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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First slave voyage (1562–1563)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_slave_voyage_(1562–1563)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_slave_voyage_(1564–1565)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_slave_voyage_(1564–1565)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second slave voyage (1564–1565)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_slave_voyage_(1564–1565)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_voyage_of_John_Lovell_(1566–1567)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_voyage_of_John_Lovell_(1566–1567)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Slave voyage of John Lovell (1566–1567)</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Spanish Armada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Armada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B2" title="جون هوكنز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون هوكنز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Джон Хокінс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Хокінс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Джон Хокинс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джон Хокинс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(admiral)" title="John Hawkins (admiral) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Hawkins (admiral)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(Seefahrer)" title="John Hawkins (Seefahrer) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Hawkins (Seefahrer)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%82_(%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Τζον Χόκινς (ναύαρχος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Χόκινς (ναύαρχος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(navigateur)" title="John Hawkins (navigateur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Hawkins (navigateur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%ED%98%B8%ED%82%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="존 호킨스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 호킨스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(ammiraglio)" title="John Hawkins (ammiraglio) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Hawkins (ammiraglio)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96" title="ג'ון הוקינז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון הוקינז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(haj%C3%B3%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C5%91)" title="John Hawkins (hajóépítő) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Hawkins (hajóépítő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျွန် ဟောကင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျွန် ဟောကင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ジョン・ホーキンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ホーキンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(comandante_naval)" title="John Hawkins (comandante naval) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Hawkins (comandante naval)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хокинс, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хокинс, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Hawkins" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Джон Гокінс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Гокінс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·霍金斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·霍金斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q315490#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">English slave trader (1532–1595)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Hawkins (disambiguation)">John Hawkins</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;">Sir</div><br /><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">John Hawkins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hawkins.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Hawkins.JPG/220px-John_Hawkins.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Hawkins.JPG/330px-John_Hawkins.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Hawkins.JPG/440px-John_Hawkins.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Portrait of John Hawkins at the <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>, London</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1532<br /><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 November 1595<span style="display:none">(1595-11-12)</span> (aged 62–63)<br />off <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="England"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_White_Ensign_1620.svg/23px-English_White_Ensign_1620.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_White_Ensign_1620.svg/35px-English_White_Ensign_1620.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_White_Ensign_1620.svg/46px-English_White_Ensign_1620.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1562–1595</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Navy" title="Treasurer of the Navy">Treasurer of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Admiral of the Narrow Seas">Admiral of the Narrow Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">Battle of San Juan de Ulúa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawkins" title="Richard Hawkins">Richard Hawkins</a> (1562–1622)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_John_Hawkins_(1532%E2%80%931595).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Signature_of_John_Hawkins_%281532%E2%80%931595%29.png/100px-Signature_of_John_Hawkins_%281532%E2%80%931595%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Signature_of_John_Hawkins_%281532%E2%80%931595%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="45" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <b>Sir John Hawkins</b> (also spelled <b>Hawkyns</b>) (1532 – 12 November 1595) was an English naval commander, naval administrator, <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> and slave trader. </p><p>Hawkins pioneered, and was an early promoter of, English involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. He is considered to be the first English merchant to profit from the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangle Trade">Triangle Trade</a>, selling enslaved people from Africa to the Spanish colonies in the West Indies in the late 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1588, Hawkins served as a Vice-Admiral and fought in the victory over the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, for which he was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> for gallantry. As <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Navy" title="Treasurer of the Navy">Treasurer of the Navy</a>, Hawkins became the chief architect of the Elizabethan Navy. He redesigned the navy so the ships were faster, more manoeuvrable and had more firepower. </p><p>Hawkins' son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawkins" title="Richard Hawkins">Richard Hawkins</a>, was captured by the Spanish. In response, along with his cousin Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, he raised a fleet of ships to attack the Spanish in the West Indies. However, he died at sea during the expedition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_map_of_Plymouth,_Devon_circa_1600.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Detail_of_map_of_Plymouth%2C_Devon_circa_1600.PNG/220px-Detail_of_map_of_Plymouth%2C_Devon_circa_1600.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Detail_of_map_of_Plymouth%2C_Devon_circa_1600.PNG/330px-Detail_of_map_of_Plymouth%2C_Devon_circa_1600.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Detail_of_map_of_Plymouth%2C_Devon_circa_1600.PNG/440px-Detail_of_map_of_Plymouth%2C_Devon_circa_1600.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Hawkins was brought up in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, a well-defended naval port.</figcaption></figure> <p>John Hawkins was born to a prominent family of ship builders and captains in the naval port of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> in Devon. His exact date of birth is unknown, but was likely between November 1532 and March 1533.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the second son of <a href="/wiki/William_Hawkins_(died_c._1554)" title="William Hawkins (died c. 1554)">William Hawkins</a>, who was the first Englishman to sail to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Joan Trelawny, daughter and sole heiress of Roger Trelawny of <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Cornwall" title="Brighton, Cornwall">Brighton, Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, his second cousin, was brought up and lived in the same <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> household as Hawkins.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hawkins killed a man, a barber from Plymouth called White, before the age of 20. The coroner decided White was the antagonist, and Hawkins's father secured a royal pardon.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked with his older brother <a href="/wiki/William_Hawkins_(died_1589)" title="William Hawkins (died 1589)">William Hawkins</a> in the shipping industry and in privateering.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is thought to have done some service for the ambassadors from Spain, who negotiated the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>. Hawkins was known to have frequently referred to King Philip II as "my old master". The Spanish Castilianised his name where he was known as Juan Aquines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circa 1559, he dissolved his partnership with this brother, taking £10,000 from the business and moving to London.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married Katherine Gonson, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gonson" title="Benjamin Gonson">Benjamin Gonson</a>, a prominent Royal Navy administrator. He had one son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawkins" title="Richard Hawkins">Richard Hawkins</a> (born 1562). It is not known whether Katherine was Richard's mother or step-mother, because the marriage happened after his birth. Richard spoke fondly of Katherine in later life, consequently it is more likely she was his birth mother.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_slave_voyage_(1562–1563)"><span id="First_slave_voyage_.281562.E2.80.931563.29"></span>First slave voyage (1562–1563)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First slave voyage (1562–1563)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_john_hawkins_early_arms_colour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sir_john_hawkins_early_arms_colour.jpg/220px-Sir_john_hawkins_early_arms_colour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sir_john_hawkins_early_arms_colour.jpg/330px-Sir_john_hawkins_early_arms_colour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Sir_john_hawkins_early_arms_colour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> granted to John Hawkins by Queen Elizabeth I in 1565, showing an enslaved man.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hawkins made voyages to the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> in the years leading up to 1561, and there he had learnt about the Atlantic slave trade – taking people from <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> off the African coast and selling them in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Caribbean">Spanish Caribbean</a> colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his first slave voyage he formed a syndicate with <a href="/wiki/William_Wynter" title="William Wynter">Sir William Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Duckett" title="Lionel Duckett">Sir Lionel Duckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lodge_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="Thomas Lodge (Lord Mayor of London)">Sir Thomas Lodge</a>, his father-in-law Benjamin Gonson, and others to share the risk and cost of the voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1562, he set sail with three ships (<i>Saloman</i>, <i>Jonas</i>, and <i>Swallow</i>) travelling down the African coast as far as <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, he captured people and enslaved them as he went, taking around 300 people in total.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there he sailed to the Caribbean, he did not have permission from either Spain or Portugal to trade with their colonies so he sold his enslaved people in Isabella, Puerto de Plata and Monte Christi – places where the local authorities did not enforce government trade embargoes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enslaved people were traded for pearls, hides and sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-rmg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-23-6-2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-23-6-2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trade was so prosperous that, on his return to England, the College of Arms granted Hawkins a coat of arms which displays an enslaved male. Hawkins is widely considered to be the first English merchant to profit from the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangle Trade">Triangle Trade</a>; trading English goods for enslaved people in Africa, then selling those people in the Americas and buying foreign goods to be sold in England after the return journey.<sup id="cite_ref-rmg_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_slave_voyage_(1564–1565)"><span id="Second_slave_voyage_.281564.E2.80.931565.29"></span>Second slave voyage (1564–1565)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second slave voyage (1564–1565)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg/220px-AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg/330px-AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg/440px-AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4018" data-file-height="2827" /></a><figcaption>Hawkins chartered Queen Elizabeth I's <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Jesus of Lübeck">Jesus of Lübeck</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hawkins persuaded Queen Elizabeth I to back his second slave voyage and secured investors from her court, these included <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clinton,_1st_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln">Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln</a>, with <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley</a> involved as a supervisor. The queen allowed Hawkins to charter one of her ships for the trip, the 700 Ton <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Jesus of Lübeck">Jesus of Lübeck</a></i> and for it to fly her flag, the Royal Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He set sail from Plymouth on 18 October 1564 with four vessels, <i>Jesus of Lübeck</i>, and 3 ships of his own. He took over 400 enslaved people from Africa, some he bought from the Portuguese, others he kidnapped directly by raiding the coast, he left Africa on 29 January 1565.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 April 1565, Hawkins arrived at <a href="/wiki/Borburata" title="Borburata">Borburata</a> in Venezuela, as trade was prohibited, he carried out a fake threat of force with the local governor's collusion. He then travelled to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_la_Hacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de la Hacha">Rio de la Hacha</a> where he used force to ensure he secured the deals he thought fair. He sold 300 enslaved people, clothing, linen and wine. He was paid in gold, silver and other precious items and took further orders to sell enslaved people on a future voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After completing his business, Hawkins prepared to return to England. Needing water, he sailed to the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline#Fort_Caroline_(1564–1565)" title="Fort Caroline">Fort Caroline</a> in Florida. Finding them in need, he traded his smallest ship and a quantity of provisions to them for cannon, powder, and shot, that they no longer needed, as they were preparing to return to France. The provisions gained from Hawkins enabled the French to survive and prepare to move back home as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The voyage returned a profit reported at 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawkins brought back to England the sweet potato and tobacco, which was initially used as a <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotic</a>; smoking did not gain in popularity until years later.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ley196512_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley196512-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slave_voyage_of_John_Lovell_(1566–1567)"><span id="Slave_voyage_of_John_Lovell_.281566.E2.80.931567.29"></span>Slave voyage of John Lovell (1566–1567)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slave voyage of John Lovell (1566–1567)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hawkins first two slave voyages had angered the Spanish and in response the queen had prohibited Hawkins from going to sea. Instead he arranged his next slave voyage and gave the captaincy to a relative of his called <a href="/wiki/John_Lovell_(slave_trader)" title="John Lovell (slave trader)">John Lovell</a>. Sir Francis Drake, who is also likely to be a relative of Lovell, was on the voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden199020_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden199020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lovell sailed to the West African coast in 1566 and through <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> captured five ships, three of which were <a href="/wiki/Slave_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave ships">slave ships</a>. He took the cargo of enslaved people and other goods to the Spanish West Indies to be sold.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden199020_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden199020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sale of the cargo did not go well and Lovell deposited 92 enslaved people ashore without any payment. Drake later recalled the trip with embarrassment and Hawkins ascribed the failure to the "simpleness" of his deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden199020_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden199020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_slave_voyage_(1567–1569)"><span id="Third_slave_voyage_.281567.E2.80.931569.29"></span>Third slave voyage (1567–1569)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third slave voyage (1567–1569)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_john_hawkins_later_arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Sir_john_hawkins_later_arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>John Hawkins’ later coat of arms, showing an enslaved man and a <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallop</a> between two <a href="/wiki/Palmer_(pilgrim)" title="Palmer (pilgrim)">palmer</a>’s staves</figcaption></figure> <p>The queen had forbidden Hawkins from going to sea but she relented, and he arranged a third slave voyage, departing Plymouth on 2 October 1567. Arriving at the African coast, he could not secure enslaved people with ease because the local Portuguese agents were unwilling to trade with him. He attempted to capture and kidnap the inhabitants of a village near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, but he was wounded and had to retreat. Hawkins recruited a local king in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> to help him forcibly kidnap people, capturing over 500 people. On 7 February 1568, he set sail across the Atlantic Ocean to sell these people. He sold some of his captives in <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Province" title="Margarita Province">Margarita Province</a> and others in Borburata. At <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_la_Hacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de la Hacha">Rio de la Hacha</a>, the governor refused him permission to trade, so Sir Francis Drake shot at his house and Hawkins took over the town in a battle, before selling the enslaved people.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">Battle of San Juan de Ulúa</a> was fought between English privateers and Spanish forces at <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa" title="San Juan de Ulúa">San Juan de Ulúa</a>. The English fleet consisting of six armed merchant ships under Hawkins had been trading alongside the Spanish with the cooperation of local Spanish officials. The central Spanish authorities considered this to be illegal smuggling. Hawkins' ships were attacked unexpectedly, Drake fled on <i>Judith</i> and Hawkins was defeated. His remaining ship <i>Minions</i> limped home with only around 15 crew. The expedition, however, was financially rewarding as he had managed to transfer most of his trading income onto <i>Minion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1570–1587"><span id="1570.E2.80.931587"></span>1570–1587</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1570–1587"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cavendish_(1560-92),_Sir_Francis_Drake_(1540%3F-96)_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_(1532-95)_RMG_BHC2603.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5799" data-file-height="5238" /></a><figcaption>Sir John Hawkins (left) with Sir Francis Drake (centre) and Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1578 Hawkins was appointed <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Navy" title="Treasurer of the Navy">Treasurer of the Navy</a>, briefly he worked alongside his father-in-law, Benjamin Gonson, before taking full control of the position.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He embarked on a comprehensive reform of naval administration and managed to achieve an annual saving of nearly £4,000 per annum, while at the same time raising naval pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Elton_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reformed the design of <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleons</a> so that they were longer, able to carry a larger number of guns, more manoeuvrable and faster moving.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattingly_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattingly-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of Hawkins' reforms, according to <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Mattingly" title="Garrett Mattingly">Garrett Mattingly</a>, the Navy was a "fighting-fleet faster and more weatherly than any that had ever been seen on the ocean before".<sup id="cite_ref-Mattingly_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattingly-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also increased the size of the Navy, so that by 1587 it consisted of 23 ships and 18 <a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">pinnaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elton_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hawkins's financial reforms of the Navy upset many who had vested interests. In 1582, his rival, Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Wynter" title="William Wynter">William Wynter</a>, accused him of administrative malfeasance, instigating a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> on fraud against him. The commission, under <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>, and Drake, concluded that there was no corruption, and that the Queen's Navy was in first-rate condition.<sup id="cite_ref-TRTW_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRTW-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_Armada">Spanish Armada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish Armada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada,_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/220px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/330px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/440px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5634" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish Armada in 1588</figcaption></figure> <p>Hawkins served as a Vice-Admiral during victory against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, he was part of the war council and third in command overall. Hawkins had an extensive influence on the outcome of the engagement not only through his command, but because his improved ship designs, while acting as Treasurer of the Navy, had given the fleet more firepower and speed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After that victory, Hawkins urged the seizure of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>'s colonial treasure, in order to stop Spain re-arming. In 1589, Hawkins sailed with Francis Drake in the <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a>. One of its goals was to try to intercept the Spanish treasure ships departing from Mexico. One decisive action might have forced Philip II to the negotiating table and avoided fourteen years of continuing warfare. Instead, the voyage failed and the King was able to use the brief respite to rebuild his naval forces and, by the end of 1589, Spain once again had an Atlantic fleet strong enough to escort the American treasure ships home.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Final years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katherine Hawkins, his wife, died in 1591; he then married Margaret Vaughan (d. 1619), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vaughan_(by_1529_%E2%80%93_1574_or_later)" title="Charles Vaughan (by 1529 – 1574 or later)">Charles Vaughan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Bedchamber" title="Lady of the Bedchamber">Lady of the Bedchamber</a> of Queen Elizabeth I.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1593, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawkins" title="Richard Hawkins">Richard Hawkins</a>, his son, was defeated and captured by the Spanish at a naval battle called the <a href="/wiki/Action_of_San_Mateo_Bay" title="Action of San Mateo Bay">action of San Mateo Bay</a>. With his cousin, Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, John Hawkins raised a fleet of 27 ships to attack the Spanish in the West Indies. They set sail from Plymouth on 29 August 1595. Bad weather and skirmishes with the Spanish fleet hampered their efforts to get his son back. On 12 November 1595, it was reported that Hawkins had died at sea close to <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rmg_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Hawkins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HMS_Hawkins.jpg/220px-HMS_Hawkins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HMS_Hawkins.jpg/330px-HMS_Hawkins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HMS_Hawkins.jpg/440px-HMS_Hawkins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hawkins_(D86)" title="HMS Hawkins (D86)">HMS <i>Hawkins</i></a> was named after him.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hawkins’ legacy divides opinion. The historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Geoffrey Elton</a> appraised Hawkins as "one of the founding-fathers of England's naval tradition ... he was a man of commanding presence and intellect, of outstanding abilities as a seaman, administrator, fighter and diplomat."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently he has been described as a pirate and slave trader.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> named a heavy cruiser, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hawkins_(D86)" title="HMS Hawkins (D86)">HMS <i>Hawkins</i></a> after him, the ship was in commission between 1919 and 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hospital of Sir John Hawkins, Knight, in <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Kent" title="Chatham, Kent">Chatham, Kent</a>, was originally built by him and takes his name.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century slavery was often accepted without a judgment of moral values. The <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> saw Hawkins described as the unscrupulous father of the English slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2006, Andrew Hawkins, a descendant, publicly apologised for John Hawkins's actions in the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-23-6-2006_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-23-6-2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth City Council</a> announced that due to Hawkins's links with the slave trade, it planned to rename <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hawkins_Square" title="Sir John Hawkins Square">Sir John Hawkins Square</a> to Justice Square.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/john-hawkins-admiral-privateer-slave-trader">"Who was John Hawkins?"</a>. <i>Royal Museums Greenwich</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Museums+Greenwich&rft.atitle=Who+was+John+Hawkins%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fstories%2Ftopics%2Fjohn-hawkins-admiral-privateer-slave-trader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelsey 2003 p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasted, Edward. "Parishes: Chatham." <i>The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 4.</i> Canterbury: W Bristow, 1798. 191-226. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol4/pp191-226">British History Online</a> Retrieved 14 March 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2004">Morgan 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessenecker2014" class="citation book cs1">Bessenecker, Scott A. (3 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EORBQAAQBAJ&dq=sir+john+hawkins+protestant&pg=PA46"><i>Overturning Tables: Freeing Missions from the Christian-Industrial Complex</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830896769" title="Special:BookSources/9780830896769"><bdi>9780830896769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overturning+Tables%3A+Freeing+Missions+from+the+Christian-Industrial+Complex&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft.isbn=9780830896769&rft.aulast=Bessenecker&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EORBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsir%2Bjohn%2Bhawkins%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12672">"Hawkins, Sir John (1532–1595), merchant and naval commander"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12672">10.1093/ref:odnb/12672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hawkins%2C+Sir+John+%281532%E2%80%931595%29%2C+merchant+and+naval+commander&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12672&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-12672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brock, R.A. editor. (1887). <i>Miscellaneous papers, 1672–1865 : now first printed from the manuscript in the collection of the Virginia Historical Society : comprising, charter of the Royal African Company, 1672 ...</i> Richmond, Va: Virginia Historical Society. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/3395077.html">Hathi Trust Digital Library</a> Retrieved 16 March 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rmg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rmg_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rmg_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rmg_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/sir-john-hawkins">"John Hawkins – Admiral, Privateer, Slave Trader"</a>. <i>Royal Museums Greenwich</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Museums+Greenwich&rft.atitle=John+Hawkins+%E2%80%93+Admiral%2C+Privateer%2C+Slave+Trader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fexplore%2Fsir-john-hawkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-23-6-2006-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-23-6-2006_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-23-6-2006_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCacciottolo2006" class="citation web cs1">Cacciottolo, Mario (23 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5105328.stm">"My ancestor traded in human misery"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=My+ancestor+traded+in+human+misery&rft.date=2006-06-23&rft.aulast=Cacciottolo&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F5105328.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Goulaine de Laudonnière, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=config.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99845039">A notable historie containing foure voyages made by certayne French captaynes vnto Florida</a></i> (trans. Richard Hakluyt; London: Thomas Dawson, 1587), 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the eyewitness account of this voyage by John Sparke, "The Voyage Made by the Worshipful M. John Haukins Esquire", pp. 523–43 in Richard Hakluyt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_id=xri:eebo&rft_id=xri:eebo:citation:99842446"><i>Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation</i></a> (London: George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, 1589); 1906 repr. ed. by Henry S. Burrage, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-030/">"The Voyage Made by M. John Hawkins Esquire, 1565"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325185211/http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-030/">Archived</a> 25 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed 10 July 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStow1615" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">Stow, John</a> (1615). <i>Annales of England or a general Chronicle of England</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">806–</span>07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+of+England+or+a+general+Chronicle+of+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E806-%3C%2Fspan%3E07&rft.date=1615&rft.aulast=Stow&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ley196512-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ley196512_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLey1965" class="citation magazine cs1">Ley, Willy (December 1965). "The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe". For Your Information. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">88–</span>98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=The+Healthfull+Aromatick+Herbe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1965-12&rft.aulast=Ley&rft.aufirst=Willy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden199020-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden199020_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden199020_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden199020_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSugden1990">Sugden (1990)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/kelsey-drake.html">"Sir Francis Drake"</a>. <i>archive.nytimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fk%2Fkelsey-drake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conyers Read, <i>Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth</i> (London: Jonathan Cape, 1960), p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elton-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elton_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elton_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. R. Elton, <i>England Under the Tudors</i> (London: Routledge, 1991), p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattingly-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mattingly_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattingly_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrett Mattingly, <i>The Defeat of the Spanish Armada</i> (London: The Reprint Society, 1961), p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRTW-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TRTW_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Herman" title="Arthur L. Herman">Herman, Arthur</a> (2004). <i>To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-73419-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-73419-1"><bdi>0-340-73419-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Rule+the+Waves%3A+How+the+British+Navy+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-340-73419-1&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span> p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mariner's mirror, Volumes 76–77. Society for Nautical Research., 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Hawkins-English-naval-commander">"Sir John Hawkins"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Hawkins&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-Hawkins-English-naval-commander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elton, <i>England Under the Tudors</i>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/john-hawkins-admiral-privateer-slave-trader">"John Hawkins | Admiral, Privateer, Slave Trader"</a>. <i>www.rmg.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rmg.co.uk&rft.atitle=John+Hawkins+%26%23124%3B+Admiral%2C+Privateer%2C+Slave+Trader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fstories%2Ftopics%2Fjohn-hawkins-admiral-privateer-slave-trader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Hawkins.htm">"HMS Hawkins – Hawkins-class Cruiser"</a>. <i>Naval-History.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval-History.net&rft.atitle=HMS+Hawkins+%E2%80%93+Hawkins-class+Cruiser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-history.net%2FxGM-Chrono-06CL-Hawkins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.housingcare.org/housing-care/facility-info-86266-hospital-of-sir-john-hawkins-chatham-england.aspx">"Hospital of Sir John Hawkins"</a>. <i>housingcare.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=housingcare.org&rft.atitle=Hospital+of+Sir+John+Hawkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.housingcare.org%2Fhousing-care%2Ffacility-info-86266-hospital-of-sir-john-hawkins-chatham-england.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2006" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Alan (22 June 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/slavers-descendant-begs-forgiveness-tqq8d5pcrql">"Slaver's descendant begs forgiveness"</a></span>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Slaver%27s+descendant+begs+forgiveness&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fslavers-descendant-begs-forgiveness-tqq8d5pcrql&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c292l62xr20o">"City square to lose slave trader name"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=City+square+to+lose+slave+trader+name&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc292l62xr20o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kelsey, Harry. <i>Sir John Hawkins, Queen Elizabeth's Slave Trader</i>, Yale University Press, 384 pages, (April 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09663-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09663-7">978-0-300-09663-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morgan, Basil (2004). "Hawkins, Sir John (1532–1595)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12672">10.1093/ref:odnb/12672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hawkins%2C+Sir+John+%281532%E2%80%931595%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12672&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugden1990" class="citation book cs1">Sugden, John (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisdrake0000sugd"><i>Sir Francis Drake</i></a></span>. London: Barrie & Jenkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-2038-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-2038-9"><bdi>0-7126-2038-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20931112">20931112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Jenkins&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20931112&rft.isbn=0-7126-2038-9&rft.aulast=Sugden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirfrancisdrake0000sugd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hazlewood, Nick. <i>The Queen's Slave Trader: John Hawkyns, Elizabeth I, and the Trafficking in Human Souls</i>. HarperCollins Books, New York, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-621089-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-621089-5">0-06-621089-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanslavetrad0000hogg"><i>The African Slave Trade and Its Suppression: A Classified and Annotated Bibliography of Books, Pamphlets and Periodical Articles</i></a>, annotated by Peter C. Hogg (editor), Frank Cass and Co. Ltd., Abingdon, Oxon, England; and Frank Cass and Co. Ltd., New York (1973), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-2775-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-2775-5">0-7146-2775-5</a> . Transferred to Digital Printing 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.32000013325958;view=1up;seq=81">"Sir John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake"</a>, pp. 67–242 of Vol. 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000272683"><i>The Lives of the British Admirals</i></a>, 5 vols. 1833–1840.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Unwin, Rayner</a>. <i>The Defeat of John Hawkins: A Biography of His Third Slaving Voyage</i>. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1960; New York: Macmillan, 1960.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alfred_John_Walling" title="Robert Alfred John Walling">Walling, R.A.J.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009597459"><i>A Sea-Dog of Devon: a Life of Sir John Hawkins</i></a>. 1907.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Williamson_(historian)" title="James Williamson (historian)">Williamson, James</a>. <i>Hawkins of Plymouth: a new History of Sir John Hawkins</i>. 1949. Second edition, 1969.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins (naval commander)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenLee1891" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a>, eds. (1891). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawkins, John (1532-1595)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hawkins,_John_(1532-1595)">"Hawkins, John (1532–1595)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 25. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">212–</span>19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hawkins%2C+John+%281532%E2%80%931595%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkins+%28naval+commander%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hawkins, Sir John (admiral)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hawkins,_Sir_John_(admiral)">"Hawkins, Sir John" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081316744">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/52469168">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/8292/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7PTDDB9bGkkPbxVdbBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117508551">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50025112">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145337821">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145337821">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hawkins, John <1532-1595>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV030449">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p169933784">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqrw6v3bq2pdx">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810644616105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/86285">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262575605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14078566">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/117508551.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117508551">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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