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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; 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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Latar_belakang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latar_belakang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Latar belakang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latar_belakang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi_dan_bahan_bacaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi_dan_bahan_bacaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi dan bahan bacaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi_dan_bahan_bacaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pertempuran Tours</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 63 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Poitiers" title="Slag van Poitiers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van Poitiers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="معركة بلاط الشهداء – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بلاط الشهداء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%87" title="معركة بواتييه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معركة بواتييه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers_meld_(732)_(trutca_ke_Charles_de_Steuben)" title="Poitiers meld (732) (trutca ke Charles de Steuben) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Poitiers meld (732) (trutca ke Charles de Steuben)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puatye_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC_(732)" title="Puatye döyüşü (732) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Puatye döyüşü (732)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88_(%DB%B7%DB%B3%DB%B2)" title="پواتیه دؤیوشو (۷۳۲) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پواتیه دؤیوشو (۷۳۲)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_(732)" title="Бітва пад Турам (732) – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва пад Турам (732)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Битка при Поатие – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Поатие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="তুরের যুদ্ধ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুরের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Poitiers_(732)" title="Batalla de Poitiers (732) – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Poitiers (732)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Tours" title="Bitva u Tours – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Tours" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Tours" title="Brwydr Tours – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Tours" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Poitiers" title="Slaget ved Poitiers – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Poitiers" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Tours_und_Poitiers" title="Schlacht von Tours und Poitiers – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Tours und Poitiers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AD_(732)" title="Μάχη του Πουατιέ (732) – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Πουατιέ (732)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Battle of Tours" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Tours" title="Batalo de Tours – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Tours" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Poitiers_(732)" title="Batalla de Poitiers (732) – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Poitiers (732)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiersko_gudua_(732)" title="Poitiersko gudua (732) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Poitiersko gudua (732)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نبرد تور – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد تور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers%E2%80%99n_taistelu_(732)" title="Poitiers’n taistelu (732) – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poitiers’n taistelu (732)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Poitiers_(732)" title="Bataille de Poitiers (732) – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Poitiers (732)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach_by_Poitiers_(732)" title="Slach by Poitiers (732) – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slach by Poitiers (732)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Tours" title="Cath Tours – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Tours" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Poitiers_(732)" title="Batalla de Poitiers (732) – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Poitiers (732)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="קרב טור – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב טור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Poitiersa" title="Bitka kod Poitiersa – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Poitiersa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers-i_csata_(732)" title="Poitiers-i csata (732) – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Poitiers-i csata (732)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Տուրի ճակատամարտ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տուրի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Tours" title="Orrustan við Tours – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orrustan við Tours" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Poitiers_(732)" title="Battaglia di Poitiers (732) – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Poitiers (732)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A8%E9%96%93%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="トゥール・ポワティエ間の戦い – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥール・ポワティエ間の戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_(732)" title="პუატიეს ბრძოლა (732) – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პუატიეს ბრძოლა (732)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Пуатье шайқасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пуатье шайқасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4_%ED%91%B8%EC%95%84%ED%8B%B0%EC%97%90_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="투르 푸아티에 전투 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르 푸아티에 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalia_de_Poitiers" title="Batalia de Poitiers – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Batalia de Poitiers" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puatj%C4%97_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is_(732_m.)" title="Puatjė mūšis (732 m.) – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Puatjė mūšis (732 m.)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Битка кај Поатје – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Поатје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Tours" title="Pertempuran Tours – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Tours" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Poitiers_(732)" title="Slag bij Poitiers (732) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Poitiers (732)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Poitiers" title="Slaget ved Poitiers – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Poitiers" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Peitieus_(732)" title="Batalha de Peitieus (732) – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Peitieus (732)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Poitiers_(732)" title="Bitwa pod Poitiers (732) – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Poitiers (732)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ٹورز دی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹورز دی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Poitiers_(732)" title="Batalha de Poitiers (732) – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Poitiers (732)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Tours" title="Bătălia de la Tours – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Tours" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_(732)" title="Битва при Пуатье (732) – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Пуатье (732)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummattimentu_di_Poitiers" title="Cummattimentu di Poitiers – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cummattimentu di Poitiers" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Poitiersa" title="Bitka kod Poitiersa – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Poitiersa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Tours" title="Bitka pri Tours – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Tours" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Toursu" title="Bitka pri Toursu – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Toursu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B0" title="Битка код Поатјеа – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Поатјеа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Tours" title="Slaget vid Tours – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Tours" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapigano_ya_Tours_na_Poitiers" title="Mapigano ya Tours na Poitiers – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapigano ya Tours na Poitiers" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ยุทธการที่ตูร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่ตูร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labanan_sa_Tours" title="Labanan sa Tours – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Labanan sa Tours" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puvatya_Muharebesi" title="Puvatya Muharebesi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Puvatya Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puatye_b%C3%A4rele%C5%9Fe" title="Puatye bäreleşe – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Puatye bäreleşe" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%94_(732)" title="Битва при Пуатьє (732) – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Пуатьє (732)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="معرکہ بلاط الشہداء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معرکہ بلاط الشہداء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Tours" title="Trận Tours – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Tours" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="图尔战役 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图尔战役" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="圖爾戰役 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圖爾戰役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173077#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Tours" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan:Pertempuran_Tours&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi (halaman belum tersedia) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Tours"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Tours"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Pertempuran_Tours" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Pertempuran_Tours" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&oldid=23522017" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Pertempuran_Tours&id=23522017&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPertempuran_Tours"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPertempuran_Tours"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pertempuran+Tours"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pertempuran_Tours&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Tours" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link 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mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox vevent" style="border-spacing:2px;;width:315px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Pertempuran Tours</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Bagian dari Penaklukan Umayyah di Iberia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/300px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/450px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/600px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span><br />Lukisan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Steuben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles de Steuben (halaman belum tersedia)">Charles de Steuben</a> <i>Bataille de Poitiers en Octobre 732</i> menggambarkan <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> (berkuda) menghadapi <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Al-Ghafiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi">Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi</a> (kanan) dalam Pertempuran Tours.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Tanggal</th><td><a href="/wiki/10_Oktober" title="10 Oktober">10 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/732" title="732">732</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Lokasi</th><td><span class="location">dekat <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Hasil</th><td> Kemenangan Frank</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Pihak terlibat</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Bangsa <a href="/wiki/Frank" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Frank">Frank</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karolingia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karolingia (halaman belum tersedia)">Karolingia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Bani_Umayyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Umayyah">Kekhalifahan Umayyah</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Tokoh dan pemimpin</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Al-Ghafiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi">Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gugur_dalam_tugas" title="Gugur dalam tugas"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Kekuatan</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> mungkin 20.000-30.000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> tidak diketahui, namun sumber awal menyebutkan 80.000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mention a figure of 80,000.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Korban</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Tidak diketahui; 1,500 dilaporkan</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Mungkin 10,000, termasuk Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Penaklukan_Umayyah_di_Iberia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Penaklukan_Umayyah_di_Hispania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Umayyah_di_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaklukan Umayyah di Hispania"><span class="wrap">Penaklukan Umayyah di Hispania</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Syudzunah" title="Pertempuran Syudzunah">Guadalete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Toulouse_(721)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Toulouse (721) (halaman belum tersedia)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Covadonga" title="Pertempuran Covadonga">Covadonga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Pertempuran Tours</b> (<a href="/wiki/10_Oktober" title="10 Oktober">10 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/732" title="732">732</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau <b>Pertempuran Poitiers</b> atau (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a>: <span lang="ar">معركة بلاط الشهداء</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="transliterasi">translit.</abbr> </span><i><span title="Arab-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ma'rakah Balath Asy-Syuhada</i></span></i>) <i>Pertempuran Bangsal Syuhada</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terjadi di dekat <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, sekitar perbatasan kekuasaan bangsa Frank dan <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> yang saat itu masih merdeka. Dalam pertempuran ini, Bangsa <a href="/wiki/Frank" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Frank">Frank</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Burgundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundi">Burgundy</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, penguasa <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> melawan tentara <a href="/wiki/Umayyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyah">Umayyah</a> pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Al-Ghafiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi">Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wali_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Wali Al-Andalus">gubernur</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. Pertempuran ini berakhir dengan kemenangan bangsa Frank, terbunuhnya Al-Ghafiqi, serta perluasan kekuasaan Martel ke selatan. Rincian dari pertempuran ini, termasuk lokasi persis dan jumlah tentara yang bertarung dalam pertempuran ini tidak dapat benar-benar dipastikan. Yang jelas, bangsa Frank memenangkan pertempuran tanpa menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Kavaleri" title="Kavaleri">kavaleri</a>. </p><p>Kemenangan Frank dalam pertempuran ini merupakan awal berdirinya <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Karolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Karolingian">Kekaisaran Karolingian</a> dan dominasi bangsa Frank atas <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>, dan menurut sebagian sejarawan, kemenangan ini telah menyelamatkan keberadaan <a href="/wiki/Agama_Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Kristen">Agama Kristen</a> dari upaya penaklukan <a href="/wiki/Umat" class="mw-redirect" title="Umat">umat</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Eropa" title="Islam di Eropa">Islam di Eropa</a>. "Pendirian kekuasaan Frank di Eropa barat menentukan takdir benua tersebut, dan Pertempuran Tours memastikan kekuasaan tersebut."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latar_belakang">Latar belakang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Latar belakang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Latar belakang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Saracen_Army_outside_Paris,_730-32_AD.png"><img resource="/wiki/Berkas:The_Saracen_Army_outside_Paris,_730-32_AD.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Saracen_Army_outside_Paris%2C_730-32_AD.png/220px-The_Saracen_Army_outside_Paris%2C_730-32_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Saracen_Army_outside_Paris%2C_730-32_AD.png/330px-The_Saracen_Army_outside_Paris%2C_730-32_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/The_Saracen_Army_outside_Paris%2C_730-32_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The exoticism of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen" class="extiw" title="en:Saracen">Saracen</a> invaders is stressed in this detail from <i>The Saracen Army outside Paris</i>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" class="extiw" title="en:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a>, painted 1822-27, which actually depicts a fictional incident from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariosto" class="extiw" title="en:Ariosto">Ariosto</a> (Cassino Massimo, Rome)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Pertempuran Tours berlangsung 21 tahun setelah penjajahan dinasti <a href="/wiki/Kekhalifahan_Umayyah" title="Kekhalifahan Umayyah">Umayyah</a> di Eropa, yang dimulai dengan menginvasi kerajaan Kristen <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" title="Visigoth">Visigothic</a> di <a href="/wiki/Iberia" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> tahun 711. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan aksi militer ke wilayah bangsa Frank, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Galia" title="Galia">Galia</a>, bekas provinsi <a href="/wiki/Romawi_Kuno" title="Romawi Kuno">Romawi</a>. Kampanye militer Umayyah merangsek ke utara sampai Aquitaine dan <a href="/wiki/Bourgogne" title="Bourgogne">Burgundy</a>, termasuk pertempuran di <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> dan serangan ke <a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a>. Kemenangan Charles dianggap berhasil menghentikan penyebaran pasukan Umayyah ke utara dari Iberia, dan menyelamatkan <a href="/wiki/Kekristenan" title="Kekristenan">Kekristenan</a> Eropa di kala penguasa Islam menaklukkan sisa-sisa kekaisaran Roma dan <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Persia" title="Kekaisaran Persia">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kebanyakan sejarawan memperkirakan kedua balatentara bertempur di pertemuan sungai <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clain" class="extiw" title="en:Clain">Clain</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Vienne" title="Vienne">Vienne</a> antra Tours dan Poitiers. Jumlah pasukan kedua pihak tidak diketahui. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_Chronicle_of_754" class="extiw" title="en:Mozarabic Chronicle of 754">Riwayat Muzarab tahun 754</a></i>, sebuah narasumber Latin di masa itu yang menggambarkan pertempuran lebih detail dari sumber Latin atau Arab lainnya, mencatat "rakyat <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrasia" class="extiw" title="en:Austrasia">Austrasia</a> [balatentara Frank], dengan jumlah lebih besar dan senjata lebih berat, menewaskan sang raja, Abdurrahman",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sesuai dengan pendapat sejarawan Arab dan Muslim. Tetapi hampir semua sumber dari Barat tidak sependapat, dan memperkirakan jumlah pasukan Frank ada 30.000 orang, tidak sampai setengahnya pasukan Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa sejarawan modern, dengan memperkirakan kemampuan bangsa itu dan Martel sendiri, percaya bahwa jumlah pasukan Muslim melebihi pasukan Frank. Berdasarkan sumber Muslim dari zaman yang berbeda, Creasy memperkirakan pasukan Umayyah berjumlah 80.000 atau lebih. Tahun 1999, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_K._Davis_(historian)" class="extiw" title="en:Paul K. Davis (historian)">Paul K. Davis</a> memperkirakan pasukan Umayyah berjumlah 80.000 dan Frank sekitar 30.000,<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan mengutip sejarawan modern lainnya yang memperkirakan jumlah pasukan Umayyah di Tours antra 20–80.000.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis-105_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetapi, Edward J. Schoenfeld, (dengan menolak perkiraan lama yaitu 60–400.000 Umayyah dan 75.000 Frank), menyimpulkan "perkiraan bahwa Umayyah memiliki lebih dari lima puluh ribu pasukan (dan bahkan Frank lebih lagi) adalah mustahil dari sisi logistik."<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenfeld,_2001,_p._366_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenfeld,_2001,_p._366-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senada dengan itu, sejarawan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" class="extiw" title="en:Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a> percaya kedua pihak punya kekuatan kurang lebih sama, sekitar 30.000 orang.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jumlah korban juga tidak diketahui, tetapi para penulis kemudian mengklaim Charles Martel kehilangan 1.500 orang, sementara pasukan Umayyah menderita kerugian besar dengan kehilangan 375.000 orang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest Muslim source for this campaign is the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fut%C5%ABh_Mi%E1%B9%A3r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Futūh Miṣr (halaman belum tersedia)">Futūh Miṣr</a></i> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_%CA%BBAbd_al-%E1%B8%A4akam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam (halaman belum tersedia)">Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam</a> (c. 803-71) — see Watson, 1993 and Torrey, 1922.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanson, 2001, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oman, 1960, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Coppée writes, "The same name (see <i>ante</i>) was given to the battle of Toulouse and is applied to many other fields on which the Moslemah were defeated: they were always martyrs for the faith" (Coppée, 1881/2002, p. 13.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachrach, 2001, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fouracre, 2002, p. 87 citing the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vita_Eucherii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vita Eucherii (halaman belum tersedia)">Vita Eucherii</a></i>, ed. W. Levison, <i>Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum</i> VII, pp. 46–53, ch. 8, pp. 49–50; <i>Gesta Episcoporum Autissiodorensium</i>, extracts ed. G. Waitz, <i>Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores</i> XIII, pp. 394–400, ch. 27, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, 1999, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The patriotic and religious fresco project and its cultural implications are discussed by Albert Boime, <i>A Social History of Modern Art</i> 2004, pp 62ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194622/http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-9060566">"Battle of Tours (European history)"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-9060566">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Tours+%28European+history%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwa.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9060566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APertempuran+Tours" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, 2000, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Paul K. "100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-105-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis-105_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schoenfeld,_2001,_p._366-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schoenfeld,_2001,_p._366_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoenfeld, 2001, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanson-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanson, Victor Davis. "Culture and Carnage: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi_dan_bahan_bacaan">Referensi dan bahan bacaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi dan bahan bacaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tours&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi dan bahan bacaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/732tours.html">Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732: Three Accounts</a> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Medieval_Sourcebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Medieval Sourcebook (halaman belum tersedia)">Internet Medieval Sourcebook</a></li> <li>Bachrach, Bernard S (2001). <i>Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0812235339" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8122-3533-9</a></li> <li>Barbero, Alessandro (2004). <i>Charlemagne: Father of a Continent</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0520239431" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-520-23943-1</a></li> <li>Bede, Giles, John Allen, Stevens, John, Gurvey, Anna and Petrie, Henry (1847). <i>The Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England</i>. H. G. Bohn.</li> <li>Bennett, Bradsbury, Devries, Dickie and Jestice, <i>Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World</i></li> <li>Coppée, Henry (1881/2002). <i>History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors, With a Sketch of the Civilization Which They Achieved, and Imparted to Europe</i>. Vol II. Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1931956944" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-931956-94-4</a></li> <li>Cowley, Robert and Parker, Geoffrey (Eds.). (2001). <i>The Reader's Companion to Military History</i>. Houghton Mifflin Books. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0618127429" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-618-12742-9</a></li> <li>Creasy, Edward Shepherd (1851/2001). <i>Decisive Battles of the World</i>. Simon Publicatons. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1931541817" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-931541-81-7</a></li> <li>Davis, Paul K. (1999) "100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present" <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0195143663" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-514366-3</a></li> <li>Eggenberger, David (1985). <i>An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present</i>. Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0486249131" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-486-24913-1</a></li> <li>Fouracre, Paul (2000). <i>The Age of Charles Martel</i>. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0582064767" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-582-06476-7</a></li> <li>Gibbon, Edward <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://print.google.com/print?id=xqfhvfOhW3EC&dq=+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire+and+the+battle+of+tours,&oi=print&pg=PA392&sig=Jv43d1TFi_CI9fHPKIbtsHHsmy0&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26q%3D%2BDecline%2Band%2BFall%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRoman%2BEmpire%2Band%2Bthe%2Bbattle%2Bof%2Btours%252C%26btnG%3DSearch">The Battle of Tours</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Maret 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (halaman belum tersedia)">Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i></li> <li>Grant, Michael <i>History of Rome</i></li> <li>Grunebaum, Gustave von (2005). <i>Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D.</i> Aldine Transaction. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0202307670" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-202-30767-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor Davis</a>. <i>Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power</i>. Anchor Books, 2001. Published in the UK as <i>Why the West has Won</i>. Faber and Faber, 2001. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0571216404" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-571-21640-4</a></li> <li>Hitti, Philip Khuri (2002). <i>History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine</i>. Gorgias Press LLC. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1931956618" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-931956-61-8</a></li> <li>Hooker, Richard <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ISLAM/UMAY.HTM">"Civil War and the Umayyads"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205102618/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ISLAM/UMAY.HTM">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-02-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Lewis, Bernard (1994). <i>Islam and the West</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0195090616" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-509061-6</a></li> <li>Martin, Robert W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militaryhistory.about.com/b/a/118230.htm">"The Battle of Tours is still felt today"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051018154547/http://militaryhistory.about.com/b/a/118230.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-10-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., from <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">about.com</a></li> <li>Mastnak, Tomaž (2002). <i>Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0520226356" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-520-22635-6</a></li> <li>Oman, Charles W. (1960). <i>Art of War in the Middle Ages A. D. 378-1515</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0801490626" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8014-9062-6</a></li> <li>Poke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standin.se/fifteen07a.htm">The Battle of Tours</a>, from the book <i>Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World From Marathon to Waterloo by Sir Edward Creasy, MA</i></li> <li>Reagan, Geoffrey, <i>The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles</i>, Canopy Books, NY (1992) <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1558594310" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55859-431-0</a></li> <li>Riche, Paul (1993). <i>The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0812213424" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8122-1342-4</a></li> <li>Roberts, J.M. (2003) <i>The New History of the World</i> Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0195219279" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-521927-9</a></li> <li>Santosuosso, Anthony (2004). <i>Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels</i>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0813391539" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8133-9153-9</a></li> <li>Schoenfeld, Edward J. (2001). Battle of Poitiers. In Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker (Eds.). (2001). <i>The Reader's Companion to Military History</i> (p. 366). Houghton Mifflin Books. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0618127429" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-618-12742-9</a></li> <li>Torrey, Charles Cutler (1922). <i>The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam</i>. Yale University Press.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Tours.html">The Battle of Tours 732</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222114403/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Tours.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-02-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., from the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>" website: A division of the American-Israeli Cooperative.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayBattle.cfm?BID=250">Tours, Poiters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020128121614/http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayBattle.cfm?BID=250">Diarsipkan</a> 2002-01-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., from "Leaders and Battles Database" online.</li> <li>Watson, William E., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/watson2.htm">"The Battle of Tours-Poitiers Revisited"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921205841/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/watson2.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-09-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>Providence: Studies in Western Civilization</i>, 2 (1993)</li> <li>Wolf, Kenneth Baxter (2000). <i>Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain</i>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0853235546" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85323-554-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173077#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173077#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173077#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4428752-5">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX555007">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121256288">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121256288">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85103964">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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