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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masculine_inanimate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masculine_inanimate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Masculine inanimate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masculine_inanimate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Feminine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Neuter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregular_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregular_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Irregular nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregular_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Adjective </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adjective-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adjective subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adjective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hard_declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Hard declension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Soft declension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Possessive adjectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Comparisons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Short forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pronouns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pronouns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Personal pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Possessive pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Demonstrative pronouns </div> 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.ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}} for transliterated languages, and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used. <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>. (May 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Czech declension is a complex system of grammatically determined modifications of <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. Czech has seven <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, partly inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>. Some forms of words match in more than one place in each <a href="/wiki/Inflectional_paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflectional paradigm">paradigm</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> There are 14 paradigms of noun declension. The <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> of nominal declension depends on the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ending_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ending (linguistics)">ending</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> of the noun. In Czech the letters d, h, ch, k, n, r and t are considered 'hard' consonants and č, ř, š, ž, c, j, ď, ť, and ň are considered 'soft'. Others are ambiguous, so nouns ending in b, f, l, m, p, s, v and z may take either form. For nouns in which the <a href="/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem (linguistics)">stem</a> ends with a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> group, a floating e is usually inserted between the last two consonants in cases with no ending. Examples: <dl><dd>zámek (N sg, A sg), zámku (G sg, D sg, V sg, L sg), zámkem (I sg), etc. (chateau; lock) – paradigm hrad</dd> <dd>karta (N sg), ..., karet (G pl) (card) – paradigm žena</dd></dl> Consonant or vowel alternations in the word-<a href="/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem (linguistics)">stem</a> are also obvious in some cases, e.g. zámek (N sg) → zámcích (L pl), Věra (N sg) → Věře (D sg), kniha (N sg) → knize (D sg), moucha (N sg) → mouše (D sg), hoch (N sg) → hoši (N pl), kluk (N sg) → kluci (N pl), bůh (N sg) → bozích (L pl), kolega (N sg) → kolezích (L pl), moucha (N sg) → much (G pl), smlouva (N sg) → smluv (G pl), díra (N sg) → děr (G pl), víra (N sg) → věr (G pl), kráva (N sg) → krav (G pl), dvůr (N sg) → dvora (G sg), hnůj (N sg) → hnoje (G sg), sůl (N sg) → soli (G sg), lest (N sg) → lsti (G sg), čest (N sg) → cti (G sg), křest (N sg) → křtu (G sg), mistr (N sg) → mistře (V sg), švec (N sg) → ševce (G sg). See <a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology#Consonant_alternation" title="Czech phonology">Czech phonology</a> for more details. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masculine_animate">Masculine animate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Masculine animate">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Hard </th> <th>Soft </th> <th> </th> <th>A-stem </th> <th>Adjectival </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <td>1. Nominative </td> <td>pán </td> <td>muž </td> <td>soudce </td> <td>předseda </td> <td>mluvčí </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. Genitive </td> <td>pána </td> <td>muže koně </td> <td>soudce </td> <td>předsedy </td> <td>mluvčího </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Dative </td> <td>pánovi, pánu </td> <td>mužovi, muži </td> <td>soudcovi, soudci </td> <td>předsedovi </td> <td>mluvčímu </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. Accusative </td> <td>pána </td> <td>muže koně </td> <td>soudce </td> <td>předsedu </td> <td>mluvčího </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. Vocative </td> <td>pane! kluku! manželi! </td> <td>muži! otče! </td> <td>soudce! </td> <td>předsedo! </td> <td>mluvčí! </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. Locative </td> <td>pánovi, pánu </td> <td>mužovi, muži </td> <td>soudcovi, soudci </td> <td>předsedovi </td> <td>mluvčím </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. Instrumental </td> <td>pánem </td> <td>mužem koněm </td> <td>soudcem </td> <td>předsedou </td> <td>mluvčím </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <td>1. Nominative </td> <td>pánové, páni hosti, hosté manželé, manželové </td> <td>mužové, muži koně učitelé </td> <td>soudcové, soudci </td> <td>předsedové turisté cyklisté, cyklisti </td> <td>mluvčí </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. Genitive </td> <td>pánů </td> <td>mužů koní, koňů </td> <td>soudců </td> <td>předsedů </td> <td>mluvčích </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Dative </td> <td>pánům </td> <td>mužům koním, koňům </td> <td>soudcům </td> <td>předsedům </td> <td>mluvčím </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. Accusative </td> <td>pány manžele, manžely </td> <td>muže koně </td> <td>soudce </td> <td>předsedy </td> <td>mluvčí </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. Vocative </td> <td>pánové! páni! hosti! hosté! manželé! manželové! </td> <td>mužové! muži! koně! učitelé! </td> <td>soudci! soudcové! </td> <td>předsedové! turisté! cyklisté!, cyklisti! </td> <td>mluvčí! </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. Locative </td> <td>pánech klucích manželech, manželích </td> <td>mužích </td> <td>soudcích </td> <td>předsedech kolezích </td> <td>mluvčích </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. Instrumental </td> <td>pány manželi, manžely </td> <td>muži koni, koňmi </td> <td>soudci </td> <td>předsedy </td> <td>mluvčími </td></tr></tbody></table> pán – sir, lord; kluk – boy; host – guest; manžel – husband; muž – man; kůň – horse; učitel – teacher; otec – father; předseda – chairman; turista – tourist; cyklista – cyclist; kolega – colleague; soudce – judge; mluvčí -speaker, spokesman <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masculine_inanimate">Masculine inanimate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Masculine inanimate">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Hard </th> <th>Soft </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>hrad </td> <td>stroj </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>hradu lesa </td> <td>stroje </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>hradu </td> <td>stroji </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>hrad </td> <td>stroj </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>hrade! zámku! </td> <td>stroji! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>hradu, hradě lese </td> <td>stroji </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>hradem </td> <td>strojem </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>hrady </td> <td>stroje </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>hradů </td> <td>strojů </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>hradům </td> <td>strojům </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>hrady </td> <td>stroje </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>hrady! </td> <td>stroje! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>hradech zámcích </td> <td>strojích </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>hrady </td> <td>stroji </td></tr></tbody></table> hrad – castle; les – forest; zámek – chateau, lock; stroj – machine <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words ending -us are declined according to the paradigm pán (animate) or hrad (inanimate) as if there were no -us ending in the nominative: Brutus, Bruta, Brutovi, Bruta, Brute, Brutovi, Brutem <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminine">Feminine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Feminine">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Hard </th> <th colspan="3">Soft </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>žena </td> <td>růže </td> <td>píseň </td> <td>kost </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ženy </td> <td>růže </td> <td>písně postele </td> <td>kosti </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ženě škole </td> <td>růži </td> <td>písni </td> <td>kosti </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ženu </td> <td>růži </td> <td>píseň </td> <td>kost </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ženo! </td> <td>růže! </td> <td>písni! </td> <td>kosti! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ženě škole </td> <td>růži </td> <td>písni </td> <td>kosti </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ženou </td> <td>růží </td> <td>písní </td> <td>kostí </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ženy </td> <td>růže </td> <td>písně postele </td> <td>kosti </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>žen hus, husí </td> <td>růží ulic </td> <td>písní </td> <td>kostí </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ženám </td> <td>růžím </td> <td>písním </td> <td>kostem vsím </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ženy </td> <td>růže </td> <td>písně postele </td> <td>kosti </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ženy! </td> <td>růže! </td> <td>písně! postele! </td> <td>kosti! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ženách </td> <td>růžích </td> <td>písních </td> <td>kostech vsích </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ženami </td> <td>růžemi </td> <td>písněmi postelemi dveřmi </td> <td>kostmi vsemi </td></tr></tbody></table> žena – woman; škola – school; husa – goose; ulice – street; růže – rose; píseň – song; postel – bed; dveře – door; kost – bone; ves – village <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuter">Neuter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neuter">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Hard </th> <th>Soft </th> <th>Mixed suffix </th> <th>Long i-stem </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>město </td> <td>moře </td> <td>kuře </td> <td>stavení </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>města </td> <td>moře </td> <td>kuřete </td> <td>stavení </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>městu </td> <td>moři </td> <td>kuřeti </td> <td>stavení </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>město </td> <td>moře </td> <td>kuře </td> <td>stavení </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>město! </td> <td>moře! </td> <td>kuře! </td> <td>stavení! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>městě, městu </td> <td>moři </td> <td>kuřeti </td> <td>stavení </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>městem </td> <td>mořem </td> <td>kuřetem </td> <td>stavením </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>města </td> <td>moře </td> <td>kuřata </td> <td>stavení </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>měst </td> <td>moří letišť </td> <td>kuřat </td> <td>stavení </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>městům </td> <td>mořím </td> <td>kuřatům </td> <td>stavením </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>města </td> <td>moře </td> <td>kuřata </td> <td>stavení </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>města! </td> <td>moře! </td> <td>kuřata! </td> <td>stavení! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>městech jablkách, jablcích </td> <td>mořích </td> <td>kuřatech </td> <td>staveních </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>městy </td> <td>moři </td> <td>kuřaty </td> <td>staveními </td></tr></tbody></table> město – town; jablko – apple; moře – sea; letiště – airport; kuře – chicken; stavení – building, house; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words ending -um are declined according to the paradigm město: muzeum, muzea, muzeu, muzeum ... <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irregular_nouns">Irregular nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Irregular nouns">edit</a>]</div> The parts of the body have irregular, originally <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>, declension, especially in the plural forms, but only when used to refer to the parts of the body and not in metaphorical contexts. For example, when "noha" (leg) is used to refer to the part of the body, it declines as below, but when used to refer to a leg on a chair or table, it declines regularly (according to žena). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>oko </td> <td>ucho </td> <td>rameno </td> <td>koleno </td> <td>ruka </td> <td>noha </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>oka </td> <td>ucha </td> <td>ramena ramene </td> <td>kolena kolene </td> <td>ruky </td> <td>nohy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>oku </td> <td>uchu </td> <td>ramenu rameni </td> <td>kolenu koleni </td> <td>ruce </td> <td>noze </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>oko </td> <td>ucho </td> <td>rameno </td> <td>koleno </td> <td>ruku </td> <td>nohu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>oko! </td> <td>ucho! </td> <td>rameno! </td> <td>koleno! </td> <td>ruko! </td> <td>noho! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>oku </td> <td>uchu </td> <td>ramenu rameni rameně </td> <td>kolenu koleni koleně </td> <td>ruce </td> <td>noze </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>okem </td> <td>uchem </td> <td>ramenem </td> <td>kolenem </td> <td>rukou </td> <td>nohou </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>oči </td> <td>uši </td> <td>ramena </td> <td>kolena </td> <td>ruce </td> <td>nohy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>očí </td> <td>uší </td> <td>ramenou ramen </td> <td>kolenou kolen </td> <td>rukou </td> <td>nohou </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>očím </td> <td>uším </td> <td>ramenům </td> <td>kolenům </td> <td>rukám </td> <td>nohám </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>oči </td> <td>uši </td> <td>ramena </td> <td>kolena </td> <td>ruce </td> <td>nohy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>oči! </td> <td>uši! </td> <td>ramena! </td> <td>kolena! </td> <td>ruce! </td> <td>nohy! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>očích </td> <td>uších </td> <td>ramenou ramenech </td> <td>kolenou kolenech </td> <td>rukou rukách </td> <td>nohou nohách </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>očima </td> <td>ušima </td> <td>rameny </td> <td>koleny </td> <td>rukama </td> <td>nohama </td></tr></tbody></table> oko – eye, ucho – ear, rameno – shoulder, koleno – knee, ruka – hand/arm, noha – foot/leg. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>bůh </td> <td>člověk </td> <td>obyvatel </td> <td>přítel </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>boha </td> <td>člověka </td> <td>obyvatele </td> <td>přítele </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>bohu bohovi </td> <td>člověku člověkovi </td> <td>obyvateli obyvatelovi </td> <td>příteli přítelovi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>boha </td> <td>člověka </td> <td>obyvatele </td> <td>přítele </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>bože! </td> <td>člověče! </td> <td>obyvateli! </td> <td>příteli! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>bohu bohovi </td> <td>člověku člověkovi </td> <td>obyvateli obyvatelovi </td> <td>příteli přítelovi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>bohem </td> <td>člověkem </td> <td>obyvatelem </td> <td>přítelem </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>bohové bozi </td> <td>lidé </td> <td>obyvatelé </td> <td>přátelé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>bohů </td> <td>lidí </td> <td>obyvatelů obyvatel </td> <td>přátel </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>bohům </td> <td>lidem </td> <td>obyvatelům </td> <td>přátelům </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>bohy </td> <td>lidi </td> <td>obyvatele </td> <td>přátele </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>bohové! bozi! </td> <td>lidé! </td> <td>obyvatelé! </td> <td>přátelé! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>bozích </td> <td>lidech </td> <td>obyvatelích </td> <td>přátelích </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>bohy </td> <td>lidmi </td> <td>obyvateli </td> <td>přáteli </td></tr></tbody></table> bůh – god, člověk – person, lidé – people, obyvatel – resident, přítel – friend Submodels of feminine declension <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>dcera </td> <td>ulice </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>dcery </td> <td>ulice </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>dceři </td> <td>ulici </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>dceru </td> <td>ulici </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>dcero! </td> <td>ulice! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>dceři </td> <td>ulici </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>dcerou </td> <td>ulicí </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>dcery </td> <td>ulice </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>dcer </td> <td>ulic </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>dcerám </td> <td>ulicím </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>dcery </td> <td>ulice </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>dcery! </td> <td>ulice! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>dcerách </td> <td>ulicích </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>dcerami </td> <td>ulicemi </td></tr></tbody></table> dcera – daughter, ulice – street Submodels of neuter declension <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>vejce </td> <td>letiště </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>vejce </td> <td>letiště </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>vejci </td> <td>letišti </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>vejce </td> <td>letiště </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>vejce! </td> <td>letiště! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>vejci </td> <td>letišti </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>vejcem </td> <td>letištěm </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>vejce </td> <td>letiště </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>vajec </td> <td>letišť </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>vejcím </td> <td>letištím </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>vejce </td> <td>letiště </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>vejce! </td> <td>letiště! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>vejcích </td> <td>letištích </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>vejci </td> <td>letišti </td></tr></tbody></table> vejce – egg, letiště – airport Other cases of special inflection <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>loket </td> <td>dvůr </td> <td>čest </td> <td>zeď </td> <td>loď </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>lokte loktu </td> <td>dvoru dvora </td> <td>cti </td> <td>zdi </td> <td>lodi lodě </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>lokti loktu </td> <td>dvoru </td> <td>cti </td> <td>zdi </td> <td>lodi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>loket </td> <td>dvůr </td> <td>čest </td> <td>zeď </td> <td>loď </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>lokte! lokti </td> <td>dvore! </td> <td>cti! </td> <td>zdi! </td> <td>lodi! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>lokti loktu loktě </td> <td>dvoru dvoře </td> <td>cti </td> <td>zdi </td> <td>lodi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>loktem </td> <td>dvorem </td> <td>ctí </td> <td>zdí </td> <td>lodí </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>lokty </td> <td>dvory </td> <td>cti </td> <td>zdi </td> <td>lodi lodě </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>loktů </td> <td>dvorů </td> <td>ctí </td> <td>zdí </td> <td>lodí </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>loktům </td> <td>dvorům </td> <td>ctem </td> <td>zdem zdím </td> <td>lodím </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>lokty </td> <td>dvory </td> <td>cti </td> <td>zdi </td> <td>lodi lodě </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>lokty! </td> <td>dvory! </td> <td>cti </td> <td>zdi </td> <td>lodi lodě </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>loktech </td> <td>dvorech </td> <td>ctech </td> <td>zdech zdích </td> <td>lodích </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>lokty </td> <td>dvory </td> <td>ctmi </td> <td>zdmi </td> <td>loďmi loděmi </td></tr></tbody></table> loket – elbow, dvůr – courtyard, čest – honour, zeď – wall, loď – boat <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjective">Adjective</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adjective">edit</a>]</div> Adjective declension varies according to the gender of the noun which they are related to: <dl><dd>mladý muž (male) – young man</dd> <dd>mladá žena (female) – young woman</dd> <dd>mladé víno (neuter) – new wine, mustum</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_declension">Hard declension</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hard declension">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">mladý </td> <td>mladá </td> <td>mladé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">mladého </td> <td>mladé </td> <td>mladého </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">mladému </td> <td>mladé </td> <td>mladému </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>mladého </td> <td>mladý </td> <td>mladou </td> <td>mladé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">mladý! </td> <td>mladá! </td> <td>mladé! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">mladém </td> <td>mladé </td> <td>mladém </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">mladým </td> <td>mladou </td> <td>mladým </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>mladí </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">mladé </td> <td>mladá </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">mladých </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">mladým </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td colspan="3" align="center">mladé </td> <td>mladá </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>mladí! </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">mladé! </td> <td>mladá! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">mladých </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">mladými </td></tr></tbody></table> mladý – young <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soft_declension">Soft declension</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soft declension">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jarní </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jarního </td> <td>jarní </td> <td>jarního </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jarnímu </td> <td>jarní </td> <td>jarnímu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>jarního </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">jarní </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jarní! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jarním </td> <td>jarní </td> <td>jarním </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jarním </td> <td>jarní </td> <td>jarním </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jarní </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jarních </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jarním </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jarní </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jarní! </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jarních </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jarními </td></tr></tbody></table> jarní – spring, vernal <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessive_adjectives">Possessive adjectives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Possessive adjectives">edit</a>]</div> Possessive adjectives are formed from animate singular nouns (masculine and feminine): <dl><dd>otec (father) -> otcův (father's)</dd> <dd>matka (mother) -> matčin (mother's)</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">otcův </td> <td>otcova </td> <td>otcovo </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">otcova </td> <td>otcovy </td> <td>otcova </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">otcovu </td> <td>otcově </td> <td>otcovu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>otcova </td> <td>otcův </td> <td>otcovu </td> <td>otcovo </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">otcův </td> <td>otcova </td> <td>otcovo </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">otcově </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">otcovým </td> <td>otcovou </td> <td>otcovým </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>otcovi </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">otcovy </td> <td>otcova </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">otcových </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">otcovým </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td colspan="3" align="center">otcovy </td> <td>otcova </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>otcovi </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">otcovy </td> <td>otcova </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">otcových </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">otcovými </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">matčin </td> <td>matčina </td> <td>matčino </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">matčina </td> <td>matčiny </td> <td>matčina </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">matčinu </td> <td>matčině </td> <td>matčinu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>matčina </td> <td>matčin </td> <td>matčinu </td> <td>matčino </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">matčin </td> <td>matčina </td> <td>matčino </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">matčině </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">matčiným </td> <td>matčinou </td> <td>matčiným </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>matčini </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">matčiny </td> <td>matčina </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">matčiných </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">matčiným </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td colspan="3" align="center">matčiny </td> <td>matčina </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>matčini </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">matčiny </td> <td>matčina </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">matčiných </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">matčinými </td></tr></tbody></table> Examples: <dl><dd>otcův dům – father's house</dd> <dd>matčino auto – mother's car</dd></dl> Possessive adjectives are often used in the names of streets, squares, buildings, etc.: <dl><dd>Neruda -> Nerudova ulice (Neruda street)</dd></dl> but: <dl><dd>Jan Neruda -> ulice Jana Nerudy (noun genitive)</dd> <dd>partyzáni (partisans, guerilla) -> ulice Partyzánů</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparisons">Comparisons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparisons">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">comparative</a> is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> -ejší, -ější, -ší, or -í (there is no simple rule which suffix should be used). The <a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">superlative</a> is formed by adding the prefix nej- to the comparative. Examples: <dl><dd>krásný – krásnější – nejkrásnější (beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful)</dd> <dd>hladký – hladší – nejhladší (smooth – smoother – the smoothest)</dd> <dd>tenký – tenčí – nejtenčí (slim – slimmer – the slimmest)</dd> <dd>snadný – snazší, snadnější – nejsnazší, nejsnadnější (easy – easier – the easiest)</dd> <dd>zadní – zazší, zadnější – nejzazší, nejzadnější (posterior – more posterior – the most posterior)</dd> <dd>úzký – užší – nejužší (narrow – narrower – the narrowest)</dd> <dd>měkký – měkčí – nejměkčí (soft – softer – the softest)</dd></dl> The comparative and the superlative can be also formed by the words více (more)/méně (less) and nejvíce (most)/nejméně (least): <dl><dd>spokojený – více/méně spokojený – nejvíce/nejméně spokojený (satisfied – more/less satisfied – the most/least satisfied)</dd></dl> Irregular comparisons: <dl><dd>dobrý – lepší – nejlepší (good – better – the best)</dd> <dd>zlý/špatný – horší – nejhorší (ill/bad – worse – the worst)</dd> <dd>velký – větší – největší (big – bigger – the biggest)</dd> <dd>malý – menší – nejmenší (small/little – smaller/less – the smallest/least)</dd> <dd>dlouhý – delší – nejdelší (long – longer – the longest)</dd> <dd>svatý – světější – nejsvětější (holy – holier – the holiest)</dd> <dd>bílý – bělejší – nejbělejší (white – whiter – the whitest)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_forms">Short forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Short forms">edit</a>]</div> There are also short forms in some adjectives. They are used in the nominative and are regarded as literary in the contemporary language. They are related to active and passive <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Czech_verb#Participles" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech verb">Czech verb</a>) <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">Singular </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">Plural </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">English </td></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate & Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <td>mlád rád </td> <td>mláda ráda </td> <td>mládo rádo </td> <td>mládi rádi </td> <td>mlády rády </td> <td>mláda ráda </td> <td>young glad </td></tr></tbody></table> Example: <dl><dd>On je ještě příliš mlád. = On je ještě příliš mladý. (He is still too young.)</dd></dl> Rád is used in a short form only: Jsem rád, že jste přišli. (I am glad that you came.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Pronoun declension is complicated, some are declined according to adjective paradigms, some are irregular. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"># </th> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th rowspan="2">First </th> <th rowspan="2">Second </th> <th colspan="3">Third </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Singular </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>já (I) </td> <td>ty (you) </td> <td>on (he) </td> <td>ona (she) </td> <td>ono (it) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>mne, mě (short form) </td> <td>tebe, tě (short form) </td> <td>jeho, ho (short form) něho (after prepositions form) </td> <td>její, jí (short form) ní (after preposition form) </td> <td>jeho, ho (short form) něho (after preposition form) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>mně, mi </td> <td>tobě, ti </td> <td>jemu, mu němu </td> <td>jí ní </td> <td>jemu, mu němu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>mne, mě </td> <td>tebe, tě </td> <td>jeho, ho, jej něho, něj </td> <td>ji ni </td> <td>je(j), ho ně(j) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>mně </td> <td>tobě </td> <td>něm </td> <td>ní </td> <td>něm </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>mnou </td> <td>tebou </td> <td>jím ním </td> <td>jí ní </td> <td>jím ním </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Plural </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>my (we) </td> <td>vy (you) </td> <td>oni (they) </td> <td>ony (they) </td> <td>ona (they) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>nás </td> <td>vás </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">jich nich </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>nám </td> <td>vám </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">jim nim </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>nás </td> <td>vás </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">je ně </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>nás </td> <td>vás </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">nich </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>námi </td> <td>vámi </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">jimi nimi </td></tr></tbody></table> In some singular cases, short forms of pronouns are possible, which are <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>. They cannot be used with prepositions. They are unstressed, therefore they cannot be the first words in sentences. Usually they appear in second place in a sentence or clause, obeying <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Wackernagel" title="Jacob Wackernagel">Wackernagel</a>'s Law. Examples: <dl><dd>Nedávej mi to. Don't give it to me.</dd> <dd>Mně to nedávej. Don't give it to me. (emphasizing mně)</dd> <dd>Přijď ke mně. Come to me.</dd></dl> In 3rd person (singular and plural) j-forms are used without prepositions, n-forms are used after prepositions: <dl><dd>Ukaž mu to. or Ukaž to jemu. (emphasizing jemu) Show it to him.</dd> <dd>Přišla k němu. She came to him.</dd></dl> Accusative forms jej (on), je, ně (ono) are usually regarded as archaic. They: oni – masculine animate gender, ony – masculine inanimate and feminine genders, ona – neuter gender Reflexive personal pronoun Reflexive personal pronoun is used when the object is identical to the subject. It has no nominative form and it is the same for all persons and numbers. It is translated into English as myself, yourself, himself, etc. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>---- </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>sebe </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>sobě, si </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>sebe, se </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>sobě </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>sebou </td></tr></tbody></table> Example: <dl><dd>Vidím se (sebe) v zrcadle. I see myself in the mirror.</dd></dl> Short form se and si are again clitics; often they are a part of reflexive <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> and as such are not usually translated into English explicitly: <dl><dd>Posaď se./Sedni si. Sit down.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessive_pronouns">Possessive pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Můj – my Tvůj – your <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">můj tvůj </td> <td>moje, má tvoje, tvá </td> <td>moje, mé tvoje, tvé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">mého tvého </td> <td>mojí, mé tvojí, tvé </td> <td>mého tvého </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">mému tvému </td> <td>mojí, mé tvojí, tvé </td> <td>mému tvému </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>mého tvého </td> <td>můj tvůj </td> <td>moji, mou tvoji, tvou </td> <td>moje, mé tvoje, tvé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">mém tvém </td> <td>mojí, mé tvojí, tvé </td> <td>mém tvém </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">mým tvým </td> <td>mojí, mou tvojí, tvou </td> <td>mým tvým </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>moji, mí tvoji, tví </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">moje, mé tvoje, tvé </td> <td>moje, má tvoje, tvá </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">mých tvých </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">mým tvým </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td colspan="3" align="center">moje, mé tvoje, tvé </td> <td>moje, má tvoje, tvá </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">mých tvých </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">mými tvými </td></tr></tbody></table> Jeho – his, its This pronoun is indeclinable. Její – her <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">její </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jejího </td> <td>její </td> <td>jejího </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jejímu </td> <td>její </td> <td>jejímu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>jejího </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">její </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jejím </td> <td>její </td> <td>jejím </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jejím </td> <td>její </td> <td>jejím </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">její </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jejích </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jejím </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">její </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jejích </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jejími </td></tr></tbody></table> Náš – our Váš – your <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">náš váš </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">naše vaše </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">našeho vašeho </td> <td>naší vaší </td> <td>našeho vašeho </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">našemu vašemu </td> <td>naší vaší </td> <td>našemu vašemu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>našeho vašeho </td> <td>náš váš </td> <td>naši vaši </td> <td>naše vaše </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">našem vašem </td> <td>naší vaší </td> <td>našem vašem </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">naším vaším </td> <td>naší vaší </td> <td>naším vaším </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>naši vaši </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">naše vaše </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">našich vašich </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">našim vašim </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">naše vaše </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">našich vašich </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">našimi vašimi </td></tr></tbody></table> Jejich – their This pronoun is indeclinable. Reflexive possessive pronoun The reflexive possessive pronoun is used when the possessor is also the subject (my own, your own, etc.). It is identical for all persons. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">svůj </td> <td>svoje, svá </td> <td>svoje, své </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">svého </td> <td>svojí, své </td> <td>svého </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">svému </td> <td>svojí, své </td> <td>svému </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>svého </td> <td>svůj </td> <td>svoji, svou </td> <td>svoje, své </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">svém </td> <td>svojí, své </td> <td>svém </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">svým </td> <td>svojí, svou </td> <td>svým </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>svoji, sví </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">svoje, své </td> <td>svoje, svá </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">svých </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">svým </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td colspan="3" align="center">svoje, své </td> <td>svoje, svá </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">svých </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">svými </td></tr></tbody></table> Examples: <dl><dd>Vidím svého otce. I see my father.</dd> <dd>Vidíš svého otce. You see your father.</dd></dl> Compare: <dl><dd>On vidí svého otce. He sees his father. (his own father)</dd> <dd>On vidí jeho otce. He sees his father. (the father of someone else)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Ten – the, this, that <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">ten </td> <td>ta </td> <td>to </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">toho </td> <td>té </td> <td>toho </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">tomu </td> <td>té </td> <td>tomu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>toho </td> <td>ten </td> <td>tu </td> <td>to </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">tom </td> <td>té </td> <td>tom </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">tím </td> <td>tou </td> <td>tím </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ti </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">ty </td> <td>ta </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">těch </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">těm </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td colspan="3" align="center">ty </td> <td>ta </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">těch </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">těmi </td></tr></tbody></table> Tenhle, tahle, tohle/tento, tato, toto (this) and tamten, tamta, tamto (that) are declined as ten + to (tento, tohoto, tomuto ...), resp. tam + ten (tamten, tamtoho, tamtomu ...). Onen, ona, ono (that – not to be confused with personal pronouns) is declined as ten (onen, onoho, onomu ...). To is often used as personal pronoun instead of ono (it): <dl><dd>Dej mi to. Give it to me.</dd></dl> "To je/jsou" means "this is/these are" and is used for all genders and both numbers: <dl><dd>To je můj přítel. This is my friend. (Přítel is masculine.)</dd> <dd>To jsou mí přátelé. These are my friends.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogative_and_relative_pronouns">Interrogative and relative pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Interrogative and relative pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Kdo – who Co – what <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>kdo </td> <td>co </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>koho </td> <td>čeho </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>komu </td> <td>čemu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>koho </td> <td>co </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>kom </td> <td>čem </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>kým </td> <td>čím </td></tr></tbody></table> Který – which, who declined as mladý Jaký – what, what kind, what type declined as mladý Compare: <dl><dd>Co je to? What is it/this?</dd> <dd>Jaké je to? What is it like, what kind is it, what type is it?</dd></dl> Čí – whose declined as jarní Jenž – which, who <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine animate </th> <th>Masculine inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jenž </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">jež </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jehož něhož </td> <td>jíž níž </td> <td>jehož něhož </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jemuž němuž </td> <td>jíž níž </td> <td>jemuž němuž </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>jehož, jejž něhož </td> <td>jejž nějž </td> <td>již niž </td> <td>jež něž </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">němž </td> <td>níž </td> <td>němž </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">jímž nímž </td> <td>jíž níž </td> <td>jímž nímž </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>již </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">jež </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jichž nichž </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jimž nimž </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jež něž </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">nichž </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">jimiž nimiž </td></tr></tbody></table> Jenž is not an interrogative pronoun, it is equivalent to který (as a relative pronoun): <dl><dd>Vidím muže, který/jenž právě přichází. I can see a man who is just coming.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite_and_negative_pronouns">Indefinite and negative pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indefinite and negative pronouns">edit</a>]</div> někdo, kdos(i) (old) – somebody, someone nikdo – nobody, no one kdokoli(v) – anyone leckdo(s), leda(s)kdo, kdekdo – many people, frequently/commonly someone declined like kdo (někdo, někoho, někomu, …; nikdo, nikoho, nikomu, …; kdokoli, kohokoli, komukoli, …; leckdo, leckoho, leckomu, …) něco – something nic – nothing cokoli(v) – anything lecco(s), ledaco(s), leda(s)co, kdeco – many things, frequently/commonly something declined like co (něco, něčeho, něčemu, …; nic, ničeho, ničemu, …; cokoli, čehokoli, čemukoli, …; lecos, lecčeho, lecčemu, …) někde – somewhere nikde – nowhere kdekoli(v) – anywhere všude – everywhere; less frequently: any path/direction/trajectory leckde, leda(s)kde – on many/frequent/common places, wherever někudy, kudysi (old) – some path/direction/trajectory nikudy – no path/direction/trajectory kdekudy – any path/direction/trajectory odněkud, odkudsi (old) – from somewhere odnikud – from nowhere odevšad – from everywhere/every direction/every angle kdesi (old) – somewhere more specific not declined všelijak – in all ways nějak, jaksi (old) – somehow (colloquial tak nějak – in a way, somewhat, quite, rather) nijak, nikterak (old) – in no way jakkoli(v), kdejak (old) – in any way, anyhow not declined každý – each, each one nějaký – some, one, a(n) některý – some, particular, selected (little more specific than nějaký) kterýsi (old), jakýsi (old) – some, someone (more specific) žádný – none, no (as in "no man has ever been there") nijaký – no whatsoever; of no properties (specifically) jakýkoli(v), kterýkoli – any lecjaký, leda(s)jaký, kdejaký, kdekterý – frequently/commonly some, whichever všelijaký – getting many forms, various veškerý – entire, total, all declined like mladý něčí, čísi (old) – belonging to someone or something ničí – belonging to no one or nothing číkoli – belonging to any one or anything lecčí, leda(s)čí, kdečí – belonging to many or frequent/common number of owners, whosever declined like jarní <dl><dd>Example: –„Tam se asi nikdo nedostane.‟ –„Ne, tam přijímají ledaskoho. Leckdy i se špatnými známkami. Skoro každý se tam dostane, ať už jakkoli, ale ne jen tak kdokoli dokončí studia.‟ (–"I guess no one gets there." –"No, they admit many people there. In many cases/frequently/commonly even with bad marks. Almost everyone gets there, no matter how, but not just anyone will finish the studies.")</dd></dl> Czech grammar allows more than one negative word to exist in a sentence. For example: „Tady nikde nikdy nikdo nijak odnikud nikam nepostoupí.‟, standing for: "Anywhere around here, no one will ever progress from any place anywhere in any way." (literally, word by word: "Here nowhere never nobody no way nowhence nowhere won't progress."), uses six negatives in adverbs and pronouns and one at verb while still being grammatically correct. It uses negative form in questions, expressing doubts, wishes, asking for favours, etc. like, for example: „Neměl bys být už ve škole?!‟ ("Shouldn't you be at school already?!"); „Neměl byste na mě pár minut čas?‟ ("Wouldn't you have few minutes of Your time for me?"); „Nemáš náhodou papír a tužku?‟ ("Don't you, by chance, happen to have a paper and some pencil?"); „Přišel jsem se tě zeptat, jestli bychom si nemohli vyměnit směny.‟ ("I came to ask if we could not swap our shifts.") <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prepositions_with_certain_cases">Prepositions with certain cases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prepositions with certain cases">edit</a>]</div> Czech <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> are matched with certain cases of nouns. They are usually not matched with the nominative case, which is primarily used as the subject in sentences. However, there are some exceptions to this rule: foreign prepositions (kontra, versus, etc.) are matched with the nominative, but their use is very rare. No prepositions are matched with the vocative, because it is used for addressing people only. Genitive: <dl><dd>během – during, while, through the course of (e.g. během prázdnin – during the holidays)</dd> <dd>bez – without (e.g. bez dcerky neodejdu – I won't go without my daughter)</dd> <dd>do – in; to (e.g. dej to do krabice – put it in a box; jít do bytu – to go into a flat); until (e.g. čekat do tří – to wait until 3:00)</dd> <dd>kolem – around (e.g. chodil kolem rybníka – he was walking around the pond)</dd> <dd>krom(ě), vedle – except, besides (e.g. kromě něj tam byla i ona – besides him, she was there too)</dd> <dd>(na)místo – instead of (e.g. místo tebe hrál náhradník – a substitute played instead of you)</dd> <dd>od – from, since, as of (e.g. od listopadu jsem volný – I'm free from/as of November; dopis od mé matky – a letter from my mother)</dd> <dd>ohledně – regarding</dd> <dd>okolo – about, around, circa/roughly (e.g. tráva okolo studny – grass around the well; bylo jich okolo stovky – there were about 100 of them)</dd> <dd>podél – along</dd> <dd>(po)dle – according to (e.g. podle normy – according to norm)</dd> <dd>pomocí – with the help of; using (e.g. pomocí klacku ho dostali z bažiny – with the help of a stick they got him out of a marsh)</dd> <dd>prostřednictvím – through; with a help/device/instrument of; utilizing; using … as intermediate/liaison</dd> <dd>s – from higher place to lower (obsolete) (e.g. sebral hračku s poličky – he took the toy from the shelf)</dd> <dd>stran – from the point of view of; because of; regarding (rare)</dd> <dd>u – by, next to, at (e.g. vchod u rohu – entrance at the corner; u stolu – at/around the table, jsem u tebe – I'm at your house)</dd> <dd>vedle – next to, besides (e.g. na té fotce stojí Lucie vedle Moniky – in the photo, Lucie is standing next to Monika)</dd> <dd>vlivem – due to, because of, for, through the influence of (e.g. vlivem bouřky jsme se nemohli dívat na televizi – because of the storm we couldn't watch TV)</dd> <dd>vyjma – except for, excluding (e.g. vyjma tebe všichni souhlasí – everyone agrees except for you; less frequent)</dd> <dd>využitím – using (e.g. využitím slevy si to mohla koupit – using a discount, she was able to buy it)</dd> <dd>z – from, out of (e.g. kouř z komínu – smoke out of a chimney)</dd></dl> Dative: <dl><dd>díky – thanks to (e.g. díky němu máme naše peníze zpět – thanks to him, we have our money back), note: used only if the cause is positive or beneficial, otherwise kvůli or vlivem is used</dd> <dd>k – to(wards) (e.g. jedeme k jezeru – we're going to(wards) the lake, jdu k tobě – i'm coming to your house; přijedeme ke konci července – we are going to come towards the end of July)</dd> <dd>kvůli – due to, because of, for, through the influence of (e.g. udělej to kvůli mě – do it for me; udělal to kvůli mě – he did it because of me)</dd> <dd>(na)proti – against, opposite to (e.g. je proti tobě – (s) he's against you; je to naproti lékárně – it's opposite to the pharmacy)</dd> <dd>oproti – opposite to, unlike, to the contrary to (e.g. oproti teoriím věřím faktům – unlike the theories, I believe the facts)</dd> <dd>vůči – in the face of, toward(s) (e.g laskavost vůči někomu – kindness towards someone; porovnej to vůči originálu – compare it with the original)</dd></dl> Accusative: <dl><dd>pro – for (e.g. udělal to pro mě – he did/made it for me)</dd> <dd>za – for (less frequent); instead of; behind (direction); per (e.g. za vlast – for the country; 1 porce za 5 korun – 1 portion for 5 crowns; vyměnil ji za mladší – he switched her for a younger one; běhala za plot – she ran behind a fence)</dd> <dd>před – in front of (direction) (e.g. vyvěs to před dům – (go) hang it in front of the house)</dd> <dd>mimo – aside from, besides, off, out of, parallel to (place) (e.g. mimo Prahu – outside of Prague; mimo terč – off the bullet; mimo provoz – out of order; mimo – out/miss/no hit; mimo jiné – besides other things)</dd> <dd>na – (on)to (direction) (e.g. dej to na stůl – put it on the table; na vánoce zůstaneme doma – at Christmas we will stay at home)</dd> <dd>pod – under, below (direction)</dd> <dd>nad – over, above (direction) (e.g. dej ten kříž nade dveře – put the cross above the door; nad tebe není – no one is better than you)</dd> <dd>mezi – between, among (direction) (e.g. dali ho mezi ostatní – they put him among the others)</dd> <dd>skrz – through (e.g. šíp prošel skrze jablko – the arrow went through the apple; jsem tu skrz tu stížnost – I'm here regarding the complaint)</dd> <dd>o – by, for (e.g. zvýšit o 1 – increase by one; zápas o 3. místo – match for the 3rd place)</dd> <dd>v – in (e.g. věřit v boha – to believe in God)</dd></dl> Locative: <dl><dd>o – about, of (e.g. mluvit o ní – to talk about her)</dd> <dd>na – on (e.g. skvrna na sukni – stain on a skirt)</dd> <dd>v – in (e.g. ruka v rukávu – arm in a sleeve)</dd> <dd>po – after (e.g. po obědě – after lunch; jdu po čáře – I walk the line)</dd> <dd>při – by; during (e.g. při obřadu – during the ceremonial; stůj při mně – stand by me/be my support)</dd></dl> Instrumental: <dl><dd>s – with (e.g. s tebou – with you)</dd> <dd>za – behind, beyond, after (place), in/after (time); (e.g. stát za rohem – to stand behind the corner; kdo za tím je? – who's behind (it)?/what's the meritum?; za horizontem – beyond the horizon)</dd> <dd>před – in front of (place); before; ago; from; against (e.g. přímo před tebou – right in front of you; před mnoha lety – many years ago; uniknout před pronásledovateli – to escape from pursuers; varovat před ním – to warn against him)</dd> <dd>pod – under(neath), below (place) (e.g. pod stolem spí pes – a dog is sleeping under the table)</dd> <dd>nad – over, above (place)</dd> <dd>mezi – between, among (place) (e.g. mezi póly – between poles; mezi kuřaty – among chicken)</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (August 2008)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plural_forms">Plural forms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Plural forms">edit</a>]</div> Like other Slavic languages, Czech distinguishes two different plural forms in the nominative case. For numbers 2 to 4 or in cases where the quantity of the plural noun is not defined in any way, the nominative plural form is used. For higher numbers or when used with a quantifying adjective, the genitive form is used, and any following verb will be neuter singular. This declension applies to nouns and adjectives. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular nominative </th> <td>1 dlouhá hodina </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative plural (2 to 4 or indefinite) </th> <td>2 dlouhé hodiny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive plural (over 4 or quantified) </th> <td>5 dlouhých hodin; pár hodin </td></tr> </tbody></table> (dlouhý – long, hodina – hour, pár – a few; a pair) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_and_number_of_compound_phrases">Gender and number of compound phrases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gender and number of compound phrases">edit</a>]</div> In the case of a compound noun phrase (<a href="/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics)" title="Coordination (linguistics)">coordinate structure</a>), of the form "X and Y", "X, Y and Z", etc., the following rules for gender and number apply: <ul><li>When any of the components is masculine animate, the whole compound is masculine animate plural.</li> <li>If every component is neuter plural, the whole compound is neuter plural.</li> <li>In other cases (no masculine animate component, and at least one component which is not neuter plural), the whole compound is feminine/masculine inanimate plural (the feminine and the masculine inanimate forms of verbs and adjectives are identical in the plural).</li></ul> However: <ul><li>If the verb precedes the compound subject, it may agree either with the subject as a whole (according to the above rules) or with the first component of the subject.</li> <li>When the compound is formed using s ("with") rather than a ("and"), the verb or predicate may agree with the first component (the part before s) or with the subject as a whole (according to the above rules).</li> <li>When coordinated adjectives are applied to a singular noun (as in česká a německá strana, "the Czech and German sides", literally "side"), the whole may be treated as either singular or plural (but singular is preferred in the case of abstract nouns).</li></ul> For further description (in Czech) and example sentences, see the Institute of the Czech Language source listed below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>KARLÍK, P.; NEKULA, M.; RUSÍNOVÁ, Z. (eds.). Příruční mluvnice češtiny. Praha: Nakladelství Lidové noviny, 1995. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-7106-134-4" title="Special:BookSources/80-7106-134-4">80-7106-134-4</a>.</li> <li>ŠAUR, Vladimír. Pravidla českého pravopisu s výkladem mluvnice. Praha: Ottovo nakladatelství, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-7181-133-5" title="Special:BookSources/80-7181-133-5">80-7181-133-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prirucka.ujc.cas.cz/?id=601">Shoda přísudku s podmětem několikanásobným</a>, on the website of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Czech_Language" title="Institute of the Czech Language">Institute of the Czech Language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic">Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_conjugation" title="Czech conjugation">Czech conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">Czech alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech orthography</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&oldid=1246370440">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_declension&oldid=1246370440</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Declension" title="Category:Declension">Declension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Czech_grammar" title="Category:Czech grammar">Czech grammar</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-English_text_lacking_appropriate_markup_and_no_ISO_hint" title="Category:Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint">Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-English_text_lacking_appropriate_markup_from_May_2019" title="Category:Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from May 2019">Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incomplete_lists_from_August_2008" title="Category:Incomplete lists from August 2008">Incomplete lists from August 2008</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 September 2024, at 15:02 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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