CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Leon M. Lederman - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9c86af83-bca0-48a8-bbe5-328a554a09a7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Leon_M._Lederman","wgTitle":"Leon M. Lederman","wgCurRevisionId":1252572316,"wgRevisionId":1252572316,"wgArticleId":17970,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses","Articles with hCards","Commons category link from Wikidata","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024","1922 births","2018 deaths","Jewish American atheists","American atheists","American Nobel laureates","American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent","20th-century American physicists","American skeptics", "City College of New York alumni","Columbia University alumni","Columbia University faculty","Enrico Fermi Award recipients","American experimental physicists","Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences","Illinois Institute of Technology faculty","Jewish American physicists","Members of JASON (advisory group)","Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences","Military personnel from New York City","National Medal of Science laureates","Nobel laureates in Physics","American particle physicists","People associated with CERN","Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)","Scientists from New York City","University of Chicago faculty","Wolf Prize in Physics laureates","Fellows of the American Physical Society","People associated with Fermilab","United States Army personnel of World War II","James Monroe High School (New York City) alumni"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Leon_M._Lederman","wgRelevantArticleId":17970,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q192695","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg/1200px-HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1410"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg/800px-HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="940"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg/640px-HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="752"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Leon M. Lederman - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Leon_M_Lederman rootpage-Leon_M_Lederman skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Leon+M.+Lederman" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Leon+M.+Lederman" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Leon+M.+Lederman" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Leon+M.+Lederman" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Academic work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leon M. Lederman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ليون ليدرمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليون ليدرمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="لئون لدرمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لئون لدرمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="লিয়ন ম্যাক্স লেডারম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিয়ন ম্যাক্স লেডারম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Леон Макс Ледэрман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леон Макс Ледэрман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лион Ледърман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лион Ледърман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leon Lederman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Λέον Λέντερμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέον Λέντερμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="لئون لدرمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئون لدرمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leon Lederman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leon Lederman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8_%EB%A0%88%EB%8D%94%EB%A8%BC" title="리언 레더먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리언 레더먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լեոն Լեդերման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեոն Լեդերման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="लीयोन एम लीडरमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लीयोन एम लीडरमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leon Lederman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="לאון לדרמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאון לדרמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Леон Макс Ледерман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Леон Макс Ледерман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leon Lederman" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Leon Lederman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_M._Lederman" title="Leo M. Lederman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leo M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leons_Ledermans" title="Leons Ledermans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leons Ledermans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Леон Ледерман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леон Ледерман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE._%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लियॉन एम. लेडरमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लियॉन एम. लेडरमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლეონ მაქს ლედერმანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლეონ მაქს ლედერმანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ليون ليدرمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليون ليدرمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="لیان لدرمن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لیان لدرمن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leon Lederman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लीयोन एम लीडरम्यान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लीयोन एम लीडरम्यान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="レオン・レーダーマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオン・レーダーマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A2%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%91%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لیآن لیڑرمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیآن لیڑرمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leon Lederman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Ледерман, Леон Макс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ледерман, Леон Макс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="लीयोन एम लीडरमन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लीयोन एम लीडरमन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leon Lederman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C._%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Леон М. Ледерман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Леон М. Ледерман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leon Max Lederman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="லியோன் மேக்சு லேடர்மேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லியோன் மேக்சு லேடர்மேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Леон Макс Ледерман – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Леон Макс Ледерман" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leon Lederman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Леон Ледерман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леон Ледерман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لیون ایم لیڈر مین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیون ایم لیڈر مین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="利昂·莱德曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利昂·莱德曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Leon M. Lederman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%90%8A%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="利昂·萊德曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利昂·萊德曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192695#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Leon_M._Lederman" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Leon_M._Lederman" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Leon_M._Lederman" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&oldid=1252572316" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Leon_M._Lederman&id=1252572316&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLeon_M._Lederman"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLeon_M._Lederman"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Leon_M._Lederman&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leon_M._Lederman" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192695" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American mathematician and physicist (1922–2018)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leon M. Lederman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HD.3F.001_(11086394836).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg/220px-HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg/330px-HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg/440px-HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lederman in 1988</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Leon Max Lederman</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-07-15</span>)</span>July 15, 1922<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, New York">New York City, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 3, 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-10-03)</span> (aged 96)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rexburg,_Idaho" title="Rexburg, Idaho">Rexburg, Idaho</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Seminal contributions to <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">bottom quark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Florence Gordon <span style="font-size:85%;">(divorced)</span><br />Ellen Carr<sup id="cite_ref-Carey2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1988)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a> (1982)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1965)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush_Award" title="Vannevar Bush Award">Vannevar Bush Award</a> (2012)<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Procter_Prize_for_Scientific_Achievement" title="William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement">William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement</a> (1991)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fermi_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory">Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_T._Booth" title="Eugene T. Booth">Eugene T. Booth</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leon Max Lederman</b> (July 15, 1922 – October 3, 2018) was an American experimental physicist who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1988, along with <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a>, for research on <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a>. He also received the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a> in 1982, along with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a>, for research on <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a>. Lederman was director emeritus of <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory</a> (Fermilab) in <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Illinois" title="Batavia, Illinois">Batavia, Illinois</a>. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Mathematics_and_Science_Academy" title="Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy">Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois" title="Aurora, Illinois">Aurora, Illinois</a> in 1986, where he was resident scholar emeritus from 2012 until his death in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biography_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biography-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An accomplished scientific writer, he became known for his 1993 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Particle_(book)" title="The God Particle (book)">The God Particle</a></i> establishing the popularity of the term for the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lederman was born in New York City, New York, to Morris and Minna (Rosenberg) Lederman.<sup id="cite_ref-HoddesonKolb2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoddesonKolb2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian-Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian-Jewish">Ukrainian-Jewish</a> immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lederman graduated from <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="James Monroe High School (New York City)">James Monroe High School</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nobelprize_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobelprize-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> from the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Army_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lederman enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-Army_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, intending to become a physicist after his service.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Following his discharge in 1946, he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s graduate school, receiving his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lederman became a faculty member at Columbia University, and he was promoted to full professor in 1958 as <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Higgins" title="Eugene Higgins">Eugene Higgins</a> Professor of Physics.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 796">: 796 </span></sup> In 1960, on leave from Columbia, he spent time at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> in Geneva as a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> Fellow.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took an extended leave of absence from Columbia in 1979 to become director of Fermilab.<sup id="cite_ref-ferm_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferm-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resigning from Columbia (and retiring from Fermilab) in 1989, he then taught briefly at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCO_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then moved to the <a href="/wiki/IIT_Physics_Department" title="IIT Physics Department">physics department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>, where he served as the Pritzker Professor of Science.<sup id="cite_ref-UCO_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, Lederman served as president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AIP_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIP-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lederman, rare for a Nobel Prize winning professor, took it upon himself to teach physics to non-physics majors at The University of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lederman served as president of the board of sponsors of the <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>, and at the time of his death was chair emeritus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Science_%26_the_Public" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Science & the Public">Society for Science & the Public</a>, from 1989 to 1992, and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/JASON_(advisory_group)" title="JASON (advisory group)">JASON defense advisory group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lederman was also one of the main proponents of the "<a href="/wiki/Physics_First" title="Physics First">Physics First</a>" movement.<sup id="cite_ref-First_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also known as "Right-side Up Science" and "Biology Last," this movement seeks to rearrange the current high school science curriculum so that physics precedes chemistry and biology.<sup id="cite_ref-First_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lederman was an early supporter of <a href="/wiki/Science_Debate_2008" title="Science Debate 2008">Science Debate 2008</a>, an initiative to get the then-candidates for president, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, to debate the nation's top science policy challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2010, Lederman participated in the <a href="/wiki/USA_Science_and_Engineering_Festival" title="USA Science and Engineering Festival">USA Science and Engineering Festival</a>'s Lunch with a Laureate program where middle and high school students engaged in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize-winning scientist over a brown-bag lunch.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lederman was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/USA_Science_and_Engineering_Festival" title="USA Science and Engineering Festival">USA Science and Engineering Festival</a>'s advisory board.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_work">Academic work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956, Lederman worked on <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">parity</a> violation in weak interactions. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">R. L. Garwin</a>, Leon Lederman, and R. Weinrich modified an existing cyclotron experiment, and they immediately verified the <a href="/wiki/Parity_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parity violation">parity violation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They delayed publication of their results until after <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Wu</a>'s group was ready, and the two papers appeared back-to-back in the same physics journal. Among his achievements are the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muon neutrino</a> in 1962 and the <a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">bottom quark</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-nyto_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These helped establish his reputation as among the top particle physicists.<sup id="cite_ref-nyto_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, a group of physicists, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=E288_experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E288 experiment (page does not exist)">E288 experiment</a> team, led by Lederman announced that a particle with a mass of about 6.0 GeV was being produced by the Fermilab particle accelerator. After taking further data, the group discovered that this particle did not actually exist, and the "discovery" was named "<a href="/wiki/Oops-Leon" title="Oops-Leon">Oops-Leon</a>" as a pun on the original name, upsilon, and Lederman's first name. The name was reused for the <a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson">upsilon meson</a>, which the group discovered from subsequent data in 1977 at a higher mass of 9.5 GeV.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the director of <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>, Lederman was a prominent supporter<sup id="cite_ref-SSC_LA_Times_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSC_LA_Times-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HoddesonKolb2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoddesonKolb2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_Super_Collider" title="Superconducting Super Collider">Superconducting Super Collider</a> project, which was endorsed around 1983, and was a major proponent and advocate throughout its lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Illinois_Issues_1987_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illinois_Issues_1987-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caltech_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caltech-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also at Fermilab, he oversaw the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tevatron" title="Tevatron">Tevatron</a>, for decades the world's highest-energy particle collider.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lederman later wrote his 1993 <a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">popular science</a> book <i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Particle:_If_the_Universe_Is_the_Answer,_What_Is_the_Question%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?">The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?</a></i> – which sought to promote awareness of the significance of such a project – in the context of the project's last years and the changing political climate of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Calder_2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calder_2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasingly moribund project was finally shelved that same year after some $2 billion of expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-SSC_LA_Times_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSC_LA_Times-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The God Particle</i> he wrote, "The history of atomism is one of reductionism – the effort to reduce all the operations of nature to a small number of laws governing a small number of primordial objects" while stressing the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, Lederman received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublet_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doublet structure (page does not exist)">doublet structure</a> of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino".<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biography_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biography-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lederman also received the National Medal of Science (1965), the <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> for Physics (1976), the Wolf Prize for Physics (1982) and the <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Award" title="Enrico Fermi Award">Enrico Fermi Award</a> (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-nyto_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, he received the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_History_Museum" title="Chicago History Museum">Chicago History Museum</a> "Making History Award" for Distinction in Science Medicine and Technology.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_M._Lederman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Leon_M._Lederman.jpg/200px-Leon_M._Lederman.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Leon_M._Lederman.jpg/300px-Leon_M._Lederman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Leon_M._Lederman.jpg/400px-Leon_M._Lederman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Lederman in May 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Lederman's best friend during his college years, <a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Klein" title="Martin J. Klein">Martin J. Klein</a>, convinced him of "the splendors of physics during a long evening over many beers".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known for his sense of humor in the physics community.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> On August 26, 2008, Lederman was video-recorded by a science focused organization called ScienCentral, on the street in New York City, answering questions from passersby.<sup id="cite_ref-street_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-street-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He answered questions such as "What is the strong force?" and "What happened before the Big Bang?".<sup id="cite_ref-street_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-street-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had three children with his first wife, Florence Gordon, and toward the end of his life lived with his second wife, Ellen (Carr), in <a href="/wiki/Driggs,_Idaho" title="Driggs, Idaho">Driggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobelprize_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobelprize-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lederman was an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lederman began to suffer from memory loss in 2011 and, after struggling with medical bills, he had to sell his Nobel medal for $765,000 to cover the costs in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died of complications from dementia on October 3, 2018, at a care facility in <a href="/wiki/Rexburg,_Idaho" title="Rexburg, Idaho">Rexburg, Idaho</a>, at the age of 96.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyto_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Election to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-ferma_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferma-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-ferma_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferma-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Election to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-more_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elliott Cresson Prize of the Franklin Institute, 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a>, 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-ferma_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferma-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>, 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-ferma_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferma-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Election to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-more_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Award" title="Enrico Fermi Award">Enrico Fermi Award</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-ferma_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferma-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Appointment as a Tetelman Fellow at <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_College" title="Jonathan Edwards College">Jonathan Edwards College</a>, 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-more_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Doctor of Humane Letters, <a href="/wiki/DePaul_University" title="DePaul University">DePaul University</a>, 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-more_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordem_Nacional_do_Merito_Cientifico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordem Nacional do Merito Cientifico">Ordem Nacional do Merito Cientifico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>), 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-more_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>In Praise of Reason</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> (CSICOP), 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Congress_1996_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Congress_1996-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Medallion, Division of Particles and Fields, Mexican Physical Society, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-more_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAAS_Philip_Hauge_Abelson_Prize" title="AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize">AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize</a>, 2000</li> <li>Vannevar Bush Prize, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/85185_Lederman" class="mw-redirect" title="85185 Lederman">85185 Lederman</a>, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Walter_Elst" title="Eric Walter Elst">Eric Walter Elst</a> at <a href="/wiki/La_Silla_Observatory" title="La Silla Observatory">La Silla Observatory</a> in 1991, was named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-jpldata_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpldata-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official <a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_85001%E2%80%9386000#185" class="mw-redirect" title="Meanings of minor planet names: 85001–86000">naming citation</a> was published by the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> on January 27, 2013 (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Planet Circulars">M.P.C.</a> 82401</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?</i> by Leon M. Lederman, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Teresi" title="Dick Teresi">Dick Teresi</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-31211-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-31211-3">0-385-31211-3</a>)</li> <li><i>From Quarks to the Cosmos</i> by Leon Lederman and <a href="/wiki/David_Schramm_(astrophysicist)" title="David Schramm (astrophysicist)">David N. Schramm</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-6012-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-6012-6">0-7167-6012-6</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Portraits of Great American Scientists</i> by Leon M. Lederman, et al. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-932-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-932-8">1-57392-932-8</a>)</li> <li><i>Symmetry and the Beautiful Universe</i> by Leon M. Lederman and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_T._Hill" title="Christopher T. Hill">Christopher T. Hill</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-242-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59102-242-8">1-59102-242-8</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"What We'll Find Inside the Atom" by Leon Lederman, an essay he wrote for <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>, September 15, 2008<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Quantum Physics for Poets</i> by Leon M. Lederman and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_T._Hill" title="Christopher T. Hill">Christopher T. Hill</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616142339" title="Special:BookSources/978-1616142339">978-1616142339</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Beyond the God Particle</i> by Leon M. Lederman and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_T._Hill" title="Christopher T. Hill">Christopher T. Hill</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616148010" title="Special:BookSources/978-1616148010">978-1616148010</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=80979">"Leon M. Lederman"</a>. <i>Physics Tree</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physics+Tree&rft.atitle=Leon+M.+Lederman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademictree.org%2Fphysics%2Fpeopleinfo.php%3Fpid%3D80979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carey2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carey2014_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._Carey2014" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. Carey (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00r9waSNv1cC&pg=PR2"><i>American Scientists</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0807-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0807-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-0807-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Scientists&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0807-0&rft.au=Charles+W.+Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00r9waSNv1cC%26pg%3DPR2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_biography-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biography_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biography_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederman1988" class="citation journal cs1">Lederman, Leon M. (1988). Frängsmyr, Tore; Ekspång, Gösta (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/lederman-facts.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger"</a>. <i>Nobel Lectures, Physics 1981–1990</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nobel+Lectures%2C+Physics+1981%E2%80%931990&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1988%3A+Leon+M.+Lederman%2C+Melvin+Schwartz%2C+Jack+Steinberger&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Lederman&rft.aufirst=Leon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1988%2Flederman-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110111048/http://history.fnal.gov/GoldenBooks/gb_lmlsec.html">"Fermilab History and Archives Project–Golden Books – An Eclectic Reader on Leon M. Lederman"</a>. <i>history.fnal.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.fnal.gov/GoldenBooks/gb_lmlsec.html">the original</a> on 10 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.fnal.gov&rft.atitle=Fermilab+History+and+Archives+Project%E2%80%93Golden+Books+%E2%80%93+An+Eclectic+Reader+on+Leon+M.+Lederman&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.fnal.gov%2FGoldenBooks%2Fgb_lmlsec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoddesonKolb2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoddesonKolb2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillian_HoddesonAdrienne_W._KolbCatherine_Westfall2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hoddeson" title="Lillian Hoddeson">Lillian Hoddeson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Kolb" title="Adrienne Kolb">Adrienne W. Kolb</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Westfall" title="Catherine Westfall">Catherine Westfall</a> (1 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXUbesKLjBoC&pg=PA229"><i>Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier, and Megascience</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34625-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34625-0"><bdi>978-0-226-34625-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fermilab%3A+Physics%2C+the+Frontier%2C+and+Megascience&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-34625-0&rft.au=Lillian+Hoddeson&rft.au=Adrienne+W.+Kolb&rft.au=Catherine+Westfall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXUbesKLjBoC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/research-profile/laureate-lederman">"Research Profile - Leon Max Lederman"</a>. <i>www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org</i>. 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org&rft.atitle=Research+Profile+-+Leon+Max+Lederman&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org%2Fresearch-profile%2Flaureate-lederman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobelprize-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobelprize_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobelprize_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederman1991" class="citation web cs1">Lederman, Leon (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/lederman-bio.html">"Leon M. Lederman – Biographical"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Leon+M.+Lederman+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Lederman&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1988%2Flederman-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Army-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Army_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Army_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/">"Leon Lederman Ph.D. Biography and Interview"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Lederman+Ph.D.+Biography+and+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fleon-lederman-ph-d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedermanTeresi1993" class="citation book cs1">Lederman, Leon; Teresi, Dick (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godparticleifthe00lede"><i>The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618711680" title="Special:BookSources/9780618711680"><bdi>9780618711680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Particle%3A+If+the+Universe+is+the+Answer%2C+What+is+the+Question&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780618711680&rft.aulast=Lederman&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft.au=Teresi%2C+Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodparticleifthe00lede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104092309/http://physics.columbia.edu/about-us/short-history-columbia-physics">"A Short History of Columbia Physics"</a>. <i>Department of Physics</i>. Columbia University in the City of New York. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.columbia.edu/about-us/short-history-columbia-physics">the original</a> on 4 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Physics&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+Columbia+Physics&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.columbia.edu%2Fabout-us%2Fshort-history-columbia-physics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrease2024" class="citation journal cs1">Crease, Robert P. (2024-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2023.0037">"Francis James Macdonald Farley. 13 October 1920—16 July 2018"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>77</b>: 185–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2023.0037">10.1098/rsbm.2023.0037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Francis+James+Macdonald+Farley.+13+October+1920%E2%80%9416+July+2018&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=185-199&rft.date=2024-04-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2023.0037&rft.issn=0080-4606&rft.aulast=Crease&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.2023.0037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharpakLedermanSensZichichi1960" class="citation journal cs1">Charpak, G.; Lederman, L.M.; Sens, J.C.; Zichichi, A. (1960-08-01). "A method for trapping muons in magnetic fields, and its application to a redetermination of the EDM of the muon". <i>Il Nuovo Cimento</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 288–303. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960NCim...17..288C">1960NCim...17..288C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02860257">10.1007/BF02860257</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122283775">122283775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Nuovo+Cimento&rft.atitle=A+method+for+trapping+muons+in+magnetic+fields%2C+and+its+application+to+a+redetermination+of+the+EDM+of+the+muon&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-303&rft.date=1960-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122283775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02860257&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960NCim...17..288C&rft.aulast=Charpak&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Lederman%2C+L.M.&rft.au=Sens%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Zichichi%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferm-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ferm_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107101630/http://history.fnal.gov/autobiography.html">"Fermilab History and Archives – Leon M. Lederman"</a>. FNAL.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.fnal.gov/autobiography.html">the original</a> on January 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fermilab+History+and+Archives+%E2%80%93+Leon+M.+Lederman&rft.pub=FNAL.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.fnal.gov%2Fautobiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCO-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCO_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCO_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.uchicago.edu/story/leon-lederman-nobel-winning-physicist-and-former-fermilab-director-1922-2018">"Leon Lederman, Nobel-winning physicist and 'visionary' educator, 1922–2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. October 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+Lederman%2C+Nobel-winning+physicist+and+%27visionary%27+educator%2C+1922%E2%80%932018&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.uchicago.edu%2Fstory%2Fleon-lederman-nobel-winning-physicist-and-former-fermilab-director-1922-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIP-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIP_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/phn/11605003.html">"Leon M. Lederman"</a>. AIP.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+M.+Lederman&rft.pub=AIP.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fphn%2F11605003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaas.org/leadership/presidents">"AAAS Presidents"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAAS+Presidents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fleadership%2Fpresidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1988/lederman/26243-interview-transcript-1988-3/">"Physics for Poets excerpt in interview about The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Physics+for+Poets+excerpt+in+interview+about+The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1988%2Flederman%2F26243-interview-transcript-1988-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/about-us/board-of-sponsors-2/">"Biography: Leon M. Lederman"</a>. The Bulletin.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography%3A+Leon+M.+Lederman&rft.pub=The+Bulletin.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fabout-us%2Fboard-of-sponsors-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorgan2006" class="citation news cs1">Horgan, John (April 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/books/review/16horgan.html">"Rent-a-Genius"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rent-a-Genius&rft.date=2006-04-16&rft.aulast=Horgan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F16%2Fbooks%2Freview%2F16horgan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-First-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Popkin, Gabriel (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200907/physicsfirst.cfm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Physics First" Battles for Acceptance"</a>. <i>APS News</i>. <b>18</b> (7)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APS+News&rft.atitle=%22Physics+First%22+Battles+for+Acceptance&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2009-07&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fpublications%2Fapsnews%2F200907%2Fphysicsfirst.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thesciencenetwork.org/media/videos/2/Transcript.pdf">"Leon Lederman Interview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Science Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+Lederman+Interview&rft.pub=The+Science+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthesciencenetwork.org%2Fmedia%2Fvideos%2F2%2FTranscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230053110/http://www.usasciencefestival.org/2010festival/schoolprograms/lunchwithalaureate">"Lunch with a Laureate"</a>. <i>USA Science & Engineering Festival</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usasciencefestival.org/2010festival/schoolprograms/lunchwithalaureate">the original</a> on 30 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Science+%26+Engineering+Festival&rft.atitle=Lunch+with+a+Laureate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usasciencefestival.org%2F2010festival%2Fschoolprograms%2Flunchwithalaureate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002042604/https://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors">"USA Science & Engineering Festival–Advisors"</a>. <i>USA Science & Engineering Festival</i>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors">the original</a> on 2 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Science+%26+Engineering+Festival&rft.atitle=USA+Science+%26+Engineering+Festival%E2%80%93Advisors&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usasciencefestival.org%2Fabout%2Fadvisors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarwinLedermanWeinrich1957" class="citation journal cs1">Garwin, R. L.; Lederman, L. M.; Weinrich, M. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.105.1415">"Observations of the Failure of Conservation of Parity and Charge Conjugation in Meson Decays: The Magnetic Moment of the Free Muon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>105</b> (4): 1415–1417. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957PhRv..105.1415G">1957PhRv..105.1415G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.105.1415">10.1103/PhysRev.105.1415</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Observations+of+the+Failure+of+Conservation+of+Parity+and+Charge+Conjugation+in+Meson+Decays%3A+The+Magnetic+Moment+of+the+Free+Muon&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1415-1417&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.105.1415&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957PhRv..105.1415G&rft.aulast=Garwin&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Lederman%2C+L.+M.&rft.au=Weinrich%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRev.105.1415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyto-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyto_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyto_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyto_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyto_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2018" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, George (2018-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/03/science/leon-lederman-died-particle-accelerators.html">"Leon Lederman, 96, Explorer (and Explainer) of the Subatomic World, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leon+Lederman%2C+96%2C+Explorer+%28and+Explainer%29+of+the+Subatomic+World%2C+Dies&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F03%2Fscience%2Fleon-lederman-died-particle-accelerators.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Yoh1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Yoh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Yoh (page does not exist)">J. Yoh</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/1997/conf/Conf-97-432-E.pdf">"The Discovery of the <i>b</i> Quark at Fermilab in 1977: The Experiment Coordinator's Story"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/AIP_Conference_Proceedings" title="AIP Conference Proceedings">AIP Conference Proceedings</a></i>. <b>424</b>: 29–42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AIPC..424...29Y">1998AIPC..424...29Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.55114">10.1063/1.55114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIP+Conference+Proceedings&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+the+b+Quark+at+Fermilab+in+1977%3A+The+Experiment+Coordinator%27s+Story&rft.volume=424&rft.pages=29-42&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.55114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AIPC..424...29Y&rft.au=J.+Yoh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flss.fnal.gov%2Farchive%2F1997%2Fconf%2FConf-97-432-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSC_LA_Times-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SSC_LA_Times_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSC_LA_Times_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASCHENBACH1993" class="citation news cs1">ASCHENBACH, JOY (1993-12-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-05-mn-64100-story.html">"No Resurrection in Sight for Moribund Super Collider : Science: Global financial partnerships could be the only way to salvage such a project. But some feel that Congress delivered a fatal blow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>Disappointed American physicists are anxiously searching for a way to salvage some science from the ill-fated superconducting super collider ... "We have to keep the momentum and optimism and start thinking about international collaboration," said Leon M. Lederman, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist who was the architect of the super collider plan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=No+Resurrection+in+Sight+for+Moribund+Super+Collider+%3A+Science%3A+Global+financial+partnerships+could+be+the+only+way+to+salvage+such+a+project.+But+some+feel+that+Congress+delivered+a+fatal+blow.&rft.date=1993-12-05&rft.aulast=ASCHENBACH&rft.aufirst=JOY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-12-05-mn-64100-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoddesonKolb2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoddesonKolb2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillian_HoddesonAdrienne_Kolb2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lillian Hoddeson; Adrienne Kolb (2011). "Vision to reality: From Robert R. Wilson's frontier to Leon M. Lederman's Fermilab". <i>Physics in Perspective</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 67–86. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1110.0486">1110.0486</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhP.....5...67H">2003PhP.....5...67H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs000160300003">10.1007/s000160300003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118321614">118321614</a>. <q>Lederman also planned what he saw as Fermilab's next machine, the Superconducting SuperCollider (SSC)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+in+Perspective&rft.atitle=Vision+to+reality%3A+From+Robert+R.+Wilson%27s+frontier+to+Leon+M.+Lederman%27s+Fermilab&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-86&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1110.0486&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118321614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs000160300003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PhP.....5...67H&rft.au=Lillian+Hoddeson&rft.au=Adrienne+Kolb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illinois_Issues_1987-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Illinois_Issues_1987_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1987" class="citation news cs1">Abbott, Charles (20 June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.niu.edu/1987/ii8706tc.html">"Super competition for superconducting super collider"</a>. <i>Illinois Issues</i>. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 Oct</span> 2016</span>. <q>Lederman, who considers himself an unofficial propagandist for the super collider, said the SSC could reverse the physics brain drain in which bright young physicists have left America to work in Europe and elsewhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Issues&rft.atitle=Super+competition+for+superconducting+super+collider&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1987-06-20&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.niu.edu%2F1987%2Fii8706tc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caltech-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caltech_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevles" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kevles, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/568/1/ES58.2.1995.pdf">"Good-bye to the SSC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>California Institute of Technology "Engineering & Science"</i>. 58 no. 2 (Winter 1995): 16–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>Lederman, one of the principal spokesmen for the SSC, was an accomplished high-energy experimentalist who had made Nobel Prize-winning contributions to the development of the Standard Model during the 1960s (although the prize itself did not come until 1988). He was a fixture at congressional hearings on the collider, an unbridled advocate of its merits []</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Institute+of+Technology+%22Engineering+%26+Science%22&rft.atitle=Good-bye+to+the+SSC&rft.volume=58+no.+2&rft.issue=Winter+1995&rft.pages=16-25&rft.aulast=Kevles&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalteches.library.caltech.edu%2F568%2F1%2FES58.2.1995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mag.uchicago.edu/university-news/university-obituaries-35">"University obituaries"</a>. <i>The University of Chicago Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Chicago+Magazine&rft.atitle=University+obituaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmag.uchicago.edu%2Funiversity-news%2Funiversity-obituaries-35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calder_2005-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calder_2005_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder2005" class="citation book cs1">Calder, Nigel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4NfZ9FDcc8C&q=title+of+a+book&pg=PA370"><i>Magic Universe:A Grand Tour of Modern Science</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 369–370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191622359" title="Special:BookSources/9780191622359"><bdi>9780191622359</bdi></a>. <q>The possibility that the next big machine would create the Higgs became a carrot to dangle in front of funding agencies and politicians. A prominent American physicist, Leon lederman, advertised the Higgs as The God Particle in the title of a book published in 1993 ...Lederman was involved in a campaign to persuade the US government to continue funding the Superconducting Super Collider... the ink was not dry on Lederman's book before the US Congress decided to write off the billions of dollars already spent</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+Universe%3AA+Grand+Tour+of+Modern+Science&rft.pages=369-370&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780191622359&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4NfZ9FDcc8C%26q%3Dtitle%2Bof%2Ba%2Bbook%26pg%3DPA370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbeAkimotoAkopian1995" class="citation journal cs1">Abe, F; Akimoto, H; Akopian, A; et al. (3 April 1995). "Observation of Top Quark Production in [anti-p] and [ p] Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>74</b> (2626): 2626–2631. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/9503002">hep-ex/9503002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PhRvL..74.2626A">1995PhRvL..74.2626A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.74.2626">10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10057978">10057978</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119451328">119451328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Observation+of+Top+Quark+Production+in+%5Banti-p%5D+and+%5B+p%5D+Collisions+with+the+Collider+Detector+at+Fermilab&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2626&rft.pages=2626-2631&rft.date=1995-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119451328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995PhRvL..74.2626A&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ex%2F9503002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10057978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.74.2626&rft.aulast=Abe&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Akimoto%2C+H&rft.au=Akopian%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624012521/http://www.chicagohistory.org/aboutus/from-the-president/MHA_Recipient_List_19952015.pdf">"Making History Awards, 1995–2015 Honorees"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chicago History Museum</i>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagohistory.org/aboutus/from-the-president/MHA_Recipient_List_19952015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Making+History+Awards%2C+1995%E2%80%932015+Honorees&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagohistory.org%2Faboutus%2Ffrom-the-president%2FMHA_Recipient_List_19952015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHevesi2009" class="citation news cs1">Hevesi, Dennis (1 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/nyregion/02klein.html">"Martin J. Klein, Historian of Physics, Dies at 84"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Martin+J.+Klein%2C+Historian+of+Physics%2C+Dies+at+84&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hevesi&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F02%2Fnyregion%2F02klein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-street-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-street_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-street_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2008" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Sean (26 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415101446/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2008/08/26/street-corner-science-with-leon-lederman/">"Street Corner Science with Leon Lederman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2008/08/26/street-corner-science-with-leon-lederman">the original</a> on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=Street+Corner+Science+with+Leon+Lederman&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.discovermagazine.com%2Fcosmicvariance%2F2008%2F08%2F26%2Fstreet-corner-science-with-leon-lederman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://411.info/people/Leon-Lederman-Driggs-ID-132837548">"Leon Lederman in Driggs, ID"</a>. <i>411</i>. 2 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=411&rft.atitle=Leon+Lederman+in+Driggs%2C+ID&rft.date=2016-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F411.info%2Fpeople%2FLeon-Lederman-Driggs-ID-132837548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Falk2005" class="citation book cs1">Dan Falk (2005). "What About God?". <i>Universe on a T-Shirt: The Quest for the Theory of Everything</i>. Arcade Publishing. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559707336" title="Special:BookSources/9781559707336"><bdi>9781559707336</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Physics isn't a religion. If it were, we'd have a much easier time raising money." - Leon Lederman</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+About+God%3F&rft.btitle=Universe+on+a+T-Shirt%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Theory+of+Everything&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781559707336&rft.au=Dan+Falk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogineni2012" class="citation web cs1">Gogineni, Babu (July 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationalisthumans.blogspot.com/2012/07/its-atheist-particle-actually.html">"It's the Atheist Particle, actually"</a>. <i>Rationalist Humans</i>. Postnoon News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term, and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rationalist+Humans&rft.atitle=It%27s+the+Atheist+Particle%2C+actually&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft.aulast=Gogineni&rft.aufirst=Babu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frationalisthumans.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F07%2Fits-atheist-particle-actually.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKliff2018" class="citation web cs1">Kliff, Sarah (2018-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/health-care/2018/10/4/17936626/leon-lederman-nobel-prize-medical-bills">"A Nobel Prize-winning physicist sold his medal for $765,000 to pay medical bills"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=A+Nobel+Prize-winning+physicist+sold+his+medal+for+%24765%2C000+to+pay+medical+bills&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.aulast=Kliff&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fhealth-care%2F2018%2F10%2F4%2F17936626%2Fleon-lederman-nobel-prize-medical-bills&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imsa.edu/imsa-announces-passing-of-founder-dr-leon-lederman/">"IMSA Announces Passing of Founder, Dr. Leon Lederman"</a>. <i>Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy</i>. 2018-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Mathematics+and+Science+Academy&rft.atitle=IMSA+Announces+Passing+of+Founder%2C+Dr.+Leon+Lederman&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imsa.edu%2Fimsa-announces-passing-of-founder-dr-leon-lederman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferma-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferma_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferma_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferma_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferma_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferma_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118042406/http://history.fnal.gov/career_awards.html">"Leon M. Lederman Career, Discoveries and Awards"</a>. Fermilab.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.fnal.gov/career_awards.html">the original</a> on January 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+M.+Lederman+Career%2C+Discoveries+and+Awards&rft.pub=Fermilab.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.fnal.gov%2Fcareer_awards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-more-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-more_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-more_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-more_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-more_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-more_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-more_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110111310/http://history.fnal.gov/honorary.html">"Leon M. Lederman Honorary Degrees and Awards"</a>. Fermlab.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.fnal.gov/honorary.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+M.+Lederman+Honorary+Degrees+and+Awards&rft.pub=Fermlab.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.fnal.gov%2Fhonorary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103150/http://www.fi.edu/winners/1976/lederman_leon.faw?winner_id=3329">"Franklin Laureate database"</a>. <i>The Franklin Institute Awards</i>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fi.edu/winners/1976/lederman_leon.faw?winner_id=3329">the original</a> on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Franklin+Institute+Awards&rft.atitle=Franklin+Laureate+database&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Fwinners%2F1976%2Flederman_leon.faw%3Fwinner_id%3D3329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Congress_1996-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_Congress_1996_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynn1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Flynn_(author)" title="Tom Flynn (author)">Flynn, Tom</a> (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/world_skeptics_congress_draws_over_1200_participants">"World Skeptics Congress Draws Over 1200 Participants"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. CSICOP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=World+Skeptics+Congress+Draws+Over+1200+Participants&rft.date=1996-09&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsb%2Fshow%2Fworld_skeptics_congress_draws_over_1200_participants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110111310/http://history.fnal.gov/honorary.html">"Fermilab History and Archives–Leon M. Lederman Honorary Degrees and Awards"</a>. <i>history.fnal.gov</i>. Fermilab. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.fnal.gov/honorary.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.fnal.gov&rft.atitle=Fermilab+History+and+Archives%E2%80%93Leon+M.+Lederman+Honorary+Degrees+and+Awards&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.fnal.gov%2Fhonorary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpldata-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2085185">"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 85185 Lederman (1991 LM3)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPL+Small-Body+Database+Browser%3A+85185+Lederman+%281991+LM3%29&rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsbdb.cgi%3Fsstr%3D2085185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html">"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=MPC%2FMPO%2FMPS+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2FECS%2FMPCArchive%2FMPCArchive_TBL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrampton1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Frampton" title="Paul Frampton">Frampton, Paul H.</a> (1990). "Review of <i>From Quarks to the Cosmos: Tools of Discovery</i> by Leon M. Lederman and David N. Schramm". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>43</b> (5): 82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhT....43e..82L">1990PhT....43e..82L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2810566">10.1063/1.2810566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Review+of+From+Quarks+to+the+Cosmos%3A+Tools+of+Discovery+by+Leon+M.+Lederman+and+David+N.+Schramm&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=82&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2810566&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PhT....43e..82L&rft.aulast=Frampton&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottola2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mottola, Emil (2005). "Review of <i>Symmetry and the Beautiful Universe Symmetry and the Beautiful Universe</i> by Leon M. Lederman and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_T._Hill" title="Christopher T. Hill">Christopher T. Hill</a> Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY, 2004. $29.00 (363 pp.). ISBN 1-59102-242-8". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>58</b> (11): 53–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2155761">10.1063/1.2155761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Review+of+Symmetry+and+the+Beautiful+Universe+Symmetry+and+the+Beautiful+Universe+by+Leon+M.+Lederman+and+Christopher+T.+Hill+Prometheus+Books%2C+Amherst%2C+NY%2C+2004.+%2429.00+%28363+pp.%29.+ISBN+1-59102-242-8&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=53-54&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2155761&rft.aulast=Mottola&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/large-hadron-collider-may-explain-atoms-mysteries-88965">"Large Hadron Collider May Explain Atom's Mysteries"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. 2008-09-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316164636/http://www.newsweek.com/id/157516">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Large+Hadron+Collider+May+Explain+Atom%27s+Mysteries&rft.date=2008-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Flarge-hadron-collider-may-explain-atoms-mysteries-88965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781616142339">"Review of <i>Quantum Physics for Poets</i> by Leon M. Lederman and Christopher T. Hill"</a>. <i>Publishers Weekly</i>. February 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Review+of+Quantum+Physics+for+Poets+by+Leon+M.+Lederman+and+Christopher+T.+Hill&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F9781616142339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedermanHill2013" class="citation book cs1">Lederman, Leon M.; Hill, Christopher T. (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/228983/beyond-the-god-particle-by-leon-m-lederman-and-christopher-t-hill/9781616148010/"><i>Beyond the God Particle</i></a>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616148010" title="Special:BookSources/9781616148010"><bdi>9781616148010</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+God+Particle&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2013-10&rft.isbn=9781616148010&rft.aulast=Lederman&rft.aufirst=Leon+M.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Christopher+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F228983%2Fbeyond-the-god-particle-by-leon-m-lederman-and-christopher-t-hill%2F9781616148010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskin2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Peskin" title="Michael Peskin">Peskin, Michael E.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.2450">"Review of 2 books: <i>Beyond the God Particle</i> by Leon M. Lederman and Christopher T. Hill and <i>Cracking the Particle Code of the Universe</i> by John W. Moffat"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>67</b> (7): 49–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.2450">10.1063/PT.3.2450</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120080979">120080979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Review+of+2+books%3A+Beyond+the+God+Particle+by+Leon+M.+Lederman+and+Christopher+T.+Hill+and+Cracking+the+Particle+Code+of+the+Universe+by+John+W.+Moffat&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=49-50&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.2450&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120080979%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Peskin&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252FPT.3.2450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/leon-lederman/beyond-the-god-particle/">"Review of <i>Beyond the God Particle</i> by Leon M. Lederman and Christopher T. Hill"</a>. <i>Kirkus Reviews</i>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkus+Reviews&rft.atitle=Review+of+Beyond+the+God+Particle+by+Leon+M.+Lederman+and+Christopher+T.+Hill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fleon-lederman%2Fbeyond-the-god-particle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781616148010">"Review of <i>Beyond the God Particle</i> by Leon M. Lederman and Christopher T. Hill"</a>. <i>Publishers Weekly</i>. July 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Review+of+Beyond+the+God+Particle+by+Leon+M.+Lederman+and+Christopher+T.+Hill&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F9781616148010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+M.+Lederman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leon_M._Lederman" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Leon_M._Lederman" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/the-science-studio/robert">Education, Politics, Einstein and Charm</a> <i>The Science Network</i> interview with Leon Lederman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed.fnal.gov/samplers/hsphys/people/lederman.html">Fermilab's Leon M. Lederman webpage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/132">Leon M. Lederman</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192695#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=411">Video Interview with Lederman from the Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/leon_max_lederman.html">Timeline of Nobel Prize Winners in Physics webpage for Leon Max Lederman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed.fnal.gov/lml/Leon_life.html"><i>Story of Leon</i> by Leon Lederman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121110032/http://www.honeywellscience.com/">Honeywell – Nobel Interactive Studio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103150/http://www.fi.edu/winners/1976/lederman_leon.faw?winner_id=3329">1976 Cresson Medal recipient</a> from The <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/APR19/Session/J03">Honoring Leon Lederman</a> at APS April 2019</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTPChimlT_o"><span class="plainlinks">The Singing Janitor – Leon Lederman</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspirehep.net/author/profile/L.M.Lederman.1">Leon M. Lederman</a> on <a href="/wiki/INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE-HEP</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192695#P2930" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.fnal.gov/findingaids/Lederman_ibatf2015001.html">Finding Aid to the Leon M. Lederman Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Wolf Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Wolf Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe Occhialini</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fisher" title="Michael Fisher">Michael Fisher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1981)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon M. Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Hahn" title="Erwin Hahn">Erwin Hahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hirsch" title="Peter Hirsch">Peter Hirsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> (1983–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conyers_Herring" title="Conyers Herring">Conyers Herring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Nozi%C3%A8res" title="Philippe Nozières">Philippe Nozières</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Feigenbaum" title="Mitchell Feigenbaum">Mitchell Feigenbaum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Libchaber" title="Albert J. Libchaber">Albert J. Libchaber</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Telegdi" title="Valentine Telegdi">Valentine Telegdi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph H. Taylor Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a> (1996–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry_(physicist)" title="Michael Berry (physicist)">Michael Berry</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Halperin" title="Bertrand Halperin">Bertrand Halperin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony Leggett</a> (2002–03)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Robert Brout</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> (2006–07)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John F. Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Knut_Urban" title="Knut Urban">Knut Urban</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bekenstein" title="Jacob Bekenstein">Jacob Bekenstein</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken">James D. Bjorken</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kirshner" title="Robert Kirshner">Robert P. Kirshner</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoseph_Imry" title="Yoseph Imry">Yoseph Imry</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)" title="Charles H. Bennett (physicist)">Charles H. Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Brassard" title="Gilles Brassard">Gilles Brassard</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Bistritzer" title="Rafi Bistritzer">Rafi Bistritzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Jarillo-Herrero" title="Pablo Jarillo-Herrero">Pablo Jarillo-Herrero</a> / <a href="/wiki/Allan_H._MacDonald" title="Allan H. MacDonald">Allan H. MacDonald</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Corkum" title="Paul Corkum">Paul Corkum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Agriculture" title="Wolf Prize in Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Wolf Prize in Arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Wolf Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Wolf Prize in Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Physics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1988_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1988 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1988 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1988 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1988_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1988 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a> (Egypt)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping</a> (United Nations)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon M. Lederman</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners">1983</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1984 Nobel Prize winners">1984</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1985_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1985 Nobel Prize winners">1985</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1986 Nobel Prize winners">1986</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1987_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1987 Nobel Prize winners">1987</a></dd> <dd><b>1988 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1989 Nobel Prize winners">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1993 Nobel Prize winners">1993</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192695#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080863965">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7451165">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/250478/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMqBt4CF8MqcbvMv78md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119560429">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88265847">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12278545h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12278545h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00470252">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lederman, Leon M."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV065904">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35638428">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX885076">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/514916">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p081752601">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90332622">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000106918&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100215&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199616211">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622999805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007297582905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04660373?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=300117">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:lederman.leon-m">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/295561">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119560429.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119560429">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031602592">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jm2x55">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&oldid=1252572316">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&oldid=1252572316</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1922_births" title="Category:1922 births">1922 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2018_deaths" title="Category:2018 deaths">2018 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_atheists" title="Category:Jewish American atheists">Jewish American atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_atheists" title="Category:American atheists">American atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:American Nobel laureates">American Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Ukrainian-Jewish_descent" title="Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent">American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists" title="Category:20th-century American physicists">20th-century American physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_skeptics" title="Category:American skeptics">American skeptics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City_College_of_New_York_alumni" title="Category:City College of New York alumni">City College of New York alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbia_University_alumni" title="Category:Columbia University alumni">Columbia University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbia_University_faculty" title="Category:Columbia University faculty">Columbia University faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Enrico_Fermi_Award_recipients" title="Category:Enrico Fermi Award recipients">Enrico Fermi Award recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_experimental_physicists" title="Category:American experimental physicists">American experimental physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_members_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences">Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Illinois_Institute_of_Technology_faculty" title="Category:Illinois Institute of Technology faculty">Illinois Institute of Technology faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_physicists" title="Category:Jewish American physicists">Jewish American physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_JASON_(advisory_group)" title="Category:Members of JASON (advisory group)">Members of JASON (advisory group)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences">Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Military personnel from New York City">Military personnel from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Medal_of_Science_laureates" title="Category:National Medal of Science laureates">National Medal of Science laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Physics">Nobel laureates in Physics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_particle_physicists" title="Category:American particle physicists">American particle physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_CERN" title="Category:People associated with CERN">People associated with CERN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Great_Cross_of_the_National_Order_of_Scientific_Merit_(Brazil)" title="Category:Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)">Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Scientists from New York City">Scientists from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Chicago_faculty" title="Category:University of Chicago faculty">University of Chicago faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics_laureates" title="Category:Wolf Prize in Physics laureates">Wolf Prize in Physics laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society">Fellows of the American Physical Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Fermilab" title="Category:People associated with Fermilab">People associated with Fermilab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_World_War_II" title="Category:United States Army personnel of World War II">United States Army personnel of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:James_Monroe_High_School_(New_York_City)_alumni" title="Category:James Monroe High School (New York City) alumni">James Monroe High School (New York City) alumni</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_person_with_multiple_spouses" title="Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses">Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 October 2024, at 23:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dxng5","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.976","walltime":"1.180","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8294,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":211002,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6960,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":257357,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1001.034 1 -total"," 33.85% 338.843 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.99% 190.140 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 17.19% 172.066 34 Template:Cite_web"," 10.11% 101.167 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.60% 86.097 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.10% 81.044 1 Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics"," 5.94% 59.432 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.86% 58.665 6 Template:ISBN"," 4.91% 49.168 1 Template:Birth_date"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.571","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8927484,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g2ggh","timestamp":"20241122141638","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Leon M. Lederman","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leon_M._Lederman","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192695","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192695","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-02T21:04:55Z","dateModified":"2024-10-21T23:26:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ee\/HD.3F.001_%2811086394836%29.jpg","headline":"American mathematician and physicist"}</script> </body> </html>