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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Giganta" title="Giganta">Giganta</a>.</div> <p><b>Gigarta</b> (also known as <b>Gigartus</b> in classical sources) was an ancient settlement in northern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. Noted primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Museiliha_inscription" title="Museiliha inscription">Museiliha inscription</a> found in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Mseilha_Fort" title="Mseilha Fort">Mseilha Fort</a>, Gigarta appears to have been involved in a territorial dispute with <a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Caesarea ad Libanum</a> (modern Arqa) during the first century AD. Historical accounts suggest that Gigarta's status was below that of a fully developed Roman city (<i><a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a></i>), yet above that of a minor settlement or hamlet (<i><a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vicus</a></i>). Gigarta's precise location remains unknown; scholars have speculated that it may correspond to either modern-day Gharzouz, <a href="/wiki/Zgharta" title="Zgharta">Zgharta</a>, or Hannouch, all localities in <a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon" title="North Lebanon">North Lebanon</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#In_ancient_sources"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">In ancient sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Interpretation_and_location"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Interpretation and location</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_ancient_sources">In ancient sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gigarta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In ancient sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The precise location of Gigarta remains debated among scholars due to scarce archaeological evidence directly linked to the site; information about the settlement comes from <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> and ancient texts suggesting it was situated on the western foothills of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliquot20097777–78_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliquot20097777%E2%80%9378-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First century AD Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> refers the place as "Gigartus", one of the strongholds of the "<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Itureans</a>", and describes its location as being on the slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Libanus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrabo201916.2.18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrabo201916.2.18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> writing in the first century AD, situated Gigarta between <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripolis</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder20195.17.12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder20195.17.12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenan1864149_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenan1864149-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Museiliha_inscription" title="Museiliha inscription">Museiliha inscription</a> referencing Gigarta was discovered in Aabrine, south of the promontory of <a href="/wiki/Ras_ash-Shaq%27a" title="Ras ash-Shaq'a">Ras ash-Shaq'a</a>. It was reported to have been transported from its findspot in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Mseilha_Fort" title="Mseilha Fort">Mseilha Fort</a>. This inscription, now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre Museum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouvre_Museum2024_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouvre_Museum2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsenHirschfeldDomaszewski187331insc._183_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenHirschfeldDomaszewski187331insc._183-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in Latin and records a boundary-marking operation between <a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Caesarea ad Libanum</a> and the people of Gigarta, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vicus</a></i> (village) of the <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidonians</a>, on the order of a procurator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenan1864149_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenan1864149-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsenHirschfeldDomaszewski187331insc._183_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenHirschfeldDomaszewski187331insc._183-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gigarta does not appear to have attained the status of a <i>civitas</i>, even during the early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine period</a> (330–717). Byzantine geographer <a href="/wiki/George_of_Cyprus" title="George of Cyprus">George of Cyprus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_of_Cyprus1890185977_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_of_Cyprus1890185977-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing as late as the early seventh century, still referred to it as a village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliquot200977_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliquot200977-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Interpretation_and_location">Interpretation and location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gigarta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interpretation and location" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>French orientalist <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> suggested that Gigarta is modern Gharzouz,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenan1864149_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenan1864149-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while French archeologist <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dussaud" title="René Dussaud">René Dussaud</a> proposed present-day <a href="/wiki/Zgharta" title="Zgharta">Zgharta</a>, based on proximity and descriptions from ancient texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDussaud192782_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDussaud192782-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research by Lebanese archaeologist Hassan Salame-Sarkis proposes that Gigarta may correspond to the location of the site known as Hannouch (or Selaata) situated on the coast close to Batroun. Sarkis based his identification of Gigarta on findings that include remnants of a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> basilica and other ancient structures in Hannouch, suggesting historical importance that aligns with accounts of Gigarta. He posits that Hannouch's proximity to the ancient route to Arqa, along with its closeness to the findspot of the Museiliha inscription, supports the identification of Hannouch with the ancient settlement of Gigarta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalame-Sarkis2005182_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalame-Sarkis2005182-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to French historian Julien Aliquot, Gigarta was a settlement of greater statutory importance than a <i>vicus</i> but of lower rank than a city: it was probably the capital of a more or less fragmented canton or <a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">pagus</a>, comprising one or more <i>vici</i>, including the one called "vicus of the Sidonians" mentioned in the Museiliha inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliquot200977–78_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliquot200977%E2%80%9378-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gigarta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gigarta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliquot20097777–78-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliquot20097777%E2%80%9378_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAliquot2009">Aliquot 2009</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrabo201916.2.18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrabo201916.2.18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrabo2019">Strabo 2019</a>, 16.2.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder20195.17.12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder20195.17.12_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Elder2019">Pliny the Elder 2019</a>, 5.17.12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenan1864149-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenan1864149_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenan1864149_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenan1864149_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenan1864">Renan 1864</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouvre_Museum2024-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouvre_Museum2024_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouvre_Museum2024">Louvre Museum 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenHirschfeldDomaszewski187331insc._183-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsenHirschfeldDomaszewski187331insc._183_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsenHirschfeldDomaszewski187331insc._183_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMommsenHirschfeldDomaszewski1873">Mommsen, Hirschfeld & Domaszewski 1873</a>, p. 31, insc. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_of_Cyprus1890185977-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_of_Cyprus1890185977_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_of_Cyprus1890">George of Cyprus 1890</a>, p. 185, 977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliquot200977-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliquot200977_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAliquot2009">Aliquot 2009</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDussaud192782-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDussaud192782_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDussaud1927">Dussaud 1927</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalame-Sarkis2005182-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalame-Sarkis2005182_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalame-Sarkis2005">Salame-Sarkis 2005</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliquot200977–78-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliquot200977%E2%80%9378_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAliquot2009">Aliquot 2009</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gigarta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAliquot2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aliquot, Julien (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/1411"><i>La Vie religieuse au Liban sous l'Empire romain</i></a>. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-299-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-299-1"><bdi>978-2-35159-299-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Vie+religieuse+au+Liban+sous+l%27Empire+romain&rft.place=Beyrouth&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+arch%C3%A9ologique+et+historique&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Ifpo&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35159-299-1&rft.aulast=Aliquot&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F1411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGigarta" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDussaud1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dussaud, René (1927). "Chapitre II. De Tripoli à Carné. — L'Émésène" [Chapter II. From Tripoli to Karnos. - The Emesene]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/3699#anchor-toc-1-1"><i>Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale</i></a> [<i>Historical topography of ancient and medieval Syria</i>]. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 75–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-464-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-464-3"><bdi>978-2-35159-464-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapitre+II.+De+Tripoli+%C3%A0+Carn%C3%A9.+%E2%80%94+L%E2%80%99%C3%89m%C3%A9s%C3%A8ne&rft.btitle=Topographie+historique+de+la+Syrie+antique+et+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale&rft.place=Beyrouth&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+arch%C3%A9ologique+et+historique&rft.pages=75-115&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Ifpo&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=978-2-35159-464-3&rft.aulast=Dussaud&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F3699%23anchor-toc-1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGigarta" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_of_Cyprus1890" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">George of Cyprus (1890) [7th century AD]. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gelzer" title="Heinrich Gelzer">Gelzer, Heinrich</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pH47AQAAMAAJ"><i>Descriptio Orbis Romani</i></a> [<i>The Description of the Roman World</i>] (in Latin). B. G. Teubneri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptio+Orbis+Romani&rft.pub=B.+G.+Teubneri&rft.date=1890&rft.au=George+of+Cyprus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_pH47AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGigarta" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouvre_Museum2024" class="citation web cs1">Louvre Museum (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010277373">"inscription ; borne"</a>. <i>Louvre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louvre&rft.atitle=inscription+%3B+borne&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Louvre+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Fark%3A%2F53355%2Fcl010277373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGigarta" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMommsenHirschfeldDomaszewski1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mommsen, Theodor; Hirschfeld, Otto; Domaszewski, Alfredus (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xOmnCwwDHMC"><i>Inscriptiones Asiae provinciarum Europae Graecarum Illyrici Latinae</i></a> (in Latin). Georgius Reimerus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptiones+Asiae+provinciarum+Europae+Graecarum+Illyrici+Latinae&rft.pub=Georgius+Reimerus&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft.au=Hirschfeld%2C+Otto&rft.au=Domaszewski%2C+Alfredus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xOmnCwwDHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGigarta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder2019" class="citation web cs1">Pliny the Elder (2019) [First century AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/148">"Natural History"</a>. <i>ToposText</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ToposText&rft.atitle=Natural+History&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopostext.org%2Fwork%2F148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGigarta" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenan1864" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan, Ernest</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5529563s"><i>Mission de Phénicie Dirigée par M. Ernest Renan</i></a> [<i>Mission to Phoenicia, directed by Mr. Ernest Renan</i>] (in French). Paris: Imprimerie impériale. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/763570479">763570479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+de+Ph%C3%A9nicie+Dirig%C3%A9e+par+M.+Ernest+Renan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Imprimerie+imp%C3%A9riale&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F763570479&rft.aulast=Renan&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5529563s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGigarta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalame-Sarkis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Salame-Sarkis, Hassan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_2005_num_82_1_8689">"Le dieu de Râs ach-Chaq'a-Théouprosopon"</a>. <i>Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire</i>. <b>82</b> (1): 173–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fsyria.2005.8689">10.3406/syria.2005.8689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syria.+Arch%C3%A9ologie%2C+Art+et+histoire&rft.atitle=Le+dieu+de+R%C3%A2s+ach-Chaq%27a-Th%C3%A9ouprosopon&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=173-188&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fsyria.2005.8689&rft.aulast=Salame-Sarkis&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fsyria_0039-7946_2005_num_82_1_8689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGigarta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo2019" class="citation web cs1">Strabo (2019) [First century AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/144#16.2.18">"Geography"</a>. <i>ToposText</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ToposText&rft.atitle=Geography&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopostext.org%2Fwork%2F144%2316.2.18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGigarta" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigarta&oldid=1261150778">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigarta&oldid=1261150778</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Gigarta&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="William Avery" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1733324539"> <span>Last edited on 4 December 2024, at 15:02</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"></ul> <p>This page is not available in other languages.</p> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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