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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Capabilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capabilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Capabilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_graphics_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_graphics_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Standard graphics modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_graphics_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-640_×_480_graphics_mode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#640_×_480_graphics_mode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span><span>640 × 480</span> graphics mode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-640_×_480_graphics_mode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_graphics_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_graphics_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Other graphics modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_graphics_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_text_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_text_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Standard text modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_text_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technical details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Signal_timings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signal_timings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Signal timings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signal_timings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_uses_of_selected_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_uses_of_selected_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Typical uses of selected modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_uses_of_selected_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Connector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_palette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_palette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Color palette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_palette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hardware manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Successors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Successors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Successors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Super_VGA_(SVGA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super_VGA_(SVGA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Super VGA (SVGA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super_VGA_(SVGA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_Graphics_Array_(XGA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_Graphics_Array_(XGA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Extended Graphics Array (XGA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_Graphics_Array_(XGA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Video Graphics Array</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="منظومة عرض مرئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظومة عرض مرئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="آرایه نمایش تصویر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرایه نمایش تصویر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD%EC%8A%A4_%EC%96%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" title="비디오 그래픽스 어레이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비디오 그래픽스 어레이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="वीडियो ग्राफिक्स ऐरे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वीडियो ग्राफिक्स ऐरे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA-kort" title="VGA-kort – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="VGA-kort" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Бейнеграфикалық матрица – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бейнеграфикалық матрица" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87" title="വീഡിയോ ഗ്രാഫിക്സ് അറേ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വീഡിയോ ഗ്രാഫിക്സ് അറേ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_graphics_array" title="Video graphics array – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Video graphics array" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" title="VGA – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="VGA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Video Graphics Array" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="நிகழ்பட வரைவியல் அணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிகழ்பட வரைவியல் அணி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="วีจีเอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วีจีเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Grafik_Dizisi" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Variable_gauge" title="Variable gauge">Variable gauge</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"VGA" redirects here. 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Special:EditPage/Video Graphics Array">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Video+Graphics+Array%22">"Video Graphics Array"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Video+Graphics+Array%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Video+Graphics+Array%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Video+Graphics+Array%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Video+Graphics+Array%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Video+Graphics+Array%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Video Graphics Array</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_VGA_graphics_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/IBM_VGA_graphics_card.jpg/220px-IBM_VGA_graphics_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/IBM_VGA_graphics_card.jpg/330px-IBM_VGA_graphics_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/IBM_VGA_graphics_card.jpg/440px-IBM_VGA_graphics_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1987<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size:105%;"><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Cards</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Entry-level</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chips_and_Technologies" title="Chips and Technologies">Chips and Technologies</a> 82c441</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Video_Seven" title="Video Seven">Video-7</a> VEGA Deluxe</li><li><a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> Graphics Solution Plus</li><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3</a> (911</li><li>911A</li><li>924</li><li>801</li><li>805</li><li>805i</li><li>928</li><li>805p</li><li>928p)</li></ul></div></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a> MAGIC RGB</li><li><a href="/wiki/Plantronics" title="Plantronics">Plantronics</a> Colorplus</li><li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Systems" title="Paradise Systems">Paradise Systems</a> PEGA 1</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tseng_Labs" title="Tseng Labs">Tseng Labs</a> ET3000</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a> CL-GD400s</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Mid-range</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATI_Wonder_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ATI Wonder series">ATI Wonder series</a></li><li>Paradise Systems PEGA 1a</li><li><a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3</a> Vision</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tseng_Labs_ET4000" title="Tseng Labs ET4000">Tseng Labs ET4000</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a> CL-GD500s</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">High-end</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> <a href="/wiki/ATI_Mach" title="ATI Mach">Mach series</a></li><li>Paradise Systems PEGA 2a</li><li><a href="/wiki/S3_Trio" title="S3 Trio">S3 Trio</a></li><li>Tseng Labs ET6000</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a> CL-GD5000s</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size:105%;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a> (EGA)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">Professional Graphics Controller</a> (PGC)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">Super Video Graphics Array (SVGA)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#Extended_Graphics_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">Extended Graphics Array (XGA)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Video Graphics Array</b> (<b>VGA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Video_display_controller" title="Video display controller">video display controller</a> and accompanying de facto graphics standard, first introduced with the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">IBM PS/2</a> line of computers in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-pcmag_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcmag-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became ubiquitous in the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> industry within three years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can now refer to the <a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">computer display standard</a>, the 15-pin <a href="/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">D-subminiature</a> <a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA connector</a>, or the <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">resolution</a> characteristic of the VGA hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VGA was the last IBM graphics standard to which the majority of IBM PC compatible computer manufacturers conformed, making it the <a href="/wiki/Lowest_common_denominator#Colloquial_usage" title="Lowest common denominator">lowest common denominator</a> that virtually all post-1990 PC graphics hardware can be expected to implement.<sup id="cite_ref-computer.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computer.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VGA was adapted into many extended forms by third parties, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">Super VGA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then gave way to custom <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing units</a> which, in addition to their proprietary interfaces and capabilities, continue to implement common VGA graphics modes and interfaces to the present day. </p><p>The VGA analog interface standard has been extended to support resolutions of up to <span class="nowrap">2048 × 1536</span> for general usage, with specialized applications improving it further still.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (April 2024)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_design">Hardware design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hardware design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg/220px-IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg/330px-IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg/440px-IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>VGA section on the motherboard in <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/55" title="IBM PS/55">IBM PS/55</a> </figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">color palette</a> <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random access memory</a> (RAM) and its corresponding <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converter</a> (DAC) were integrated into one chip (the <a href="/wiki/RAMDAC" title="RAMDAC">RAMDAC</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> controller (<a href="/wiki/Video_display_controller#Types" title="Video display controller">CRTC</a>) was integrated into a main VGA chip, which eliminated several other chips in previous graphics adapters, so VGA only additionally required external video RAM and <a href="/wiki/Timing_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Timing crystal">timing crystals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This small part count allowed IBM to include VGA directly on the PS/2 motherboard, in contrast to prior IBM PC models – <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PC/XT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC/XT">PC/XT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PC_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC AT">PC AT</a> – which required a separate display adapter installed in a slot in order to connect a monitor. The term "array" rather than "adapter" in the name denoted that it was not a complete independent expansion device, but a single component that could be integrated into a system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the graphics adapters that preceded it (<a href="/wiki/IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">MDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a> and many third-party options) there was initially no discrete VGA card released by IBM. The first commercial implementation of VGA was a built-in component of the IBM PS/2, in which it was accompanied by 256 KB of video RAM, and a new DE-15 connector replacing the DE-9 used by previous graphics adapters. IBM later released the standalone <i>IBM PS/2 Display Adapter</i>, which utilized the VGA but could be added to machines that did not have it built in.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capabilities">Capabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_VGA16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Birds_VGA16.png/220px-Birds_VGA16.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Birds_VGA16.png/330px-Birds_VGA16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Birds_VGA16.png/440px-Birds_VGA16.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Simulated VGA <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> 16 color image</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_VGA256.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Birds_VGA256.png/220px-Birds_VGA256.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Birds_VGA256.png/330px-Birds_VGA256.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Birds_VGA256.png/440px-Birds_VGA256.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Simulated VGA <span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> 256 color image (corrected for aspect ratio)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vector_Video_Standards2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vector_Video_Standards2.svg/220px-Vector_Video_Standards2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vector_Video_Standards2.svg/330px-Vector_Video_Standards2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vector_Video_Standards2.svg/440px-Vector_Video_Standards2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of standard resolutions including VGA's 640 × 480</figcaption></figure> <p>The VGA supports all graphics modes supported by the MDA, CGA and EGA cards, as well as multiple new modes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_graphics_modes">Standard graphics modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standard graphics modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> in 4 or 16 colors (CGA/EGA compatibility)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> in 256 colors (<a href="/wiki/Mode_13h" title="Mode 13h">Mode 13h</a>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">640 × 200</span> and <span class="nowrap">640 × 350</span> in 16 colors or monochrome (CGA/EGA compatibility)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/640%C3%97480" class="mw-redirect" title="640×480"><span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span></a> in 16 colors or <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> 16-color and <span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> 256-color modes had fully redefinable palettes, with each entry selected from an <a href="/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats#18-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">18-bit (262,144-color)</a> gamut.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other modes defaulted to standard EGA or CGA compatible palettes and instructions, but still permitted remapping of the palette with VGA-specific commands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="640_×_480_graphics_mode"><span id="640_.C3.97_480_graphics_mode"></span><span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> graphics mode</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 640 × 480 graphics mode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> resolution (at 256 colors rather than 16) was originally used by IBM in <a href="/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">PGC</a> graphics (which VGA offers no backward compatibility for) but did not see wide adoption until VGA was introduced. As the VGA began to be cloned in great quantities by manufacturers who added ever-increasing capabilities, its <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, 16-color mode became the de facto lowest common denominator of graphics cards. By the mid 1990s, a <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>×16 graphics mode using the VGA memory and register specifications was expected by operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS/2_Warp_3" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 Warp 3">OS/2 Warp 3.0</a>, which provided no support for lower resolutions or bit depths, or support for other memory or register layouts without additional drivers. Well into the 2000s, even after the <a href="/wiki/VESA" class="mw-redirect" title="VESA">VESA</a> standard for graphics cards became commonplace, the "VGA" graphics mode remained a compatibility option for PC operating systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_graphics_modes">Other graphics modes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other graphics modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nonstandard display modes can be implemented, with horizontal resolutions of: </p> <ul><li>512 to 800 pixels wide, in 16 colors</li> <li>256 to 400 pixels wide, in 256 colors</li></ul> <p>And heights of: </p> <ul><li>200, or 350 to 410 lines (including 400-line) at 70 Hz refresh rate, or</li> <li>224 to 256, or 448 to 512 lines (including 240 or 480-line) at 60 Hz refresh rate</li> <li>512 to 600 lines at reduced vertical refresh rates (down to 50 Hz, and including e.g. 528, 544, 552, 560, 576-line), depending on individual monitor compatibility.</li></ul> <p>For example, high resolution modes with square pixels are available at <span class="nowrap">768 × 576</span> or <span class="nowrap">704 × 528</span> in 16 colors, or medium-low resolution at <span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> with 256 colors. Alternatively, extended resolution is available with "fat" pixels and 256 colors using, e.g. <span class="nowrap">400 × 600</span> (50 Hz) or <span class="nowrap">360 × 480</span> (60 Hz), and "thin" pixels, 16 colors and the 70 Hz refresh rate with e.g. <span class="nowrap">736 × 410</span> mode. </p><p>"Narrow" modes such as <span class="nowrap">256 × 224</span> tend to preserve the same pixel ratio as in e.g. <span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> mode unless the monitor is adjusted to stretch the image out to fill the screen, as they are derived simply by masking down the wider mode instead of altering pixel or line timings, but can be useful for reducing memory requirements and pixel addressing calculations for arcade game conversions or console emulators. </p><p>The PC version of <a href="/wiki/Pinball_Fantasies" title="Pinball Fantasies">Pinball Fantasies</a> has the option to use non-standard modes "high res" modes, such as <span class="nowrap">640 × 350</span>, allowing it to display a larger portion of the pinball table on screen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_text_modes">Standard text modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standard text modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/VGA_text_mode" title="VGA text mode">VGA text mode</a></div> <p>VGA also implements several text modes: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">80 × 25</span>, rendered with a <span class="nowrap">9 × 16</span> pixel font, with an effective resolution of <span class="nowrap">720 × 400</span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap">40 × 25</span>, with a <span class="nowrap">9 × 16</span> font, with an effective resolution of <span class="nowrap">360 × 400</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">80 × 43</span> or <span class="nowrap">80 × 50</span>, with an <span class="nowrap">8 × 8</span> font grid, with an effective resolution of <span class="nowrap">640 × 344</span> or <span class="nowrap">640 × 400</span> pixels.</li></ul> <p>As with the pixel-based graphics modes, additional text modes are possible by programming the VGA correctly, with an overall maximum of about <span class="nowrap">100 × 80</span> cells and an active area spanning about <span class="nowrap">88 × 64</span> cells. </p><p>One variant that is sometimes seen is <span class="nowrap">80 × 30</span> or <span class="nowrap">80 × 60</span>, using an <span class="nowrap">8 × 16</span> or <span class="nowrap">8 × 8</span> font and an effective <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> pixel display, which trades use of the more flickery 60 Hz mode for an additional 5 or 10 lines of text and square character blocks (or, at <span class="nowrap">80 × 30</span>, square half-blocks). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the cards that preceded it, which used binary <a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">TTL</a> signals to interface with a monitor (and also <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite</a>, in the case of the CGA), the VGA introduced a video interface using pure analog <a href="/wiki/Component_video#RGB_analog_component_video" title="Component video">RGB signals</a>, with a range of 0.7 volts peak-to-peak max. In conjunction with a <a href="/wiki/Color_depth#18-bit" title="Color depth">18-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/RAMDAC" title="RAMDAC">RAMDAC</a> (6-bit per RGB channel), this produced a color gamut of 262,144 colors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original VGA specifications follow: </p> <ul><li>Selectable 25.175 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 28.322 MHz master pixel clock</li> <li>Maximum of 640 horizontal <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a><sup id="cite_ref-ps2_refman1992_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps2_refman1992-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in graphics mode, and 720 pixels in text mode</li> <li>Maximum of 480 lines<sup id="cite_ref-ps2_refman1992_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps2_refman1992-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">Refresh rates</a> at 60 or 70 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blank_interrupt" title="Vertical blank interrupt">Vertical blank interrupt</a> <small>(Not all <a href="/wiki/Clone_(computing)" title="Clone (computing)">clone</a> cards support this.)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planar_(computer_graphics)" title="Planar (computer graphics)">Planar</a> mode: up to 16 colors <small>(4 <a href="/wiki/Bit_plane" title="Bit plane">bit planes</a>)</small></li> <li>Packed-pixel mode: 256 colors <small>(<a href="/wiki/Mode_13h" title="Mode 13h">Mode 13h</a>)</small></li> <li>Hardware <a href="/wiki/Smooth_scrolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth scrolling">smooth scrolling</a> support</li> <li>No <a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">Blitter</a> <ul><li>Supports fast data transfers via "VGA latch" registers</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_screen_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split screen (video games)">Split screen</a> support</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal_timings">Signal timings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Signal timings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intended standard value for the horizontal frequency of VGA's <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> mode is exactly double the value used in the <a href="/wiki/NTSC-M" class="mw-redirect" title="NTSC-M">NTSC-M</a> video system, as this made it much easier to offer optional <a href="/wiki/TV-out" title="TV-out">TV-out</a> solutions or external VGA-to-TV converter boxes at the time of VGA's development. It is also at least nominally twice that of CGA, which also supported <a href="/wiki/Composite_monitor" title="Composite monitor">composite monitors</a>. </p><p>All <i>derived</i> VGA timings (i.e. those which use the master 25.175 and 28.322 MHz crystals and, to a lesser extent, the nominal 31.469 kHz line rate) can be varied by software that bypasses the VGA firmware interface and communicates directly with the VGA hardware, as many MS-DOS based games did. However, only the standard modes, or modes that at least use almost exactly the same H-sync and V-sync timings as one of the standard modes, can be expected to work with the original late-1980s and early-1990s VGA monitors. The use of other timings may in fact damage such monitors and thus was usually avoided by software publishers. </p><p>Third-party "multisync" CRT monitors were more flexible, and in combination with "super EGA", VGA, and later SVGA graphics cards using extended modes, could display a much wider range of resolutions and refresh rates at arbitrary sync frequencies and pixel clock rates. </p><p>For the most common VGA mode (<span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, 60 Hz, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">non-interlaced</a>), the horizontal timings can be found in the HP Super VGA Display Installation Guide and in other places.<sup id="cite_ref-Javier_Valcarce_timings_list_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javier_Valcarce_timings_list-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_uses_of_selected_modes">Typical uses of selected modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Typical uses of selected modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data" title="Extended Display Identification Data">Extended Display Identification Data</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="640×400"></span> <span class="nowrap">640 × 400</span> @ 70 Hz is traditionally the video mode used for booting VGA-compatible <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a><sup id="cite_ref-epanorama_net-vga_timing_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epanorama_net-vga_timing-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that show a graphical boot screen, while text-mode boot uses <span class="nowrap">720 × 400</span> @ 70 Hz. </p><p>This convention has been eroded in recent years, however, with POST and BIOS screens moving to higher resolutions, taking advantage of <a href="/wiki/EDID" class="mw-redirect" title="EDID">EDID</a> data to match the resolution to a connected monitor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> @ 60 Hz is the default Windows graphics mode (usually with 16 colors),<sup id="cite_ref-epanorama_net-vga_timing_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epanorama_net-vga_timing-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to Windows 2000. It remains an option in XP <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and later versions</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> via the boot menu "low resolution video" option and per-application compatibility mode settings, despite newer versions of Windows now defaulting to <span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span> and generally not allowing any resolution below <span class="nowrap">800 × 600</span> to be set. </p><p>The need for such a low-quality, universally compatible fallback has diminished since the turn of the millennium, <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">as VGA-signalling-standard screens or adaptors unable to show anything beyond the original resolutions have become increasingly rare.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (September 2024)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> at 70 Hz was the most common mode for early 1990s PC games, with pixel-doubling and line-doubling performed in hardware to present a <span class="nowrap">640 × 400</span> at 70 Hz signal to the monitor. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 95/98/Me</a> <a href="/wiki/LOGO.SYS" title="LOGO.SYS">LOGO.SYS</a> boot-up image was 320 × 400 resolution, displayed with pixel-doubling to present a <span class="nowrap">640 × 400</span> at 70 Hz signal to the monitor. The 400-line signal was the same as the standard <span class="nowrap">80 × 25</span> text mode, which meant that pressing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Esc</kbd> to return to text mode didn't change the frequency of the video signal, and thus the monitor did not have to resynchronize (which could otherwise have taken several seconds).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connector">Connector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Connector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA connector</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vga-cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vga-cable.jpg/220px-Vga-cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vga-cable.jpg/330px-Vga-cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vga-cable.jpg/440px-Vga-cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>A standard <a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA connector</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BNC_connectors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BNC_connectors.jpg/220px-BNC_connectors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BNC_connectors.jpg/330px-BNC_connectors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BNC_connectors.jpg/440px-BNC_connectors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>VGA <a href="/wiki/BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC connectors</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The standard <a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA monitor interface</a> is a 15-pin <a href="/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">D-subminiature connector</a> in the "E" shell, variously referred to as "DE-15", "HD-15" and erroneously "DB-15(HD)". </p><p>All VGA connectors carry <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/RGBHV" class="mw-redirect" title="RGBHV">RGBHV</a> (red, green, blue, <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_sync" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal sync">horizontal sync</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertical_sync" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical sync">vertical sync</a>) video signals. Modern connectors also include <a href="/wiki/Video_Electronics_Standards_Association" title="Video Electronics Standards Association">VESA</a> <a href="/wiki/Display_Data_Channel" title="Display Data Channel">DDC</a> pins, for identifying attached display devices. </p><p>Because VGA uses low-voltage analog signals, signal degradation becomes a factor with low-quality or overly long cables. Solutions include shielded cables, cables that include a separate internal <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> for each color signal, and "broken out" cables utilizing a separate coaxial cable with a <a href="/wiki/BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC connector</a> for each color signal. </p><p>BNC breakout cables typically use five connectors, one each for Red, Green, Blue, Horizontal Sync, and Vertical Sync, and do not include the other signal lines of the VGA interface. With BNC, the coaxial wires are fully shielded end-to-end and through the interconnect so that virtually no crosstalk and very little external interference can occur. The use of BNC RGB video cables predates VGA in other markets and industries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_palette">Color palette</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Color palette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">List of monochrome and RGB color formats</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats#18-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">18-bit RGB</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_16-bit_computer_color_palettes" title="List of 16-bit computer color palettes">List of 16-bit computer color palettes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_16-bit_computer_hardware_palettes#MCGA_and_VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 16-bit computer hardware palettes">MCGA and VGA</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VGA_palette_with_black_borders.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/VGA_palette_with_black_borders.svg/220px-VGA_palette_with_black_borders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/VGA_palette_with_black_borders.svg/330px-VGA_palette_with_black_borders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/VGA_palette_with_black_borders.svg/440px-VGA_palette_with_black_borders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>VGA 256 default color palette</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VGA_palette_organised.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/VGA_palette_organised.svg/220px-VGA_palette_organised.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/VGA_palette_organised.svg/330px-VGA_palette_organised.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/VGA_palette_organised.svg/440px-VGA_palette_organised.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>VGA palette organised into 4 groups</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torak.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torak.gif/220px-Torak.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torak.gif/330px-Torak.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torak.gif/440px-Torak.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Examples of VGA images in 640×480 with 16 colors and 320×200 with 256 colors (bottom). <a href="/wiki/Dither" title="Dither">Dithering</a> is used to mask color limitations.</figcaption></figure> <p>The VGA color system uses register-based palettes to map colors in various bit depths to its 18-bit output gamut. It is <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a> with the EGA and CGA adapters, but supports extra <a href="/wiki/Bit_depth_(computer_graphics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit depth (computer graphics)">bit depth</a> for the palette when in these modes. </p><p>For instance, when in EGA 16-color modes, VGA offers 16 palette registers, and in 256-color modes, it offers 256 registers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each palette register contain a <a href="/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats#18-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">3×6 bit</a> RGB value, selecting a color from the 18-bit gamut of the <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">DAC</a>. </p><p>These color registers are initialized to default values IBM expected to be most useful for each mode. For instance, EGA 16-color modes initialize to the default CGA 16-color palette, and the 256-color mode initializes to a palette consisting of 16 CGA colors, 16 grey shades, and then 216 colors chosen by IBM to fit expected use cases.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After initialization they can be redefined at any time without altering the contents of video RAM, permitting <a href="/wiki/Color_cycling" title="Color cycling">palette cycling</a>. </p><p>In the 256-color modes, the DAC is set to combine four 2-bit color values, one from each plane, into an 8-bit-value representing an index into the 256-color palette. The CPU interface combines the 4 planes in the same way, a feature called "chain-4", so that each pixel appears to the CPU as a packed 8-bit value representing the palette index.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The video memory of the VGA is mapped to the PC's memory via a window in the range between segments <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">0xA0000</a> and 0xBFFFF in the PC's <a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">real mode</a> address space (A000:0000 and B000:FFFF in segment:offset notation). Typically, these starting segments are: </p> <ul><li>0xA0000 for EGA/VGA graphics modes (64 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KB</a>)</li> <li>0xB0000 for monochrome text mode (32 KB)</li> <li>0xB8000 for color text mode and CGA-compatible graphics modes (32 KB)</li></ul> <p>A typical VGA card is also provide this port-mapped I/O segment: </p> <ul><li>0x3B0 to 0x3DF</li></ul> <p>Due to the use of different address mappings for different modes, it is possible to have a monochrome adapter (i.e. MDA or <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Graphics_Card" title="Hercules Graphics Card">Hercules</a>) and a color adapter such as the VGA, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a> installed in the same machine. </p><p>At the beginning of the 1980s, this was typically used to display <a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a> spreadsheets in high-resolution text on a monochrome display and associated graphics on a low-resolution CGA display simultaneously. Many programmers also used such a setup with the monochrome card displaying debugging information while a program ran in graphics mode on the other card. Several debuggers, like Borland's <a href="/wiki/Turbo_Debugger" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo Debugger">Turbo Debugger</a>, <a href="/wiki/D86_(debugger)" class="mw-redirect" title="D86 (debugger)">D86</a> and Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/CodeView" title="CodeView">CodeView</a> could work in a dual monitor setup. Either Turbo Debugger or CodeView could be used to debug Windows. </p><p>There were also device drivers such as <code>ox.sys</code>, which implemented a serial interface simulation on the monochrome display and, for example, allowed the user to receive crash messages from debugging versions of Windows without using an actual serial terminal. </p><p>It is also possible to use the "MODE MONO" command at the command prompt to redirect the output to the monochrome display. When a monochrome adapter was not present, it was possible to use the 0xB000–0xB7FF address space as additional memory for other programs. </p><p>A VGA-capable <a href="/wiki/PCI_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI bus">PCI</a> / <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCIe</a> graphics card can provide legacy VGA registers in its <a href="/wiki/PCI_configuration_space" title="PCI configuration space">PCI configuration space</a>, which may be remapped by <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming">Programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Special:EditPage/Video Graphics Array">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"Unchaining" the 256 KB VGA memory into four separate "planes" makes VGA's 256 KB of RAM available in 256-color modes. There is a trade-off for extra complexity and performance loss in some types of graphics operations, but this is mitigated by other operations becoming faster in certain situations: </p> <ul><li>Single-color polygon filling could be accelerated due to the ability to set four pixels with a single write to the hardware.</li> <li>The video adapter could assist in copying video RAM regions, which was sometimes faster than doing this with the relatively slow CPU-to-VGA interface.</li> <li>The use of multiple video pages in hardware allowed <a href="/wiki/Double_buffering" class="mw-redirect" title="Double buffering">double buffering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triple_buffering" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple buffering">triple buffering</a> or split screens, which, while available in VGA's <span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> 16-color mode, was not possible using stock <a href="/wiki/Mode_13h" title="Mode 13h">Mode 13h</a>.</li> <li>Most particularly, several higher, arbitrary-resolution display modes were possible, all the way up to the programmable limit of <span class="nowrap">800 × 600</span> with 16 colors (or <span class="nowrap">400 × 600</span> with 256 colors), as well as other custom modes using unusual combinations of horizontal and vertical pixel counts in either color mode.</li></ul> <p>Software such as <a href="/wiki/Fractint" title="Fractint">Fractint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xlib" title="Xlib">Xlib</a> and ColoRIX also supported tweaked 256-color modes on standard adaptors using freely-combinable widths of 256, 320, and 360 pixels and heights of 200, 240 and 256 (or 400, 480 and 512) lines, extending still further to 384 or 400 pixel columns and 576 or 600 (or 288, 300). However, <span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> was the best known and most frequently used, as it offered a standard 40-column resolution and 4:3 aspect ratio with square pixels. "<span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> × 8" resolution was commonly called <a href="/wiki/Mode_X" title="Mode X">Mode X</a>, the name used by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Abrash" title="Michael Abrash">Michael Abrash</a> when he presented the resolution in <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a>. </p><p>The highest resolution modes were only used in special, opt-in cases rather than as standard, especially where high line counts were involved. Standard VGA monitors had a fixed line scan (H-scan) rate – "multisync" monitors being, at the time, expensive rarities – and so the vertical/frame (V-scan) <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rate</a> had to be reduced in order to accommodate them, which increased visible <a href="/wiki/Flicker_(screen)" title="Flicker (screen)">flicker</a> and thus <a href="/wiki/Eye_strain" title="Eye strain">eye strain</a>. For example, the highest <span class="nowrap">800 × 600</span> mode, being otherwise based on the matching SVGA resolution (with 628 total lines), reduced the refresh rate from 60 Hz to about 50 Hz (and <span class="nowrap">832 × 624</span>, the theoretical maximum resolution achievable with 256 KB at 16 colors, would have reduced it to about 48 Hz, barely higher than the rate at which XGA monitors employed a double-frequency interlacing technique to mitigate full-frame flicker). </p><p>These modes were also outright incompatible with some monitors, producing display problems such as picture detail disappearing into <a href="/wiki/Overscan" title="Overscan">overscan</a> (especially in the horizontal dimension), vertical roll, poor <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_sync" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal sync">horizontal sync</a> or even a complete lack of picture depending on the exact mode attempted. Due to these potential issues, most VGA tweaks used in commercial products were limited to more standards-compliant, "monitor-safe" combinations, such as <span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> (square pixels, three video pages, 60 Hz), <span class="nowrap">320 × 400</span> (double resolution, two video pages, 70 Hz), and <span class="nowrap">360 × 480</span> (highest resolution compatible with both standard VGA monitors and cards, one video page, 60 Hz) in 256 colors, or double the horizontal resolution in 16-color mode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_manufacturers">Hardware manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hardware manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several companies produced VGA compatible graphic board models.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a>: Graphics Solution Plus, Wonder series, Mach series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3 Graphics</a>: S3 911, 911A, 924, 801, 805, 805i, 928, 805p, 928p, S3 Vision series, S3 Trio series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a>: MAGIC RGB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantronics" title="Plantronics">Plantronics</a>: Colorplus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Systems" title="Paradise Systems">Paradise Systems</a>: PEGA 1, PEGA 1a, PEGA 2a</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseng_Labs" title="Tseng Labs">Tseng Labs</a>: ET3000, <a href="/wiki/Tseng_Labs_ET4000" title="Tseng Labs ET4000">ET4000</a>, ET6000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a>: CL-GD400, CL-GD500 and CL-GD5000 series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_Microsystems" title="Trident Microsystems">Trident Microsystems</a>: TVGA 8000 series, TVGA 9000 series, TGUI9000 series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8x8" title="8x8">IIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chips_and_Technologies" title="Chips and Technologies">Chips and Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Integrated_Systems" title="Silicon Integrated Systems">SiS</a></li> <li>Tamerack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realtek" title="Realtek">Realtek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Technology" title="Oak Technology">Oak Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSI_Corporation" title="LSI Corporation">LSI</a></li> <li>Hualon</li> <li>Cornerstone Imaging</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winbond" title="Winbond">Winbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergraph" title="Intergraph">Intergraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a></li> <li>Gemini (<a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_graphics_chips_and_card_companies" title="List of defunct graphics chips and card companies">defunct</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_Systems" title="Genoa Systems">Genoa Systems</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_graphics_chips_and_card_companies" title="List of defunct graphics chips and card companies">defunct</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successors">Successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super_VGA_(SVGA)"><span id="Super_VGA_.28SVGA.29"></span>Super VGA (SVGA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Super VGA (SVGA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">Super VGA</a></div> <p>Super VGA (SVGA) is a display standard developed in 1988, when <a href="/wiki/NEC_Home_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Home Electronics">NEC Home Electronics</a> announced its creation of the <a href="/wiki/Video_Electronics_Standards_Association" title="Video Electronics Standards Association">Video Electronics Standards Association</a> (VESA). The development of SVGA was led by <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, along with other VESA members including <a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI Technologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a>. SVGA enabled <a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">graphics display resolutions</a> up to 800 × 600 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>, 36% more than VGA's maximum resolution of 640 × 480 pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_1988-11-14_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_1988-11-14-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_Graphics_Array_(XGA)"><span id="Extended_Graphics_Array_.28XGA.29"></span>Extended Graphics Array (XGA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Extended Graphics Array (XGA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extended_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Graphics Array">Extended Graphics Array</a></div> <p>Extended Graphics Array (XGA) is an IBM display standard introduced in 1990. Later it became the most common appellation of the 1024 × 768 pixels <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VGA_text_mode" title="VGA text mode">VGA text mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_display_resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic display resolutions">Graphic display resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_connectors" title="List of video connectors">List of video connectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">List of monochrome and RGB color formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_16-bit_computer_hardware_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 16-bit computer hardware palettes">List of 16-bit computer hardware palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_graphics_chips_and_card_companies" title="List of defunct graphics chips and card companies">List of defunct graphics chips and card companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">Super VGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AX-VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="AX-VGA">AX-VGA</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter#AX-VGA" class="extiw" title="ja:Japanese Enhanced Graphics Adapter">ja</a>]</span> (for Japanese <a href="/wiki/AX_architecture" title="AX architecture">AX architecture</a> computers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/V" title="DOS/V">DOS/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> and <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> (which have largely replaced VGA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pcmag-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pcmag_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetzold1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Petzold, Charles (July 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRBokcwLB70C&pg=PA131">"Triple standard: three new video modes from IBM"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. Ziff Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Triple+standard%3A+three+new+video+modes+from+IBM&rft.date=1987-07&rft.aulast=Petzold&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRBokcwLB70C%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolsson" class="citation web cs1">Polsson, Ken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pctimeline.info/ibmpc/ibm1987.htm">"Chronology of IBM Personal Computers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221071923/http://pctimeline.info/ibmpc/ibm1987.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+IBM+Personal+Computers&rft.aulast=Polsson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpctimeline.info%2Fibmpc%2Fibm1987.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/v/vga.htm">"What is VGA (Video Graphics Array)?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+is+VGA+%28Video+Graphics+Array%29%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhope.com%2Fjargon%2Fv%2Fvga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnterprise1990" class="citation book cs1">Enterprise, I. D. G. (1990-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=coyDNO6C6OoC&q=computerworld%20VGA%20expected&pg=PA4"><i>Computerworld</i></a>. IDG Enterprise.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computerworld&rft.pub=IDG+Enterprise&rft.date=1990-10-22&rft.aulast=Enterprise&rft.aufirst=I.+D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcoyDNO6C6OoC%26q%3Dcomputerworld%2520VGA%2520expected%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.osdev.org/Drawing_In_Protected_Mode">"Drawing In Protected Mode"</a>. <i>OSDev Wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OSDev+Wiki&rft.atitle=Drawing+In+Protected+Mode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.osdev.org%2FDrawing_In_Protected_Mode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computer.org-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computer.org_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Jon_Peddie2019" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Jon Peddie (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/Famous-Graphics-Chips-IBMs-VGA">"Famous Graphics Chips: IBM's VGA. The VGA was the most popular graphics chip ever"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>. <q>It is said about airplanes that the DC3 and 737 are the most popular planes ever built, and the 737, in particular, the best-selling airplane ever. The same could be said for the ubiquitous VGA, and its big brother the XGA. The VGA, which can still be found buried in today's modern GPUs and CPUs, set the foundation for a video standard, and an application programming standard.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+Graphics+Chips%3A+IBM%27s+VGA.+The+VGA+was+the+most+popular+graphics+chip+ever&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.au=Dr.+Jon+Peddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fpublications%2Ftech-news%2Fchasing-pixels%2FFamous-Graphics-Chips-IBMs-VGA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckertAzinger1991" class="citation news cs1">Eckert; Azinger (April 15, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4FAEAAAAMBAJ&q=super+VGA+infoworld&pg=PT50">"Product Comparison - Super VGA Boards"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. pp. 53–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Product+Comparison+-+Super+VGA+Boards&rft.pages=53-63&rft.date=1991-04-15&rft.au=Eckert&rft.au=Azinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4FAEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dsuper%2BVGA%2Binfoworld%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazines2007" class="citation book cs1">Magazines, S. P. H. (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOsDAAAAMBAJ&q=1080p%20vga&pg=PT65"><i>HWM</i></a>. SPH Magazines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HWM&rft.pub=SPH+Magazines&rft.date=2007-04&rft.aulast=Magazines&rft.aufirst=S.+P.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOsDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D1080p%2520vga%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeddie2019" class="citation web cs1">Peddie, Jon (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/Famous-Graphics-Chips-IBMs-VGA/">"Famous Graphics Chips: IBM's VGA | IEEE Computer Society"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers#IEEE_Computer_Society" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE Computer Society</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128083601/https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/Famous-Graphics-Chips-IBMs-VGA">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.atitle=Famous+Graphics+Chips%3A+IBM%27s+VGA+%7C+IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.aulast=Peddie&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fpublications%2Ftech-news%2Fchasing-pixels%2FFamous-Graphics-Chips-IBMs-VGA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Stephen (1988). "VGA ‒ Design choices for a new video subsystem". <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (2). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=techspot.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Modern+Graphics+Processor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techspot.com%2Farticle%2F650-history-of-the-gpu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoWorld_1988-11-14-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InfoWorld_1988-11-14_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownstein1988" class="citation news cs1">Brownstein, Mark (November 14, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wTsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT2">"NEC Forms Video Standards Group"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. Vol. 10, no. 46. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=NEC+Forms+Video+Standards+Group&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1988-11-14&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Brownstein&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwTsEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPT2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._D._Neal1997" class="citation web cs1">J. D. Neal (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osdever.net./FreeVGA/vga/vga.htm">"VGA Chipset Reference"</a>. <i>Hardware Level VGA and SVGA Video Programming Information Page</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hardware+Level+VGA+and+SVGA+Video+Programming+Information+Page&rft.atitle=VGA+Chipset+Reference&rft.date=1997&rft.au=J.+D.+Neal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosdever.net.%2FFreeVGA%2Fvga%2Fvga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan_Brown_and_John_Kingman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan Brown and John Kingman (6 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909014621/http://playground.sun.com/1275/bindings/devices/html/vga-1_0d.html">"CHRP VGA Display Device Binding to IEEE 1275–1994 Standard for Boot (Initialization, Configuration) Firmware"</a>. 1.0. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://playground.sun.com./1275/bindings/devices/html/vga-1_0d.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CHRP+VGA+Display+Device+Binding+to+IEEE+1275%E2%80%931994+Standard+for+Boot+%28Initialization%2C+Configuration%29+Firmware&rft.date=1996-05-06&rft.au=Jordan+Brown+and+John+Kingman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplayground.sun.com.%2F1275%2Fbindings%2Fdevices%2Fhtml%2Fvga-1_0d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinner" class="citation web cs1">Hinner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin.hinner.info/vga/">"VGA Interface and video signal documents"</a>. <i>Signal Level VGA and SVGA Video Information Page</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Signal+Level+VGA+and+SVGA+Video+Information+Page&rft.atitle=VGA+Interface+and+video+signal+documents&rft.au=Hinner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartin.hinner.info%2Fvga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcamafia.de/pdf/ibm_vgaxga_trm2.pdf">"IBM VGA Technical Reference Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>This is the original IBM reference. The document provides good overview of VGA functionality and is fairly complete, including a detailed description of standard BIOS modes and some programming techniques</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+is+the+original+IBM+reference.+The+document+provides+good+overview+of+VGA+functionality+and+is+fairly+complete%2C+including+a+detailed+description+of+standard+BIOS+modes+and+some+programming+techniques.&rft.atitle=IBM+VGA+Technical+Reference+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcamafia.de%2Fpdf%2Fibm_vgaxga_trm2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+Graphics+Array" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_Graphics_Array&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">Computer display standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">PC-compatible video hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">MDA</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Graphics_Card" title="Hercules Graphics Card">HGC</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantronics_Colorplus" title="Plantronics Colorplus">Plantronics</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadram_Quadcolor" title="Quadram Quadcolor">Quadcolor</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandy_Graphics_Adapter" title="Tandy Graphics Adapter">Tandy</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">PGC</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Enhanced Graphics Adapter">JEGA</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Color_Graphics_Array" title="Multi-Color Graphics Array">MCGA</a> (1987)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">VGA</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_8514" title="IBM 8514">8514</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">SVGA</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter#AX-VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Enhanced Graphics Adapter">AX-VGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_Graphics_Architecture" title="Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture">TIGA</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Graphics Array">XGA</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Video_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Video Graphics Array">EVGA</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#QQVGA_(160×120)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">160×120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_13h" title="Mode 13h">320×200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter#640×200" title="Color Graphics Adapter">640×200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">640×350</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">640×480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Graphics_Card" title="Hercules Graphics Card">720×348</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">800×600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#XGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1024×768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#XGA+_(1152×864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1152×864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#SXGA_(1280×1024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1280×1024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#SXGA+_(1400×1050)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1400×1050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#UXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1600×1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#QXGA_(2048×1536)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">2048×1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#QSXGA_(2560×2048)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">2560×2048</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#QUXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">3200×2400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#HXGA_(4096×3072)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">4096×3072</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#HSXGA_(5120×4096)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">5120×4096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#HUXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">6400×4800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">Widescreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#HQVGA_(240×160)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">240×160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#QVGA_(320×240)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">320×240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WQVGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">432×240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_HD1080" title="Sixteenth HD1080">480×270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#HVGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">480×320</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Typical_uses_of_selected_modes">640×400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WVGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">800×480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#FWVGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">854×480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WSVGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1024×576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#HD" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1280×720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1280×768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1280×800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WXGA_(1366×768_and_similar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1366×768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#(1366×900)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1366×900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WSXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1440×900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#HD+" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1600×900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WSXGA+" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1680×945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WSXGA+" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1680×1050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#FHD" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1920×1080</a> (<a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WUXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">1920×1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#QWXGA_(2048×1152)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">2048×1152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WQHD" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">2560×1440</a> (<a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">QHD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WQXGA_(2560×1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">2560×1600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WQSXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">3200×2048</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#3840_×_2160_(4K_UHD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">3840×2160</a> (<a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K UHD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#QUXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">3200×2400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WQUXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">3840×2400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#UHD+" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">5120×2880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WHXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">5120×3200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#(5760×3240)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">5760×3240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WHSXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">6400×4096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#HUXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">6400×4800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#7680_×_4320_(8K_UHD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">7680×4320</a> (<a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K UHD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WHUXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">7680×4800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#16K" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">15360 × 8640</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IBM_personal_computers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> personal computers</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">Influence on the PC market</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop<br />and all-in-one</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5120" title="IBM 5120">5120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">DataMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">PC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_Personal_Computer_models" title="List of IBM Personal Computer models">list of models</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">PC XT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">XT/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_3270_PC" title="IBM 3270 PC">3270 PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT_286" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal Computer XT 286">XT 286</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_JX" title="IBM JX">JX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PCjr" title="IBM PCjr">PCjr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT" title="IBM Personal Computer AT">PC AT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">AT/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">3270 AT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5550" title="IBM 5550">5550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Industrial_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Industrial Computer">Industrial Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">PS/2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_PS/2_models" title="List of IBM PS/2 models">list of models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25 286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">30 286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">50 Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_55_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model 55 SX">55 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_55_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model 55 SX">55 LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">65 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70">70 386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70">70 486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_80" title="IBM PS/2 Model 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_E" title="IBM PS/2 E">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/55" title="IBM PS/55">PS/55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/V" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/V">PS/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/1" title="IBM PS/1">PS/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/ValuePoint" title="IBM PS/ValuePoint">ValuePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Series" title="IBM PC Series">PC Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Aptiva" title="IBM Aptiva">Aptiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_NetVista" title="IBM NetVista">NetVista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre" title="ThinkCentre">ThinkCentre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre_A_series" title="ThinkCentre A series">A series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre_M_series" title="ThinkCentre M series">M series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5100" title="IBM 5100">5100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5110" title="IBM 5110">5110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Portable_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Portable Personal Computer">Portable PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">PS/2 portables</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">P70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">P75</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-ThinkPad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">Convertible</a></li> <li>PS/2 Laptop <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_L40_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model L40 SX">L40 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_CL57_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model CL57 SX">CL57 SX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note_and_PS/note" title="IBM PS/2 Note and PS/note">PS/2 Note and PS/note</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N33SX" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N33SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N45SL" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N45SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N51SX" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N51SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N51SLC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N51SLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#Model_425/425C" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">Model 425/425C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/55_Note" title="IBM PS/55 Note">PS/55 Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PCradio" title="IBM PCradio">PCradio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_220" title="IBM ThinkPad 220">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_230" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 230">230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_235" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 235">235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_240" title="IBM ThinkPad 240">240</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_300" title="IBM ThinkPad 300">300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_310" title="IBM ThinkPad 310">310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_350" title="IBM ThinkPad 350">350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_360" title="IBM ThinkPad 360">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_365" title="IBM ThinkPad 365">365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_380" title="IBM ThinkPad 380">380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_390" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 390">390</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_500" title="IBM ThinkPad 500">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_NoteJet#IBM_ThinkPad_550BJ" title="Canon NoteJet">550BJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_NoteJet#IBM_ThinkPad_555BJ" title="Canon NoteJet">555BJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_560" title="IBM ThinkPad 560">560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_570" title="IBM ThinkPad 570">570</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_600" title="IBM ThinkPad 600">600</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_700" title="IBM ThinkPad 700">700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_701" title="IBM ThinkPad 701">701 "Butterfly"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_750" title="IBM ThinkPad 750">750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_755" title="IBM ThinkPad 755">755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_760" title="IBM ThinkPad 760">760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_765" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 765">765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_770" title="IBM ThinkPad 770">770</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">860</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T_series" title="ThinkPad T series">T series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T20" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T20">T20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T21" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T21">T21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T22" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T22">T22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T23" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T23">T23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T30" title="IBM ThinkPad T30">T30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T40" title="IBM ThinkPad T40">T40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T41" title="IBM ThinkPad T41">T41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T42" title="IBM ThinkPad T42">T42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T43" title="IBM ThinkPad T43">T43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T60" title="ThinkPad T60">T60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T61" title="ThinkPad T61">T61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad A series">A series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A20m</li> <li>A21m</li> <li>A22m</li> <li>A22e</li> <li>A20p</li> <li>A21p</li> <li>A22p</li> <li>A30</li> <li>A31</li> <li>A30p</li> <li>A31p</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_X40" title="IBM ThinkPad X40">X40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X60t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X61t</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_TransNote" title="IBM ThinkPad TransNote">TransNote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Palm_Top_PC_110" title="IBM Palm Top PC 110">Palm Top PC 110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WorkPad" title="IBM WorkPad">WorkPad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WorkPad_Z50" title="IBM WorkPad Z50">Z50</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Leapfrog" title="IBM Leapfrog">Leapfrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series#Power_Series_600" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series 600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_240#Transmeta_Crusoe" title="IBM ThinkPad 240">ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WatchPad" title="IBM WatchPad">WatchPad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">Monochrome Display Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">Professional Graphics Controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Color_Graphics_Array" title="Multi-Color Graphics Array">Multi-Color Graphics Array</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video Graphics Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_8514" title="IBM 8514">IBM 8514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Graphics Array">Extended Graphics Array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5151" title="IBM 5151">IBM 5151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_BASIC" title="IBM BASIC">IBM BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC%E2%80%93compatible" title="IBM PC–compatible">IBM PC–compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_IntelliStation" title="IBM IntelliStation">IntelliStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_keyboard" title="IBM PC keyboard">Keyboards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_F_keyboard" title="Model F keyboard">Model F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_M_keyboard" title="Model M keyboard">Model M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">Micro Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Music_Feature_Card" title="IBM Music Feature Card">Music Feature Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwave" title="Mwave">Mwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_4694" title="IBM 4694">SurePOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_UltraBay" title="ThinkPad UltraBay">UltraBay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkLight" title="ThinkLight">ThinkLight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Audio_and_video_connectors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AVconn" title="Template:AVconn"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AVconn" title="Template talk:AVconn"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AVconn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AVconn"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Audio_and_video_connectors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">Audio and video connectors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_connector" title="Banana connector">Banana plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_post" title="Binding post">Binding post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-subminiature_(professional_audio)" title="D-subminiature (professional audio)">D-subminiature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroblock" title="Euroblock">Euroblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_connector" title="DIN connector">DIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-DIN_connector" title="Mini-DIN connector">Mini-DIN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_terminal" title="Speaker terminal">Speaker spring terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakon_connector" title="Speakon connector">Speakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR_connector" title="XLR connector">XLR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-subminiature_(professional_audio)" title="D-subminiature (professional audio)">D-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR_connector" title="XLR connector">XLR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_video#RGB_analog_component_video" title="Component video">Component RGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">Component YPbPr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Terminal" title="D-Terminal">D-Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DB13W3" title="DB13W3">DB13W3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Digital_Flat_Panel" title="VESA Digital Flat Panel">DFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_connector" title="DIN connector">DIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-DIN_connector" title="Mini-DIN connector">Mini-DIN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMS-59" title="DMS-59">DMS-59</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-force_helix" title="Low-force helix">LFH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-DVI" title="Mini-DVI">Mini-DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-DVI" title="Micro-DVI">Micro-DVI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Display_Interface" title="Unified Display Interface">UDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-VGA" title="Mini-VGA">Mini-VGA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio and video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Display_Connector" title="Apple Display Connector">ADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belling-Lee_connector" title="Belling-Lee connector">Belling-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCJ_connector" title="CCJ connector">CCJ/EIAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Enhanced_Video_Connector" title="VESA Enhanced Video Connector">EVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_connector" title="F connector">Type F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDBaseT" title="HDBaseT">HDBaseT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_DisplayPort" title="Mini DisplayPort">mDP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_High-Definition_Link" title="Mobile High-Definition Link">MHL</a> (<a href="/wiki/SuperMHL" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperMHL">superMHL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Minijack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Plug_and_Display" title="VESA Plug and Display">P&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDMI" title="PDMI">PDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCART" title="SCART">SCART</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_connectors" title="List of video connectors">List of video connectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General-purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Template:Audio and video interfaces and connectors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Template talk:Audio and video interfaces and connectors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Audio and video interfaces and connectors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">Audio and video interfaces and connectors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC_System_Design_Guide" title="PC System Design Guide">PC System Design Guide</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">TRS</a> 3.5 mm</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_audio" title="Balanced audio">Balanced audio</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">TRS</a> 6.53 mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR_connector" title="XLR connector">XLR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA jack</a>, coaxial</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a>, optical</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a>, AES/EBU <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR_connector" title="XLR connector">XLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a>, optical</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">VGA</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">DB-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI-A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA jack</a> yellow</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/Mini-DIN_connector" title="Mini-DIN connector">Mini-DIN</a> 4 pin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA jacks</a> × 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/Video-in_video-out" title="Video-in video-out">VIVO</a> using <a href="/wiki/Mini-DIN_connector" title="Mini-DIN connector">Mini-DIN</a> 9 pin</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Digital and <br />analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI-I/DVI-D</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Digital" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> connector</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> connector</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDBaseT" title="HDBaseT">HDBaseT</a> <ul><li>connectors: <a href="/wiki/8P8C" class="mw-redirect" title="8P8C">8P8C</a> connector</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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