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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. company based in Danvers, Massachusetts</div> <p><b>Copyright Clearance Center</b> (<b>CCC</b>) is a U.S. company based in <a href="/wiki/Danvers,_Massachusetts" title="Danvers, Massachusetts">Danvers, Massachusetts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PrivCo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrivCo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although it is incorporated in <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-PrivCo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrivCo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that provides <a href="/wiki/Copyright_collective" title="Copyright collective">collective copyright</a> licensing services for corporate and academic users of copyrighted materials. CCC procures agreements with rightsholders, primarily academic publishers, and then acts as their agent in arranging collective licensing for institutions and one-time licensing for document delivery services, <a href="/wiki/Coursepacks" title="Coursepacks">coursepacks</a>, and other access and uses of texts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_Clearance_Center&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CCC was founded in 1978 as a not-for-profit organization in response to negotiations preceding the United States <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/I.R.S." class="mw-redirect" title="I.R.S.">I.R.S.</a> revoked CCC's tax-exempt status in 1982 and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Tax_Court" title="United States Tax Court">United States Tax Court</a> affirmed that holding, finding that whatever public benefits CCC's activities might produce, its primary purpose was to "further the economic interest of publishers and copyright owners" and its founders (a group of publishers) had no "interests of any substance beyond the creation of a device to protect their copyright ownership and collect license fees".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CCC still maintains a state-level not-for-profit status in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New York">State of New York</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but for federal purposes is a for-profit company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing_work">Licensing work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_Clearance_Center&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Licensing work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CCC is a broker of licenses,<sup id="cite_ref-zubin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zubin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> earning a 15% commission on the fees it collects.<sup id="cite_ref-zubin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zubin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company passes more than 70% of its revenues to publishers in the form of royalty payments to rightholders, and another 30% is kept by the company as a fee for its services.<sup id="cite_ref-PrivCo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrivCo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CCC is a primarily US-based rights broker for materials, including millions of in- and out-of-print books, journals, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, movies, television shows, images, blogs and <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a>. CCC licenses copyright-protected content to businesses and academic institutions, and compensates publishers and content creators for the use of their works. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>-based RightsDirect, the wholly owned <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> subsidiary of Copyright Clearance Center established in 2010, provides copyright licensing services for European-based companies for print and digital content in books, journals, newspapers, magazines and images. </p><p>The "collective licensing" model that CCC employs is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Statutory_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory license">statutory licensing</a>, in that it is voluntary, as opposed to mandated by statute. As a voluntary industry-developed model, CCC has been able to develop and initiate a variety of different licensing schemes, as well as to litigate and legislate on behalf of rightsholders. The voluntary licenses available from Copyright Clearance Center are of two kinds: repertory (or, annual) and transactional. The license systems are offered through various services, for instance, to corporations (the Annual Copyright License) or to academic institutions (the Academic Permissions Service, among others). Through these, and multiple other mechanisms, CCC collects fees which represent royalty payments and then periodically distributes these monies to participating rightsholders. CCC meets its operating expenses through allocating a fraction of these fees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_Clearance_Center&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, CCC released <i>RightsLink</i>, a product that handles automated permission and reprint requests.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CCC later expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engine technology">search</a> domain, with a suite collectively known as <i>RightFind</i>. To expand this, the company acquired <a href="/wiki/Pubget" title="Pubget">Pubget</a>, a search engine for scientists, in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this was subsequently closed in 2017. In 2014 the company acquired Infotrieve, a <a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">text mining</a> company.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 the company announced that <i>RightFind</i> could now allow users to search CCC for documents and then export them into 3rd party text mining software, currently limited to only <a href="/wiki/Linguamatics" title="Linguamatics">Linguamatics</a> or <a href="/wiki/SciBite" class="mw-redirect" title="SciBite">SciBite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lobbying_and_litigation">Lobbying and litigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_Clearance_Center&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lobbying and litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CCC, along with the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a> (AAP), recruited three publishers (Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, and Sage Publications) to sue <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a>, alleging that GSU's e-reserves system infringed copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-LJ2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CCC and AAP jointly underwrote the costs of the litigation in the case, <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press_v._Becker" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press v. Becker">Cambridge University Press v. Becker</a></i>, which cost the plaintiffs several million dollars to litigate initially.<sup id="cite_ref-LJ2012_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plaintiffs lost the case, and were ordered to pay the defendant's legal fees when Georgia State University was deemed the "prevailing party".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding the "prevailing party" decision, the plaintiffs characterized the case as "flawed" but not a "loss",<sup id="cite_ref-PW91112_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW91112-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nonetheless filed an appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attorneys' fees were estimated by plaintiffs to be "substantial".<sup id="cite_ref-PW91112_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW91112-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CCC has announced it will continue to fund 50% of litigation costs on appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-PW91112_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW91112-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CCC has been involved in lobbying and litigation to expand the scope of copyright, and is a founding member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Federation_of_Reproduction_Rights_Organisations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (page does not exist)">International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations</a> (IFRRO), which has a similar position.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_Clearance_Center&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PrivCo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrivCo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrivCo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrivCo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privco.com/private-company/copyright-clearance-center">PrivCo Private Company Financial Intelligence</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2014/05/08/303575.pdf">"Response To Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.'s Request For Business Review Letter (View the related business review request letter)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The United States Department of Justice</i>. 7 May 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Response+To+Copyright+Clearance+Center%2C+Inc.%27s+Request+For+Business+Review+Letter+%28View+the+related+business+review+request+letter%29&rft.date=1991-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatr%2Flegacy%2F2014%2F05%2F08%2F303575.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+Clearance+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Copyright Clearance Center v. Commissioner</i>, 79 T.C. 793 (1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_State_Office_of_the_Attorney_General" class="citation web cs1">New York State Office of the Attorney General. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charitiesnys.com/RegistrySearch/show_details.jsp?id={506052D9-5C80-4CDC-932D-A8DBA6C01DF4}">"Charities Database"</a>. <i>Charities NYS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charities+NYS&rft.atitle=Charities+Database&rft.au=New+York+State+Office+of+the+Attorney+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charitiesnys.com%2FRegistrySearch%2Fshow_details.jsp%3Fid%3D%7B506052D9-5C80-4CDC-932D-A8DBA6C01DF4%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+Clearance+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zubin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zubin_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zubin_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zick Rubin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Lets-Spread-the-Word-About/134544/">"Let's Spread the Word About Fair Use"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle of Higher Education">Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>, Sept. 23, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2005" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Tracey (2005). "Copyright Clearance Center". In Rupp-Sorrano, Karen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbOnGRB1Z60C"><i>Licensing In Libraries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. pp. 61–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789028792" title="Special:BookSources/9780789028792"><bdi>9780789028792</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Copyright+Clearance+Center&rft.btitle=Licensing+In+Libraries&rft.pages=61-63&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780789028792&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnbOnGRB1Z60C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+Clearance+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/03/florence-healthcare-raises-1-7-million-to-move-clinical-trials-research-off-paper-into-the-cloud/">"Florence Healthcare raises $1.7 million to move clinical trials research off paper, into the cloud"</a>. 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florence+Healthcare+raises+%241.7+million+to+move+clinical+trials+research+off+paper%2C+into+the+cloud&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2016%2F08%2F03%2Fflorence-healthcare-raises-1-7-million-to-move-clinical-trials-research-off-paper-into-the-cloud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+Clearance+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Copyright-Clearance-Center-Acquires-Infotrieve-100601.asp">"Copyright Clearance Center Acquires Infotrieve"</a>. 18 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copyright+Clearance+Center+Acquires+Infotrieve&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsbreaks.infotoday.com%2FNewsBreaks%2FCopyright-Clearance-Center-Acquires-Infotrieve-100601.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+Clearance+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Copyright-Clearance-Center-Explores-New-Paths-for-RightFind-105785.asp">"Copyright Clearance Center Explores New Paths for RightFind"</a>. 18 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copyright+Clearance+Center+Explores+New+Paths+for+RightFind&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsbreaks.infotoday.com%2FNewsBreaks%2FCopyright-Clearance-Center-Explores-New-Paths-for-RightFind-105785.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+Clearance+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LJ2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LJ2012_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LJ2012_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meredith Schwartz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2012/05/copyright/georgia-state-copyright-case-what-you-need-to-know-and-what-it-means-for-e-reserves/">"Georgia State Copyright Case: What You Need To Know—and What It Means for E-Reserves"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Library_Journal" title="Library Journal">Library Journal</a></i>, May 17, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Kolowich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/08/13/judge-slaps-down-injunction-request-georgia-state-copyright-case">'The Prevailing Party'</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a></i> (Aug. 13, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PW91112-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PW91112_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW91112_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW91112_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Albanese, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/copyright/article/53903-publishers-appeal-flawed-decision-in-gsu-e-reserves-case.html">"Publishers Appeal 'Flawed' Decision in GSU E-Reserves Case"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>, Sept. 11, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/143110672/Publishers-brief-in-GSU-Appeal%C2%A0%E2%80%A6">Publishers Brief in appeal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519102642/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/143110672/Publishers-brief-in-GSU-Appeal%C2%A0%E2%80%A6">Archived</a> May 19, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, filed 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifrro.org/">IFRRO website</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_Clearance_Center&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/CCC_CreatingSolutionsTogether_Ebook_2020.pdf">Creating Solutions Together: Lessons to Inform the Future of Collective Licensing</a>, ebook, 2020.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishingperspectives.com/?p=14344">"All information doesn't want to be free"</a> (interview with Tracey Armstrong, CEO of Copyright Clearance Center, 4/15/2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_Clearance_Center&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copyright.com">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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