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href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/isaac/"> ISAAC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/kmos/"> KMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/mad/"> MAD </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/midi/"> MIDI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/"> MUSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naco/"> NACO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naomi/"> NAOMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/pionier/"> PIONIER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/"> SINFONI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sphere/"> SPHERE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/uves/"> UVES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/"> VIMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/visir/"> VISIR </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/x-shooter/"> X-shooter </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/"> VLT Unit Telescopes Names <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-255" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a class="no-link" href="#"> ANTU </a></li><li class=""><a class="no-link" href="#"> KUEYEN </a></li><li class=""><a class="no-link" href="#"> MELIPAL </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/yepun/"> YEPUN </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/auxiliarytelescopes/"> Auxiliary Telescopes </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/"> Survey Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-261" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/"> VISTA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-262" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/mirror/"> The VISTA mirror </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/camera/"> VIRCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/"> 4MOST </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/surveys/"> The VISTA surveys </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/consortium/"> The VISTA consortium </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-268" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/"> The VST surveys </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/speculoos/"> SPECULOOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ngts/"> NGTS </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/"> La Silla Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-274" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/"> Swedish–ESO Submillimetre Telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/"> New Technology Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-276" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/"> EFOSC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/"> EMMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/"> SOFI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/"> ESO 3.6-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-280" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/harps/"> HARPS </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/"> MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-282" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/grond/"> GROND </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/"> WFI </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/"> Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/"> Rapid Eye Mount telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/"> TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/"> Danish 1.54-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/"> Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/"> ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/"> ESO 1.52-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/"> ESO 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/"> ESO 0.5-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> MarLy 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Dutch 0.9-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Swiss T70 telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Bochum 0.61-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Danish 0.5-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/"> Grand Prisme Objectif telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/"> Swiss 0.4-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/"> Marseille 0.36-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/"> GRB Monitoring System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/"> MASCARA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/"> BlackGEM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/"> ExTrA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu current"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/"> APEX <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-307" class="submenu-aim sublevel selected current current-leaf"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/laboca/"> LABOCA </a></li><li class=" current current-leaf"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/"> SEPIA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/"> ALMA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-310" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/antennas/"> Antennas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/"> Transporters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/residencia/"> ALMA Residencia </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/"> ELT <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-315" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_rev/"> Preparing a Revolution </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_exo/"> Are We Alone? </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_fir/"> First Objects </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_con/"> ELT Concept </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_euw/"> Window on the Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_sit/"> Finding a Home </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_num/"> ELT in numbers </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> ELT Instruments <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-323" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt-instr/harmoni/"> HARMONI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt-instr/maory/"> MAORY </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt-instr/metis/"> METIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt-instr/micado/"> MICADO </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/"> Technology for Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-328" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/active_optics/"> Active Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/"> Adaptive Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/"> Integral Field Units </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/spectroscopy/"> Spectroscopy </a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/science/">Discoveries<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-334" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/science/top10/"> ESO Top 10 Astronomical Discoveries </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/science/exoplanets/"> Exoplanets </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/science/stars/"> Very Old Stars </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/science/gc/"> Black Hole at the Centre of our Galaxy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/science/grb/"> Gamma-Ray Bursts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/science/archive/"> Science Archive </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/">Events<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-341" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/press-evt/"> Press Events </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/"> Special Events <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-343" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann16071/"> Open House Day 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/MeetESO/"> #MeetESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse15/"> Long Night of Science 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2014/"> ASTRONET 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse14/"> Open House Day 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/eeltblast/"> ELT Groundbreaking </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/cafe-and-kosmos/"> Café & Kosmos in Munich </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse13/"> Open House Day 2013 </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/"> ASTRONET 2013 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-352" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/dates/"> Important Dates </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/registration/"> Registration, Fees and Payment </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/abstracts/"> Abstract Submission </a></li><li class=""><a 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href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/"> ESO 50 Years <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-363" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/message/"> Message from the DG </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/50highlights50years/"> Fifty Highlights </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/competitions/"> Competitions </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/twitter/"> Twitter Feed </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/webcast/"> Webcast </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/"> Europe to the Stars <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-369" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/news/"> News </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/movie/"> Movie </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/book/"> Book </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/reviews/"> Reviews </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/bios/"> Bios 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href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse09/"> Open House Day 2009 (German) </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/bond/"> Bond at Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/lndw-2007eng/"> Long Night of Science 2007 </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/"> Open House Day 2006 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-390" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/ohd06-winnerslist/"> List of Prize Winners </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/tdot06/"> Deutsche Fassung </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/tdot06-gewinnerliste/"> Liste der Preisgewinner </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/pt-011203/"> Public Talks 2003 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/eso40years/"> ESO 40 Years (1962 - 2002) </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/exhibitions/"> Exhibitions <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-396" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/exhibitions/perma_exhibitions/"> ESO Permanent Exhibitions </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622073809/http://www.esof.eu/"> EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) 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href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/leonids99/"> The Leonids - 17.11.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/eclipse99/"> Solar Eclipse at ESO HQ - 11.08.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/leonids98/"> The Leonids - 11.1998 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/pathfinder/"> Mars Pathfinder - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hyakutake/"> Comet Hyakutake - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/sl9/"> SL-9 and Jupiter - 1994 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hale-bopp/"> Comet Hale Bopp - 1994 </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/events/seminars/"> Astronomy Communication Seminars </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/">Outreach<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-413" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/"> Education <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-414" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/products/education/"> Educational Material </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622073809/http://www.scienceinschool.org/" target="_blank"> 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href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2008/"> Catch a Star 2008 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2007/"> Catch a Star 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2005/"> Catch a Star 2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/"> Catch a Star 2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2003/"> Catch a Star 2003 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2002/"> Catch a Star 2002 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/liu/"> Life in the Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/pos/"> Physics On Stage </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/seaspace/docs/"> Sea & Space </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622073809/http://kids.alma.cl/?lang=en"> ALMA Kids </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622073809/http://www.sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2015/ "> ESO Astronomy Camp 2015 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/"> Partnerships <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-433" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/translators/"> Volunteer Translators </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/eson/"> ESO Science Outreach Network </a></li><li 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class="col-md-12 one-column"> <div id="edit-info-block"> <div id="page-edit-success" class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Page saved successfully </div> <div id="page-edit-failure" class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Couldn't save page :( Please try again. </div> </div> <div class="page-content"> <div id="editable-content"> <h1>SEPIA</h1> <h2>Swedish-ESO PI receiver for APEX</h2> <p><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1543b/"><img src="/web/20170622073809im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/static/teles-instr/apex/images/eso1543b_pano.jpg" border="0" alt="SEPIA Instrument on APEX" width="970" height="264" style="border: 0px none;"/></a></p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <p>It is easy to find water on the surface of the Earth, but it is extremely difficult to discover it in the rest of the Universe. The main problem is that the Earth's atmosphere absorbs a lot of the very faint traces of water, which may have traveled for thousands of light-years to get here. But help is at hand.</p> <p>Joining an established suite of instruments attached to the ESO-operated <a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/">Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope</a>, the Swedish-ESO PI receiver for APEX, or SEPIA, is now spearheading the search for water in the Universe.</p> <p>"<em>SEPIA will be able to study the emission from water in the Universe. Water is not just a molecule which is well known on Earth, but also an important tracer of star-forming gas.</em>" says Carlos De Breuck, instrument scientist behind this state-of-the-art device.</p> <p>How does SEPIA detect water? <em>"SEPIA is an <a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/spectroscopy/">spectrograph</a>, meaning that it decomposes the light according to wavelength,"</em> says De Breuck. That means light is split into its different colours (or wavelengths), in the same way that rain droplets disperse the light to form a rainbow. This allows astronomers to analyse it, and detect the faint traces of water in the light collected by APEX. <em>"Thanks to the high and dry location of APEX on the Chajnantor Plateau, it is now possible to routinely perform these observations with SEPIA".</em></p> <p>In addition of water, SEPIA will also trace a wide variety of other molecules that have never been studied before. "<em>Some of the brightest molecules that SEPIA can observe are the HCN, HNC and HCO+ molecules in the 2-1 transition. These have been observed with other telescopes (e.g. the IRAM 30m) in the 1-0 transition, but never in this 2-1 transition. With this information, we can learn more about how the dense gas forms baby stars</em>".</p> <p>These advances are due to the detectors of SEPIA, called <a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15059/">Band 5 receivers</a>, which are based on technology developed for the <a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/">Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA)</a>. SEPIA’s detectors are cooled down to extremely low temperatures — barely 4 degrees above absolute zero — to work effectively.</p> <p>The detectors inside SEPIA are one of six prototype receivers that have been built for ALMA, and which was partially funded by an FP6 project from the European Union. But ALMA will need to have all 66 receivers before start using them for science observations.</p> <p>"<em>Now we can do the preparatory work with APEX already two years earlier. As such, APEX will find the best targets to study in greater detail with ALMA in a few years. So it will not only benefit APEX itself, but also make the use of these band 5 receivers at ALMA more efficient, as APEX will have discovered the best targets to follow-up. That said, the APEX results that are coming out from the first SEPIA observations are very nice science results in their own right,</em>" says Carlos De Breuck.</p> <p> </p> <p class="p1">Sepia is also a colour with a close connection to water. The reddish-brown shade, characteristic of pigment collected from the cuttlefish of genus Sepia (found in the waters of both Sweden and Chile), has been used in ink since ancient times and sepia toning is a well-known way of giving photographic prints a longer life.</p> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <table class="table table-bordered" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <h3>SEPIA</h3> <p><small>The authoritative technical specifications as offered for astronomical observations are available from the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622073809/http://www.apex-telescope.org/instruments/pi/sepia/">Science Operation page</a>.</small></p> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="30" valign="top"><strong>Location:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Chajnantor Plateau</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="30" valign="top"><strong>Telescope:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/">APEX</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Focus:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Nasmyth</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Type:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Spectrograph</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Wavelength coverage:</strong></td> <td valign="top">1420-1900 μm</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Spatial resolution:</strong></td> <td valign="top">n/a, 35 arcsec beam</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Spectral resolution:</strong></td> <td valign="top">0.065 km/s at 177 GHz</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>First light date:</strong></td> <td valign="top">February 2015</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Images taken with the instrument:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/search/?instrument=63">Link</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Images of the instrument:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622073809/https://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/search/?ranking=0&release_id=&minimum_size=0&description=&published_until_year=0&published_until_month=0&title=&subject_name=sepia&credit=&published_until_day=0&published_since_day=0&published_since_month=0&id=&published_since_year=0">Link</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Press Releases with the instrument:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/news/?search=SEPIA">Link</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Science goals:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Water molecules, star-forming gas.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p><strong>Consortium:</strong></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p id="docs-internal-guid-698f8770-c75d-3b88-d020-4bfb5769903f" dir="ltr">Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622073809/http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/english/">MPIfR</a>)</p> <p dir="ltr">Onsala Space Observatory (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622073809/http://www.chalmers.se/oso">OSO</a>)</p> ESO</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row footernote"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622073809/mailto:information@eso.org">Send us your comments!</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4"> <a href="/web/20170622073809/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/newsletters/esonews/">Subscribe to receive news from ESO in your language</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622073809/https://www.cdn77.com/">Accelerated by CDN77</a> </div> </div> <link href="/web/20170622073809cs_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/app/css/extras.66957e81db8d.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script type="text/javascript">var MEDIA_URL = "/public/archives/"</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20170622073809js_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/app/js/main.31181619428b.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20170622073809js_/http://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=epod" async></script> </body> </html>