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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Vietnamees" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Vietnamees" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Vietnamees" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classificatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spreiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spreiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spreiding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spreiding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Spreiding-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spreiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Officiële_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officiële_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Officiële status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officiële_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialecten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialecten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dialecten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialecten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klanken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klanken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Klanken</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klanken-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Klanken-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klanken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klinkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klinkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Klinkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klinkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tonen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medeklinkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medeklinkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Medeklinkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medeklinkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammatica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammatica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Grammatica-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammatica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buiging_en_afleiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buiging_en_afleiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Buiging en afleiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buiging_en_afleiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topic-commentstructuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topic-commentstructuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Topic-comment</i>structuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topic-commentstructuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasserende_lidwoorden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasserende_lidwoorden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Klasserende lidwoorden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasserende_lidwoorden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voornaamwoorden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voornaamwoorden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Voornaamwoorden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voornaamwoorden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verdubbeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verdubbeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Verdubbeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verdubbeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buitenlandse_plaatsnamen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buitenlandse_plaatsnamen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Buitenlandse plaatsnamen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buitenlandse_plaatsnamen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schrift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schrift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Schrift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schrift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computerondersteuning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computerondersteuning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Computerondersteuning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computerondersteuning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorbeelden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorbeelden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voorbeelden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voorbeelden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Voorbeelden-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voorbeelden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nederlandse_vertaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nederlandse_vertaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Nederlandse vertaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nederlandse_vertaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vietnamees</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 140 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Wat_Tunong" title="Bahsa Wat Tunong – Atjehs" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Wat Tunong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atjehs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%ABtnamees" title="Viëtnamees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Viëtnamees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AC%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%9B" title="ቬትናምኛ – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቬትናምኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वियतनामी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वियतनामी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الفيتنامية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الفيتنامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89" title="ڤييتنامى – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤييتنامى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C3%ADn" title="Vietnamín – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vietnamín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam_dili" title="Vyetnam dili – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vyetnam dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Вьетнам теле – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вьетнам теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Vi%C3%A9tnam" title="Basa Viétnam – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Viétnam" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Bietnamita" title="Tataramon na Bietnamita – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Bietnamita" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="В’етнамская мова – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="В’етнамская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Віетнамская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Віетнамская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Виетнамски език – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виетнамски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ভিয়েতনামী ভাষা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিয়েতনামী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnameg" title="Vietnameg – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vietnameg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamita" title="Vietnamita – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%8Fk-n%C3%A0ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Uŏk-nàng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uŏk-nàng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Вьетнамхойн мотт – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вьетнамхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binyetnamita" title="Binyetnamita – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Binyetnamita" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C%DB%8E%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زمانی ڤیێتنامی – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ڤیێتنامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C5%A1tina" title="Vietnamština – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vietnamština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fietnameg" title="Fietnameg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fietnameg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesisk_(sprog)" title="Vietnamesisk (sprog) – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vietnamesisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesische_Sprache" title="Vietnamesische Sprache – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vietnamesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamki" title="Vietnamki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vietnamki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Βιετναμική γλώσσα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιετναμική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vietnamese language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnama_lingvo" title="Vjetnama lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vjetnama lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_vietnamita" title="Idioma vietnamita – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnami_keel" title="Vietnami keel – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vietnami keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamera" title="Vietnamera – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vietnamera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_vietnamita" title="Luenga vietnamita – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زبان ویتنامی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ویتنامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamin_kieli" title="Vietnamin kieli – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vietnamin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamien" title="Vietnamien – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vietnamien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAtnamien" title="Viêtnamien – Arpitaans" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Viêtnamien" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjetnameesk_spriak" title="Wjetnameesk spriak – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wjetnameesk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_V%C3%ADtneaimis" title="An Vítneaimis – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Vítneaimis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_vietnamita" title="Lingua vietnamita – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%CC%8Dt-n%C3%A0m-ng%C3%AE" title="Ye̍t-nàm-ngî – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ye̍t-nàm-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="וייטנאמית – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וייטנאמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वियतनामी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वियतनामी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_bhasa" title="Vietnamese bhasa – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vietnamese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijetnamski_jezik" title="Vijetnamski jezik – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vijetnamski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Vietnamšćina – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Vietnamšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietn%C3%A1mi_nyelv" title="Vietnámi nyelv – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vietnámi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Վիետնամերեն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիետնամերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Vietnam" title="Jaku Vietnam – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Bietnamis" title="Pagsasao a Bietnamis – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Bietnamis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamana_linguo" title="Vietnamana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vietnamana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADetnamska" title="Víetnamska – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Víetnamska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_vietnamita" title="Lingua vietnamita – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0%E8%AA%9E" title="ベトナム語 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベトナム語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Vi%C3%A8tnam" title="Basa Viètnam – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Viètnam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ვიეტნამური ენა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიეტნამური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%A9y%C9%9Bt%C9%A9nam%C9%A9y%C9%9B_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Fɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вьетнам тілі – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вьетнам тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="ភាសាវៀតណាម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាវៀតណាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಮಿನ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಮಿನ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8%EC%96%B4" title="베트남어 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베트남어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_viyetnam%C3%AE" title="Zimanê viyetnamî – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê viyetnamî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Въет кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Въет кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вьетнам тили – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вьетнам тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Vietnamensis" title="Lingua Vietnamensis – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Vietnamensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_vietnameza" title="Lingua vietnameza – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua vietnameza" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_(lingua)" title="Viet (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Viet (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamees" title="Vietnamees – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vietnamees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ພາສາຫວຽດນາມ – Laotiaans" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຫວຽດນາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laotiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Vietnamiečių kalba – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vietnamiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnamie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Vjetnamiešu valoda – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vjetnamiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_vietnamiana" title="Fiteny vietnamiana – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny vietnamiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Whitin%C4%81mu" title="Reo Whitināmu – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Whitināmu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Виетнамски јазик – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виетнамски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Вьетнам хэл – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вьетнам хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯚꯤꯌꯦꯠꯅꯥꯃꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Meitei" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯤꯌꯦꯠꯅꯥꯃꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Meitei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="व्हियेतनामी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हियेतनामी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဗီယက်နမ်ဘာသာစကား – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗီယက်နမ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ویتنامی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویتنامی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भियतनामी भाषा – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भियतनामी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भियतनामी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भियतनामी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesisk" title="Vietnamesisk – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vietnamesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesisk" title="Vietnamesisk – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vietnamesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamian" title="Vietnamian – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vietnamian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Вьетнамаг æвзаг – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вьетнамаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wietnamski" title="Język wietnamski – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wietnamski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_vietnam%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga vietnamèisa – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga vietnamèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ویتنامی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویتنامی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ويتنامي ژبه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويتنامي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_vietnamita" title="Língua vietnamita – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witnam_simi" title="Witnam simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Witnam simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_vietnamez%C4%83" title="Limba vietnameză – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba vietnameză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Вьетнамский язык – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вьетнамский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वियतनामीभाषा – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वियतनामीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вьетнам тыла – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вьетнам тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_leid" title="Vietnamese leid – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vietnamese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ويتنامي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويتنامي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijetnamski_jezik" title="Vijetnamski jezik – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vijetnamski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vietnamese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C4%8Dina" title="Vietnamčina – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vietnamčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Vietnamščina – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vietnamščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Viatename" title="Faʻa Viatename – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Viatename" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivhiyetinamu" title="Chivhiyetinamu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chivhiyetinamu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_vietnameze" title="Gjuha vietnameze – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha vietnameze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Вијетнамски језик – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вијетнамски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Vi%C3%A9tnam" title="Basa Viétnam – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Viétnam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesiska" title="Vietnamesiska – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vietnamesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivietnam" title="Kivietnam – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kivietnam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjetnamsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Wjetnamskŏ gŏdka – Silezisch" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wjetnamskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silezisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="வியட்நாமிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியட்நாமிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="వియత్నామీస్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వియత్నామీస్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Забони вйетнамӣ – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони вйетнамӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="ภาษาเวียดนาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเวียดนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Biyetnamita" title="Wikang Biyetnamita – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Biyetnamita" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnami_zyvon" title="Vjetnami zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Vjetnami zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Vietnam" title="Tok Vietnam – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamca" title="Vietnamca – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vietnamca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Вьет теле – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вьет теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ۋيېتنام تىلى – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋيېتنام تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%27%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="В'єтнамська мова – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="В'єтнамська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ویتنامی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویتنامی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam_tili" title="Vyetnam tili – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vyetnam tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Tiếng Việt – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Việt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Vietnamänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vietnamänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyetnamita" title="Biyetnamita – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyetnamita" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" title="越南語 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="越南語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ვიეტნამური ნინა – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიეტნამური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="וויעטנאמעזיש – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויעטנאמעזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Fi%E1%BA%B9tn%C3%A1m" title="Èdè Fiẹtnám – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Fiẹtnám" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Yiednamz" title="Vah Yiednamz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Yiednamz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="越南语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" title="越南語 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="越南語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oa%CC%8Dt-l%C3%A2m-g%C3%BA" title="Oa̍t-lâm-gú – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oa̍t-lâm-gú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87" title="越南文 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="越南文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamees" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Overleg:Vietnamees" rel="discussion" title="Overleg over deze pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div 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accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/Vietnamees" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/Vietnamees" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:SpecialePaginas" title="Lijst met alle speciale pagina's [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciale pagina's</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&oldid=67513269" title="Permanente koppeling naar deze versie van deze pagina"><span>Permanente koppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=info" title="Meer informatie over deze pagina"><span>Paginagegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Vietnamees<br />tiếng Việt </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gesproken in </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">VS</a>, Zuid-<a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodja" title="Cambodja">Cambodja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Frankrijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB_(land)" title="Australië (land)">Australië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, en enkele andere landen </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sprekers </th> <td colspan="2">70 miljoen </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rang </th> <td colspan="2">14 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taalfamilie" title="Taalfamilie">Taalfamilie</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Austroaziatische_talen" title="Austroaziatische talen">Austroaziatisch</a> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmertalen" title="Mon-Khmertalen">Mon-Khmer</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet-Muongtalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viet-Muongtalen (de pagina bestaat niet)">Viet-Muong</a> <dl><dd><b>Vietnamees</b></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet (hoofdbetekenis)">Alfabet</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamees_alfabet" title="Vietnamees alfabet">Vietnamees alfabet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3">Officiële status </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Offici%C3%ABle_taal" title="Officiële taal">Officieel in</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Vietnam"><img alt="Vlag van Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam (hoofdbetekenis)">Vietnam</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taalunie" title="Taalunie">Taalorganisatie</a> </th> <td colspan="2">- </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3">Taalcodes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>-1 </th> <td colspan="2">vi </td></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-2 </th> <td colspan="2">vie </td></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-3 </th> <td colspan="2">vie </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Taal" title="Portaal:Taal">Taal</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#CCCCFF; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Naam (taalvarianten) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_ng%E1%BB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Quốc ngữ">quốc ngữ</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span lang="vi" title="Vietnamees">tiếng Việt</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">IPA</a> </th> <td colspan="2">[tiɜŋ₃₅ vḭɜt₃₁]<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_n%C3%B4m" class="mw-redirect" title="Chữ nôm">chữ nôm</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span lang="vi" title="Vietnamees">㗂越</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Han_tu" class="mw-redirect" title="Han tu">hán tự</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span lang="vi-Hani" title="Vietnamees">越南語</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Letterlijke vertaling </th> <td colspan="2">spreken, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamezen" title="Vietnamezen">Vietnamezen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#CCCCFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Taal" title="Portaal:Taal">Taal</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Vietnamees</b>, een <a href="/wiki/Toontaal" title="Toontaal">toontaal</a>, is de officiële taal van <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Het is de moedertaal van 87% van de bevolking van Vietnam en van ongeveer twee miljoen Vietnamese emigranten. Hoewel het veel <a href="/wiki/Leenwoord" title="Leenwoord">leenwoorden</a> uit het <a href="/wiki/Chinese_talen" title="Chinese talen">Chinees</a> bevat en het oorspronkelijk werd geschreven met Chinese karakters, wordt het gerekend tot de <a href="/wiki/Austroaziatische_talen" title="Austroaziatische talen">Austroaziatische talen</a>. Van deze talengroep heeft het Vietnamees de meeste sprekers (tien keer zo veel als het <a href="/wiki/Khmer_(taal)" title="Khmer (taal)">Khmer</a>, de taal die wat het aantal sprekers betreft op de tweede plaats staat). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat – in een ver verleden – het Vietnamees meer gemeen had met andere talen in de Austroaziatische taalfamilie, zoals buiging en een groter aantal medeklinkerclusters. Deze zijn geleidelijk aan uit de taal verdwenen. Het Vietnamees is waarschijnlijk sterk beïnvloed door zijn locatie in de Zuid-Aziatische <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a>. Hierdoor heeft het enkele karakteristieken gekregen van een isolerende taal <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(taalkunde)" title="Morfologie (taalkunde)">morfologie</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonogenese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonogenese (de pagina bestaat niet)">tonogenese</a>. Het is niet geheel zeker of deze kenmerken misschien al niet eigen waren aan het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Austroaziatisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Austroaziatisch (de pagina bestaat niet)">Proto-Austroaziatisch</a>, maar ze kunnen worden teruggevonden in diverse andere, filologisch ongerelateerde talen uit Zuidoost-Azië. Zo hebben zowel het <a href="/wiki/Thai_(taal)" title="Thai (taal)">Thai</a> (een <a href="/wiki/Tai-Kadaitalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai-Kadaitalen">Tai-Kadaitaal</a>), het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsat (de pagina bestaat niet)">Tsat</a> (een <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesische_talen" title="Malayo-Polynesische talen">Malayo-Polynesische taal</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Austronesische_talen" title="Austronesische talen">Austronesische taalfamilie</a>), als het Vietnamees tonen ontwikkeld als fonemisch kenmerk, hoewel de talen waar ze van afstammen, dit kenmerk oorspronkelijk niet hadden. </p><p>De "voorvader" van de Vietnamese taal werd oorspronkelijk gesproken in de regio van de <a href="/wiki/Rode_Rivier" title="Rode Rivier">Rode Rivier</a> in wat nu noordelijk Vietnam is. Gedurende de expansie van het Vietnamees en het Vietnamese volk naar het huidige centraal en zuidelijk Vietnam (door verovering van de oude natie <a href="/wiki/Champa" class="mw-redirect" title="Champa">Champa</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Khmer_(volk)" title="Khmer (volk)">Khmervolk</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekongdelta</a> in de buurt van waar nu <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minhstad" title="Ho Chi Minhstad">Ho Chi Minhstad</a> ligt) is de taal beïnvloed door Indische en Malayo-Polynesische talen. </p><p>Rond het midden van het eerste millennium van onze jaartelling kreeg het <a href="/wiki/Chinese_talen" title="Chinese talen">Chinees</a> in politiek opzicht een dominante positie. Hierdoor kreeg het Vietnamees er een groot aantal Chinese leenwoorden bij, terwijl er ook sprake was van een tamelijk grote invloed op <a href="/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica">grammatica</a>. Het Chinees was in Vietnam lange tijd het enige medium van <a href="/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur">literatuur</a> en de taal van het bestuur, zodat deze taal veel invloed uitoefende op de heersende klasse, zodat een groot deel van de Vietnamese woordenschat tegenwoordig bestaat uit Sino-Vietnamese woorden of <i>chữ Hán Việt</i>. </p><p>Rond het begin van het tweede millennium won het Vietnamees stilaan aan prestige. De taal werd toen geschreven met <a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">Chinese karakters</a> die zijn aangepast voor het Vietnamees (zie <i><a href="/wiki/Chu_nom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu nom">Chữ nôm</a></i>) – vergelijkbaar met het <a href="/wiki/Japans" title="Japans">Japanse</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Koreaans" title="Koreaans">Koreaanse</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> en de schriften van enkele andere talen uit de Chinese culturele invloedssfeer. Het <i>nôm</i>-schrift was op zijn hoogtepunt in de <a href="/wiki/18e_eeuw" title="18e eeuw">18e eeuw</a>, toen heel wat Vietnamese schrijvers en dichters hun werken schreven in het <i>chữ nôm</i> – bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Du" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Du">Nguyễn Du</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_Xuan_Huong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ho Xuan Huong (de pagina bestaat niet)">Hồ Xuân Hương</a> bijgenaamd "de Koningin van de <i>nôm</i>-poëzie. </p><p>Toen er steeds veelvuldiger contacten met West-Europa kwamen, werd in de <a href="/wiki/17e_eeuw" title="17e eeuw">17e eeuw</a> een transcriptie in het <a href="/wiki/Latijns_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latijns alfabet">Latijnse alfabet</a> ontwikkeld – <i><a href="/wiki/Quoc_ngu" class="mw-redirect" title="Quoc ngu">quốc ngữ</a></i> – door Portugezen en andere Europeanen die bezig waren met kerstening of handel in Vietnam. Toen Frankrijk Vietnam in de late <a href="/wiki/19e_eeuw" title="19e eeuw">19e eeuw</a> veroverde, ging het <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> het Chinees als officiële taal in onderwijs en regering vervangen. Het Vietnamees nam toen ook veel Franse woorden over, zoals <i>đầm</i> (dame), <i>ga</i> (treinstation) en <i>va-li</i> (valise). Daarbij werden er ook heel wat nieuwe Sino-Vietnamese woorden gecreëerd voor westerse ideeën die de Fransen met zich meebrachten. Het gelatiniseerde <i>quoc ngu</i> kreeg echter pas in het begin van de <a href="/wiki/20e_eeuw" title="20e eeuw">20e eeuw</a> de overhand, toen het onderwijs wijder verspreid werd en dit eenvoudiger schrift geschikter werd bevonden voor onderwijs aan en communicatie met de bevolking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificatie">Classificatie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Classificatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Classificatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Vietnamees maakt deel uit van de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet-Muongtalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viet-Muongtalen (de pagina bestaat niet)">Viet-Muonggroep</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmertalen" title="Mon-Khmertalen">Mon-Khmertak</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Austroaziatische_talen" title="Austroaziatische talen">Austroaziatische taalfamilie</a>. Deze familie bevat ook het <a href="/wiki/Khmer_(taal)" title="Khmer (taal)">Khmer</a>, dat wordt gesproken in <a href="/wiki/Cambodja" title="Cambodja">Cambodja</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spreiding">Spreiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spreiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Spreiding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volgens <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wordt het Vietnamees ook gesproken in <a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB_(land)" title="Australië (land)">Australië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodja" title="Cambodja">Cambodja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipijnen" title="Filipijnen">de Filipijnen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Frankrijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivoorkust" title="Ivoorkust">Ivoorkust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nieuw-Caledoni%C3%AB_(territorium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuw-Caledonië (territorium)">Nieuw-Caledonië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noorwegen" title="Noorwegen">Noorwegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk">Verenigd Koninkrijk</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a> en in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officiële_status"><span id="Offici.C3.ABle_status"></span>Officiële status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Officiële status" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Officiële status"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Vietnamees is de officiële taal van <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialecten">Dialecten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Dialecten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Dialecten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Er zijn heel wat dialecten. De sprekers ervan verstaan elkaar gemakkelijk genoeg. De voornaamste drie zijn: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Moderne naam</th> <th>Dialect van</th> <th>Oude naam </th></tr> <tr> <td>Noord-Vietnamees</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi (Hànội)</a></td> <td>Tonkinees </td></tr> <tr> <td>Centraal-Vietnamees</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Hué">Hué (Huế)</a></td> <td>Hoog <a href="/wiki/Annam" class="mw-redirect" title="Annam">Annamees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zuid-Vietnamees</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minhstad" title="Ho Chi Minhstad">Saigon (Sàigòn)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochin_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin China">Cochinchinees</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Deze dialecten verschillen lichtjes in toon, hoewel het <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> van Hué ietwat meer verschilt van de andere. Het verschil tussen de hỏi- en de ngã-tonen is meer geprononceerd in de noordelijke dan in de zuidelijke dialecten. De huidige standaarduitspraak en –spelling zijn gebaseerd op het dialect van een geschoolde spreker van Hanoi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klanken">Klanken</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Klanken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Klanken"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Voor een gedetailleerdere beschrijving van de Vietnamese klankeninventaris (in fonetisch schrift), zie <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_fonologie" title="Vietnamese fonologie">Vietnamese fonologie</a>.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klinkers">Klinkers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Klinkers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Klinkers"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zoals andere Zuidoost-Aziatische talen heeft het Vietnamees een relatief groot aantal <a href="/wiki/Klinker_(klank)" title="Klinker (klank)">klinkers</a> (zoals ook het <a href="/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands">Nederlands</a>). Onderstaand is een tabel van de klinkers zoals ze voorkomen en worden uitgesproken in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>. In andere regio's van Vietnam kan dit anders in elkaar zitten. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Voor </th> <th>Centraal </th> <th>Achter </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Hoog</b> </td> <td align="center">i </td> <td align="center">ư </td> <td align="center">u </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Middenhoog</b> </td> <td align="center">ê </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">ô </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Middenlaag</b> </td> <td align="center">e </td> <td align="center">ơ <i>/</i> â </td> <td align="center">o </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Laag</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">a <i>/</i> ă </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Alle klinkers zijn ongerond, behalve <i><b>u</b></i>, <i><b>ô</b></i>, en <i><b>o</b></i>. De klinkers <i><b>â</b></i> en <i><b>ă</b></i> worden veel korter uitgesproken dan de andere klinkers. <i><b>Ơ</b></i> en <i><b>â</b></i> worden dus feitelijk op dezelfde manier uitgesproken, behalve dat <i><b>ơ</b></i> lang is en <i><b>â</b></i> kort – idem dito voor <i><b>a</b></i> (lang) en <i><b>ă</b></i> (kort). </p><p>De relatie tussen spelling en uitspraak is redelijk complex. Zo wordt <i><b>i</b></i> bijvoorbeeld vaak geschreven als <i><b>y</b></i>. </p><p>Naast deze zuivere klinkers heeft het Vietnamees heel wat <a href="/wiki/Tweeklank_(taalkunde)" title="Tweeklank (taalkunde)">tweeklanken</a>. Drie hiervan bestaan uit een <i>klinker plus <b>â</b></i>. Deze zijn <i><b>iâ</b></i> (geschreven als <i>ia</i> of <i>iê</i>), <i><b>uâ</b></i> (geschreven als <i>ua</i> of <i>uô</i>) en <i><b>ưâ</b></i> (geschreven als <i>ưa</i> of <i>ươ</i>). De eerste spellingswijze tussen de haakjes wordt gebruikt aan het eind van een lettergreep, de tweede enkel als er nog een medeklinker achter komt. De andere tweeklanken bestaan uit een <i>klinker plus een <a href="/wiki/Halfklinker" title="Halfklinker">halfklinker</a></i>. De twee halfklinkers die voorkomen zijn /j/ (<i>y</i> of <i>i</i>) en /w/ (<i>u</i> of <i>o</i>). Deze halfklinkers kunnen volgen op de drie eerste tweeklanken, zodat <a href="/wiki/Drieklank" class="mw-redirect" title="Drieklank">drieklanken</a> ontstaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonen">Tonen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Tonen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Tonen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In het Vietnamees worden alle klinkers uitgesproken met een inherente <a href="/wiki/Toontaal" title="Toontaal">toon</a>. Deze onderscheiden zich in: </p> <ul><li>toonhoogte</li> <li>lengte</li> <li>melodie</li> <li>intensiteit</li> <li>glottaliteit (met of zonder opgespannen stembanden)</li></ul> <p>Toon wordt aangeduid door <a href="/wiki/Diakritisch_teken" title="Diakritisch teken">diakritische tekens</a> boven of onder de klinker. De zes tonen in de noordelijke dialecten (waaronder dat van Hanoi) zijn: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Naam </th> <th>Beschrijving </th> <th>Diakritisch<br />teken </th> <th>Voorbeeld </th> <th>Audio </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>ngang</b></i>   'vlak' </td> <td>hoog en vlak </td> <td align="center"><small>(geen)</small> </td> <td><i>ma</i>  'geest' </td> <td align="center"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7b\/Vi_ngang_tone.ogg\/Vi_ngang_tone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"a"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"nl","wikibase":"","file":"Vi ngang tone.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Vi_ngang_tone.ogg/Vi_ngang_tone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Geluid afspelen" title="Geluid afspelen" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">a</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Vi_ngang_tone.ogg" title="Bestand:Vi ngang tone.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>huyền</b></i>   'hangend' </td> <td>laag en dalend </td> <td align="center"><b>`</b> </td> <td><i>mà</i>  'maar' </td> <td align="center"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c5\/Vi_huyen_tone.ogg\/Vi_huyen_tone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u00e0"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"nl","wikibase":"","file":"Vi huyen tone.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Vi_huyen_tone.ogg/Vi_huyen_tone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Geluid afspelen" title="Geluid afspelen" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">à</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Vi_huyen_tone.ogg" title="Bestand:Vi huyen tone.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>sắc</b></i>   'scherp' </td> <td>hoog en stijgend </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><i>má</i>  'wang, moeder (zuidelijk)' </td> <td align="center"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f5\/Vi_sac_tone.ogg\/Vi_sac_tone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u00e1"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"nl","wikibase":"","file":"Vi sac tone.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Vi_sac_tone.ogg/Vi_sac_tone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Geluid afspelen" title="Geluid afspelen" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">á</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Vi_sac_tone.ogg" title="Bestand:Vi sac tone.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>hỏi</b></i>   'vragend' </td> <td>duikend en stijgend </td> <td align="center"><b> ̛</b> </td> <td><i>mả</i>  'tombe, graf' </td> <td align="center"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e9\/Vi_hoi_tone.ogg\/Vi_hoi_tone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u1ea3"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"nl","wikibase":"","file":"Vi hoi tone.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Vi_hoi_tone.ogg/Vi_hoi_tone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Geluid afspelen" title="Geluid afspelen" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">ả</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Vi_hoi_tone.ogg" title="Bestand:Vi hoi tone.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>ngã</b></i>   'duikelend' </td> <td>gebroken en stijgend </td> <td align="center"><b>˜</b> </td> <td><i>mã</i>  'paard (Sino-Vietnamees), code' </td> <td align="center"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/73\/Vi_nga_tone.ogg\/Vi_nga_tone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u00e3"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"nl","wikibase":"","file":"Vi nga tone.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Vi_nga_tone.ogg/Vi_nga_tone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Geluid afspelen" title="Geluid afspelen" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">ã</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Vi_nga_tone.ogg" title="Bestand:Vi nga tone.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>nặng</b></i>   'zwaar' </td> <td>gespannen </td> <td align="center"><b> ̣</b> </td> <td><i>mạ</i>  'jonge rijstplant' </td> <td align="center"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d3\/Vi_nang_tone.ogg\/Vi_nang_tone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u1ea1"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"nl","wikibase":"","file":"Vi nang tone.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Vi_nang_tone.ogg/Vi_nang_tone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Geluid afspelen" title="Geluid afspelen" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">ạ</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Vi_nang_tone.ogg" title="Bestand:Vi nang tone.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medeklinkers">Medeklinkers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Medeklinkers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Medeklinkers"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De medeklinkers met het Hanoise accent staan hieronder in <i>quoc ngu</i> spelling. </p><p>Merk op dat sommige medeklinkers met slechts één letter worden geschreven (zoals de stemloze, bilabiale plofklank – <i><b>p</b></i>) en andere met twee (zoals de aangeblazen, alveolaire plofklank – <i><b>th</b></i>) en dat sommige meerdere spellingswijzen hebben (zoals de palatale plofklank – <i><b>ch</b></i> of <i><b>tr</b></i>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">  </th> <th>Bilabiaal<br /><small>(labiovelair)</small>  </th> <th>Labiodentaal </th> <th>Alveolair </th> <th>Palataal </th> <th>Velair </th> <th>Glottaal </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="3"><b>Plofklank</b> </td> <td align="left"><small>Stemloos en niet aangeblazen</small> </td> <td align="center">p </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">t </td> <td align="center">ch/tr </td> <td align="center">c/k/q </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><small>Stemhebbend en aangeblazen</small> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">th </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><small>Stemhebbende imlosief</small> </td> <td align="center">b </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">đ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Neusklank</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">m </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">n </td> <td align="center">nh </td> <td align="center">ng </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><b>Wrijfklank</b> </td> <td align="left"><small>Stemloos</small> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">ph </td> <td align="center">x/s </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">kh </td> <td align="center">h </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><small>Stemhebbend</small> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">v </td> <td align="center">d/r </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">g </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><b>Glijklank</b> </td> <td align="left"><small>Centraal</small> </td> <td align="center">u/w </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">i/y </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><small>Lateraal</small> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">l </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>De medeklinkers van het dialect van Ho Chi Minhstad verschillen enigszins van die van Hanoi en enkele andere noordelijke regio's. Zo stellen <i><b>tr</b></i> en <i><b>ch</b></i> in het accent van Hanoi dezelfde klank voor, terwijl ze in Ho Chi Minhstad en andere zuidelijke en centrale regio's verschillend worden uitgesproken. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">  </th> <th>Bilabiaal<br /><small>(labiovelair)</small>  </th> <th>Labiodentaal </th> <th>Alveolair </th> <th>Retroflex </th> <th>Palataal </th> <th>Velair </th> <th>Glottaal </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="3"><b>Plofklank</b> </td> <td align="left"><small>Stemloos en niet aangeblazen</small> </td> <td align="center">p </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">t </td> <td align="center">tr </td> <td align="center">ch </td> <td align="center">c/k/q </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><small>Stemloos en aangeblazen</small> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">th </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><small>Stemhebbende imlosief</small> </td> <td align="center">b </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">đ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Neusklank</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">m </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">n </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">nh </td> <td align="center">ng </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><b>Wrijfklank</b> </td> <td align="left"><small>Stemloos</small> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">ph </td> <td align="center">x </td> <td align="center">s </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">kh </td> <td align="center">h </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><small>Stemhebbend</small> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">r </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">g </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><b>Glijklank</b> </td> <td align="left"><small>Central</small> </td> <td align="center">u/w </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">i/y </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><small>Lateraal</small> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">l </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatica">Grammatica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Grammatica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Grammatica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buiging_en_afleiding">Buiging en afleiding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Buiging en afleiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Buiging en afleiding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Vietnamees gebruikt geen buiging, maar is volledig isolerend. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdubbeling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verdubbeling (de pagina bestaat niet)">Verdubbeling</a> komt wel veel voor. Voor zaken die in bijvoorbeeld het Nederlands met buiging worden aangeduid, gebruikt het Vietnamees aparte woorden. Zo heeft men <i>đã</i> voor de verleden tijd, <i>những</i> en <i>các</i> voor het meervoud enzovoort. Dit wordt zelfs gebruikt voor persoonlijke voornaamwoorden: </p> <ul><li><i>bạn</i> (jij algemeen) → <i>các bạn</i> (jullie)</li> <li><i>tôi</i> (ik) → <i>chúng tôi</i> (wij)</li> <li><i>anh</i> (jij voor iets oudere mannen) → <i>anh ấy</i> (hij) → <i>các anh ấy</i> (zij)</li></ul> <p>Er bestaan ook partikels voor afleidingen, zoals: </p> <ul><li><i>biến mất</i> (verdwijnen) → <i>sự biến mất</i> (verdwijning)</li> <li><i>mười</i> (tien) → <i>thứ mười</i> (tiende)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topic-commentstructuur"><i>Topic-comment</i>structuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Topic-commentstructuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Topic-commentstructuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een belangrijke zinsstructuur in het Vietnamees is de <i>topic-comment</i>structuur (Engels: gespreksonderwerp-commentaar). Dit houdt in dat hetgeen waarover een zin gaat, extra wordt benadrukt. </p><p>Bijvoorbeeld: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td>Sách này</td> <td>thì</td> <td>tôi đọc rồi. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Woordelijke vertaling:</td> <td>Dat boek</td> <td>(aanduiden van <i>topic</i>)</td> <td>ik heb al gelezen. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Betekent:</td> <td colspan="3">"Ik heb dat boek al gelezen." "Dat boek, dat heb ik al gelezen." </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Een veelgehoorde stelling is dat het Vietnamees een <i>topic-prominente</i> taal is. In dergelijke talen wordt bijvoorbeeld de passief slechts weinig gebruikt en onbepaalde onderwerpen (zoals in: "<b>Het</b> regent.") zijn er niet. Dit is inderdaad eveneens het geval in het Vietnamees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasserende_lidwoorden">Klasserende lidwoorden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Klasserende lidwoorden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Klasserende lidwoorden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Er zijn niet echt lidwoorden (zoals <i>de</i>, <i>het</i>, <i>een</i>) maar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasserende_lidwoorden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasserende lidwoorden (de pagina bestaat niet)">klasserende lidwoorden</a>, vergelijkbaar met die in het <a href="/wiki/Chinese_talen" title="Chinese talen">Chinees</a>, die aanduiden tot welke semantische klasse een woord behoort. In het Vietnamees zijn deze: </p> <ul><li><i>cái</i>: concrete, dode voorwerpen</li> <li><i>con</i>: meestal voor dieren, maar kan worden gebruikt voor voorwerpen met een karakteristiek van een dier (zoals <i>con dao</i> "het mes")</li> <li><i>bài</i>: liederen, tekeningen, gedichten...</li> <li><i>bánh</i>: cilindrische voorwerpen (wiel, taart...)</li> <li><i>bộ</i>: groep</li> <li><i>cây</i>: langwerpige voorwerpen (plant, geweer, stok...)</li> <li><i>chiếc</i>: voorwerpen waar mensen in kunnen, maar geen gebouwen (stoel, auto, boot, hemd...)</li> <li><i>tòa</i>: gebouwen</li> <li><i>quả</i> of <i>trái</i>: bolvormige voorwerpen (planeten, aarde, vruchten...)</li> <li><i>quyển</i> of <i>cuốn</i>: voorwerpen zoals boeken, tijdschriften...</li> <li><i>tờ</i>: bladeren en fijne voorwerpen in papier</li> <li><i>việc</i>: gebeurtenis, iets dat bezig is</li></ul> <p>Dus: <i>quả đất</i> of <i>trái đất</i> betekent de aarde, <i>mặt đất</i> is de grond en <i>đất</i> tout court betekent vuiligheid. In gesproken taal gebruikt men vaak <i>cái</i> als onbepaald lidwoord in de plaats van de klasserende lidwoorden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voornaamwoorden">Voornaamwoorden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voornaamwoorden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voornaamwoorden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Nederlands kent een heleboel <a href="/wiki/Voornaamwoord" title="Voornaamwoord">voornaamwoorden</a>, zoals de persoonlijke: <i>ik</i>, <i>jij</i>, <i>hij</i>... Het Vietnamees kent die niet. Als men iemand aanspreekt, gebruikt men een woord dat de relatie tot deze persoon (respect, leeftijd, vertrouwelijkheid...) uitdrukt. Dit is een weerspiegeling van het <a href="/wiki/Confucianisme" title="Confucianisme">Confucianisme</a>. Beschouw bijvoorbeeld de volgende dialoog tussen een grootvader en zijn kleinzoon: </p> <dl><dd><i>kleinzoon</i> : Hoe gaat het met <u>u</u>?</dd> <dd><i>grootvader</i> : Met <u>mij</u> gaat het goed, ik dank je.</dd></dl> <p>In het Vietnamees wordt dit ongeveer: </p> <dl><dd><i>kleinzoon</i> : Hoe gaat het met <u>grootvader</u>?</dd> <dd><i>grootvader</i> : Met <u>grootvader</u> gaat het goed, <u>grootvader</u> dankt <u>kind</u> .</dd></dl> <p>Als men neutraal wil zijn, niet te beleefd en niet te informeel, (zoals in een gewone tekst, waarin men niemand in het bijzonder aanspreekt) gebruikt men <i>bạn</i>, wat "vriend" betekent. Men kan ook <i>quý vị</i> gebruiken, wat zeer formeel en rigide is. Tegen iemand die men heel goed kent of tegen een ondergeschikte zegt men <i>ngươi</i> of <i>mày</i>, maar bij verkeerd gebruik komen deze woorden nogal onbeleefd over. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verdubbeling">Verdubbeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verdubbeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verdubbeling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verdubbeling of <i>từ láy</i> komt veel voor in het Vietnamees. Het komt erop neer dan een woord of een deel van een woord wordt herhaald, waardoor de betekenis enigszins wordt gewijzigd. Het wordt veelal gebruikt om een adjectief te versterken of te verzachten, alsook als literaire vorm (zoals alliteraties) in poëzie en dergelijke. </p><p>Een voorbeeld van verdubbeling als versterking van de betekenis is: </p> <ul><li><i>mãi</i> (altijd) → <i>mãi mãi</i> (echt wel altijd)</li> <li><i>vọi</i> (zeer, erg) → <i>vòi vọi</i> (heel erg)</li></ul> <p>En van verzwakking: </p> <ul><li><i>xanh</i> (blauw of groen) → <i>xanh xanh</i> (blauw- of groenachtig)</li> <li><i>lạnh</i> (koud) → <i>lành lạnh</i> (frisjes)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buitenlandse_plaatsnamen">Buitenlandse plaatsnamen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Buitenlandse plaatsnamen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Buitenlandse plaatsnamen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buitenlandse plaatsnamen worden soms getranscribeerd uit het Chinees, soms fonetisch geschreven, soms beide dooreen. </p> <ul><li>Voorbeelden van transcriptie uit het Chinees: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> : <i>Gia Nã Đại</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> : <i>Tây Ban Nha</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> : <i>Nhật Bản</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_(land)" title="Mexico (land)">Mexico</a> : <i>Mễ Tây Cơ</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a> : <i>Mông Cổ</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> : <i>Ba Tư</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> : <i>Bồ Đào Nha</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije">Turkije</a> : <i>Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ</i></li></ul></li> <li>Voorbeelden van fonetische transcriptie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> : <i>Ca-na-đa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_(land)" title="Mexico (land)">Mexico</a> : <i>Mê-hi-cô</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schrift">Schrift</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Schrift" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=17" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Schrift"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thans wordt het Vietnamees geschreven met het <i><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_ng%E1%BB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Quốc ngữ">quốc ngữ</a></i> (nationaal schrift), dat gebaseerd is op het <a href="/wiki/Latijns_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latijns alfabet">Latijnse alfabet</a>. Oorspronkelijk was het schrift een <a href="/wiki/Transliteratie" title="Transliteratie">transliteratie</a>, in de 17e eeuw geïntroduceerd door de <a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Franse</a> <a href="/wiki/Jezu%C3%AFet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezuïet">jezuïet</a> en <a href="/wiki/Missionaris" title="Missionaris">missionaris</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes" title="Alexandre de Rhodes">Alexandre de Rhodes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1591" title="1591">1591</a>-<a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a>) en gebaseerd op het werk van <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugese</a> missionarissen. Tijdens de Franse bezetting in de 19e eeuw werd het populairder en in de late 20e eeuw werd bijna alles geschreven in quoc ngu. </p><p>De eerste twee Vietnamese schriften waren gebaseerd op het <a href="/wiki/Chinees_schrift" title="Chinees schrift">Chinese schrift</a>: </p> <ul><li>de standaard ideografische Chinese karakterset <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho" title="Chữ Nho">Chữ Nho</a></i> (geleerdenschrift, 字儒): gebruikt om <a href="/wiki/Klassiek_Chinees" title="Klassiek Chinees">Klassiek Chinees</a> mee te schrijven</li> <li>de ingewikkeldere variant <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_n%C3%B4m" class="mw-redirect" title="Chữ nôm">chữ nôm</a></i> (zuiders/plaatselijk schrift) met karakters die niet behoren tot het Chinese schrift; dit systeem past beter bij het unieke fonetische systeem van het Vietnamees, dat enigszins verschilt van dat van het Chinees</li></ul> <p>Het authentieke Chinese schrift – chữ nho – werd wijder gebruikt, terwijl het chu nom vooral werd gebruikt door de geschoolde elite (Men moest chu nho kunnen lezen om chu nom te kunnen). Beide schriften zijn buiten gebruikt geraakt. Chu nom is bijna helemaal verdwenen. </p><p>Getuige het rijke tonale systeem en de vele <a href="/wiki/Tweeklank_(taalkunde)" title="Tweeklank (taalkunde)">tweeklanken</a> en <a href="/wiki/Drieklank" class="mw-redirect" title="Drieklank">drieklanken</a> die dienen om eenlettergrepige woorden te kunnen onderscheiden was het Vietnamees oorspronkelijk een monosyllabische taal . Heden ten dage bestaat meer dan de helft van de woordenschat uit samenstellingen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computerondersteuning">Computerondersteuning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Computerondersteuning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=18" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Computerondersteuning"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> bevat alle karakters die nodig zijn om Vietnamees te schrijven. Er bestaan ook enkele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codepagina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codepagina (de pagina bestaat niet)">codepagina’s</a> die dienen om Vietnamese tekst voor te stellen, zoals <a href="/w/index.php?title=VISCII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VISCII (de pagina bestaat niet)">VISCII</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=CP1258&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP1258 (de pagina bestaat niet)">CP1258</a>. Wanneer <a href="/wiki/ASCII_(Tekenset)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII (Tekenset)">ASCII</a> wordt gebruikt, wordt het Vietnamees meestal getypt met de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Quoted-Readable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnamese Quoted-Readable (de pagina bestaat niet)">VIQR</a><sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040630024115/http://www.vietstd.org/">[1]</a></sup>-conventie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorbeelden">Voorbeelden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorbeelden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=19" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorbeelden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deze tekst komt uit de eerste zes lijnen van <i><a href="/wiki/Kim_Van_Kieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Van Kieu">Kim Vân Kiều</a></i> (金雲翹), een episch gedicht van de beroemde dichter <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Du" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Du">Nguyễn Du</a> (阮攸) (<a href="/wiki/1765" title="1765">1765</a>-<a href="/wiki/1820" title="1820">1820</a>). Het was oorspronkelijk geschreven in <a href="/wiki/Chu_nom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu nom">chu nom</a> en is tegenwoordig algemeen gekend in Vietnam. </p> <dl><dd>Trăm năm trong cõi người ta,</dd> <dd>Chữ tài chữ mệnh khéo là ghét nhau.</dd> <dd>Trải qua một cuộc bể dâu,</dd> <dd>Những điều trông thấy mà đau đớn lòng.</dd> <dd>Lạ gì bỉ sắc tư phong,</dd> <dd>Trời xanh quen thói má hồng đánh ghen.</dd></dl> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060107152359/http://www.vietthings.com/tho/thovanco/kieu1.htm">Eerste 224 verzen (in het Vietnamees)</a> (voor de volgende verzen: klik op <i>câu 225 - 416</i> enz.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nederlandse_vertaling">Nederlandse vertaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Nederlandse vertaling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=20" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Nederlandse vertaling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Honderd jaar, in die korte spanne van het leven van een mens,</dd> <dd>Worden Talent en Lot in bittere strijd gebalanceerd.</dd> <dd>Oceanen veranderen in braamvelden,</dd> <dd>Een desolaat gezicht.</dd> <dd>Meer gaven, minder kansen, aldus is de wet van de Natuur,</dd> <dd>En de blauwe hemel staat erom gekend jaloers te zijn van roze kaakjes.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=21" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamees_braille" title="Vietnamees braille">Vietnamees braille</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamees&action=edit&section=22" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093753/http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/Dict/index.html">Từ Điển Tiếng Việt</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vdict.com">VDict</a>: Vietnamese online woordenboeken</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomfoundation.org/">Nom Foundation</a>: Een organisatie die ijvert voor het behoud van het chu nom.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjvlang.com/Writing/writviet.html">Het Vietnamese schrift</a>: Een overzicht van het Vietnamese schrift.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010223840/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/vietnamese/VNLanguage/SupportNS/tableofcontent.htm">20 lessen</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/">http://www.ethnologue.com/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de <i><b><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="vi:">Vietnamese uitgave</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.</div> </div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_language#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vietnamese language">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_language#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <div class="interProject wikibooks mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Vietnamees" class="extiw" title="b:Vietnamees">Wikibooks</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a> heeft meer over dit onderwerp: <i><b><a href="https://nl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Vietnamees" class="extiw" title="b:Vietnamees">Vietnamees</a></b></i>.</div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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