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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pledged_delegate_allocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pledged_delegate_allocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pledged delegate allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pledged_delegate_allocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allocation_formula_for_the_50_U.S._states_and_Washington,_D.C." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allocation_formula_for_the_50_U.S._states_and_Washington,_D.C."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Allocation formula for the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allocation_formula_for_the_50_U.S._states_and_Washington,_D.C.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allocations_to_other_jurisdictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allocations_to_other_jurisdictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Allocations to other jurisdictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allocations_to_other_jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonus_delegates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonus_delegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Bonus delegates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonus_delegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awarding_delegates_to_the_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awarding_delegates_to_the_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Awarding delegates to the candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awarding_delegates_to_the_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superdelegates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superdelegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Superdelegates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superdelegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_candidate_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_candidate_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Presidential candidate nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_candidate_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice-presidential_candidate_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice-presidential_candidate_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vice-presidential candidate nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice-presidential_candidate_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3_Nacional_Dem%C3%B2crata" title="Convenció Nacional Demòcrata – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Convenció Nacional Demòcrata" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Democratic National Convention" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_Nacional_Dem%C3%B3crata" title="Convención Nacional Demócrata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convención Nacional Demócrata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_nationale_d%C3%A9mocrate" title="Convention nationale démocrate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convention nationale démocrate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9_%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%B9%EB%8C%80%ED%9A%8C" title="민주당 전당대회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민주당 전당대회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensi_Nasional_Demokrat" title="Konvensi Nasional Demokrat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konvensi Nasional Demokrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratische_Nationale_Conventie" title="Democratische Nationale Conventie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Democratische Nationale Conventie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="民主党全国大会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民主党全国大会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Democrata" title="Convenção Nacional Democrata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção Nacional Democrata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Democratic National Convention" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Национална демократска конвенција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национална демократска конвенција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraattien_kansallinen_puoluekokous" title="Demokraattien kansallinen puoluekokous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Demokraattien kansallinen puoluekokous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%27%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%97" title="Національний з'їзд Демократичної партії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національний з'їзд Демократичної партії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_bi%E1%BB%83u_to%C3%A0n_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7" title="Đại hội đại biểu toàn quốc Đảng Dân chủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại hội đại biểu toàn quốc Đảng Dân chủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="民主党全国代表大会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民主党全国代表大会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nominating meetings of the US Democratic Party</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the most recent convention, see <a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 Democratic National Convention</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillary_Clinton_Speech_at_Democratic_National_Convention_(July_28,_2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view looking downward at a raised blue stage. A woman in white pantsuit stands behind a podium (and clear safety shields) facing a crowd of supporters holding American flags, "Hillary" signs, etc." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hillary_Clinton_Speech_at_Democratic_National_Convention_%28July_28%2C_2016%29.jpg/330px-Hillary_Clinton_Speech_at_Democratic_National_Convention_%28July_28%2C_2016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hillary_Clinton_Speech_at_Democratic_National_Convention_%28July_28%2C_2016%29.jpg/495px-Hillary_Clinton_Speech_at_Democratic_National_Convention_%28July_28%2C_2016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hillary_Clinton_Speech_at_Democratic_National_Convention_%28July_28%2C_2016%29.jpg/660px-Hillary_Clinton_Speech_at_Democratic_National_Convention_%28July_28%2C_2016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3827" data-file-height="2613" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 Democratic National Convention</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (at podium, left) became the first female presidential nominee of a major party in the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Democratic National Convention</b> (<b>DNC</b>) is a series of <a href="/wiki/Presidential_nominating_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential nominating convention">presidential nominating conventions</a> held every four years since <a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">United States Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been administered by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> since the <a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 national convention</a>. The primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to officially nominate a candidate for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>, adopt a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">party platform</a>, and unify the party. Pledged <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)" title="Delegate (American politics)">delegates</a> from all fifty <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="American territories">American territories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">superdelegates</a> which are unpledged delegates representing the Democratic establishment, attend the convention and cast their votes to choose the party's presidential candidate. Like the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a>, the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the <a href="/wiki/Primary_election" title="Primary election">primary election</a> period and the start of the <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a> season. Since the 1980s, national conventions have become mostly inaugural events for the winning candidate, since winners are announced long before the convention. In 2020, both major parties, and many minor parties, replaced their usual in-person conventions with virtual programs due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delegations">Delegations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Delegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party's presidential nominee is chosen primarily by pledged delegates, which are in turn selected through a series of individual <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">state caucuses and primary elections</a>. Pledged delegates are classified into three categories:<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRSReport2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSReport2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>At-large</b> pledged delegates are allocated and elected at the statewide level.<sup id="cite_ref-CRSReport2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSReport2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>District</b> pledged delegates are allocated and elected at a district level, usually the congressional district, but sometimes by state or territory legislative district.<sup id="cite_ref-CRSReport2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSReport2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Add-on</b> or <b>PLEO</b> pledged delegates, which allow for representation by <b>p</b>arty <b>l</b>eaders and <b>e</b>lected <b>o</b>fficials within the state.<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRSReport2015_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSReport2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Unpledged <a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">superdelegates</a>, delegates whose votes are not bound to the outcome of a state's caucus or primary, only vote in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Contested_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Contested convention">contested nomination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SuperdelegateOverhaul_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuperdelegateOverhaul-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These superdelegates may also be called unpledged PLEO (<b>p</b>arty <b>l</b>eaders and <b>e</b>lected <b>o</b>fficials) delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRSReport2015_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSReport2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size of delegations to the Democratic National Convention, for each state, territory, or other political subdivision, are described in the party's quadrennial <i>Call for the Democratic National Convention</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pledged_delegate_allocation">Pledged delegate allocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pledged delegate allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allocation_formula_for_the_50_U.S._states_and_Washington,_D.C."><span id="Allocation_formula_for_the_50_U.S._states_and_Washington.2C_D.C."></span>Allocation formula for the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C.</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Allocation formula for the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2012, the number of pledged delegates allocated to each of the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. is based on two main factors: (1) the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the last three presidential elections, and (2) the number of electoral votes each state has in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The calculations for the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 convention</a> basically consist of the following three steps:<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Step 1</b>: The following formula is first used to determine each jurisdiction's <i>allocation factor</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Allocation factor}}={1 \over 2}\times \left({{\text{SDV}}_{\text{2008}}+{\text{SDV}}_{\text{2012}}+{\text{SDV}}_{\text{2016}} \over {\text{TDV}}_{\text{2008}}+{\text{TDV}}_{\text{2012}}+{\text{TDV}}_{\text{2016}}}+{{\text{SEV}} \over 538}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Allocation factor</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>SDV</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>2008</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>SDV</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>2012</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>SDV</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>2016</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>TDV</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>2008</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>TDV</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>2012</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>TDV</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>2016</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>SEV</mtext> </mrow> <mn>538</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Allocation factor}}={1 \over 2}\times \left({{\text{SDV}}_{\text{2008}}+{\text{SDV}}_{\text{2012}}+{\text{SDV}}_{\text{2016}} \over {\text{TDV}}_{\text{2008}}+{\text{TDV}}_{\text{2012}}+{\text{TDV}}_{\text{2016}}}+{{\text{SEV}} \over 538}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d6d3b963d109b30c2b55635c151aae009cfb7c4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:69.188ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Allocation factor}}={1 \over 2}\times \left({{\text{SDV}}_{\text{2008}}+{\text{SDV}}_{\text{2012}}+{\text{SDV}}_{\text{2016}} \over {\text{TDV}}_{\text{2008}}+{\text{TDV}}_{\text{2012}}+{\text{TDV}}_{\text{2016}}}+{{\text{SEV}} \over 538}\right)}" /></span> </p><p>where </p> <dl><dd><b>SDV</b> = The state's Democratic vote in the indicated presidential election</dd> <dd><b>TDV</b> = The nationwide total Democratic vote in the indicated presidential election</dd> <dd><b>SEV</b> = The state's electoral votes</dd></dl> <p><b>Step 2</b>: The <i>base delegation</i> for each state and the District of Columbia is then determined by multiplying its <i>allocation factor</i> by 3,200 (rounded to the nearest integer):<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Base delegation}}={\text{Allocation factor}}\times 3200}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Base delegation</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Allocation factor</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>3200</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Base delegation}}={\text{Allocation factor}}\times 3200}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9469b12c262ff1229190017bd1603195c9dcdb7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:43.128ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Base delegation}}={\text{Allocation factor}}\times 3200}" /></span> </p><p><b>Step 3</b>: Finally, the jurisdiction's <i>base delegation</i> is used to calculate the number of its District, At-Large, and pledged PLEO (<i>party leaders and elected officials</i> who are not superdelegates) delegates (fractions 0.5 and above are rounded to the next highest integer):<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{At-large delegates}}={\text{Base delegation}}\times 0.25}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>At-large delegates</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Base delegation</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>0.25</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{At-large delegates}}={\text{Base delegation}}\times 0.25}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69375326406187a84c81f59c0bb17b775986cd76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:43.847ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{At-large delegates}}={\text{Base delegation}}\times 0.25}" /></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{District delegates}}={\text{Base delegation}}-{\text{At-large delegates}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>District delegates</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Base delegation</mtext> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>At-large delegates</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{District delegates}}={\text{Base delegation}}-{\text{At-large delegates}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f0785ea407cdecb2740573da1e9ce98b5ca96e00" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:57.215ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{District delegates}}={\text{Base delegation}}-{\text{At-large delegates}}}" /></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Pledged PLEO delegates}}={\text{Base delegation}}\times 0.15}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Pledged PLEO delegates</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Base delegation</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Pledged PLEO delegates}}={\text{Base delegation}}\times 0.15}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b6599d562c44b25318620a3820e4615c153bf72" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:50.558ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Pledged PLEO delegates}}={\text{Base delegation}}\times 0.15}" /></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allocations_to_other_jurisdictions">Allocations to other jurisdictions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allocations to other jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jurisdictions without electoral votes are instead given a fixed amount of pledged delegates. In 2020, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> each get six at-large delegates. <a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a> gets 12 at-large and one pledged PLEO.<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> is assigned 44 base votes in 2020, then the same formulas used in Step 3 above for U.S. states are used to calculate the territory's at-large, district, and PLEO pledged delegates:<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{At-large delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44\times 0.25=11}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>At-large delegates</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>PR2020</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>44</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>0.25</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>11</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{At-large delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44\times 0.25=11}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ad38bcbebf06a4548a75c1618ec27c9e04e44a5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.771ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{At-large delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44\times 0.25=11}" /></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{District delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44-{\text{At-large delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44-11=33}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>District delegates</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>PR2020</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>44</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>At-large delegates</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>PR2020</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>44</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>11</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>33</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{District delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44-{\text{At-large delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44-11=33}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b07193ca0a44049a3e5ca9ea178c2dfc958c19c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:71.577ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{District delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44-{\text{At-large delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44-11=33}" /></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Pledged PLEO delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44\times 0.15=6.6\to 7}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Pledged PLEO delegates</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>PR2020</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>44</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6.6</mn> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Pledged PLEO delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44\times 0.15=6.6\to 7}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4afbf23dfe1248a25290301a99cb984690d76ce9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:53.906ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Pledged PLEO delegates}}_{\text{PR2020}}=44\times 0.15=6.6\to 7}" /></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bonus_delegates">Bonus delegates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bonus delegates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Democratic Party awards bonus pledged delegates to each jurisdiction based on two factors: timing and clustering. The timing criterion is based on when the state holds its primaries or caucuses with those states scheduling their contests in May and June getting the higher bonus. For clustering, three or more neighboring states must concurrently begin on the same date.<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bonus awarded is then a percentage increase in the jurisdiction's delegation (rounded to the nearest integer). A fourth of the bonus delegates are then designated as District, and the other three-fourths become At-Large.<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bonuses are:<sup id="cite_ref-2020Call_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Timing Stage 1 (before April)</b>: <i>No bonus</i></li> <li><b>Timing Stage 2 (April)</b>: 10 percent increase</li> <li><b>Cluster</b>: 15 percent increase</li> <li><b>Both Timing Stage 2 and Cluster</b>: 25 percent increase</li> <li><b>Timing Stage 3 (May and June)</b>: 30 percent increase</li> <li><b>Both Timing Stage 3 and Cluster</b>: 35 percent increase</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Awarding_delegates_to_the_candidates">Awarding delegates to the candidates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awarding delegates to the candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the results of each of the primaries and caucuses, pledged delegates are awarded to the candidates under <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, where candidates who get 15 percent or more of the popular vote in a state or one of its districts divide the respective delegates proportionally to the votes on the respective level (those who get under 15 percent of the votes in a state and all of its districts do not get any delegates). Statewide and district delegates are strictly separate, they are both proportionally allocated based on the popular vote in the state or the respective districts. The statewide delegates are furthermore separated into two groups, at-large delegates and pledged PLEO delegates, which are both allocated proportionally based on the statewide vote but calculated separately. This amounts to in fact three different delegate groups, allocated proportionally but separately, leading to contortion and slightly unproportional results.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superdelegates">Superdelegates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Superdelegates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></div> <p>A <i>superdelegate</i> is an unpledged delegate to the Democratic National Convention who is seated automatically and chooses for themselves for whom they vote. These superdelegates include elected officials, and party activists and officials. They make up slightly under 15 percent of all convention delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-WhoAre_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Superdelegates fall into four categories:<sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Elected members of the Democratic National Committee</li> <li>Democratic Governors, including territorial governors and the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Mayor of the District of Columbia">Mayor of the District of Columbia</a></li> <li>Democratic Members of Congress, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson#District_of_Columbia_shadow_senators" title="Shadow congressperson">District of Columbia shadow senators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">non-voting House members</a>.</li> <li>Distinguished party leaders (consisting of current and former Presidents, Vice Presidents, congressional leaders, and DNC chairs)</li></ul> <p>Democratic superdelegates are free to support any candidate for the presidential nomination. On August 25, 2018, the Democratic National Committee agreed to reduce the influence of superdelegates by generally preventing them from voting on the first ballot at the Democratic National Convention, allowing their votes only in a <a href="/wiki/Contested_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Contested convention">contested nomination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SuperdelegateOverhaul_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuperdelegateOverhaul-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2024 presidential election cycle, the Democratic National Committee held a virtual nomination vote in the first week of August to select its nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virtual nomination rules allowed superdelegates to vote for a presidential candidate during the first ballot of the virtual roll call.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_candidate_nomination">Presidential candidate nomination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Presidential candidate nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1832 to 1936, any nomination for president or vice-president was required to have a majority of two-thirds of the total number of delegates. Unless there was a popular incumbent, something that only happened three times between the Civil War and World War II, getting that many votes on the first ballot were virtually impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This resulted in often contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders, with delegates being forced to vote for a nominee until someone could receive the minimum number of delegates required. This situation occurred at the conventions of <a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852</a>, <a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856</a>, <a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868</a>, <a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912</a>, <a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920</a> and most notoriously, <a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924</a>, where the voting went for at least a dozen ballots. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Democratic National Convention">1860</a>, the convention deadlocked after 57 ballots, during which 50 Southern delegates walked out; subsequently, second and third conventions nominated separate Northern and Southern tickets. </p><p>Backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a> candidates, people who never imagined they would run for president until the last moments of the convention. Dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated. </p><p>One of the most famous dark horse candidates nominated at a Democratic National Convention was <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, who was chosen to become the candidate for president only after being added to the eighth and ninth delegate ballot. </p><p>The rules were changed to a simple majority in 1936. Since then, only one multi-ballot convention (in the <a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952</a>) has taken place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice-presidential_candidate_nomination">Vice-presidential candidate nomination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vice-presidential candidate nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1980, the party's choice of the vice-presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the convention. This was because the presidential nominee had little to do with the process, and in many cases was not known at the start of the convention. </p><p>In 1944 and 1956, the nominee let the convention choose the running mate without any recommendation, which led to two ballots of voting being required in each case. </p><p>However, since 1984 (Mondale was the incumbent VP in 1980), vice-presidential nominees have always been announced by the presumptive nominee prior to the convention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1876_Democratic_National_Convention_-_Missouri_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white drawing of a vast assembly hall, viewed from the back of a left-side gallery. Far below (barely discernible) other delegates are gathered around the grand stage to our left. Closer, we see the backs of many men in long coats, most standing in excitement, holding or waving their top hats and bowlers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1876_Democratic_National_Convention_-_Missouri_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-1876_Democratic_National_Convention_-_Missouri_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1876_Democratic_National_Convention_-_Missouri_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-1876_Democratic_National_Convention_-_Missouri_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1876_Democratic_National_Convention_-_Missouri_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-1876_Democratic_National_Convention_-_Missouri_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1824, the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_nominating_caucus" title="Congressional nominating caucus">congressional nominating caucus</a> had fallen into disrepute and collapsed as a method of nominating presidential and vice-presidential candidates. A national convention idea had been brought up, but nothing occurred until the next decade: state conventions and <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislatures</a> emerged as the nomination apparatus until they were supplanted by the national convention method of nominating candidates. President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet" title="Kitchen Cabinet">Kitchen Cabinet</a>" privately carried out the plan for the first Democratic National Convention: the public call for the first national convention emanated from Jackson's supporters in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> in 1831. </p><p>The first national convention of the Democratic Party began in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> on May 21, <a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832</a>, only to nominate a vice-presidential candidate as it was clear that Jackson as the party's natural leader would run for the presidency again. In that year the rule requiring a two-thirds vote to nominate a candidate was created, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> was nominated for vice president on the first ballot. Although this rule was waived in the 1836 and 1840 conventions – when Van Buren was nominated as presidential candidate by acclamation – in 1844, it was revived by opponents of former President Van Buren, who had the support of a majority (but not two-thirds) of the delegates, in order to prevent him from receiving the nomination after his 1840 defeat. The rule then remained in place until 1936, when the renomination of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> by acclamation allowed it finally to be put to rest. </p><p>On seven occasions, this rule led to Conventions which dragged on for over a dozen ballots. The most infamous examples of this were in <a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 at Charleston</a>, when the convention deadlocked after 57 ballots: the delegates adjourned, and reconvened in separate Northern and Southern groups six weeks later, and in <a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924</a>, where "Wets" and "Drys" deadlocked between the frontrunners, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Alfred E. Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_G._McAdoo" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. McAdoo">William G. McAdoo</a>, for 102 ballots over 16 days before finally agreeing on <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> as a compromise candidate on the 103rd ballot. Also, in <a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a> received a majority of the votes, but did not subsequently go on to achieve a two-thirds vote and the nomination (<a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> won the nomination on the 46th ballot), the only time this happened. </p><p>Since 1932, only one convention (in <a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952</a>) has required multiple ballots. While the rule was in force, it virtually assured that no candidate without support from the South could be nominated. The elimination of the two-thirds rule made it possible for liberal Northern Democrats to gain greater influence in party affairs, leading to the disenfranchisement of Southern Democrats, and defection of many of the latter to the Republican Party, especially during the Civil Rights struggles of the 1960s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> delivered his "<a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Gold">Cross of Gold</a>" speech at the <a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 convention</a>, while the most historically notable and tumultuous convention in recent memory was the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, which was fraught with highly emotional battles between conventioneers and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> protesters and an outburst by Chicago mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a>. Other confrontations between various groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yippies">Yippies</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)">Students for a Democratic Society</a>, and the Chicago police in city parks, streets and hotels marred this convention. </p><p>Following the 1968 convention, in which many reformers had been disappointed that Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, despite not having competed in a single primary, easily won the nomination over Senators <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (who was announced after the assassination of another candidate, Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>), a commission headed by Senator McGovern reformed the Democratic Party's nominating process to increase the power of primaries in choosing delegates in order to increase the democracy of the process. Not entirely coincidentally, McGovern himself won the nomination in 1972. The <a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 convention</a> was significant in that the new rules put into place as a result of the <a href="/wiki/McGovern_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="McGovern commission">McGovern commission</a> also opened the door for quotas mandating that certain percentages of delegates be women or members of minority groups, and subjects that were previously deemed not fit for political debate, such as <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_and_gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian and gay rights">lesbian and gay rights</a>, now occupied the forefront of political discussion. </p><p>The nature of Democratic (and <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican</a>) conventions has changed considerably since the 1972 McGovern reforms (which have largely influenced the Republican primaries as well). Every four years, the nominees are essentially selected earlier and earlier in the year, so the conventions now officially ratify the nominees instead of choose them (even the close race of <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008</a>, which was not decided until early June, did not change the modern function of the convention, as superdelegates and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s withdrawal ensured <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s win before the convention). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 convention</a> was the last convention for the Democrats that was seriously contested (when <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> forced a failed vote to free delegates from their commitment to vote for <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>). The <a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 convention</a> was the last where the vice-presidential nominee was announced during the convention, after the presidential nominee was chosen (Carter chose <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>). The <a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 convention</a> that nominated <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> was accompanied by protests resulting in the arrest of 11 people including <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> historian Randy Kryn.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 convention</a> in Milwaukee (which due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> was moved from the larger <a href="/wiki/Fiserv_Forum" title="Fiserv Forum">Fiserv Forum</a> to the smaller <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Center">Wisconsin Center</a>), the <a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 convention</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Moscone_Center" title="Moscone Center">Moscone Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> was the last Democratic Convention to be held in a convention center complex; all the intervening years saw their conventions held in sports arenas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exceptions are the 1835 national convention, which occurred 3 years after the 1832 national convention, and the 1840 national convention, which occurred 5 years after the 1835 national convention.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2020Call-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Call_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Call+for+the+2020+Democratic+National+Convention&rft.pub=Democratic+National+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdemocrats.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2F2020-Call-for-Convention-WITH-Attachments-2.26.19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRSReport2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRSReport2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRSReport2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRSReport2015_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRSReport2015_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRSReport2015_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeman2015" class="citation web cs1">Coleman, Kevin J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+No.+R42533%2C+The+Presidential+Nominating+Process+and+the+National+Party+Conventions%2C+2016%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR42533.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SuperdelegateOverhaul-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SuperdelegateOverhaul_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SuperdelegateOverhaul_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerndon2018" class="citation news cs1">Herndon, Astead W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democrats+poised+to+virtually+nominate+Harris+%E2%80%94+and+her+running+mate+%E2%80%94+by+Aug.+7&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2024-07-24&rft.aulast=Weissert&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fharris-democratic-convention-nominee-virtual-voting-78991bcc443e06c000d1d800e0d94cc5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNavarro2024" class="citation web cs1">Navarro, Aaron (August 2, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dnc-virtual-roll-call-2024-how-it-works/">"The DNC's virtual roll call to nominate Kamala Harris started Aug. 1. Here's how the vote works"</a>. CBS News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+DNC%27s+virtual+roll+call+to+nominate+Kamala+Harris+started+Aug.+1.+Here%27s+how+the+vote+works.&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2024-08-02&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fdnc-virtual-roll-call-2024-how-it-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaton1964" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Herbert (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialtimb00eato"><i>Presidential Timber: A History of Nominating Conventions, 1868–1960</i></a></span>. London: Collier-Macmillan Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Timber%3A+A+History+of+Nominating+Conventions%2C+1868%E2%80%931960&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collier-Macmillan+Limited&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentialtimb00eato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/08/28/The-Federal-Protective-Service-arrested-11-protesters-Wednesday-in/9884841204800/">"The Federal Protective Service arrested 11 protesters Wednesday in..."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UPI</a> Archives</i>. Chicago. August 28, 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI+Archives&rft.atitle=The+Federal+Protective+Service+arrested+11+protesters+Wednesday+in...&rft.date=1996-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1996%2F08%2F28%2FThe-Federal-Protective-Service-arrested-11-protesters-Wednesday-in%2F9884841204800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section <b>may need cleanup</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBecker1899" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, Carl (1899). "The Unit Rule in National Nominating Conventions". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832960">10.2307/1832960</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832960">1832960</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Unit+Rule+in+National+Nominating+Conventions&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Binkley, Wilfred E. <i>American political parties: their natural history</i> (1962) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpolitica0000bink">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarleton1957" class="citation journal cs1">Carleton, William G. (1957). "The Revolution in the Presidential Nominating Convention". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>72</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">224–</span>240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2145774">10.2307/2145774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145774">2145774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Revolution+in+the+Presidential+Nominating+Convention&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2145774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2145774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carleton&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChase1973" class="citation book cs1">Chase, James S. (1973). <i>Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention, 1789–1832</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25200312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25200312-7"><bdi>978-0-25200312-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergence+of+the+Presidential+Nominating+Convention%2C+1789%E2%80%931832&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-25200312-7&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30527/3">Presidential Elections in the United States: A Primer</a> (Report). Version 3. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. April 17, 2000. RL30527.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Presidential+Elections+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Primer&rft.series=Version+3&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2000-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FRL%2FRL30527%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCostain1978" class="citation journal cs1">Costain, Anne N. (1978). "An Analysis of Voting in American National Nominating Conventions, 1940–1976". <i>American Politics Quarterly</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532673X7800600104">10.1177/1532673X7800600104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Politics+Quarterly&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+Voting+in+American+National+Nominating+Conventions%2C+1940%E2%80%931976&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1532673X7800600104&rft.aulast=Costain&rft.aufirst=Anne+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis1983" class="citation book cs1">Davis, James W. (1983). <i>National Conventions in an Age of Party Reform</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23048-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23048-6"><bdi>978-0-313-23048-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Conventions+in+an+Age+of+Party+Reform&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-313-23048-6&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazin2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kazin" title="Michael Kazin">Kazin, Michael</a> (2022). <i>What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-37420023-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-37420023-7"><bdi>978-0-37420023-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+It+Took+to+Win%3A+A+History+of+the+Democratic+Party&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-37420023-7&rft.aulast=Kazin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Key Jr., V.O. <i>Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups</i> (4th ed. 1958) pp 414–470. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14705">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiles1960" class="citation journal cs1">Miles, Edwin A. (1960). "The Keynote Speech at National Nominating Conventions". <i>Quarterly Journal of Speech</i>. <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00335636009382388">10.1080/00335636009382388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Speech&rft.atitle=The+Keynote+Speech+at+National+Nominating+Conventions&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00335636009382388&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Edwin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorison1912" class="citation journal cs1">Morison, Samuel E. 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"The First National Nominating Convention, 1808". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>17</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">744–</span>763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832458">10.2307/1832458</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832458">1832458</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+First+National+Nominating+Convention%2C+1808&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E744-%3C%2Fspan%3E763&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832458&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832458%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfau2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pfau, Michael William (2006). "Conventions of Deliberation? Convention Addresses and Deliberative Containment in the Second Party System". <i>Rhetoric and Public Affairs</i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">635–</span>654. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41940105">41940105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+and+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Conventions+of+Deliberation%3F+Convention+Addresses+and+Deliberative+Containment+in+the+Second+Party+System&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E654&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41940105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pfau&rft.aufirst=Michael+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSautterBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Sautter, R. Craig; <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Burke" title="Edward M. Burke">Burke, Edward M.</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidewigwamchic0000saut/"><i>Inside the Wigwam: Chicago Presidential Conventions, 1860–1996</i></a></span>. Loyola Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8294-0911-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8294-0911-6"><bdi>978-0-8294-0911-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Wigwam%3A+Chicago+Presidential+Conventions%2C+1860%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=Loyola+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8294-0911-6&rft.aulast=Sautter&rft.aufirst=R.+Craig&rft.au=Burke%2C+Edward+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidewigwamchic0000saut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilver2018" class="citation journal cs1">Silver, Adam (2018). "Consensus and Conflict: A Content Analysis of American Party Platforms, 1840–1896". <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>42</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">441–</span>467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fssh.2018.14">10.1017/ssh.2018.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024189">90024189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Consensus+and+Conflict%3A+A+Content+Analysis+of+American+Party+Platforms%2C+1840%E2%80%931896&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E467&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fssh.2018.14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90024189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+National+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Convention&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span 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style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1865–1869)</li> <li>Cleveland (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="First presidency of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>; <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Second presidency of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Martin" title="Ken Martin">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squad_(U.S._Congress)" title="Squad (U.S. Congress)">Squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_presidential_primaries_and_caucuses311" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._presidential_primaries" title="Template:U.S. presidential primaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._presidential_primaries" title="Template talk:U.S. presidential primaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._presidential_primaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. presidential primaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_presidential_primaries_and_caucuses311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">United States presidential primaries and caucuses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Election timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2028 United States presidential election">2028</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National opinion polling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Democratic Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd> <dt>Republican Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#National_polling" title="Opinion polling for the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State opinion polling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Democratic Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Opinion polling for the 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Opinion polling for the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Republican Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Statewide_polling" title="Opinion polling for the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debates and forums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Democratic Party</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">2016</a></dd> <dd>2020 <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential debates">debates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_forums" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential forums">forums</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">2024</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Republican Party</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2012 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Republican Party presidential debates">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">2024</a></dd> <dt>Libertarian Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums">2016</a></dd> <dt>Green Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Green Party presidential debates and forums">2016</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Straw_poll" title="Straw poll">Straw polls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference#Straw_poll" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">Conservative Political Action Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Fair_Straw_Poll" title="Iowa State Fair Straw Poll">Iowa State Fair</a></li> <li>(<i>defunct:</i> <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Straw_Poll_(1979%E2%80%932011)" title="Iowa Straw Poll (1979–2011)">Ames, Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Straw_Poll" title="Texas Straw Poll">Texas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_caucuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada caucuses">Nevada caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina primary">South Carolina primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucuses</a> <br /> and <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2028 Democratic Party presidential primaries"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2028 Republican Party presidential primaries"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libertarian Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Green Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Green Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Green Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Green Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Green Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Green Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Reform Party presidential primaries">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Reform Party presidential primaries">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Reform Party presidential primaries">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Reform Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Reform Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Reform Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Reform Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Reform_National_Convention" title="2024 Reform National Convention">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitution Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Constitution Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Constitution Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Constitution Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results breakdown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_primary_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of primary votes received">List of candidates by number of primary votes received</a></dd> <dt>Democratic Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd> <dt>Republican Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National <br /> conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Republican_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 Republican National Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention" title="Libertarian National Convention">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1983_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1983 Libertarian National Convention">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1987 Libertarian National Convention">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1991 Libertarian National Convention">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1996 Libertarian National Convention">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2000 Libertarian National Convention">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2004 Libertarian National Convention">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2008 Libertarian National Convention">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2010 Libertarian National Convention">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2012 Libertarian National Convention">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2014 Libertarian National Convention">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2020 Libertarian National Convention">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2024 Libertarian National Convention">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Green_National_Convention" title="Green National Convention">Green Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Green_National_Convention" title="2000 Green National Convention">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Green_National_Convention" title="2004 Green National Convention">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Green_National_Convention" title="2008 Green National Convention">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_National_Convention" title="2012 Green National Convention">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_National_Convention" title="2016 Green National Convention">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_National_Convention" title="2020 Green National Convention">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Green_National_Convention" title="2024 Green National Convention">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Whig_National_Conventions" title="List of Whig National Conventions">Whig Party</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party#Conventions" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1876_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1876 Greenback National Convention">1876</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1880_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1880 Greenback National Convention">1880</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1884_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1884 Greenback National Convention">1884</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=1888_Greenback_National_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1888 Greenback National Convention (page does not exist)">1888</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)#1892_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">1892</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)#Presidential_election_of_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">1896</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)#Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">1900 • 1904 • 1908</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Progressive Party</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1912_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1912 Progressive National Convention">1912</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1916_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1916 Progressive National Convention">1916</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=1920_Progressive_National_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1920 Progressive National Convention (page does not exist)">1920</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1924_Progressive_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Progressive National Convention">1924</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1948_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1948 Progressive National Convention">1948</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_Progressive_National_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 Progressive National Convention (page does not exist)">1952</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party_v._Jones" title="California Democratic Party v. Jones">California Democratic Party v. Jones</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_Random_Presidential_Primary_System" title="Graduated Random Presidential Primary System">Graduated Random Presidential Primary System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Plan" title="Delaware Plan">Delaware Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_Regional_Primary_System" title="Rotating Regional Primary System">Rotating Regional Primary System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregional_Primary_Plan" title="Interregional Primary Plan">Interregional Primary Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Primary" class="mw-redirect" title="National Primary">National Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_primary" title="White primary">White primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata854" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata854" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185865#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126681765">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5055829-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81107847">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260313605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1150990">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1150991">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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