their DNA, for instance, in DNA repair, that make them sensitive to radiation that has mutagenic effects.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Smoking in particular is a severe risk factor for secondary cancers among patients who have received radiotherapy, in addition to other determining factors, lifestyle. For instance, patients who smoke and who are treated with radiation therapy for lung or head-and-neck cancer are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop new cancers in the irradiated areas. This goes a long way to show the need to embrace smoking control and other preventions to avoid the long-term effects of radiotherapy.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://cancerscience.net/recent-publications/index/radiation induced malignancies" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="radiation induced malignancies - yearwise publication list">radiation induced malignancies</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${paper.title}">${paper.title}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://cancerscience.net/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Helium Ion Therapy for Advanced Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38893114", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "GSK-3\u03b2\/Notch-1 Activation Promotes Radiation-Induced Renal Damage: The Role of Gallic Acid in Mitigation of Nephrotoxicity.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38894622", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Nano-sensitizer with self-amplified drug release and hypoxia normalization properties potentiates efficient chemoradiotherapy of pancreatic cancer.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38823195", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Extracellular vesicles from GABAergic but not glutamatergic neurons protect against neurological dysfunction following cranial irradiation.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38806540", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Optimal management of radiation pneumonitis: Findings of an international Delphi consensus study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38788551", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Asparagine endopeptidase deficiency mitigates radiation-induced brain injury by suppressing microglia-mediated neuronal senescence.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38655198", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Radiation-Induced Sarcoma of the Prostate after Treatment for Rhabdomyosarcoma.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38723950", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Dosimetry and Biochemical Comparison of Early Radiation-Induced Lung Toxicity in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with 3D-CRT and IMRT: the Role of Serum Interleukin-6 and Pulmonary Surfactant Protein-D.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38809643", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "UCHL3 induces radiation resistance and acquisition of mesenchymal phenotypes by deubiquitinating POLD4 in glioma stem cells.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38829550", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Postoperative radiotherapy for thymic epithelial tumors: a narrative review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39161587", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Radiation-induced liver disease mimicking liver metastasis after low-dose hepatic irradiation during radiotherapy for gastric mucosa-assisted lymphoid tissue lymphoma: A case report.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39183416", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing Reveals a MET+ Oligodendrocyte Subpopulation that Promotes Proliferation of Radiation-Induced Gliomas.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39265740", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Elucidation and Pharmacologic Targeting of Master Regulator Dependencies in Coexisting Diffuse Midline Glioma Subpopulations.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38559080", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Efficient combination of radiotherapy and CAR-T - A systematic review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38574625", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "GLIPR2: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target unveiled - Insights from extensive pan-cancer analyses, with a spotlight on lung adenocarcinoma.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38476239", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Compound Taxus exerts marked anti-tumor activity and radiosensitization effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cells.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38495161", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Connexin 43 Prevents Radiation-Induced Intestinal Damage via the Ca2+-Dependent PI3K\/Akt Signaling Pathway.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38376467", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Hypoxia Modulates Radiosensitivity and Response to Different Radiation Qualities in A549 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cells.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38256084", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "TOX2 nuclear-cytosol translocation is linked to leukemogenesis of acute T-cell leukemia by repressing TIM3 transcription.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39080376", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Comparative Analysis of the Therapeutic Effects of MSCs From Umbilical Cord, Bone Marrow, and Adipose Tissue and Investigating the Impact of Oxidized RNA on Radiation-Induced Lung Injury.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39483952", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Radiation-induced malignancies","radiotherapy","secondary cancers","proton therapy","intensity-modulated radiation therapy","DNA damage","long-term cancer risks","secondary cancer prevention"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); </script></p> <h4><b>Modern Approaches to Reducing Radiation-Induced Malignancies</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, great progress has been expressed in years belonging to radiotherapy used in the reduction of radiation-induced malignancies. Perhaps one of the most potential approaches is proton beam therapy, where a smaller amount of radiation is administered to the surrounding healthy tissues. Some studies indicate that proton therapy brings lower risks of secondary malignancies as compared to conventional radiation therapies, especially to pediatric cancer patients who are more sensitive to the effects of radiation.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another method that is getting popular is intensity-modulated radiation therapy, or IMRT to be specific, because it provides a radiation beam to the tumor with high intensity while at the same time sparing the healthy tissues. Of all the applications of IMRT, the use in cancers around crucial structures has been felt most due to its ability to lessen the amount of injury given to such surrounding organs as the bladder and rectum in prostate cancer.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There has also been improvement in the delivery of radiation through imaging, hence minimizing secondary cancers. Some of the newer techniques include Vernacular modulated Arc Therapy or VMAT, and Image-Guided Radiation Therapy, or IGRT. When delivering the radiation, the physician can see where the tumor is located at any given time, and using this ability, make sure that only the tumor is affected as much as possible and the healthy tissues and organs are not affected too much.</span></p> <h4><b>The Role of Patient Monitoring and Follow-Up</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Because the cancers caused by radiation are mostly indolent, close follow-up of patients who have received radiotherapy is important. It stresses the need to conduct screening for the development of second primary cancers, with particular emphasis on the high-risk regions where early detection will enhance treatment. Possible adverse effects of undergoing the treatment and the need for patients to quit smoking to lower the risk factor should be explained to the patients.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For patients with a history of inherited cancer syndromes or a family history of cancer, there is an increased risk of developing cancer, especially if the patient has a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation. Then one has to be very cautious when using radiotherapy. Such patients may opt for other therapies, which are believed to harbor minimal potential for developing secondary cancers.</span></p> <h4><b>Conclusion</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Second, radiation-induced malignancies are among the most serious long-term hazards of cancer treatment. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Despite its effectiveness and importance, radiotherapy can lead to the development of second cancers, which is also worth considering. Radiation technology has continued to improve in the recent past, and coupled with the implementation of individualized treatment plans and close follow-up, there is hope that the risks outlined above can be reduced while at the same time enhancing the benefits of radiotherapy. Focusing on the problem of radiation-induced malignancies, it can be stated that for cancer survivors, being aware of the risk is half the battle: they should start practicing healthy behaviors and regularly visiting the doctor.</span></p> <p></p> <h4><b>References</b></h4> <ol> <li>Harbron, R.W. and Pasqual, E., 2020. <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6498/abbe37/meta">Ionising radiation as a risk factor for lymphoma: a review.</a> <i>Journal of Radiological Protection</i>, <i>40</i>(4), p.R151.</li> <li>Singh, G.K., Yadav, V., Singh, P. and Bhowmik, K.T., 2017. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5624654/">Radiation-induced malignancies making radiotherapy a “two-edged sword”: a review of literature.</a> <i>World journal of oncology</i>, <i>8</i>(1), p.1.</li> <li>Rapiti, E., Fioretta, G., Verkooijen, H.M., Zanetti, R., Schmidlin, F., Shubert, H., Merglen, A., Miralbell, R. and Bouchardy, C., 2008. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijc.23601">Increased risk of colon cancer after external radiation therapy for prostate cancer.</a> <i>International journal of cancer</i>, <i>123</i>(5), pp.1141-1145.</li> <li>Wang, R., Zeidan, A.M., Yu, J.B., Soulos, P.R., Davidoff, A.J., Gore, S.D., Huntington, S.F., Gross, C.P. and Ma, X., 2017. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pros.23281">Myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a population‐based study. </a><i>The Prostate</i>, <i>77</i>(5), pp.437-445.</li> <li>Hamdy, F.C., Donovan, J.L., Lane, J.A., Mason, M., Metcalfe, C., Holding, P., Davis, M., Peters, T.J., Turner, E.L., Martin, R.M. and Oxley, J., 2016. <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1606220">10-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer.</a> <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, <i>375</i>(15), pp.1415-1424.</li> <li>Pisansky, T.M., 2006. <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMct055263">External-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer.</a> <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, <i>355</i>(15), pp.1583-1591.</li> <li>Journy, N.M., Morton, L.M., Kleinerman, R.A., Bekelman, J.E. and de Gonzalez, A.B., 2016. <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2533528">Second primary cancers after intensity-modulated vs 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer. </a><i>JAMA oncology</i>, <i>2</i>(10), pp.1368-1370.</li> <li>Pawlish, K.S., Schottenfeld, D., Severson, R. and Montie, J.E., 1997. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19971001)33:2%3C75::AID-PROS1%3E3.0.CO;2-L">Risk of multiple primary cancers in prostate cancer patients in the Detroit metropolitan area: a retrospective cohort study</a>. <i>The Prostate</i>, <i>33</i>(2), pp.75-86.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">radiation induced malignancies</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://cancerscience.net/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; 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