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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turcomans dau Moton Negre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 57 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88" title="قره قويونلو - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قره قويونلو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88" title="دولة قراقویونلو - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دولة قراقویونلو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraqoyunlular" title="Qaraqoyunlular - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaraqoyunlular" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قاراقویونلولار - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاراقویونلولار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%A0%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡара Ҡуйлылар - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара Ҡуйлылар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хара Хонид улас - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хара Хонид улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qara Qoyunlu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - cebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%82%DB%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%DB%86" title="قەرەقۆینلۆ - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قەرەقۆینلۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakojunlusk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Karakojunluská říše - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karakojunluská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Qara Qoyunlu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μαυροπροβατάδες - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαυροπροβατάδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Qara Qoyunlu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-kojunlo" title="Kara-kojunlo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kara-kojunlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu_leinua" title="Kara Koyunlu leinua - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kara Koyunlu leinua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88" title="قره‌قویونلو - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قره‌قویونلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qara Qoyunlu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Qara Qoyunlu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%95" title="קארה קויונלו - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קארה קויונלו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82" title="क़ारा कोयुनलू - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क़ारा कोयुनलू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakojunlu" title="Karakojunlu - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karakojunlu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1-%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կարա-Կոյունլուներ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարա-Կոյունլուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E7%BE%8A%E6%9C%9D" title="黒羊朝 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒羊朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3" title="ყარა-ყოიუნლუ - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყარა-ყოიუნლუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қарақоюнлылар - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қарақоюнлылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC_%EC%BD%94%EC%9C%A4%EB%A3%A8" title="카라 코윤루 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카라 코윤루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qereqoy%C3%BBn%C3%AE" title="Qereqoyûnî - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qereqoyûnî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Kojunlu" title="Kara Kojunlu - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kara Kojunlu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Kojunlu" title="Kara Kojunlu - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kara Kojunlu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88" title="قرہ قویونلو - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قرہ قویونلو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Cordeiro_Negro" title="Confederação do Cordeiro Negro - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confederação do Cordeiro Negro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statul_Qaraqoyunlu" title="Statul Qaraqoyunlu - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statul Qaraqoyunlu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Кара-Коюнлу - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кара-Коюнлу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Кара-Койунлу - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кара-Койунлу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Kojunlu" title="Kara Kojunlu - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kara Kojunlu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Кара Којунлу - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кара Којунлу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kara Koyunlu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garago%C3%BDunly_d%C3%B6wleti" title="Garagoýunly döwleti - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Garagoýunly döwleti" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoyunlu" title="Karakoyunlu - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karakoyunlu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoyunlular" title="Karakoyunlular - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karakoyunlular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Кара-Коюнлу - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кара-Коюнлу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88" title="قرہ قویونلو - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قرہ قویونلو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_qo%CA%BByunlilar_davlati" title="Qora qoʻyunlilar davlati - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora qoʻyunlilar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Qara Qoyunlu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%BE%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="黑羊王朝 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑羊王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3" title="ყარა-ყოიუნლუ - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყარა-ყოიუნლუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%BE%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="黑羊王朝 - 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redigit en provençau."><img alt="Aqueste article es redigit en provençau." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/30px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/45px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/60px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Qara_Qoyunlu_Turcomans_1407%E2%80%931468.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Qara_Qoyunlu_Turcomans_1407%E2%80%931468.png/220px-Qara_Qoyunlu_Turcomans_1407%E2%80%931468.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Qara_Qoyunlu_Turcomans_1407%E2%80%931468.png/330px-Qara_Qoyunlu_Turcomans_1407%E2%80%931468.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Qara_Qoyunlu_Turcomans_1407%E2%80%931468.png/440px-Qara_Qoyunlu_Turcomans_1407%E2%80%931468.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Extension territòriala dau Moton Negre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lei <b>Turcomans dau Moton Negre</b> ò <b>Qara Qoyunlu</b> son una <a href="/wiki/Confederacion" title="Confederacion">confederacion</a> <a href="/wiki/Trib%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tribü">tribala</a> turcomana que se formèt en <a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Orient Mejan</a> après l'afondrament e la fragmentacion de l'<a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat" title="Ilkhanat">Ilkhanat</a> en <a href="/wiki/1336" class="mw-redirect" title="1336">1336</a>. Aguèt lo contraròtle d'un territòri situat en <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia Orientala</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia Auta</a> de <a href="/wiki/1375" class="mw-redirect" title="1375">1375</a> a <a href="/wiki/1468" class="mw-redirect" title="1468">1468</a>. Foguèt destrucha per la confederacion rivala dei <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Blanc" title="Turcomans dau Moton Blanc">Turcomans dau Moton Blanc</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Istòria"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Qara_Qoyunlu._Jahan_Shah._AH_837-872_AD_1434-1467_Countermarked_issue._Dated_AH_871_(AD_1466-7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Qara_Qoyunlu._Jahan_Shah._AH_837-872_AD_1434-1467_Countermarked_issue._Dated_AH_871_%28AD_1466-7%29.jpg/220px-Qara_Qoyunlu._Jahan_Shah._AH_837-872_AD_1434-1467_Countermarked_issue._Dated_AH_871_%28AD_1466-7%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Qara_Qoyunlu._Jahan_Shah._AH_837-872_AD_1434-1467_Countermarked_issue._Dated_AH_871_%28AD_1466-7%29.jpg/330px-Qara_Qoyunlu._Jahan_Shah._AH_837-872_AD_1434-1467_Countermarked_issue._Dated_AH_871_%28AD_1466-7%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Qara_Qoyunlu._Jahan_Shah._AH_837-872_AD_1434-1467_Countermarked_issue._Dated_AH_871_%28AD_1466-7%29.jpg/440px-Qara_Qoyunlu._Jahan_Shah._AH_837-872_AD_1434-1467_Countermarked_issue._Dated_AH_871_%28AD_1466-7%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Pèça de <a href="/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda">moneda</a> batuda durant lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihan_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jihan Shah (la pagina non existís pas)">Jihan Shah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lei <a href="/wiki/Trib%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tribü">tribüs</a> a l'origina de la confederacion son eissidas deis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oghuzs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oghuzs (la pagina non existís pas)">Oghuzs</a>, un ensemble de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2ble" title="Pòble">pòbles</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turcs (la pagina non existís pas)">turcs</a> occidentaus qu'avián egalament format una confederacion tribala entre la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Caspiana" title="Mar Caspiana">mar Caspiana</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Mar_d%27Aral" title="Mar d'Aral">mar d'Aral</a> entre lei sègles <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_X" title="Sègle X">X</a> e <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XII" title="Sègle XII">XII</a>. Èran probablament de <a href="/wiki/Lenga" title="Lenga">lenga</a> <a href="/wiki/Az%C3%A8ri" title="Azèri">azèri</a> coma l'indica l'òbra <a href="/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia">poetica</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihan_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jihan Shah (la pagina non existís pas)">Jihan Shah</a>, sobeiran de la confederacion de <a href="/wiki/1438" class="mw-redirect" title="1438">1438</a> a <a href="/wiki/1467" class="mw-redirect" title="1467">1467</a>, qu'es considerat coma una figura importanta de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_az%C3%A8ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatura azèri (la pagina non existís pas)">literatura azèri</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Après la fragmentacion e la disparicion de l'<a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat" title="Ilkhanat">Ilkhanat</a>, lei Turcomans dau Moton Negre installèron sa capitala a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herat (la pagina non existís pas)">Herat</a> sota la senhoriá de la <a href="/wiki/Dinastia" title="Dinastia">dinastia</a> dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalayiridas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalayiridas (la pagina non existís pas)">Jalayiridas</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Se dirigiguèron rapidament vèrs l'oèst e se revoutèron còntra lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalayiridas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalayiridas (la pagina non existís pas)">Jalayiridas</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/1375" class="mw-redirect" title="1375">1375</a>. La conquista de <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_Yussuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara Yussuf (la pagina non existís pas)">Kara Yussuf</a> (<a href="/wiki/1389" class="mw-redirect" title="1389">1389</a>-<a href="/wiki/1420" class="mw-redirect" title="1420">1420</a>) li permetèt de dispausar d'una <a href="/wiki/Vila" title="Vila">vila</a> importanta. Fondèron ansin un <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">Estat</a> pron poderós per mantenir son <a href="/wiki/Independ%C3%A9ncia" title="Independéncia">independéncia</a> dins lo contèxte trebolat de l'<a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Orient Mejan</a> dau periòde. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1402" class="mw-redirect" title="1402">1402</a> ò <a href="/wiki/1403" class="mw-redirect" title="1403">1403</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_Yussuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara Yussuf (la pagina non existís pas)">Kara Yussuf</a> foguèt batut per lei fòrças de <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a> a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_deu_canau_Algami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha deu canau Algami (la pagina non existís pas)">batalha deu canau Algami</a> e obligat de s'enfugir en <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . Pasmens, tre <a href="/wiki/1406" class="mw-redirect" title="1406">1406</a>, reconquistèt <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> e annulèt leis efiechs d'aquela desfacha a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Nakhchivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Nakhchivan (la pagina non existís pas)">batalha de Nakhchivan</a> en octòbre de <a href="/wiki/1406" class="mw-redirect" title="1406">1406</a>. Puei, accelerèt lo declin dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalayiridas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalayiridas (la pagina non existís pas)">Jalayiridas</a> en ocupant <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>. Ansin, en despiech de conflictes de succession a la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_Yussuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara Yussuf (la pagina non existís pas)">Kara Yussuf</a>, la confederacion capitèt de gardar sei possessions e de trobar un acòrdi de <a href="/wiki/Patz" title="Patz">patz</a> amb lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timuridas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timuridas (la pagina non existís pas)">Timurida</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah_Rukh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shah Rukh (la pagina non existís pas)">Shah Rukh</a>. En <a href="/wiki/1447" class="mw-redirect" title="1447">1447</a>, lo Moton Negre annexèt una partida d'<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> e de la còsta orientala de la <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Ar%C3%A0bia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Aràbia">Peninsula Aràbia</a>. En parallèl, lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timuridas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timuridas (la pagina non existís pas)">Timuridas</a> ocupèron la <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Pèrsia Orientala</a>. </p><p>Lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihan_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jihan Shah (la pagina non existís pas)">Jihan Shah</a> (<a href="/wiki/1438" class="mw-redirect" title="1438">1438</a>-<a href="/wiki/1467" class="mw-redirect" title="1467">1467</a>) correspònd a l'apogèu de la confederacion, mai son declin foguèt rapid. D'efiech, son rèine foguèt trebolat per lei rebellions frequentas de sei fius e dei caps de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. En <a href="/wiki/1466" class="mw-redirect" title="1466">1466</a>-<a href="/wiki/1467" class="mw-redirect" title="1467">1467</a>, intrèt en guèrra còntra lei <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Blanc" title="Turcomans dau Moton Blanc">Turcomans dau Moton Blanc</a> per prendre la vila de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diyarbakir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diyarbakir (la pagina non existís pas)">Diyarbakir</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Campanha_militara" title="Campanha militara">campanha</a> s'acabèt per una desfacha catastrofica e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihan_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jihan Shah (la pagina non existís pas)">Jihan Shah</a> foguèt tuat durant lei combats. Sa succession foguèt malaisada e lo <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Blanc" title="Turcomans dau Moton Blanc">Moton Blanc</a> aprofichèt l'afebliment de son rivau per véncer definitivament lo Moton Negre en <a href="/wiki/1469" class="mw-redirect" title="1469">1469</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizacion">Organizacion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Organizacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Organizacion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'organizacion <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estatala</a> dau Moton Negre demorèt similara a aquela dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalayiridas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalayiridas (la pagina non existís pas)">Jalayiridas</a> e deis <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat" title="Ilkhanat">Ilkhanidas</a>. Es a dire que l'organizacion dau poder èra encara largament inspirada per leis estructuras <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ris_nomadas" title="Empèris nomadas">nomadas</a> <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">mongòlas</a> e turcas, mai d'influéncias persanas e <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmanas</a> èran visiblas. Lo títol dau sobeiran illustra aqueu fenomèn. A partir dau rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_Yussuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara Yussuf (la pagina non existís pas)">Kara Yussuf</a>, s'utilizèt mai que mai lo títol musulman de sultan. Pasmens, certanei pèças de <a href="/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda">moneda</a> mencionèron lo títol turcomongòl de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahadur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahadur (la pagina non existís pas)">bahadur</a></i>. De mai, segon lei situacions, lei sultans preferiguèron se presentar coma <i>khan</i>, <i>khagan</i> ò <i>padishah</i>. Au nivèu <a href="/wiki/Administracion" title="Administracion">administratiu</a>, intellectuau e <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">culturau</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">persan</a> s'impausèt aisament<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauden_2019_p._423_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauden_2019_p._423-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, la correspondància amb lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelocs_d%27Egipte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamelocs d'Egipte (la pagina non existís pas)">Mamelocs d'Egipte</a> èra redigida en <a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">arabi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bauden_2019_p._423_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauden_2019_p._423-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'organizacion dei províncias èra quasi identica a aquela de la confederacion. Cada província èra dirigida per un <i>şehzade</i> ò un <a href="/wiki/Bei" title="Bei">bei</a> que dispausavan d'un <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divan (la pagina non existís pas)">divan</a></i> per gerir seis afaires intèrnes e d'una <a href="/wiki/Armada" title="Armada">armada</a> personala<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La posicion de bei èra generalament ereditària. Dins lei vilas, i aviá tanben d'oficiers, dichs <i>darugha</i>, qu'èran encargats deis afaires financiers, administratius e politics. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religion</a> dei Turcomans dau Moton Negre es pas ben clara. De mai, es venguda un objècte de <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> per lei sobeirans <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida" title="Empèri Safavida">safavidas</a> que prenguèron lo contraròtle de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8rsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pèrsia">Pèrsia</a> en <a href="/wiki/1501" class="mw-redirect" title="1501">1501</a> en eliminant la <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Blanc" title="Turcomans dau Moton Blanc">Confederacion dau Moton Blanc</a>. D'efiech, promotors dau <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiisme</a>, assaièron de revendicar un liame e una continuitat amb un Moton Negre presentat coma <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiita</a> e una oposicion amb lo <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Blanc" title="Turcomans dau Moton Blanc">Moton Blanc</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunisme" title="Sunisme">sunita</a>. Lei fònts safavidas sus la religion dau Moton Negre son donc desenant consideradas coma dobtosas per la màger deis <a href="/wiki/Istorian" title="Istorian">istorians</a>. Leis elements restants mòstran una posicion ambigua. Lei noms dei sobeirans e quauquei mencions presentas sus de pèças de moneda indican una influéncia <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiita</a>, especialament en lei sobeirans tardius<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins aquò, lei pèças contunièron de portar lo nom dei <a href="/wiki/Califa" title="Califa">califas</a> <a href="/wiki/Califat_Abbassida" class="mw-redirect" title="Califat Abbassida">abbassidas</a>, çò qu'indica l'integracion dei sobeirans dau Moton Negre dins lo sistèma tradicionau dau poder musulman <a href="/wiki/Sunisme" title="Sunisme">sunita</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Cultura"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:An_illuminated_Quran,_Baghdad,_Qara_Quyunlu_dynasty,_dated_1465.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/An_illuminated_Quran%2C_Baghdad%2C_Qara_Quyunlu_dynasty%2C_dated_1465.jpg/220px-An_illuminated_Quran%2C_Baghdad%2C_Qara_Quyunlu_dynasty%2C_dated_1465.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/An_illuminated_Quran%2C_Baghdad%2C_Qara_Quyunlu_dynasty%2C_dated_1465.jpg/330px-An_illuminated_Quran%2C_Baghdad%2C_Qara_Quyunlu_dynasty%2C_dated_1465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/An_illuminated_Quran%2C_Baghdad%2C_Qara_Quyunlu_dynasty%2C_dated_1465.jpg/440px-An_illuminated_Quran%2C_Baghdad%2C_Qara_Quyunlu_dynasty%2C_dated_1465.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alcoran" title="Alcoran">Alcoran</a> illustrat realizat a <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/1465" class="mw-redirect" title="1465">1465</a> durant lo periòde dau Moton Negre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Durant lo periòde dau Moton Negre, la cultura de l'espaci <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">iranian</a> èra dominada per la cort persana de <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Regardant la cultura de la confederacion ela meteissa, demòran de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument (la pagina non existís pas)">monuments</a> e de vestigis <a href="/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura">arquitecturaus</a> coma la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosqueta_Blava_de_Tabriz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosqueta Blava de Tabriz (la pagina non existís pas)">Mosqueta Blava de Tabriz</a> ò lo <a href="/wiki/Mausol%C3%A8u" title="Mausolèu">mausolèu</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Yussuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qara Yussuf (la pagina non existís pas)">Qara Yussuf</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">literatura</a> foguèt tanben rica e populara. L'òbra pus importanta es benlèu lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab-i_Diyarbakriyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya (la pagina non existís pas)">Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya</a></i>, una <a href="/wiki/Cronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cronica">cronica</a> istorica dau periòde. La <a href="/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia">poesia</a>, tant en <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">persan</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Az%C3%A8ri" title="Azèri">azèri</a>, foguèt tanben un art popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Annèxas"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Liames intèrnes"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ris_nomadas" title="Empèris nomadas">Empèris nomadas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat" title="Ilkhanat">Ilkhanat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalayiridas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalayiridas (la pagina non existís pas)">Jalayiridas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_dei_sobeirans_dei_Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista dei sobeirans dei Turcomans dau Moton Negre (la pagina non existís pas)">Lista dei sobeirans dei Turcomans dau Moton Negre</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Blanc" title="Turcomans dau Moton Blanc">Turcomans dau Moton Blanc</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Bibliografia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Sandra Aube (pref. Jean-Pierre Van Staëvel), <i>La céramique dans l'architecture en Iran au XVIe siècle : Les arts qarâ quyûnlûs et âq quyûnlûs</i>, París, Presses Université Paris-Sorbonne, coll. « Islam », 2017.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Clifford Edmund Bosworth (trad. Y. Thoraval), <i>Les dynasties musulmanes</i>, Arle, Éditions Actes Sud, coll. « Sinbad », 1996.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> E. van Donzel, Bernard Lewis e Charles Pellat, <i>Encyclopédie de l'Islam</i>, t. IV, París, G. P. Maisonneuve & Larose SA, 1978, pp. 607-611.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> René Grousset, <i>L’Empire des steppes, Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan</i>, París, Payot, 1938.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Kaushik Roy, <i>Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750</i>, Bloomsbury, 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b>, V. Minorsky, « Jihān-Shāh Qara-Qoyunlu and His Poetry », <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, University of London, 1954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Patrick Clawson, <i>Eternal Iran</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">(tr)</a></b> Ismail Aka, <i>Shahrukh's campaigns against Kara Koyunlu </i>, E.Ü. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 1989, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> V. Minorsky, « Jihān-Shāh Qara-Qoyunlu and His Poetry (Turkmenica, 9) », <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, vol. 16, n° 2, 1954, pp. 271-297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauden_2019_p._423-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bauden_2019_p._423_5-0">5,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bauden_2019_p._423_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Frédéric Bauden, « Diplomatic Entanglements between Tabriz, Cairo, and Herat: a Reconstructed Qara Qoyunlu Letter Datable to 818/1415 », dins Frédéric Baude e Malika Dekkiche (dir.), <i>Mamluk Cairo, a Crossroads for Embassies:Studies on Diplomacy and Diplomatics</i>, Brill, 2019, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aquelei tropas èran generalament de bòna <a href="/wiki/Qualitat" title="Qualitat">qualitat</a> car èran constituïdas de tropas permanentas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Clifford E. Bosworth, <i>The New Islamic Dynasties</i>, Columbia University Press, 1996, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Durant lo periòde dau Moton Negre, lo chiisme se difusèt dins plusors regions vesinas dau territòri de la confederacion en <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Azerbaitjan" title="Azerbaitjan">Azerbaitjan</a>. Aquò aguèt benlèu una influéncia en <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8rsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pèrsia">Pèrsia</a> mai es mau segur.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Massoume Price, <i>Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook</i>, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 54.</span> </li> </ol> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&oldid=2417983">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre&oldid=2417983</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Estat_disparegut" title="Categoria:Estat disparegut">Estat disparegut</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 13 genièr de 2024 a 09.49.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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</button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Apondre un subjècte</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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