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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Knight of the Swan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwanenrittersage" title="Schwanenrittersage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwanenrittersage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F_%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ο Ιππότης του Κύκνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ο Ιππότης του Κύκνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballero_del_Cisne" title="Caballero del Cisne – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caballero del Cisne" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalier_au_cygne" title="Chevalier au cygne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chevalier au cygne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%A1%B0_%EA%B8%B0%EC%82%AC" title="백조 기사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백조 기사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Կարապի ասպետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարապի ասպետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaliere_del_Cigno" title="Cavaliere del Cigno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cavaliere del Cigno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אביר הברבור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אביר הברבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwaanridder" title="Zwaanridder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Knight_of_the_Swan_P1010741_straightened_contrasted.JPG/220px-Knight_of_the_Swan_P1010741_straightened_contrasted.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Knight_of_the_Swan_P1010741_straightened_contrasted.JPG/330px-Knight_of_the_Swan_P1010741_straightened_contrasted.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Knight_of_the_Swan_P1010741_straightened_contrasted.JPG/440px-Knight_of_the_Swan_P1010741_straightened_contrasted.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="3928" /></a><figcaption>A tapestry of 1482 showing episodes from the Knight of the Swan story: At the bottom puppies are substituted for babies.</figcaption></figure> <p>The story of the <b>Knight of the Swan</b>, or <b>Swan Knight</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">tale</a> about a mysterious rescuer who comes in a <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swan</a>-drawn boat to defend a <a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">damsel</a>, his only condition being that he must never be asked his name. </p><p>The earliest versions, preserved in <a href="/wiki/John_of_Alta_Silva" title="John of Alta Silva">John of Alta Silva</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wise_Masters#Dolopathos" title="Seven Wise Masters">Dolopathos</a></i>) do not provide specific identity to this knight, but the Old French <a href="/wiki/Crusade_cycle" title="Crusade cycle">Crusade cycle</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Chansons_de_geste" class="mw-redirect" title="Chansons de geste">chansons de geste</a></i> adapted it to make the Swan Knight (<i>Le Chevalier au Cigne</i>, first version around 1192) the legendary ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>. The <i>Chevalier au Cigne</i>, also known as <b>Helias</b>, figures as the son of Orient of L'Islefort (or Illefort) and his wife Beatrix in perhaps the most familiar version, which is the one adopted for the late fourteenth century <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>Cheuelere Assigne</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gibbs-i_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbs-i-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hero's mother's name may vary from Elioxe (probably a mere echo of Helias) to Beatrix depending on the text, and in a Spanish version, she is called Isomberte. </p><p>At a later time, the German poet <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a> incorporated the swan knight <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin" title="Lohengrin">Loherangrin</a> into his <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a> epic <i><a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a></i> (first quarter of the 13th century). A German text, written by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Konrad von Würzburg">Konrad von Würzburg</a> in 1257, also featured a Swan Knight without a name. Wolfram's and Konrad's texts were used to construct the libretto for <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i> (Weimar 1850).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of the motif is Brangemuer, the knight who lay dead in a boat tugged by a swan, and whose adventure was taken up by Gawain's brother Guerrehet (<a href="/wiki/Gareth" title="Gareth">Gareth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaheris" title="Gaheris">Gaheris</a>) in the first Continuation to <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swan_Children">Swan Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Swan Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin:_a_hybrid_story?"><span id="Origin:_a_hybrid_story.3F"></span>Origin: a hybrid story?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin: a hybrid story?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Swan-Children" appears to have been originally separate from the Godfrey cycle and the Swan Knight story generally.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbard239_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbard239-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French scholar <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a> identifies four groups of variants, which he classifies usually by the name of the mother of the swan children.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbard240_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbard240-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tale in all variants resemble not only such <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romances</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_of_Law%27s_Tale" title="The Man of Law's Tale">The Man of Law's Tale</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Emar%C3%A9" title="Emaré">Emaré</a></i>, but such fairy tales as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Without_Hands" title="The Girl Without Hands">The Girl Without Hands</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-schlauch_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schlauch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also bears resemblance to the fairy tale <i><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Swans" title="The Six Swans">The Six Swans</a></i>, where brothers transformed into birds are rescued by the efforts of their sister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlauch196980_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlauch196980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholarship seems to agree with the possibility of a combination of narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geoffrey M. Myers defended that the "swan-children" tale (a narrative of probable Lotharingian origin) is an independent story due to the existence of variants collected from folk tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which folklorist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Joseph Jacobs</a> considered to be a "well-known Continental folk-tale" (in regards to <i>The Seven Swans (or Ravens)</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, according to <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Baring_Gould" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine Baring Gould">Sabine Baring Gould</a>, the swan children tale was added to the Knight of the Swan to provide an explanation for the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, French scholar Gédeon Huet, complementing Gaston Paris's study on the tale, argued that <i>Dolopathos</i> reworked <i>two</i> folktales: "The Brothers Transformed into Birds" (future tale type <a href="/wiki/Aarne-Thompson-Uther_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index">ATU</a> 451)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Golden_Children_(folklore)" title="The Three Golden Children (folklore)">The Sisters Jealous of their Cadette</a>" (future type ATU 707).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Tegethoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Tegethoff (page does not exist)">Ernst Tegethoff</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Tegethoff" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Tegethoff">de</a>]</span> also claimed that the narrative was a combination of two parts: <i>Genoveva</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Calumniated_Wife" title="Calumniated Wife">Calumniated Wife</a></i> (of possible Germanic origin) and the story of a sister rescuing her brothers from an animal transformation (of possible Celtic origin).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same vein, professor Anne E. Duggan remarked that the narrative seems to be a "hybrid story" that "fused" the theme of the <a href="/wiki/Calumniated_Wife" title="Calumniated Wife">Calumniated Wife</a>, the Knight of the Swan, and the "Germanic fairy tale" about swan-children.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch folklorist <a href="/wiki/Jurjen_van_der_Kooi" title="Jurjen van der Kooi">Jurjen van der Kooi</a> was of the same opinion that Johannes "combined" three tales: type ATU 451, the story of the Swan Knight and the marriage between man and a "waterwoman" (which he calls "<a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a> motif").<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dolopathos">Dolopathos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dolopathos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Included in <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Alta_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes de Alta Silva">Johannes de Alta Silva</a>'s <i>Dolopathos sive de Rege et Septem Sapientibus</i> (ca. 1190), a Latin version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sages of Rome">Seven Sages of Rome</a></i> is a story of the swan children which has served as a precursor to the poems of the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_cycle" title="Crusade cycle">Crusade cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OFCC-Dolopathos_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OFCC-Dolopathos-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tale was adapted into the French <i>Li romans de Dolopathos</i> by the poet Herbert.<sup id="cite_ref-gerritsen_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerritsen-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-OFCC-Dolopathos_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OFCC-Dolopathos-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hibbard240-1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbard240-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A nameless young lord becomes lost in the hunt for a <a href="/wiki/White_stag" title="White stag">white stag</a> and wanders into an <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">enchanted forest</a> where he encounters a mysterious woman (clearly a <a href="/wiki/Swan_maiden" title="Swan maiden">swan maiden</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a>) in the act of bathing, while clutching a gold necklace. They fall instantly for each other and consummate their love. The young lord brings her to his castle, and the maiden (just as she has foretold) gives birth to a <a href="/wiki/Septuplet" class="mw-redirect" title="Septuplet">septuplet</a>, six boys and a girl, with golden chains about their necks. But her evil mother-in-law swaps the newborn with seven puppies. The servant with orders to kill the children in the forest just <a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment#In_fiction" title="Child abandonment">abandons</a> them under a tree. The young lord is told by his wicked mother that his bride gave birth to a litter of pups, and he punishes her by burying her up to the neck for seven years. Some time later, the young lord while hunting encounters the children in the forest, and the wicked mother's lie starts to unravel. The servant is sent out to search them, and find the boys bathing in the form of swans, with their sister guarding their gold chains. The servant steals the boys' chains, preventing them from changing back to human form, and the chains are taken to a goldsmith to be melted down to make a goblet. The swan-boys land in the young lord's pond, and their sister, who can still transform back and forth into human shape by the magic of her chain, goes to the castle to obtain bread to her brothers. Eventually the young lord asks her story so the truth comes out. The goldsmith was actually unable to melt down the chains, and had kept them for himself. These are now restored back to the six boys, and they regain their powers, except one, whose chain the smith had damaged in the attempt. So he alone is stuck in swan form. The work goes on to say obliquely hints that this is the swan in the Swan Knight tale, more precisely, that this was the swan “<i>quod cathena aurea militem in navicula trahat armatum</i> (that tugged by a gold chain an armed knight in a boat).”<sup id="cite_ref-OFCC-Dolopathos_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OFCC-Dolopathos-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusade_cycle:_La_Naissance_du_Chevalier_au_Cygne">Crusade cycle: <i>La Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crusade cycle: La Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Knight of the Swan story appears in the Old French <i><a href="/wiki/Chansons_de_geste" class="mw-redirect" title="Chansons de geste">chansons de geste</a></i> of the first <a href="/wiki/Crusade_cycle" title="Crusade cycle">Crusade cycle</a>, establishing a legendary ancestry of <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, who in 1099 became ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. Godfrey loomed large in the medieval Christian imagination, and his shadowy genealogy became a popular subject for writers of the period. </p><p>The swan-children tale occurs in the first or <i>La Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne</i> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary cycle">cycle</a>. The texts can be classed into four versions, 1) <i>Elioxe</i>, 2) <i>Beatrix</i>, 3) an Elioxe-Beatrix composite, and 4) Isomberte. Of <i>Isomberte</i> no French copy survives, and it's known only from the Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_conquista_de_Ultramar" title="Gran conquista de Ultramar">Gran conquista de Ultramar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-elioxe-intro-OFCC_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elioxe-intro-OFCC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a> also used a somewhat similar classification scheme for swan-children cognate tales which he refers to as Version I.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbard239_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbard239-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helias_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Helias_2.gif/220px-Helias_2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Helias_2.gif/330px-Helias_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Helias_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Helias, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a> (16th-century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Elioxe follows the <i>Dolopathos</i> tale closest, but tells a courtlier version of the story,<sup id="cite_ref-elioxe-intro-OFCC_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elioxe-intro-OFCC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replacing the young lord who becomes lost with King Lothair, a ruler from beyond <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and the maiden with Elioxe. Lothair loses his way and stops by a fountain, and while asleep, is tended by Elioxe who comes out of the woodworks of the mountains. King Lothair decides to wed her, despite his mother's protest. However Elioxe foretells her own death giving birth to seven children, and that one of the offspring shall be king of the Orient. </p><p>While Lothair is absent warring, the queen mother Matrosilie orders a servant to carry the children in two baskets and expose them in the forest, and prepares the lie that their mother gave birth to serpents and died from their bites. The servant however had left the children by the hermit's hut, so they survive, and seven years later are discovered by a greedy courtier named Rudemart. Allured by the gold chains the children are wearing, he obtains instruction from the queen mother to steal them, but failing to take account of their numbers, misses the chain belonging to the girl. The six boys bereft of the chains fly out in swan form, and their father Lothair issues an order of protection. The king's nephew tries to hunt one of the birds to please him, but the king in a fit hurls a gold basin which breaks. Matrosilie then provides one of the necklaces to make the repair. Eventually the truth is untangled through the sister of the swan siblings. All the boys regain human form but one. While other seek their own fortunes, one boy cannot part with his brother turned permanently into a swan, and becomes Swan Knight.<sup id="cite_ref-elioxe-intro-OFCC_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elioxe-intro-OFCC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Beatrix variants, the woman had taunted another woman over her alleged adultery, citing a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_birth" title="Multiple birth">multiple birth</a> as proof of it, and was then punished with a multiple birth of her own.<sup id="cite_ref-hibbard242_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibbard242-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Beatrix versions, the mother is also an avenging justice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlauch196980–1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlauch196980–1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Isomberte variants, the woman is a princess fleeing a hated marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-hibbard242_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibbard242-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swan_Knight">Swan Knight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Swan Knight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Version II involves the Swan Knight himself. These stories are sometimes attached to the story of the Swan Children, but sometimes appear independently, in which case no explanation of the swan is given. All of these describe a knight who appears with a swan and rescues a lady; he then disappears after a taboo is broken, but not before becoming the ancestor of an illustrious family.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes this is merely a brief account to introduce a descendant.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second version of this tale is thought to have been written by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvère</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renart" title="Jean Renart">Jean Renart</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a> the name of the Knight of the Swan is <i>Helias</i>. It has been suggested that this connects him to the Greek solar god, <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the name is in fact a common variant of the name of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, who nevertheless was connected to the Greek solar god by orthodox worship because of his association to Mount Horeb and a fire chariot. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lohengrin-kitsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lohengrin-kitsch.jpg/180px-Lohengrin-kitsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lohengrin-kitsch.jpg/270px-Lohengrin-kitsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Lohengrin-kitsch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Lohengrin postcard around 1900 by unknown artist</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lohengrin">Lohengrin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lohengrin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin" title="Lohengrin">Lohengrin</a></div> <p>In the early 13th century, the German poet <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a> adapted the Swan Knight motif for his epic <i><a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a></i>. Here the story is attached to Loherangrin, the son of the protagonist Parzival and Condwiramurs, the queen of Pelrapeire. As in other versions Loherangrin is a knight who arrives in a swan-pulled boat to defend a lady, in this case Elsa of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>. They marry, but he must leave when she breaks the taboo of asking his name. </p><p>In the late 13th century, the poet Nouhusius (Nouhuwius) adapted and expanded Wolfram's brief story into the romance <i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin" title="Lohengrin">Lohengrin</a></i>. The poet changed the title character's name slightly and added various new elements to the story, tying the Grail and Swan Knight themes into the history of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kalinke_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalinke-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15th century an anonymous poet again took up the story for the romance <i>Lorengel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version omits the taboo against asking about the hero's name and origins, allowing the knight and princess a happy ending. </p><p>In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> adapted the tale into his popular <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i>, probably the work through which the Swan Knight story is best known today.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Hungarian version of the story was collected by Hungarian journalist <a href="/wiki/Elek_Benedek" title="Elek Benedek">Elek Benedek</a>, with the title <i>Hattyú vitéz</i>, and published in a collection of Hungarian folktales (<i>Magyar mese- és mondavilág</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hungarian ethnographer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ga%C3%A1l_K%C3%A1roly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaál Károly (page does not exist)">Gaál Károly</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%A1l_K%C3%A1roly_(n%C3%A9prajzkutat%C3%B3)" class="extiw" title="hu:Gaál Károly (néprajzkutató)">hu</a>]</span> and Austrian <a href="/wiki/Slavic_studies" title="Slavic studies">Slavicist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Neweklowsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Neweklowsky (page does not exist)">Gerhard Neweklowsky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Neweklowsky" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Neweklowsky">de</a>]</span> collected a Croatian language tale in <a href="/wiki/Stinatz" title="Stinatz">Stinatz</a> from informant Anna Sifkovits with the title <i>Labudova dlvuojka</i> (German: <i>Die Schwanenfrau</i>, English: "The Swan Maiden"). In this tale, a count finds a girl in the woods; she takes off her golden chain, becomes a swan and bathes in the lake. He marries the girl and she has three children, two boys and a girl, but her mother-in-law orders the children to be replaced by three dogs, taken to the forest and killed. The servant spares them, but abandons them in the woods. Some time later, their grandmother discovers the children are still alive and orders her servant to steal their golden chains, to trap them in swan form forever.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gibbs-i-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gibbs-i_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbs1868">Gibbs 1868</a>, pp. i–ii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffray1910">Jaffray 1910</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbard239-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbard239_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbard239_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHibbard1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Hibbard_Loomis" title="Laura Hibbard Loomis">Hibbard, Laura A.</a> (1963). <i>Medieval Romance in England</i>. New York: Burt Franklin. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Romance+in+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Burt+Franklin&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Hibbard&rft.aufirst=Laura+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbard240-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbard240_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbard1963">Hibbard 1963</a>, p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schlauch-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schlauch_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlauch1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Schlauch" title="Margaret Schlauch">Schlauch, Margaret</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBbzAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chaucer's Constance and Accused Queens</i></a>. New York: Gordian Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877520979" title="Special:BookSources/9780877520979"><bdi>9780877520979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaucer%27s+Constance+and+Accused+Queens&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Gordian+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780877520979&rft.aulast=Schlauch&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZBbzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlauch196980-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlauch196980_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlauch1969">Schlauch 1969</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltePolívka1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bolte" title="Johannes Bolte">Bolte, Johannes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Pol%C3%ADvka_(linguist)" title="Jiří Polívka (linguist)">Polívka, Jiri</a> (1913). <i>Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- u. hausmärchen der brüder Grimm</i> (in German). Vol. Erster Band (NR. 1–60). Germany, Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 432. <q>Das Märchen ["Die sechs Schwäne"] zeigt ein hohes Alter. Bereits im 12. Jahrhundert ward es mit der Sage vom Schwanritter, in die es ursprünglich nicht hineingehört, verbunden.</q> [The fairy tale [of "The Six Swans"] is ancient. In the 12th century, it became connected to "The Swan Knight" legend, to which it did not originally belong.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anmerkungen+zu+den+Kinder-+u.+hausm%C3%A4rchen+der+br%C3%BCder+Grimm&rft.place=Germany%2C+Leipzig&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Dieterich%27sche+Verlagsbuchhandlung&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Bolte&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Pol%C3%ADvka%2C+Jiri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stith_Thompson" title="Stith Thompson">Thompson, Stith</a> (1977). <i>The Folktale</i>. University of California Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03537-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03537-2"><bdi>0-520-03537-2</bdi></a>. <q>The story ["The Maiden who Seeks her Brothers"] has a long literary history. It was used as early as 1190 in the Dolopathos of Johannes de Alta Silva and it became connected with the legend of the Swan Knight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Folktale&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-520-03537-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Stith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeed1989" class="citation book cs1">Speed, Diane (1989). <i>Medieval English Romances</i> (2 ed.). Sydney: Dept. of English, University of Sydney. p. 151. <q>The earliest recorded accounts of the Swan Children already associate them with the Swan Knight, but there seems to be no doubt that the story pre-existed in oral form as a Germanic folktale. Related tales have been collected by folklorists; and the earliest recorded accounts, which can be dated to within a fairly short time of each other, reveal a kind of diversity which is best explained by postulating some independent developments of a basic folktale together with literary adaptation as time went on.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+English+Romances&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=151&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Dept.+of+English%2C+University+of+Sydney&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Speed&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMickelNelson1977">Mickel & Nelson 1977</a>, p. lxxxxi (<i>Elioxe</i> ed. Mickel Jr., <i>Béatrix</i> ed. Nelson)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Joseph. <i>More Celtic fairy tales</i>. New York: Putnam. 1895. pp. 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baring-Gould, Sabine. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BaringGouldSCuriousMythsOfTheMiddleAges1882/page/n454/mode/1up">Curious myths of the Middle Ages</a></i>. London: Rivingtons. 1876. pp. 441-442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Die Erzählung von den Schwanenkindern stellt eine frühe Vorform von AaTh/ATU 451 "Mädchen sucht seine Brüder dar" [The Tale of the Swan Children is an early form of ATU 451, "The Maiden Who Seeks Her Brothers"]. Ehrismann, Otfrid. "Schwan(en)ritter" [Swan Knight]. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die_des_M%C3%A4rchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyklopädie des Märchens">Enzyklopädie des Märchens</a></i> Online. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [2007]. p. 299. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/emo.12.070">https://doi.org/10.1515/emo.12.070</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huet, Gédeon. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k16042j/f213.item.zoom">Sur quelques formes de la légende du <i>Chevalier au Cygne</i></a>". In: <i>Romania</i> XXXIV, 1905. pp. 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tegethoff, Ernst. <i>Französische Volksmärchen</i>. Erster Band. Aus neueren Sammlungen. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. 1923. pp. 307–308 (note to tale 8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duggan, Anne E. "Persecuted Wife. Motifs S410-S441". In: Jane Garry and <a href="/wiki/Hasan_M._El-Shamy" title="Hasan M. El-Shamy">Hasan El-Shamy</a> (eds.). <i>Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature. A Handbook</i>. Armonk / London: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Kooi, Jurjen. "Het meisje dat haar broers zoekt". In: <i>Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties</i>. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OFCC-Dolopathos-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OFCC-Dolopathos_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OFCC-Dolopathos_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OFCC-Dolopathos_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMickelNelson1977">Mickel & Nelson 1977</a>, Myer's essay, p.lxxxxi-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gerritsen-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gerritsen_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerritsenVan_Melle1998">Gerritsen & Van Melle 1998</a>, <i>Dictionary of Medieval Heroes</i>, reprinted 2000, pp.247 "Seven Sages of Rome"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbard240-1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbard240-1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbard1963">Hibbard 1963</a>, pp. 240–1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elioxe-intro-OFCC-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elioxe-intro-OFCC_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elioxe-intro-OFCC_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elioxe-intro-OFCC_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMickelNelson1977">Mickel & Nelson 1977</a>, Myer's essay, p.xciii-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hibbard242-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hibbard242_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hibbard242_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbard1963">Hibbard 1963</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlauch196980–1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlauch196980–1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlauch1969">Schlauch 1969</a>, p. 80–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbard1963">Hibbard 1963</a>, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbard1963">Hibbard 1963</a>, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbard1963">Hibbard 1963</a>, p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalinke-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kalinke_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalinke1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kalinke, Marianne E. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newarthurianency00lacy/page/239">"Lohengrin"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Norris_J._Lacy" title="Norris J. Lacy">Lacy, Norris J.</a> (ed.). <i>The New Arthurian Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Garland. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newarthurianency00lacy/page/239">239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-4377-4"><bdi>0-8240-4377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lohengrin&rft.btitle=The+New+Arthurian+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8240-4377-4&rft.aulast=Kalinke&rft.aufirst=Marianne+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewarthurianency00lacy%2Fpage%2F239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalinke1991">Kalinke 1991</a>, pp. 282–283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toner, Frederick L. (1991). "Richard Wagner". In Norris J. Lacy, <i>The New Arthurian Encyclopedia</i>, pp. 502–505. New York: Garland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-4377-4">0-8240-4377-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedek Elek. <i>Magyar mese- és mondavilág</i>. 2. kötet. Budapest: Athenaeum. [ca. 1894–1896] Tale nr. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neweklowsky, Gerhard; Gaál, Károly (eds.). <i>Erzaehlgut der Kroaten aus Stinatz im suedlichen Burgenland</i>. Bern, 1983. pp. 150–157. DOI: 10.3726/b12918.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerritsenVan_Melle1998" class="citation book cs1">Gerritsen, Willem Pieter; Van Melle, Anthony G. (1998). <i>Dictionary of Medieval Heroes: Characters in Medieval Narrative Traditions and Their Afterlife in Literature, Theatre and the Visual Arts</i>. Boydell Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Medieval+Heroes%3A+Characters+in+Medieval+Narrative+Traditions+and+Their+Afterlife+in+Literature%2C+Theatre+and+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gerritsen&rft.aufirst=Willem+Pieter&rft.au=Van+Melle%2C+Anthony+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span> Reprint: Boydell & Brewer 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851157807" title="Special:BookSources/0851157807">0851157807</a>, 9780851157801 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jacBvHiRUWwC">preview</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1868" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs, Henry H., ed. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yxeP63JnE0C"><i>The Romance of the Cheuelere Assigne (Knight of the Swan)</i></a>. EETS Extra series. Vol. 6. London: N. Trübner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+of+the+Cheuelere+Assigne+%28Knight+of+the+Swan%29&rft.place=London&rft.series=EETS+Extra+series&rft.pub=N.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yxeP63JnE0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span> (from the Medieval manuscript, British Library, MS Cotton Caligula A.ii.)</li> <li>Baring-Gould, S. <i>Curious Myths Of The Middle Ages</i>. Boston: Roberts Brothers. 1880. pp. 430–453.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffray1910" class="citation book cs1">Jaffray, Robert (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twoknightsswanl00jaffgoog"><i>The two knights of the swan, Lohengrin and Helyas: a study of the legend of the swan-knight, with special reference to its most important developments</i></a>. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+two+knights+of+the+swan%2C+Lohengrin+and+Helyas%3A+a+study+of+the+legend+of+the+swan-knight%2C+with+special+reference+to+its+most+important+developments&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Jaffray&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwoknightsswanl00jaffgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickelNelson1977" class="citation book cs1">Mickel, Emanuel J.; Nelson, Jan A., eds. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXew4ubei1oC"><i>La Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(preview)</span>. The Old French Crusade Cycle. Vol. 1. Geoffrey M. Myers (essay). University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817385019" title="Special:BookSources/9780817385019"><bdi>9780817385019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Naissance+du+Chevalier+au+Cygne&rft.series=The+Old+French+Crusade+Cycle&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780817385019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXew4ubei1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span> (<i>Elioxe</i> ed. Mickel Jr., <i>Béatrix</i> ed. Nelson)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Swan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron1967" class="citation journal cs1">Barron, W. R. J. (1967). "<i>Chevalere Assigne</i> and the <i>Naissance du Chevalier Au Cygne</i>". <i>Medium Ævum</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 25–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F43627310">10.2307/43627310</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43627310">43627310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medium+%C3%86vum&rft.atitle=Chevalere+Assigne+and+the+Naissance+du+Chevalier+Au+Cygne&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-37&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F43627310&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43627310%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=W.+R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron1968" class="citation journal cs1">Barron, W. R. J. (1968). "Versions and Texts of the <i>Naissance du Chevalier Au Cygne</i>". <i>Romania</i>. <b>89</b> (356 (4)): 481–538. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Froma.1968.2670">10.3406/roma.1968.2670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45040306">45040306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romania&rft.atitle=Versions+and+Texts+of+the+Naissance+du+Chevalier+Au+Cygne&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=356+%284%29&rft.pages=481-538&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Froma.1968.2670&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45040306%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=W.+R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarto1920" class="citation journal cs1">Barto, P. S. (1920). "The Schwanritter-Sceaf Myth in <i>Perceval Le Gallois Ou Le Conte Du Graal</i>". <i>The Journal of English and Germanic Philology</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 190–200. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27700998">27700998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Schwanritter-Sceaf+Myth+in+Perceval+Le+Gallois+Ou+Le+Conte+Du+Graal&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-200&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27700998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barto&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmplaincourtNelson1983" class="citation journal cs1">Emplaincourt, Edmond A.; Nelson, Jan A. (1983). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"La Geste du Chevalier Au Cygne" : La Version en Prose de Copenhague et la Tradition du Premier Cycle de la Croisade". <i>Romania</i>. <b>104</b> (415 (3)): 351–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Froma.1983.2159">10.3406/roma.1983.2159</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45040923">45040923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romania&rft.atitle=%22La+Geste+du+Chevalier+Au+Cygne%22+%3A+La+Version+en+Prose+de+Copenhague+et+la+Tradition+du+Premier+Cycle+de+la+Croisade&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=415+%283%29&rft.pages=351-370&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Froma.1983.2159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45040923%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Emplaincourt&rft.aufirst=Edmond+A.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Jan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2016" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Alastair (2016). <i>The Medieval German Lohengrin: Narrative Poetics in the Story of the Swan Knight</i>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-971-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-971-9"><bdi>978-1-57113-971-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1k3s90m">10.7722/j.ctt1k3s90m</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+German+Lohengrin%3A+Narrative+Poetics+in+the+Story+of+the+Swan+Knight&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7722%2Fj.ctt1k3s90m%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-971-9&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2017" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Alastair (2017). "When is the Swan Knight Not the Swan Knight? Berthold von Holle's Demantin and Literary Space in Medieval Europe". <i>The Modern Language Review</i>. <b>112</b> (3): 666–685. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5699%2Fmodelangrevi.112.3.0666">10.5699/modelangrevi.112.3.0666</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/modelangrevi.112.3.0666">10.5699/modelangrevi.112.3.0666</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164268029">164268029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=When+is+the+Swan+Knight+Not+the+Swan+Knight%3F+Berthold+von+Holle%27s+Demantin+and+Literary+Space+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=666-685&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164268029%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5699%2Fmodelangrevi.112.3.0666%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5699%2Fmodelangrevi.112.3.0666&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1909" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Hugh A. (1909). "Some Remarks on a Berne Manuscript of the "Chanson du Chevalier Au Cygne et de Godefroy de Bouillon"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Romania</i>. <b>38</b> (149): 120–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Froma.1909.5052">10.3406/roma.1909.5052</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45043984">45043984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romania&rft.atitle=Some+Remarks+on+a+Berne+Manuscript+of+the+%22Chanson+du+Chevalier+Au+Cygne+et+de+Godefroy+de+Bouillon%22&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=149&rft.pages=120-128&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Froma.1909.5052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45043984%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hugh+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1889" class="citation journal cs1">Todd, Henry Alfred (1889). "Introduction". <i>PMLA</i>. <b>4</b> (3/4): i–xv. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F456077">10.2307/456077</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/456077">456077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=i-xv&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F456077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F456077%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Henry+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight+of+the+Swan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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