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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=American+Medical+Association" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The American Medical Association (AMA) is an American <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbying group">lobbying group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_students" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical students">medical students</a>. Founded in 1847, it is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Membership was 271,660 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">American Medical Association</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:AMA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AMA_logo.svg/220px-AMA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AMA_logo.svg/330px-AMA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AMA_logo.svg/440px-AMA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="47"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">May 7, 1847; 177 years ago (1847-05-07)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">36-0727175</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(6)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(6)">501(c)(6)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">"To Promote the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public health"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/330_North_Wabash" title="330 North Wabash">330 North Wabash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">271,660 as of 2022 <a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Jesse M. Ehrenfeld (MD, MPH)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revenue <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2022) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">$493,147,829<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ama-assn.org">ama-assn.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The AMA's stated mission is "to promote the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public health."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The organization was founded with the goal to raise the standards of medicine in the 19th century primarily through gaining control of education and licensing.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Starr-9">[9]</a> In the 20th century, the AMA has frequently lobbied to restrict the supply of physicians, contributing to a doctor shortage in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a> The organization has also lobbied against allowing <a href="/wiki/Physician_assistant" title="Physician assistant">physician assistants</a> and other health care providers to perform basic forms of health care. The organization has historically lobbied against various forms of <a href="/wiki/Government_health_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Government health insurance">government-run health insurance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> The Association also publishes the <a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">Journal of the American Medical Association</a> (JAMA).<a href="#cite_note-JAMA-13">[13]</a> The AMA also publishes a list of <a href="/wiki/Physician_Specialty_Codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician Specialty Codes">Physician Specialty Codes</a> which are the standard method in the U.S. for identifying physician and practice specialties. The American Medical Association is governed by a House of Delegates<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> as well as a board of trustees in addition to executive management.<a href="#cite_note-reorg-15">[15]</a> The organization maintains the AMA Code of Medical Ethics, and the <a href="/wiki/AMA_Physician_Masterfile" title="AMA Physician Masterfile">AMA Physician Masterfile</a> containing data on United States Physicians.<a href="#cite_note-masterfile-16">[16]</a> The Current Procedural Terminology coding system was first published in 1966 and is maintained by the Association.<a href="#cite_note-cpt-17">[17]</a> It has also published works such as the Guides to Evaluation of Permanent Impairment<a href="#cite_note-guides-18">[18]</a> and established the American Medical Association Foundation and the American Medical Political Action Committee.<a href="#cite_note-pac-19">[19]</a> The current president is <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ehrenfeld" title="Jesse Ehrenfeld">Jesse Ehrenfeld</a>, an anesthesiologist affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Medical_College_of_Wisconsin" title="Medical College of Wisconsin">Medical College of Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#1847%E2%80%931900">1.1 1847–1900</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1901%E2%80%931920">1.2 1901–1920</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1921%E2%80%931960">1.3 1921–1960</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1961%E2%80%931980">1.4 1961–1980</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1981%E2%80%932000">1.5 1981–2000</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#2000%E2%80%93present">1.6 2000–present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Policy_positions">2 Policy positions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Lobbying">2.1 Lobbying</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Restrictions_on_physician_supply">2.2 Restrictions on physician supply</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Opposition_to_expanded_health_care_access">2.3 Opposition to expanded health care access</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Substance_use_and_addiction">2.4 Substance use and addiction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Medical_malpractice_reform">2.5 Medical malpractice reform</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Structural_racism_controversy_and_outcomes">2.6 Structural racism controversy and outcomes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Position_on_gender-affirming_care">2.7 Position on gender-affirming care</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Political_donations">3 Political donations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Criticism">4 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Structure">5 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Medical_Association" title="List of presidents of the American Medical Association">List of presidents of the American Medical Association</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1847–1900">1847–1900</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1847–1900" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1846, the organization created a committee dedicated to analyzing the methodology of vital records registration.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It urged state governments to adopt measures to register births, marriages and deaths within their populations.<a href="#cite_note-q391-22">[22]</a> In 1847, the American Medical Association was founded in Philadelphia by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Smith_Davis" title="Nathan Smith Davis">Nathan Smith Davis</a> as a national professional medical organization. The organization educated people about the dangers of patent medicines and called for legislation regulating their production and sale. One resulting legislation was the Drug Importation Act of 1848.<a href="#cite_note-s016-23">[23]</a> In 1848, the AMA began publishing Transactions of the American Medical Association, which included lists and reports of cases of physiological effects of <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> in Boston, the <a href="/wiki/Weill_Cornell_Medical_Center" title="Weill Cornell Medical Center">New York Hospital</a> and the clinics of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Jefferson Medical College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> At the organization's second meeting in 1849, Thomas Wood suggested a committee on medical science to establish a board to analyze quack remedies and nostrums to be published in order to inform the public about the dangers of such remedies.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The AMA's attempts to expose quack remedies aided the passage of the first <a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a> in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-o445-26">[26]</a> The AMA Committee on Ethics advocated for recognition of qualified female physicians in 1869, and the AMA inducted its first female member, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Hackett_Stevenson" title="Sarah Hackett Stevenson">Sarah Hackett Stevenson</a>, as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illinois_State_Medical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illinois State Medical Society (page does not exist)">Illinois State Medical Society</a> delegate in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] In 1872, the AMA's book Nomenclature of Diseases was published.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1883, the AMA launched the <a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">Journal of the American Medical Association</a>. The organization's founder, Nathan Smith Davis, served as the first editor of the publication.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] In 1897, the AMA was incorporated in the state of Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] AMA pushed for laws requiring compulsory <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">smallpox vaccinations</a> in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] In 1899, the AMA appointed a committee to report on <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, including on its communicability and prevention.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] The Committee on Tuberculosis presented its report in October 1900.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901–1920">1901–1920</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1901–1920" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1901, the AMA was reorganized with its central authority shifted to a House of Delegates, a board of trustees, and executive offices.<a href="#cite_note-reorg-15">[15]</a> The House of Delegates was modeled after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> and included representatives from medical organizations across the United States as a formal, reform-minded legislative body.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The organization's new president appointed a Committee on Medical Education in order to evaluate medical education in the United States and make recommendations for its improvement.<a href="#cite_note-reorg-15">[15]</a> The AMA's Committee on National Legislation established the Committee on Medical Legislation in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> AMA created the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry in 1905 to set standards for drug manufacturing and advertising.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> That same year, the AMA began a voluntary program of drug approval, which would remain in effect until 1955. Drug companies were required to show proof of the effectiveness of their drugs to advertise them in AMA's journal.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 1906, the AMA established a <a href="/wiki/AMA_Physician_Masterfile" title="AMA Physician Masterfile">Physician Masterfile</a> designed to contain data on physicians in the United States as well as graduates of American medical schools and international graduates who are in the United States. Each file is established when an individual either enters medical schools or enters the United States.<a href="#cite_note-masterfile-16">[16]</a> The AMA established the Council for the Defense of Medical Research in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> AMA's Council on Medical Education and Hospitals first published its annual list of hospitals approved for internships in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1921–1960">1921–1960</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1921–1960" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In May 1922, the Woman's Auxiliary to the AMA was organized.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The following year, the AMA established standards for medical specialty training residency programs.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The AMA later published its first list of hospitals approved for residency training in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1927, Congress passed the Caustic Poison Act, lobbied for by the AMA, which required product labels to include warnings if they included lye or 10 other caustic chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1933, the AMA's general medical guide the Standard Classified Nomenclature of Disease, (referred to as the Standard), was released.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Along with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Academy_of_Medicine" title="New York Academy of Medicine">New York Academy of Medicine</a>, the APA provided the psychiatric <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a> subsection.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A number of revisions were produced, with the last in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Normal Diet, a comprehensive listing of what Americans should be eating, was published by the AMA in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> A formal partnership between the AMA and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a> formed the Liaison Committee on Medical Education in 1942 in order to establish requirements for certification of medical schools.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission" title="Joint Commission">Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals</a> was created through merging the Hospital Standardization Program with quality standards from the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" title="American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Hospital_Association" title="American Hospital Association">American Hospital Association</a>, and the American Medical Association.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The commission, established for evaluation and accreditation of healthcare organizations in the United States, governed by a board of commissioners including physicians, consumers and administrators.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The AMA publicly endorsed the principle of fluoridation of community water supplies in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1961–1980">1961–1980</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1961–1980" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The AMA first published the <a href="/wiki/Current_Procedural_Terminology" title="Current Procedural Terminology">Current Procedural Terminology</a> (CPT) coding system in 1966. The system was created for uniform reporting of outpatient physician services. The first manual was 163 pages and contained only four-digit codes with descriptions of each.<a href="#cite_note-cpt-17">[17]</a> A second edition of the book was published in 1970 with a fifth digit added.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The AMA published the first Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment in 1971. The guides were later republished in 1977 before the AMA Council on Scientific Affairs created 12 committees to review the guides before the second edition was published in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-guides-18">[18]</a> In the 1970s, the AMA spoke out against gender discrimination in medical institutions.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1975, the AMA adopted a policy stating that "discrimination based on sexual orientation is improper and unacceptable by any part of the federation of medicine."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> It adopted a resolution to repeal all state sodomy laws.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 1976, the AMA began encouraging all public facilities to have handicap access.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981–2000">1981–2000</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1981–2000" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The AMA released a survey in 1981 that found two short-term effects of <a href="/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">dioxin</a> on humans and recommended further studies. By 1983, the AMA accused the news media of conducting a "witch hunt" against the toxic chemical and launched a public information campaign to counter media hysteria.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In May 1983, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a report that reviewed cases of childhood <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> A Federal district judge ruled that the AMA had violated the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> in 1987 by depriving chiropractors of access to the Association. The lawsuit, filed by four chiropractors, accused AMA of conspiring to prevent chiropractors from practicing in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Journal of the American Medical Association first documented that <a href="/wiki/Joe_Camel" title="Joe Camel">Joe Camel</a> cartoons reached more children than adults in December 1991. The Association called for the <a href="/wiki/R._J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company" title="R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company">R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company</a> to stop using the Joe Camel character in its advertising because of its appeal to youth.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_R._Bristow" title="Lonnie R. Bristow">Lonnie R. Bristow</a> became the first African-American president of the American Medical Association. Before he became president, Bristow was the first African-American member of the board of trustees and first African-American chairman of the board.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 1996, the AMA campaigned against health plan "gag clauses", which prohibited doctors from discussing with their patients treatments not covered by the plan, stating that the stipulations inhibit the communication of information and restrict the care doctors can give their patients. The clauses were removed from the contracts of five leading providers, and laws prohibiting such clauses were passed in 16 states.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 1997, the AMA established the <a href="/wiki/National_Patient_Safety_Foundation" title="National Patient Safety Foundation">National Patient Safety Foundation</a> as an independent, nonprofit research and education organization focused on patient safety.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Dickey" title="Nancy Dickey">Nancy W. Dickey</a> was named president of the American Medical Association in June 1998. She was the first woman to head the organization and had been part of AMA's leadership since 1977.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–present">2000–present</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000–present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2002, the AMA released a report that found a medical liability insurance crisis in at least a dozen states was forcing physicians to either close practices or limit services. The association called for Congress to take action and campaigned for national reform.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 2008, the AMA issued a formal apology for previous policies that excluded African-Americans from the organization and announced increased efforts to increase minority physician participation.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The AMA officially recognized obesity as a disease in 2013 in an attempt to change how the medical community approaches the issue.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2015, the AMA declared there is no medically valid reason to exclude transgender individuals from serving in the U.S. military. The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Human Rights Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a> lauded the decision.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Harris" title="Patrice Harris">Patrice A. Harris</a> became the AMA's 174th president in June 2019, the organization's first African-American woman to hold this position.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The AMA sponsors the <a href="/wiki/Specialty_Society_Relative_Value_Scale_Update_Committee" title="Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee">Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee</a>, which is an influential group of 29 physicians, mostly specialists, who help determine the value of different physicians' labor in Medicare prices. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Policy_positions">Policy positions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Policy positions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The AMA has one of the largest political lobbying budgets of any organization in the United States. Its political positions throughout its history have often been controversial. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbying">Lobbying</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lobbying" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Between 1998 and 2020, the association has spent an average of $18 million annually on lobbying efforts.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In the first quarter of 2021, they reported $6.36 million in lobbying expenses.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions_on_physician_supply">Restrictions on physician supply</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Restrictions on physician supply" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></div> The AMA has at various points in history advocated for restricting the supply of physicians. In the early 20th century, the AMA lobbied lawmakers to shut down medical schools on grounds that they were substandard, which in turn reduced the supply of doctors.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The AMA lobbied for reductions in physician supply during the Great Depression.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> In 1997, the AMA lobbied Congress to restrict the number of doctors that could be trained in the United States, claiming that, "The United States is on the verge of a serious oversupply of physicians."<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a> The AMA successfully lobbied Congress to cap how much Medicare could reimburse hospitals for resident physicians, which reduced <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency training</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> In the decades following these restrictions on physician supply, the United States has a shortage of doctors.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> The United States was forecasted to have a shortage of 46,900 to 121,900 physicians by 2032.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> As a consequence of the restrictions on medical training in the United States, a quarter of physicians in the United States were trained abroad by 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> In the 1930s, the AMA attempted to prohibit its members from working for the <a href="/wiki/Health_maintenance_organization" title="Health maintenance organization">health maintenance organizations</a> established during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, which violated the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> and resulted in a conviction ultimately affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-74">[74]</a> In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> upheld a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> order that allowed doctors and dentists to advertise without professional association interference. The order restrained the AMA from its power to obstruct agreements between physicians and health maintenance organizations.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The AMA has lobbied to restrict the ability of <a href="/wiki/Physician_assistant" title="Physician assistant">physician assistants</a> to provide services with less oversight from doctors.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2007, the AMA called for state and federal agencies to investigate potential conflicts of interest between the retail clinics and pharmacy chains.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_expanded_health_care_access">Opposition to expanded health care access</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opposition to expanded health care access" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1917, the AMA endorsed compulsory health insurance, but the organization faced backlash from its state-level societies for this position.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> The AMA established a policy of opposition to compulsory health insurance by state or federal government in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A 1932 editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Society denounced a proposal for government-backed voluntary health insurance system. In the 1940s, the AMA opposed President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>'s proposed healthcare reforms, which would have expanded healthcare facilities in low-income and rural communities, bolstered public health services, increased investments in medical research and education, and provided a payroll-tax-financed, government-run health insurance plan to help relieve the burden of excessive healthcare bills from sick persons.<a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-79">[79]</a> The AMA condemned Truman's plan as "socialized medicine".<a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-79">[79]</a> The AMA charged each of its members an extra 25 dollars to finance a lobbying campaign against the Truman plan.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> In 1961, the AMA opposed the King-Anderson bill proposing Medicare legislation and took out advertisements in newspapers, radio and television against government health insurance. The AMA established the American Medical Political Action Committee, which was separate from AMA though the Association nominated its board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-pac-19">[19]</a> The AMA's efforts to defeat Medicare legislation was called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Coffee_Cup" title="Operation Coffee Cup">Operation Coffee Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> the AMA produced the LP, "Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine".<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> The AMA created an "Eldercare" proposal rather than hospital insurance through Social Security.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Since the enactment of Medicare, the AMA reversed its position and now opposes any "cut to Medicare funding or shift [of] increased costs to beneficiaries at the expense of the quality or accessibility of care". The AMA did not take a position on Bill Clinton's proposed health care reform.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> The AMA supported the Barack Obama administration's health care reform.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> In 2009, the American Medical Association released a public letter to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> endorsing his proposed overhaul to the public health care system, including universal health coverage.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The following year, it offered "qualified support" for the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The AMA supported the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Access_and_CHIP_Reauthorization_Act_of_2015" title="Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015">Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015</a>, which introduced Medicare reforms and replaced the SGR formula with increased Medicare physician reimbursement.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The AMA opposed Republicans' proposed repeal of the Affordable Care Act in March 2017, saying millions of Americans would lose health care coverage.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The AMA has historically opposed single-payer health care.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substance_use_and_addiction">Substance use and addiction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Substance use and addiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The AMA's Committee on Alcoholism issued a statement in 1956 calling alcoholism an illness and encouraging medical personnel and institutions to admit and treat alcoholic patients.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 1972, the AMA launched a "war on smoking" and supported legislation that would prohibit tobacco sample disbursement.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In the early 1980s, the AMA advocated for raising the national legal drinking age to 21.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The AMA called for a ban on advertising and promotion of all tobacco products in any form of media.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The AMA also proposed declaring snuff and chewing tobacco a health hazard, increasing the tax on cigarettes, prohibiting smoking on public transportation and urged medical facilities to ban smoking on their premises.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2014, the Association created the AMA Opioid Task Force to evaluate prescription opioid use and abuse.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_malpractice_reform">Medical malpractice reform</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medical malpractice reform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The AMA has supported changes in <a href="/wiki/Medical_malpractice" title="Medical malpractice">medical malpractice</a> law to limit damage awards, which, it contends, makes it difficult for patients to find appropriate medical care. In many states, high risk specialists have moved to other states that have enacted reform. For example, in 2004, all neurosurgeons had relocated out of the entire southern half of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DrsAREleaving-92">[92]</a> The main legislative emphasis in multiple states has been to effect caps on the amount that patients can receive for <a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering" title="Pain and suffering">pain and suffering</a>. These costs for pain and suffering are only those that exceed the actual costs of healthcare and lost income. At the same time however, states without caps also experienced similar results, suggesting that other market factors may have contributed to the decreases. Some economic studies have found that caps have historically had an uncertain effect on premium rates.<a href="#cite_note-WeissRatings-93">[93]</a> A recent report by the AMA found that, in a 12-month period, five percent of physicians had claims filed against them.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_racism_controversy_and_outcomes">Structural racism controversy and outcomes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Structural racism controversy and outcomes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A February 2021 <a href="/wiki/JAMA" title="JAMA">JAMA</a> podcast proposed that "structural racism is an unfortunate term to describe a very real problem," and that "taking racism out of the conversation would help" to ensure "all people who lived in disadvantaged circumstance have equal opportunities to become successful and have better qualities of life."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In addition to the comments made during the podcast, JAMA then tweeted out the podcast with the caption "No physician is racist, so how can there be structural racism in health care" which further added to the controversy.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The subsequent controversy led a Deputy Editor and the JAMA editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Howard_Bauchner" title="Howard Bauchner">Howard Bauchner</a> to resign.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-101">[101]</a> Columnists <a href="/wiki/Eric_Zorn" title="Eric Zorn">Eric Zorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Henninger" title="Daniel Henninger">Daniel Henninger</a> asserted in separate Op-Eds that the resignation of the two editors was an unfortunate substitute for meaningful conversations about racism and health care,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and the episode was highlighted as a case study of social media, polarization, and radicalization in <a href="/wiki/Greg_Lukianoff" title="Greg Lukianoff">Greg Lukianoff</a> and Rikki Schlott's 2023 book The Canceling of the American Mind.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> After the podcast structural racism controversy in 2021, the AMA published a paper that included recommendations to help improve <a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">health equity</a> and address <a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">structural racism</a> which would encourage "explicit conversations about power, racism, gender and class oppression, forms of discrimination and exclusion."<a href="#cite_note-AP-101">[101]</a> Its "Advancing Health Equity: A Guide to Language, Narrative and Concepts" document asked "questions about language and commonly used phrases and terms, with the goal of cultivating awareness about dominant narratives and offering equity-based, equity-explicit, and person-first alternatives."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The effort was criticized by many commentators.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_on_gender-affirming_care">Position on gender-affirming care</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Position on gender-affirming care" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2023, members of the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_Society" title="Endocrine Society">Endocrine Society</a>, including trans/intersex medical advocate <a href="/wiki/Delia_M._Sosa" title="Delia M. Sosa">Delia M. Sosa</a>, submitted a resolution that advocated against legislation criminalizing access to gender-affirming healthcare and supported efforts to oppose discriminatory policies. This resolution led to the AMA's decision to strengthen its position on protecting gender-affirming care.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Political_donations">Political donations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political donations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The association has donated between $1.6 million and $3.4 million in election cycles between 1990 and 2020. Their distributions have varied from near parity for both Democrats and Republicans to heavily favoring Republican candidates at 75% in the <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_elections" title="1996 United States elections">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_elections" title="2004 United States elections">2004 elections</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="min-width:600px;max-width:100%"> <caption>Contributions by party of recipient (1990 to 2020)<a href="#cite_note-OpenSecrets:Totals-111">[111]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Cycle </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Total </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Democrats </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">% to Dems </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Republicans </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">% to Repubs </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>$2,846,407 </td> <td>$1,398,543 </td> <td>49.13% </td> <td>$1,447,864 </td> <td>50.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>$3,451,005 </td> <td>$1,696,551 </td> <td>49.23% </td> <td>$1,749,454 </td> <td>50.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>$2,838,629 </td> <td>$1,206,192 </td> <td>42.57% </td> <td>$1,627,437 </td> <td>57.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>$2,869,846 </td> <td>$695,525 </td> <td>24.23% </td> <td>$2,174,571 </td> <td>75.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>$2,712,032 </td> <td>$804,018 </td> <td>29.84% </td> <td>$1,890,514 </td> <td>70.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>$2,290,025 </td> <td>$1,081,268 </td> <td>47.27% </td> <td>$1,206,007 </td> <td>52.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>$2,704,238 </td> <td>$1,074,695 </td> <td>39.74% </td> <td>$1,629,543 </td> <td>60.26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>$2,353,510 </td> <td>$564,375 </td> <td>24.24% </td> <td>$1,763,950 </td> <td>75.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>$2,261,629 </td> <td>$743,554 </td> <td>33.05% </td> <td>$1,506,410 </td> <td>66.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>$1,875,337 </td> <td>$1,044,987 </td> <td>55.74% </td> <td>$829,700 </td> <td>44.26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>$1,624,409 </td> <td>$867,750 </td> <td>53.46% </td> <td>$755,409 </td> <td>46.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>$2,117,640 </td> <td>$880,062 </td> <td>41.66% </td> <td>$1,232,578 </td> <td>58.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>$2,062,906 </td> <td>$793,776 </td> <td>38.51% </td> <td>$1,267,640 </td> <td>61.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>$1,994,697 </td> <td>$739,187 </td> <td>37.12% </td> <td>$1,252,093 </td> <td>62.88% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>$1,470,984 </td> <td>$715,539 </td> <td>49.13% </td> <td>$740,805 </td> <td>50.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>$1,573,836 </td> <td>$830,438 </td> <td>54.14% </td> <td>$703,513 </td> <td>45.86% </td></tr></tbody></table> Between 1990 and 2020, the majority of contributions came from PAC money. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="min-width:600px;max-width:100%"> <caption>Contributions by source of funds (1990 to 2020)<a href="#cite_note-OpenSecrets:Totals-111">[111]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Cycle </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Individuals </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">PACs </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Soft (Individuals) </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Soft (Organization) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>$19,321 </td> <td>$2,827,086 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>$31,425 </td> <td>$3,371,794 </td> <td>$0 </td> <td>$47,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>$26,341 </td> <td>$2,742,156 </td> <td>$0 </td> <td>$70,132 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>$46,633 </td> <td>$2,617,176 </td> <td>$0 </td> <td>$206,037 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>$21,666 </td> <td>$2,609,991 </td> <td>$0 </td> <td>$80,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>$41,056 </td> <td>$2,216,104 </td> <td>$350 </td> <td>$32,515 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>$33,657 </td> <td>$2,656,131 </td> <td>$700 </td> <td>$13,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>$81,800 </td> <td>$2,257,425 </td> <td>$35 </td> <td>$14,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>$61,080 </td> <td>$2,188,884 </td> <td>$665 </td> <td>$11,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>$124,869 </td> <td>$1,749,818 </td> <td>$0 </td> <td>$650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>$64,550 </td> <td>$1,538,859 </td> <td>$1,000 </td> <td>$20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>$70,062 </td> <td>$2,047,578 </td> <td>$0 </td> <td>$0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>$66,700 </td> <td>$1,985,716 </td> <td>$490 </td> <td>$10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>$101,903 </td> <td>$1,880,594 </td> <td>$2,200 </td> <td>$10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>$62,734 </td> <td>$1,400,190 </td> <td>$2,560 </td> <td>$5,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>$171,963 </td> <td>$1,362,650 </td> <td>$4,223 </td> <td>$35,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> During the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, the American Medical Association's policy of allowing its constituent groups to be <a href="/wiki/Racially_segregated" class="mw-redirect" title="Racially segregated">racially segregated</a> in areas with widespread <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> faced opposition from doctors as well as other healthcare professionals. Pressure from organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Committee_for_Human_Rights" title="Medical Committee for Human Rights">Medical Committee for Human Rights</a> (MCHR) resulted in changed policies by the late 1960s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize-winning</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, as well as his wife, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a>, have claimed that the organization acts as a <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> and has attempted to increase physicians' <a href="/wiki/Wages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wages">wages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fees" class="mw-redirect" title="Fees">fees</a> by influencing limitations on the <a href="/wiki/Physician_supply" title="Physician supply">supply of physicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a> from non-physicians. In the book <a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a>, the Friedmans stated that "the AMA has engaged in extensive litigation charging chiropractors and <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">osteopathic physicians</a> with the unlicensed practice of medicine, in an attempt to restrict them to as narrow an area as possible."<a href="#cite_note-Choose-112">[112]</a> The AMA was also criticized for holding up licensing of foreign-trained medical professionals who, after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power, were fleeing to the U.S. from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi-controlled Germany</a> and adjacent nations.<a href="#cite_note-Choose-112">[112]</a> Profession and Monopoly also criticized the AMA for limiting the supply of physicians and inflating the cost of medical care in the U.S. as well as its influence on hospital regulation.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In a 1987 antitrust court case, a federal district judge called the AMA's behavior toward chiropractors "systematic, long-term wrongdoing". The AMA was accused of limiting the associations between physicians and chiropractors. In the 1960s and 1970s, the association's Committee on Quackery was said to have targeted the chiropractic profession, and for many years the AMA held that it was unethical for physicians to refer patients to chiropractors or to receive referrals from chiropractors.<a href="#cite_note-APNYT-114">[114]</a> In October 2020, the association used <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> to publicly oppose <a href="/wiki/Scope_of_practice" title="Scope of practice">scope of practice</a> creep, where non-physicians are permitted to provide healthcare services without physician oversight. The posts were removed the same day and the AMA commented that they were committed to "team-based healthcare guided by a physician" to "optimize patient outcomes."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Physician_Assistants" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Physician Assistants">American Academy of Physician Assistants</a> published a letter expressing their frustration at the social media posts.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Rebekah Bernard from the advocacy group Physicians for Patient Protection publicly criticized the AMA for retracting their social media posts.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The AMA is composed of policy discussion groups that meet twice a year for an annual meeting and an Interim meeting.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Within the AMA, there are sections that include Medical Students, Resident and Fellows, Academic physicians, Medical School Deans and Faculty, Physicians in group practice setting, Retired and Senior Physicians, International Medical graduates, Woman physicians, Physician Diversity and Minority health, GLBT, USAN, AMA board of Trustees, Foundation and Council.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> External organizations, called AMA member organizations, come to these meetings by sending representatives. Representatives come from a state, specialty or the federal services/government service medical societies.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-121">[121]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMA_Foundation_Leadership_Award" title="AMA Foundation Leadership Award">AMA Foundation Leadership Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMA_Scientific_Achievement_Award" title="AMA Scientific Achievement Award">AMA Scientific Achievement Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Physicians and Surgeons">American Association of Physicians and Surgeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dental_Association" title="American Dental Association">American Dental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Student_Association" title="American Medical Student Association">American Medical Student Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Simmons" title="George H. Simmons">George H. Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAMA_Pediatrics" title="JAMA Pediatrics">JAMA Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_published_by_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="List of journals published by the American Medical Association">List of journals published by the American Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Physicians_Alliance" title="National Physicians Alliance">National Physicians Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_a_National_Health_Program" title="Physicians for a National Health Program">Physicians for a National Health Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._A._L._Reed" title="C. A. L. Reed">C. A. L. Reed</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/2021-06/ama-10-years-2021-fact-sheet.pdf">"AMA Fact Sheet on its Decade of Membership Growth"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 2015-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ama-assn.org&rft.atitle=Meeting+Dates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fama%2Fpub%2Fabout-ama%2Four-people%2Fhouse-delegates%2Fmeeting-dates.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Medical+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/leadership-opportunities.page">"Physician Leadership Opportunities at the AMA"</a>. Ama-assn.org. 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Retrieved 2015-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ama-assn.org&rft.atitle=Member+Organizations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fama%2Fpub%2Fabout-ama%2Four-people%2Fhouse-delegates%2Fthe-delegates%2Fmember-organizations.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Medical+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-121"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/medical-student-section/advocacy-policy/medical-student-debt.shtml">"Medical Student Debt"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030071531/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/medical-student-section/advocacy-policy/medical-student-debt.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Student+Debt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fama%2Fpub%2Fabout-ama%2Four-people%2Fmember-groups-sections%2Fmedical-student-section%2Fadvocacy-policy%2Fmedical-student-debt.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Medical+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="8" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&oldid=1257699153">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&oldid=1257699153</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 November 2024, at 06:22 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجمعية الطبية الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمعية الطبية الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="American Medical Association" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associaci%C3%B3_M%C3%A8dica_Nord-americana" title="Associació Mèdica Nord-americana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Associació Mèdica Nord-americana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Medical Association" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_M%C3%A9dica_Estadounidense" title="Asociación Médica Estadounidense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asociación Médica Estadounidense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Medicina_Asocio" title="Usona Medicina Asocio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Medicina Asocio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انجمن پزشکی آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن پزشکی آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_m%C3%A9dicale_am%C3%A9ricaine" title="Association médicale américaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Association médicale américaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%EC%82%AC%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="미국의사협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의사협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="अमेरिकी चिकित्सक संघ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेरिकी चिकित्सक संघ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="American Medical Association" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99" title="איגוד הרפואה האמריקאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגוד הרפואה האמריקאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persatuan_Perubatan_Amerika" title="Persatuan Perubatan Amerika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persatuan Perubatan Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%8C%BB%E5%B8%AB%E4%BC%9A" title="アメリカ医師会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ医師会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="American Medical Association" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameryka%C5%84skie_Towarzystwo_Medyczne" title="Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Medyczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Medyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_M%C3%A9dica_Americana" title="Associação Médica Americana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Associação Médica Americana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Американская медицинская ассоциация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская медицинская ассоциация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="American Medical Association" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Америчка медицинска асоцијација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Америчка медицинска асоцијација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="American Medical Association" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="American Medical Association" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="สมาคมการแพทย์อเมริกัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมาคมการแพทย์อเมริกัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_T%C4%B1p_Derne%C4%9Fi" title="Amerikan Tıp Derneği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerikan Tıp Derneği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="美国医学会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国医学会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 06:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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