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Science and Technology: USA.gov

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" name="description"/><meta content="space, biology, earth science, energy, do not call, forensic science, communication, computers, patent, trademark, cyber security, RSS, radio, media" name="keywords"/><meta content="Internet" name="classification"/><meta content="Global" name="distribution"/><meta content="Safe For Kids" name="rating"/><meta content="public domain" name="copyright"/><meta content="en" name="language"/><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/><meta content="Vignette Content Management, V7 (raz)" name="Generator"/><meta content="2008.11.21 20:54:36 GMT" name="Generated"/><link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/rss/updates.xml" rel="alternate" title="USA.gov Updates: News and Features" type="application/rss+xml"/><link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/rss/FAQs.xml" rel="alternate" title="Popular Government Questions from USA.gov" type="application/rss+xml"/><script 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204184816/http://origins.usa.gov/external/external.jsp?url=http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/multilanguage/multilang.htm?urlnet99" title="Other Languages">Other Languages</a></div> </div> <!-- end top nav --> <!-- begin header content--> <!-- probably a short text, search and Image component for this area --> <span><div id="header"><div id="hp_Flag_Image"><a href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/index.shtml"><img alt="USA dot Gov: The U S Government's Official Web Portal" border="0" height="83" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/flag.jpg" width="400"/></a></div><div id="right_Flag"><img alt="" border="0" height="83" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/flag_Right.gif" width="89"/></div></div><div id="search_Downlevel"><form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204184816/http://origins.usa.gov/external/fgsearch" method="post" name="fg_search_form"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="left" id="search_Text"><script src="/web/20081204184816js_/http://www.usa.gov/js/en/searchBoxInit.js" type="text/javascript"><![CDATA[&nbsp;]]></script> <noscript><select class="search_option" id="label_for_query" name="vproject"><option selected="selected" value="firstgov-web">Government Web</option><option value="firstgov-images">Images</option><option value="firstgov-news">News</option><option value="firstgov-gmaps">Maps</option><option value="firstgov">USA.gov</option></select> <label for="label_for_query"><span style="color: #ffffff;">USA.gov Search</span></label></noscript> </td></tr><tr><td><input id="label_for_query" maxlength="2000" name="query" size="38" type="text"/>&nbsp;<input name="USA.gov Search" style="font-size: 12px;" type="submit" value="Search"/></td></tr></table></form></div><div id="holder"><div id="Phone"><a href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/About/FEDINFO.shtml"><img alt="1 800 FED INFO 1 800 333-4636" border="0" height="13" 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class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/Federal/All_Agencies/index.shtml" title="A-Z Agency Index">A-Z Agency Index</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml" title="Federal Government">Federal Government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/State_and_Territories.shtml" title="State Government">State Government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/Local.shtml" title="Local Government">Local Government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Government/Tribal_Sites/index.shtml" title="Tribal Government">Tribal Government</a></td></tr></table></div> <div class="left_Nav_Box"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="left_Nav_Table" width="126"><tr><td class="left_Nav_Title" colspan="2"><b>Contact Government</b></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Services.shtml" title="Online Services">Online Services</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204184816/http://origins.usa.gov/external/external.jsp?url=http://answers.usa.gov/cgi-bin/gsa_ict.cfg/php/enduser/std_alp.php?p_sid=KTOOiSBh" title="Frequently Asked Questions">Frequently Asked Questions</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/questions" title="E-mail">E-mail</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204184816/http://origins.usa.gov/external/external.jsp?url=http://answers.usa.gov/cgi-bin/gsa_ict.cfg/php/enduser/live.php?p_sid=1f9i_Tni&amp;p_sp=cF9zcmNoPSZwX3NvcnRfYnk9JnBfZ3JpZHNvcnQ9JnBfcm93X2NudD0yMTUzJnBfcHJvZHM9JnBfY2F0cz0mcF9wdj0mcF9jdj0mcF9wYWdlPTE*" title="Web Chat">Web Chat</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Contact/Directories.shtml" title="Phone">Phone</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Find_Services.shtml" title="In Person">In Person</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204184816/http://origins.usa.gov/external/external.jsp?url=http://www.forms.gov" title="Forms">Forms</a></td></tr></table></div> <div class="left_Nav_Box"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="left_Nav_Table" width="126"><tr><td class="left_Nav_Title" colspan="2"><b>By Topic</b></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Benefits.shtml" title="Benefits and Grants">Benefits and Grants</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Consumer_Safety.shtml" title="Consumer Guides">Consumer Guides</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Defense.shtml" title="Defense and International">Defense and International</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Environment_Agriculture.shtml" title="Environment, Energy, and Agriculture">Environment, Energy, and Agriculture</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Family.shtml" title="Family, Home, and Community">Family, Home, and Community</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Health.shtml" title="Health and Nutrition">Health and Nutrition</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/History.shtml" title="History, Arts, and Culture">History, Arts, and Culture</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Education_Training.shtml" title="Jobs and Education">Jobs and Education</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Money_Taxes.shtml" title="Money and Taxes">Money and Taxes</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/PublicSafety.shtml" title="Public Safety and Law">Public Safety and Law</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Reference_Shelf.shtml" title="Reference and General Government">Reference and General Government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row_Selected"><td class="left_Nav_Side_Selected" valign="top" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/><img alt="" border="0" height="11" id="arrow_Red_2Lines" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/arrow_Red.gif" width="4"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Science.shtml" title="Science and Technology">Science and Technology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Travel.shtml" title="Travel and Recreation">Travel and Recreation</a></td></tr><tr><td class="spacer" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="left_Nav_Row"><td class="left_Nav_Side" width="8"><img alt="" height="1" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/clearpix.gif" width="8"/></td><td class="nav_TD" width="118"><a class="left_Nav_Link" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Voting.shtml" title="Voting and Elections">Voting and Elections</a></td></tr></table></div> </div> <!-- end left nav --> <!-- begin main content area --> <div id="content"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><td> <a id="skip_content" name="skip_content"></a> <div id="bread"> <a href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/index.shtml" title="Home">Home</a> &gt; <a href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/index.shtml" title="Citizens">Citizens</a> &gt; <span><a name="vgn-science-and-technology-vgn"></a>Science and Technology</span> </div> <h1>Science and Technology</h1> <p>Official information and services from the U.S. government</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204184816/http://service.govdelivery.com/service/subscribe.html?code=USAGOV_C23" onclick="window.open(this.href,'popup','width=725,height=500,left=25,top=25,location=no,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,status=yes');return false;" target="_blank"><img alt="E-mail me when this page is updated" height="22" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/govdelivery.gif" width="205"/></a> <span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><a href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/gobiernousa/Temas/Ciencia.shtml?toggleTo=en_Science_and_Technology"><img alt="Ciencia y tecnología: Vea esta tema en español" border="0" height="22" hspace="5" src="/web/20081204184816im_/http://www.usa.gov/images/english_Toggle.gif" width="143"/></a></span></p> <div><table class="body_Table"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><p><b><a class="twoColumnLinkList" href="/web/20081204184816/http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Science/Physical.shtml" title="Science Topics">Science 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