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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Croatian National Resistance</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname" lang="hr">Hrvatski narodni otpor</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1955–1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motives</th><td class="infobox-data">dissolution of Yugoslavia, Croatian independence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian ultranationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Defunct</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">SR Croatia</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">SR Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Croatian National Resistance</b> (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i lang="hr">Hrvatski narodni otpor, HNO</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Resistencia Nacional Croata</i>), also referred to as <b>Otpor</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustaša">Ustaša</a> organization founded in 1955 in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HNO ran an armed organisation, Drina, which continued to be active well into the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization operated between legitimate emigre functions and a thuggish underworld. Its leaders tried to distance the organization from the acts of the so-called renegade elements. It embraced a radical <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> ideology that differed only marginally from Ustaše ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HNO had stated in their constitution that:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>[We] regard <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> and Yugoslavia as the greatest and only evil that has caused the existing calamity... We therefore consider every direct or indirect help to Yugoslavia as treason against the Croatian nation... Yugoslavia must be destroyed—be it with the help of the Russians or the Americans, of Communists, non-Communists or anti-Communists—with the help of anyone willing the destruction of Yugoslavia: destroyed by the dialectic of the word, or by dynamite—but at all costs destroyed.</p></blockquote> <p>The organization published its own magazine, <i>Drina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It existed until 1991. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_National_Resistance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>, Croatia was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Under the Nazi-supported Ustaša regime, the nation proclaimed independence and was named the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (NDH). During this time, the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustaša">Ustaša</a> political party, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a>, controlled Croatian leadership. The NDH was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and participated in the creation and use of concentration and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> adapted the <a href="/wiki/Anti-semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-semitic">anti-semitic</a> policy of the Axis powers, their goal was also to <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">ethnically cleanse all Serbian</a> and Roma people through acts of <a href="/wiki/Systematic_extermination" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic extermination">systematic extermination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the war crimes and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Croatia">the Holocaust in Croatia</a> during WWII committed by the Ustaša regime is what spurred some anti-Croat sentiment within some parts of the Serbian populations later on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After WWII, Yugoslavia became a socialist state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> state under <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a> branded the different Croat separatist groups as fascist terrorists with no goal other than to destroy the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this view of the Croat diaspora population was largely slanted, it did describe a small number of loosely organized groups which were in line with the Ustaše.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otpor existed for over three decades, and while it never had more than a few thousand members worldwide, it linked a variety of notable Croatian nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200369_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200369-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otpor branches on four continents at times splintered, notably the Argentinian one under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Dinko_%C5%A0aki%C4%87" title="Dinko Šakić">Dinko Šakić</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200371–72_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200371–72-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šakić had lived in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> between 1947 and 1956, and then between 1959 and 1998. </p><p>The HNO was banned in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1976 because of their links to <a href="/wiki/Zvonko_Bu%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Zvonko Bušić">Zvonko Bušić</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200371_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200371-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, a former leader of Otpor joined the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Ministry_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Ministry of Defence">Croatian Ministry of Defence</a> and used his underground connections to try to obtain weaponry at the time the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> was starting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200388–89_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200388–89-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1991, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Customs Service">U.S. Customs Service</a> arrested four members of Otpor from Chicago for attempting to procure illegal weapons, including anti-aircraft missiles, and ship them to Croatia. The men were Douglas J. Russell, Branko Majstoric, Ivan Beslic, and Andjelko Jurkovic. The trial was delayed for several years. Out on bail, Jurkovic, 52, was killed in a car accident on April 16, 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200388–89_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200388–89-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At trial, Russell was acquitted, while Majstoric and Beslic pleaded guilty. After the defense argued that the two were motivated by patriotism, not greed, the judge sentenced them to three years of supervised release each.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_National_Resistance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ante Pavelić was the leader of the Independent State of Croatia, NDH, from 1941 to 1945. After fleeing Yugoslavia for war crimes committed during WWII, he spent some time in Austria and Italy before relocating to Argentina with the majority of the remaining NDH leadership and an estimated 5,000 to 15,000 Ustaše sympathizers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a> (HOP) in Buenos Aires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dinko Šakić was in charge of the Argentinian faction in the 1970s. In 1998, he was extradited to Croatia, where he was put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity. In 1999, Šakić was found guilty and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He died in prison in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburic</a> was one of Pavelić's lieutenants during WWII, and served as a concentration camp administrator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luburić broke off and formed his own group, Otpor-HNO in 1955. This split was due to the fact that Pavelić was willing to give up some historically Croatian land in exchange to reestablish an independent Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The working relationship between the two men was a long-standing one, beginning in the 1930s with the Ustashe movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, Luburić was assassinated by the Yugoslav secret police, the <a href="/wiki/UDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="UDBA">UDBA</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks">Attacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_National_Resistance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of attacks against Yugoslavia were organized by the Ustasha emigration, including the 1971 killing of ambassador <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rolovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Rolović">Vladimir Rolović</a> by <a href="/wiki/Miro_Bare%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Miro Barešić">Miro Barešić</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=An%C4%91elko_Brajkovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anđelko Brajković (page does not exist)">Anđelko Brajković</a>. </p><p>Otpor has taken credit for two murders associated with their group and is suspected of one more, according to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Terrorism_Database" title="Global Terrorism Database">Global Terrorism Database (GTD)</a>. All three incidents occurred in 1978 in the US within months of each other. The first attack was against Anthony Cikoja on September 28, 1978. Cikoja was a Yugoslavian immigrant, shot and killed by someone in a waiting car outside his home in Greenburgh, New York. This attack happened three months after Cikoja had received a letter from the "Croatian Nationalist Army", demanding a payment of $5,000 towards the cause for independence. The letter also threatened death if he refused. At least 15 other Yugoslav immigrants in the area had received similar letters.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next incident attributed to Otpor is a firebombing on October 4, 1978. Daniel Nikolic, a Croatian-American businessman, received a letter similar to the one given to Cikoja, demanding money. When he did not respond, his cabinet business was firebombed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third and final incident reported in the GTD was on November 22, 1978. This incident was similar to the previous two: the target, Krizan Brkic, also received an extortion letter demanding that he contribute money towards the cause for independence. He was shot and killed outside his home in <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a> by Otpor member Ante Caran, on the advice of fellow member Marijan Rudela. The suppressed pistol used by Caran to commit the murder was given to him by Miro Biosic for an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Mario Forgiarini, a wealthy recipient of an extortion letter.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While these are the only attacks reported in the GTD, this does not mean that these incidents were the only attacks perpetrated by the group. It has been suggested that Optor often hire people unrelated to the group to carry out attacks from their headquarters in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary targets of these attacks are Yugoslavian travel agencies and diplomatic facilities. Book bombs, or books hollowed out with explosive centers, were the weapon of choice for Otpor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 23, 1979, a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_bomb" title="Pipe bomb">pipe bomb</a> killed Otpor members Marijan Rudela and Zvonko Zimac in a pickup truck in the <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles" title="San Pedro, Los Angeles">San Pedro</a> district of Los Angeles. Another pipe bomb was recovered from the scene. The FBI believed the bomb detonated accidentally; it was intended for the homes of two Croatians who had previously received extortion letters. The two men had been parked only 70 feet from the home of extortion victim Martin Balov.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the third bombing of its type in the Los Angeles area. Herbert D. Clough, the special agent in charge of the FBI's Los Angeles field office, said the bomb in the pickup truck was similar to those used in two other bombings. After the incidents were publicized, Croatians from across the United States came forward to report extortion letters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1980, Ante Caran was arrested by federal authorities on weapons charges. In 1981, ten Croatian nationalists were indicted by the U.S. government on racketeering charges: Mile Markic, Milan Bagaric, Ante Ljubas, Vinko Logarusic, Ranko Primorac, Drago Sudar, Andjelko Jakic, Ivan Misetic, Miro Biosic, and Mile Boban. Markic was described by prosecutors as the "de facto leader of Otpor in the United States," while Ljubas was described as the "field general".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange for immunity on state murder charges, Caran agreed to plead guilty to civil rights violations for killing Brkzic, and testify for the prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in December 1980, another seven Otpor members were charged with conspiring to carry out an assassination and several bombings. Of those charges, five were convicted, including Ivan Cale, the head of the New York chapter of Otpor. Cale was sentenced to 35 years in prison. Codefendant Franjo Ivic was sentenced to 30 years in prison, while the other two, Nedjelko Sovulj and Stipe Ivkosic, were each sentenced to 20 years in prison. Ivkosic was released from prison on September 28, 1987. Ivic was released on October 10, 1995. Cale was released on April 24, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1982, Markic, Bagaric, Ljubas, Logarusic, Primorac, and Sudar were found guilty. The following month, Ljubas and Primorac were each sentenced to 40 years in prison, Markic and Bagaric were each sentenced to 30 years in prison, and Logarusic and Sudar were each sentenced to 20 years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July, Ante Caran was sentenced to 15 years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Markic was released from prison on March 11, 1988. Sudar was released on March 9, 1992. Logarusic was released on September 8, 1993. Bagaric was released on October 18, 1999. Ljubas was released on August 6, 2004. Primorac was released on February 22, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_National_Resistance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123120013/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00287R000101220002-6.pdf">"Yugoslav Emigre Extremists"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room</i>. CIA. 29 May 1980. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00287R000101220002-6.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+of+Information+Act+Electronic+Reading+Room&rft.atitle=Yugoslav+Emigre+Extremists&rft.date=1980-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP85T00287R000101220002-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanke1983" class="citation book cs1">Janke, Peter (1983). <i>Guerrilla and Terrorist Organizations: A World Directory and Bibliography</i>. Macmillan. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-916150-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-916150-9"><bdi>0-02-916150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrilla+and+Terrorist+Organizations%3A+A+World+Directory+and+Bibliography&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-02-916150-9&rft.aulast=Janke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHockenos2003">Hockenos 2003</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2004" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Alex J. (2004). <i>The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-Old Dream?</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6502-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6502-X"><bdi>0-7190-6502-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Croatian+National+Identity%3A+A+Centuries-Old+Dream%3F&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7190-6502-X&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conflict Studies, Issues 103-117, Current Affairs Research Service Centre, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrubisa1989" class="citation news cs1">Grubisa, Damir (January 14, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/14/opinion/l-yugoslavia-ad-came-from-nazi-terrorists-154189.html">"Yugoslavia Ad Came From Nazi Terrorists"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia+Ad+Came+From+Nazi+Terrorists&rft.date=1989-01-14&rft.aulast=Grubisa&rft.aufirst=Damir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F01%2F14%2Fopinion%2Fl-yugoslavia-ad-came-from-nazi-terrorists-154189.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200323,_73_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHockenos2003">Hockenos 2003</a>, pp. 23, 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200369-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200369_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHockenos2003">Hockenos 2003</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200371–72-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200371–72_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHockenos2003">Hockenos 2003</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200371-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200371_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHockenos2003">Hockenos 2003</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200388–89-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200388–89_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockenos200388–89_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHockenos2003">Hockenos 2003</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-07-06-9407060073-story.html">"AFTER YEARS OF DELAYS, ARMS TRIAL SET TO BEGIN"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. 1994-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=AFTER+YEARS+OF+DELAYS%2C+ARMS+TRIAL+SET+TO+BEGIN&rft.date=1994-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1994-07-06-9407060073-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSremac1999" class="citation book cs1">Sremac, Danielle S (1999). <i>War of Words: Washington Tackles the Yugoslav Conflict</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96609-6"><bdi>978-0-275-96609-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+Words%3A+Washington+Tackles+the+Yugoslav+Conflict&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96609-6&rft.aulast=Sremac&rft.aufirst=Danielle+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/miami-judge-goes-easy-on-man-from-hammond/article_0fc220b8-4bb4-55b0-a1a0-d5e89de56664.html">"Miami judge goes easy on man from Hammond"</a>. <i>nwitimes.com</i>. Associated Press. 1994-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nwitimes.com&rft.atitle=Miami+judge+goes+easy+on+man+from+Hammond&rft.date=1994-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwitimes.com%2Funcategorized%2Fmiami-judge-goes-easy-on-man-from-hammond%2Farticle_0fc220b8-4bb4-55b0-a1a0-d5e89de56664.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2014" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Robert (2014). <i>Croatia Under Ante Pavelić: America, the Ustase and Croatian Genocide</i>. London: Tauris. pp. Ch. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatia+Under+Ante+Paveli%C4%87%3A+America%2C+the+Ustase+and+Croatian+Genocide&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Ch.+6&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621220430/https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/">"Global Terrorism Database"</a>. 2017-04-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/">the original</a> on 2019-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/us-v-bagaric">"United States v. Bagaric, 706 F.2d 42 | Casetext Search + Citator"</a>. <i>casetext.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=casetext.com&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+Bagaric%2C+706+F.2d+42+%7C+Casetext+Search+%2B+Citator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasetext.com%2Fcase%2Fus-v-bagaric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1989" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, John (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antiterroristini0000wolf"><i>Antiterrorist Initiatives</i></a></span>. New York: Plenum Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antiterroristini0000wolf/page/30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306431234" title="Special:BookSources/9780306431234"><bdi>9780306431234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiterrorist+Initiatives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780306431234&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantiterroristini0000wolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/09/archives/croatian-community-is-upset-by-blasts-identification-of-victims.html">"Croatian Community Is Upset by Blasts"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1979-06-09. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Croatian+Community+Is+Upset+by+Blasts&rft.date=1979-06-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F06%2F09%2Farchives%2Fcroatian-community-is-upset-by-blasts-identification-of-victims.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubasch1982" class="citation news cs1">Lubasch, Arnold H. (1982-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/21/nyregion/10-croatians-on-trial-on-racketeering-charge.html">"10 CROATIANS ON TRIAL ON RACKETEERING CHARGE"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=10+CROATIANS+ON+TRIAL+ON+RACKETEERING+CHARGE&rft.date=1982-02-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lubasch&rft.aufirst=Arnold+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F02%2F21%2Fnyregion%2F10-croatians-on-trial-on-racketeering-charge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubasch1981" class="citation news cs1">Lubasch, Arnold H. (1981-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/13/nyregion/4-croatians-given-20-to-35-years-for-plot.html">"4 CROATIANS GIVEN 20 TO 35 YEARS FOR PLOT"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=4+CROATIANS+GIVEN+20+TO+35+YEARS+FOR+PLOT&rft.date=1981-05-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lubasch&rft.aufirst=Arnold+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F05%2F13%2Fnyregion%2F4-croatians-given-20-to-35-years-for-plot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/208040482-the-pavelic-papers-pdf"><i>The Pavelic Papers</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pavelic+Papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F208040482-the-pavelic-papers-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/06/30/Six-Croatian-terrorists-convicted-of-a-racketeering-charges-involving/4061394257600/">"Six Croatian terrorists convicted of a racketeering charges involving... - UPI Archives"</a>. <i>UPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Six+Croatian+terrorists+convicted+of+a+racketeering+charges+involving...+-+UPI+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1982%2F06%2F30%2FSix-Croatian-terrorists-convicted-of-a-racketeering-charges-involving%2F4061394257600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroatian+National+Resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_National_Resistance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockenos2003" class="citation book cs1">Hockenos, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4pAs4JYSAMC"><i>Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4158-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-4158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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