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decoding=\"async\" width=\"90\" height=\"21\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/135px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/180px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"668\" data-file-height=\"154\" /\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/span\u003E Alanud on artiklivõistlus \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Vikipeedia:Teadus_Vikipeediasse_2024\" title=\"Vikipeedia:Teadus Vikipeediasse 2024\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ETeadus Vikipeediasse\u003C/b\u003E\u003C/a\u003E ning \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Vikipeedia:Teadusfoto_pildikorje_2024\" title=\"Vikipeedia:Teadusfoto pildikorje 2024\"\u003Eteadusfoto pildikorje\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E! \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Cspan title=\"Teadus 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terminivõistlus\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E!\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sait"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sisukord" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Loodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Loodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Riik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Riik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Riik"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Riik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haldusjaotus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haldusjaotus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Haldusjaotus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haldusjaotus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rahvastik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rahvastik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rahvastik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rahvastik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majandus_ja_infrastruktuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majandus_ja_infrastruktuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Majandus ja infrastruktuur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Majandus_ja_infrastruktuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Majandus ja infrastruktuur"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Majandus_ja_infrastruktuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Majandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Majandus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ajalugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajalugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ajalugu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Ajalugu"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Esimesed_asukad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esimesed_asukad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Esimesed asukad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esimesed_asukad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispaania_periood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispaania_periood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hispaania periood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispaania_periood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia_osa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia_osa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Colombia osa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia_osa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iseseisvuse_esimesed_kuus_aastakümmet_(1903–1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iseseisvuse_esimesed_kuus_aastakümmet_(1903–1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Iseseisvuse esimesed kuus aastakümmet (1903–1968)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iseseisvuse_esimesed_kuus_aastakümmet_(1903–1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama_sõjaline_diktatuur_(1968–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama_sõjaline_diktatuur_(1968–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Panama sõjaline diktatuur (1968–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama_sõjaline_diktatuur_(1968–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Omar_Torrijos_(1968–1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omar_Torrijos_(1968–1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Omar Torrijos (1968–1981)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omar_Torrijos_(1968–1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuel_Noriega_(1981–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuel_Noriega_(1981–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Manuel Noriega (1981–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuel_Noriega_(1981–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USA_sissetung_Panamasse_(1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USA_sissetung_Panamasse_(1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>USA sissetung Panamasse (1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USA_sissetung_Panamasse_(1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demokraatia_naasmine_(1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demokraatia_naasmine_(1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Demokraatia naasmine (1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demokraatia_naasmine_(1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Panama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 237 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-237" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">237 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – atšehi" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atšehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Панамэ – adõgee" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Панамэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adõgee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9B" title="ፓናማ – amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓናማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Inari saami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari saami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – vanainglise" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="vanainglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بنما – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Փանամա – läänearmeenia" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փանամա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="läänearmeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – frankoprovansi" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="frankoprovansi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – guaranii" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="পানামা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পানামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Banyumasi murre" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasi murre" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – bihaari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – keskbikoli" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="keskbikoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – baieri" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="baieri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="པ་ན་མ། – tiibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པ་ན་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tiibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – burjaadi" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A0" title="Panamà – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Panamà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – sebu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Zamboanga tšavakano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Zamboanga tšavakano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A2" title="Panamâ – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Panamâ" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – Maroko araabia" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Maroko araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – põhjasaami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="põhjasaami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A7" title="ޕެނަމާ – maldiivi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕެނަމާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldiivi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – alamsorbi" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="alamsorbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पानामा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पानामा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Παναμάς – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παναμάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – ersa" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ersa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamo" title="Panamo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – estremenju" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremenju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – eve" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="eve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Fidži hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidži hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Phanamaa" title="Yn Phanamaa – mänksi" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Phanamaa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mänksi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – gagauusi" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – gaeli" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaeli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – kikuju" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="પનામા – gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પનામા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – Goa konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%82%98%EB%A7%88" title="파나마 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파나마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_(%C6%99asa)" title="Panama (ƙasa) – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Panama (ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C4%81" title="Panamā – havai" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Panamā" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="havai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Պանամա – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանամա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – ülemsorbi" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ülemsorbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="পানামা – bišnuprija" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পানামা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bišnuprija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Панамæ – osseedi" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Панамæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseedi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – suulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="suulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פנמה – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – kabije" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabije" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE" title="ಪನಾಮಾ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪನಾಮಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პანამა – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8E%DB%81" title="پَنامَہ – kašmiiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پَنامَہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – kašuubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašuubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – korni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – ruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – mäemari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mäemari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannanman" title="Pannanman – Guajaana kreoolkeel" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pannanman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guajaana kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – ladiini" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – ladiino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladiino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C4%81" title="Panamā – tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Panamā" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – liguuri" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – livviko" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livviko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/panamas" title="panamas – ložban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="panamas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ložban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – lombardi" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A0" title="Panamà – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Panamà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE" title="പാനമ – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാനമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C4%81" title="Panamā – maoori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Panamā" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maoori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პანამა – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პანამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باناما – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باناما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – mazandaraani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯄꯅꯥꯃꯥ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯅꯥꯃꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Панам – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Панам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပနားမားနိုင်ငံ – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပနားမားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_(land)" title="Panama (land) – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Panama (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पानामा – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पानामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9E" title="パナマ – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パナマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – tšetšeeni" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tšetšeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – norfuki" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="norfuki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Normandia" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Normandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – noviaal" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="noviaal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A0_(pa%C3%ADs)" title="Panamà (país) – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Panamà (país)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – niidumari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="niidumari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaamaa" title="Panaamaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Panaamaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਨਾਮਾ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਨਾਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पानामा – paali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पानामा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="paali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – amise" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="amise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaa" title="Panamaa – Jamaica kreoolkeel" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Panamaa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaica kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%82%88%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းပႃႈၼႃးမႃး – šani" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပႃႈၼႃးမႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="šani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – pikardi" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A0" title="Panamà – piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Panamà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – paivani" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="paivani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – karakalpaki" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – krimmitatari" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimmitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панаама – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Панаама" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पानामा – sanskriti" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पानामा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskriti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – sardi" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – saterfriisi" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaja" title="Panamaja – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Panamaja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A0" title="Panamà – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Panamà" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පැනමාව – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැනමාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhanama" title="IPhanama – svaasi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPhanama" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="svaasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Panama (štát) – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Panama (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – sileesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="sileesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banama" title="Banama – somaali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Banama" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پەنەما – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەنەما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="பனாமா – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பனாமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – kabiili" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – atajali" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="atajali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="పనామా – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పనామా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – tetumi" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetumi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศปานามา – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศปานามา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – tadžiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – uusmelaneesia" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="uusmelaneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – türkmeeni" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="türkmeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – udmurdi" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – uiguuri" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – tšuangi" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="tšuangi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0nama" title="Pànama – veneti" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pànama" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam" title="Panam – vepsa" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Panam" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A4n" title="Panamän – volapüki" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Panamän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapüki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A6%AC" title="巴拿馬 – klassikaline hiina" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴拿馬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassikaline hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaa" title="Panamaa – volofi" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Panamaa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volofi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC" title="巴拿马 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴拿马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90" title="פאנאמא – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאנאמא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A6%AC" title="巴拿馬 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴拿馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – dõmli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dõmli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – zeelandi" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeelandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC" title="巴拿马 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴拿马" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – bataki" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="bataki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – betavi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – ibani" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – talõši" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talõši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ – tamasikti (Maroko)" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamasikti (Maroko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q804#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Vaata sisulehekülge [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arutelu:Panama" rel="discussion" title="Arutelu selle lehekülje sisu kohta [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Arutelu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Muuda keelevarianti" > <label 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title="Muuda seda lehekülge [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Muuda</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit" title="Redigeeri selle lehekülje lähteteksti [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Muuda lähteteksti</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=history" title="Selle lehekülje varasemad redaktsioonid [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Näita ajalugu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tööriistad" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tööriistad</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tööriistad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">peida</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Veel võimalusi" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Toimingud </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Panama"><span>Vaata</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit" title="Muuda seda lehekülge [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Muuda</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit" title="Redigeeri selle lehekülje lähteteksti [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Muuda lähteteksti</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=history"><span>Näita ajalugu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Üldine </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Lingid_siia/Panama" title="Kõik viki leheküljed, mis siia viitavad [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lingid siia</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Seotud_muudatused/Panama" rel="nofollow" title="Viimased muudatused lehekülgedel, millele on siit viidatud [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seotud muudatused</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Erilehek%C3%BCljed" title="Erilehekülgede loend [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Erileheküljed</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&oldid=6742512" title="Püsilink lehekülje sellele redaktsioonile"><span>Püsilink</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=info" title="Lisateave selle lehekülje kohta"><span>Lehekülje teave</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Sellele_lehek%C3%BCljele_viitamine&page=Panama&id=6742512&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Teave sellele leheküljele viitamise kohta"><span>Viita leheküljele</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fet.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPanama%26section%3D17%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Hangi lühendatud URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fet.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPanama%26section%3D17%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Laadi alla QR-kood</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Teistes projektides </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q804" title="Link andmehoidla seonduva üksuse juurde [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Andmeüksus</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ilme"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ilme</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">peida</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="coordinates" class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span title="WGS84 koordinaadid">koordinaadid: </span><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama&language=et&params=8.61666667_N_80.36666667_W_region:PA_type:country"><span title="coordinates"><span title="Laius">9° N</span>, <span title="Pikkus">80° W</span></span></a></div></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></span></span> </td> <td> <i>See artikkel räägib riigist; teiste tähenduste kohta vaata lehekülge <a href="/wiki/Panama_(t%C3%A4psustus)" class="mw-disambig" title="Panama (täpsustus)">Panama (täpsustus)</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6347534">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-spacing:3px;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:black;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0.2em;float:right;clear:right;font-size:88%;line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox.sisterproject{width:20em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.standard-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output .infobox.standard-talk.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.standard-talk.bordered th{border:1px solid #c0c090}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}</style></div><table class="infobox bordered" style="width:22em;width:300px; font-size: 90%;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:170%; padding: 3px;"> <p><big><b>Panama Vabariik</b></big> </p> <hr style="width:90%; margin:2px auto;" /><div class="nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6347534"></div><table class="infobox borderless" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span style="color:#666;">hispaania</span> República de Panamá<div style="color:#333;"></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:170%; padding: 3px;"> <div style="display:table; table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"><div style="display:table-row"> <div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Panama.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panama lipp"><img alt="Panama lipp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/125px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/188px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/250px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panama vapp"><img alt="Panama vapp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></div> </div><div style="display:table-row"> <div style="display:table-cell; text-align:center; border-right: 7px solid transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Panama_lipp" title="Panama lipp">Panama lipp</a></div> <div style="display:table-cell; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Panama_vapp" title="Panama vapp">Panama vapp</a></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Panama_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panama asendikaart"><img alt="Panama asendikaart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Panama_in_its_region.svg/300px-Panama_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Panama_in_its_region.svg/450px-Panama_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Panama_in_its_region.svg/600px-Panama_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Riigih%C3%BCmn" title="Riigihümn">Riigihümn</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Himno_Istme%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himno Istmeño (pole veel kirjutatud)">Himno Istmeño</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Pealinn" title="Pealinn">Pealinn</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá">Panamá</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Pindala" title="Pindala">Pindala</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> 74 177 km² <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804?uselang=et#P2046" title="Muuda Vikiandmetes"><img alt="Muuda Vikiandmetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Riigikeel" title="Riigikeel">Riigikeel</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Hispaania_keel" title="Hispaania keel">hispaania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Rahvaarv" title="Rahvaarv">Rahvaarv</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> 4 098 587 <span style="font-size:88%">(2017)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804?uselang=et#P1082" title="Muuda Vikiandmetes"><img alt="Muuda Vikiandmetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Rahvastikutihedus</th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> 55,3 in/km²</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Panama_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama president">President</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Raúl Mulino (pole veel kirjutatud)">José Raúl Mulino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Iseseisvus" title="Iseseisvus">Iseseisvus</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> 3. novembril 1903</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Sisemajanduse_kogutoodang" title="Sisemajanduse kogutoodang">SKT</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> 61,838 mld <a href="/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide dollar">$</a> <span style="font-size:88%">(2017)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2333329?uselang=et#P2131" title="Muuda Vikiandmetes"><img alt="Muuda Vikiandmetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/SKT_elaniku_kohta" title="SKT elaniku kohta">SKT elaniku kohta</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> 15 196 <a href="/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide dollar">$</a> <span style="font-size:88%">(2017)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2333329?uselang=et#P2132" title="Muuda Vikiandmetes"><img alt="Muuda Vikiandmetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Valuuta" title="Valuuta">Valuuta</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_balboa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panama balboa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Panama balboa</a> (PAB)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Ajav%C3%B6%C3%B6nd" title="Ajavöönd">Ajavöönd</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Maailmaaeg" title="Maailmaaeg">maailmaaeg</a> −5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Tippdomeen" title="Tippdomeen">Tippdomeen</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> <a href="/wiki/.pa" title=".pa">.pa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/ROK-i_maakoodide_loend" title="ROK-i maakoodide loend">ROK-i kood</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> PAN</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="/wiki/Maakood_(telefon)" title="Maakood (telefon)">Telefonikood</a></th><td style="padding:.2em .5em;"> 507</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Panama</b> (ametlik nimi <b>Panama Vabariik</b>) on riik <a href="/wiki/Ameerika" title="Ameerika">Ameerikas</a>. See on kõige enam tuntud <a href="/wiki/Panama_kanal" title="Panama kanal">Panama kanali</a> poolest. </p><p>Piirneb <a href="/wiki/Loe" title="Loe">loodes</a> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagu" title="Kagu">kagus</a> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hi" title="Põhi">põhjas</a> <a href="/wiki/Kariibi_meri" title="Kariibi meri">Kariibi mere</a> ja <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B5una" title="Lõuna">lõunas</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaikne_ookean" title="Vaikne ookean">Vaikse ookeaniga</a>. Riik asub kahel mandril – <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Ameerika_manner" title="Põhja-Ameerika manner">Põhja-</a> ja <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Ameerika" title="Lõuna-Ameerika">Lõuna-Ameerikas</a>. Enamik Panama elanikest on roomakatoliiklased (umbes 80%). </p><p>Panama pealinn (ja ühtlasi ka suurim linn) on <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá">Panamá</a>, kus elab ligikaudu pool riigi neljast miljonist elanikust. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loodus">Loodus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Loodus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Loodus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Chame_laht_Panamas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chame_laht_Panamas.jpg/220px-Chame_laht_Panamas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chame_laht_Panamas.jpg/330px-Chame_laht_Panamas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chame_laht_Panamas.jpg/440px-Chame_laht_Panamas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Chame laht ja sealne mangroovimets</figcaption></figure> <p>Panama asub <a href="/wiki/Kesk-Ameerika" title="Kesk-Ameerika">Kesk-Ameerika</a> kitsaimas osas ja selle pindala on 75 420 km². Riik on piklik S-kujuline maakitsus <a href="/wiki/Kariibi_meri" title="Kariibi meri">Kariibi mere</a> ja Vaikse ookeani vahelisel alal. Kõige kitsamas kohas on maakitsus umbes 50 kilomeetrit lai.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaikse ookeani rannik on väga madal ja seetõttu on looded erakordselt ägedad, üle seitsme meetri, samas kui Kariibi mere poolel on sellest vaid kümnendik.<sup id="cite_ref-geo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panama on jagatud kaheks rannikuks nendevahelise mäeahelikuga ning teisest küljest jagab <a href="/wiki/Panama_kanal" title="Panama kanal">Panama kanali</a> piirkonnas olev madalik selle lääne- ja idaosaks. Suurem osa riigist asub vähem kui 700 meetri kõrgusel. </p><p>Vaikse ookeani rannikutasandikul asub <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azuero_poolsaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azuero poolsaar (pole veel kirjutatud)">Azuero poolsaar</a>. Enamik Panama rohkem kui 1600 saarest asub Vaikses ookeanis. Panamast läbib mitu jõge, kuid enamik neist on lühikesed.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kariibi merre suubuvatest jõgedest olulisim on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagresi_j%C3%B5gi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chagresi jõgi (pole veel kirjutatud)">Chagresi jõgi</a>, millest paisutamise teel tekkinud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gatuni_j%C3%A4rv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gatuni järv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Gatuni järv</a> on Panama kanali oluline osa. Teised olulised jõed on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chepo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chepo (pole veel kirjutatud)">Chepo</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuira (pole veel kirjutatud)">Tuira</a>, mis suubuvad Vaiksesse ookeani.<sup id="cite_ref-geo_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kariibi mere ja Vaikse ookeani rannikul on kliima erinev, kuna Kariibi mere rannikul sajab <a href="/wiki/Passaattuul" class="mw-redirect" title="Passaattuul">passaattuulte</a> tõttu oluliselt rohkem vihma kui Vaikse ookeani rannikul. Temperatuuri poolest jaguneb Panama kolmeks tsooniks. Umbes 90 protsenti riigist on madalamal kui 700 meetrit asuvas kuumavööndis, kus temperatuur langeb harva alla 26 kraadi. Keskmisel kõrgusel (700–1500 meetrit) on leebem kliima, üle 1500 meetri on jahe.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mäeaheliku läänepoolsetes osades on isegi pakast.<sup id="cite_ref-geo_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panama looduslik mitmekesisus on seotud selle geoloogilise ajalooga: Lõuna- ja Põhja-Ameerika on olnud vaheldumisi koos või eraldatud. Piirkonnas on arenenud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endeemne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endeemne (pole veel kirjutatud)">endeemsed</a> liigid. Omapäraste linnuperekondade hulka kuuluvad <a href="/wiki/Tuukanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuukanid">tuukanid</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolibrid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koolibrid (pole veel kirjutatud)">koolibrid</a>. Seal on 12 endeemset linnuliiki ja enam kui sada liiki, mis pärinevad Kesk-Ameerikast.<sup id="cite_ref-linnud_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnud-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Electron_platyrhynchum_-Panama-8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lainokk motmot (Electron platyrhynchum)"><img alt="Lainokk motmot (Electron platyrhynchum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Electron_platyrhynchum_-Panama-8a.jpg/90px-Electron_platyrhynchum_-Panama-8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Electron_platyrhynchum_-Panama-8a.jpg/135px-Electron_platyrhynchum_-Panama-8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Electron_platyrhynchum_-Panama-8a.jpg/180px-Electron_platyrhynchum_-Panama-8a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="2298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lainokk_motmot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lainokk motmot (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lainokk motmot</a> (<i>Electron platyrhynchum</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Harpia_harpyja,_Panama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harpüia (Harpia harpyja) on Panama rahvuslind"><img alt="Harpüia (Harpia harpyja) on Panama rahvuslind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Harpia_harpyja%2C_Panama.jpg/120px-Harpia_harpyja%2C_Panama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Harpia_harpyja%2C_Panama.jpg/180px-Harpia_harpyja%2C_Panama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Harpia_harpyja%2C_Panama.jpg/240px-Harpia_harpyja%2C_Panama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harp%C3%BCia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harpüia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Harpüia</a> (<i>Harpia harpyja</i>) on Panama rahvuslind</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ramphastos_sulfuratus,_Panama,_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vääveltuukan (Ramphastos sulfuratus)"><img alt="Vääveltuukan (Ramphastos sulfuratus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg/120px-Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg/180px-Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg/240px-Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5114" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4veltuukan" title="Vääveltuukan">Vääveltuukan</a> (<i>Ramphastos sulfuratus</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Tamandua_mexicana_in_Panama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vabas looduses elav põhjatamandu"><img alt="Vabas looduses elav põhjatamandu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tamandua_mexicana_in_Panama.jpg/120px-Tamandua_mexicana_in_Panama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tamandua_mexicana_in_Panama.jpg/180px-Tamandua_mexicana_in_Panama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tamandua_mexicana_in_Panama.jpg/240px-Tamandua_mexicana_in_Panama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vabas looduses elav <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B5hjatamandu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Põhjatamandu (pole veel kirjutatud)">põhjatamandu</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riik">Riik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Riik"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Riik" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panama on presidentaalne vabariik. Peaministri ametikohta ei ole. President nimetab ametisse ka valitsuse. President ja ühekojaline parlament (71 esindajat) valitakse iga viie aasta järel, president ja asepresident rahva otsevalimistel.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parlamendivalimistel osutub mõnes ringkonnas valituks üks ja teistes mitu kandidaati. Ühe esindajaga ringkondades valitakse esindaja otsevalimisega, mitme kandidaadiga ringkondades aga proportsionaalsetel <a href="/wiki/Valimised" title="Valimised">valimistel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ipu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuigi Panama põhiseadus sätestab võimude lahususe, on presidendi võim suur. Poliitikas domineerib nn <a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">personalism</a>, kus valijad pühenduvad tugevatele liidritele.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enamikul erakondadest pole selget ideoloogiat ja nende suuna määravad enamasti mõned silmapaistvad liidrid. Alates sõjaväehunta langemisest on juhtivad parteid olnud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demokraatlik_Revolutsiooniline_Partei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demokraatlik Revolutsiooniline Partei (pole veel kirjutatud)">Demokraatlik Revolutsiooniline Partei</a> PRD (Partido Revolucionario Democratico) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paname%C3%B1ista_Partei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panameñista Partei (pole veel kirjutatud)">Panameñista Partei</a> PP (Partido Panameñista). 21. sajandil on nende kõrvale tõusnud <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli" title="Ricardo Martinelli">Ricardo Martinelli</a> (president 2009–2014) ümber koondunud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demokraatlik_Muutus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demokraatlik Muutus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Demokraatlik Muutus</a> CD (Cambio Democrático). Demokraatliku Revolutsioonilise Partei PRD asutas Panama sõjaväeline juht kindral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omar Torrijos (pole veel kirjutatud)">Omar Torrijos</a> 1979. aastal ja selle juured on vasakpoolses populismis. Teise võimupartei Panamenista Partei PP asutas president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnulfo_Arias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnulfo Arias (pole veel kirjutatud)">Arnulfo Arias</a> 1932. aastal. Partei kandis kuni 2005. aastani nimetust Arnulfista Partei PA (Partido Arnulfista) ja selle juured on ultranatsionalismis ja fašismis. Tänapäeval on PRD valdavalt vasaktsentrist ja PP enamasti paremtsentrist. </p><p>Alates 1. juulist 2019 on Panama president <a href="/wiki/Laurentino_Cortizo" title="Laurentino Cortizo">Laurentino Cortizo</a>, kes valiti ametisse Demokraatliku Revolutsioonilise Partei PRD esinumbrina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haldusjaotus">Haldusjaotus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Haldusjaotus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Haldusjaotus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img 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coords="43,147,43,136,35,127,35,125,44,118,48,113,49,108,43,96,54,87,65,90,77,95,90,98,92,118,96,117,100,122,103,126,109,125,113,127,117,133,126,127,131,125,133,128,128,135,125,142,123,147,121,151,117,157,111,160,98,158,86,152,73,142,57,135,51,136" alt="Chiriquí provints" title="Chiriquí provints" /><area href="/wiki/Veraguase_provints" shape="poly" coords="96,189,121,158,126,139,135,125,134,121,143,117,149,117,154,119,158,119,157,115,155,109,154,100,154,94,158,90,172,87,176,89,176,95,181,98,182,100,182,105,182,108,181,110,180,112,180,115,180,119,182,127,182,131,181,135,180,138,180,141,176,142,173,146,173,150,169,152,169,155,168,159,172,162,173,167,173,171,177,173,182,176,184,180,185,184,189,191,191,198,191,198,186,199,181,201,166,199,159,200,151,200,144,202,130,202,116,202,108,201,100,196" alt="Veraguase provints" title="Veraguase provints" /><area href="/wiki/Los_Santose_provints" shape="poly" coords="192,201,185,178,194,171,193,159,205,151,208,147,226,160,238,175,237,188" alt="Los Santose provints" title="Los Santose provints" /><area href="/wiki/Herrera_provints" shape="poly" coords="187,138,176,142,174,146,176,150,171,155,172,161,173,165,184,178,195,167,195,157,210,147,202,139" alt="Herrera provints" title="Herrera provints" /><area href="/wiki/Cocl%C3%A9_provints" shape="poly" coords="178,111,184,119,184,134,186,139,199,139,206,140,210,132,225,130,231,124,225,111,225,98,220,83,217,79,212,85,208,91,205,92,199,87,194,87,193,90,196,95,189,97,188,98" alt="Coclé provints" title="Coclé provints" /><area href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3ni_provints" shape="poly" coords="174,85,176,93,182,97,183,106,188,104,187,97,194,96,196,94,195,87,200,88,207,91,215,86,219,79,221,81,223,85,233,82,236,79,236,70,242,68,246,71,251,73,256,68,258,62,264,53,267,49,274,49,275,52,280,54,283,55,285,56,290,51,290,43,287,41,276,41,263,40,254,41,244,45,227,54,212,63,197,71" alt="Colóni provints" title="Colóni provints" /><area href="/wiki/Guna_Yala_piirkond" shape="poly" coords="290,39,290,51,277,62,294,62,306,61,316,58,330,64,341,69,350,74,359,78,366,81,376,89,382,95,385,99,388,105,392,112,395,113,396,111,405,102,405,98,396,86,381,69,360,58,336,49" alt="Guna Yala piirkond" title="Guna Yala piirkond" /><area href="/wiki/Wargand%C3%AD_piirkond" shape="poly" coords="359,75,350,83,360,100,368,95,372,96,376,91,368,81" alt="Wargandí piirkond" title="Wargandí piirkond" /><area href="/wiki/Ember%C3%A1-Wounaani_piirkond" shape="poly" coords="383,95,374,97,366,108,391,145,409,133,404,121,396,112" alt="Emberá-Wounaani piirkond" title="Emberá-Wounaani piirkond" /><area href="/wiki/Ember%C3%A1-Wounaani_piirkond" shape="poly" coords="341,150,348,147,347,141,350,142,355,152,359,150,363,160,366,169,362,174,356,174,354,168,346,167,339,154" alt="Emberá-Wounaani piirkond" title="Emberá-Wounaani piirkond" /><area href="/wiki/Madugand%C3%AD_piirkond" shape="poly" coords="312,59,309,66,306,77,322,80,336,86,349,84,351,80,354,79,357,74,351,69,344,68,335,66,330,63,325,59,320,58" alt="Madugandí piirkond" title="Madugandí piirkond" /><area href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9ni_provints" shape="poly" coords="335,126,331,116,331,100,332,91,338,93,345,90,351,86,359,99,369,93,371,96,376,91,380,96,376,96,371,98,363,106,389,143,410,135,415,153,404,157,407,167,390,180,379,163,377,174,381,180,379,182,374,181,367,202,347,181,327,145,328,131,340,137,339,128" alt="Dariéni provints" title="Dariéni provints" /><area href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Oeste_provints" shape="poly" coords="252,74,262,87,261,90,251,92,248,96,254,105,231,122,227,117,227,113,224,109,225,107,224,98,221,95,222,88,223,87,223,85,223,83,225,83,227,84,232,84,236,82,235,78,236,72,239,70,243,70,245,74" alt="Panamá Oeste provints" title="Panamá Oeste provints" /><area href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_provints" shape="poly" coords="234,126,224,113,223,100,221,89,224,80,235,83,236,69,242,70,246,76,251,73,253,67,259,67,261,49,270,52,270,57,275,56,279,59,279,62,289,62,303,61,309,57,313,59,309,69,308,76,315,79,320,79,326,83,332,87,339,87,349,85,351,81,350,87,348,91,347,92,343,91,340,92,339,95,335,93,332,91,328,91,330,102,330,105,329,113,335,124,335,127,324,121,319,110,311,118,312,128,309,139,303,142,290,144,280,139,278,131,279,120,282,108,286,102,298,102,304,109,309,115,310,118,322,106,299,95,292,91,276,89,272,92,270,97,268,105,263,111,259,113,252,115,246,118,242,120,238,121" alt="Panamá provints" title="Panamá provints" /></map><figcaption>Panama 1. järgu haldusüksused (lingitud)</figcaption></figure> <p>Panama on halduslikult jaotatud kümneks provintsiks, mille eesotsas on kubernerid. Provintsid jagunevad omakorda piirkondadeks ja aleviteks (<i>corregimientos</i>). Samuti on Panamas kuus põliselanike piirkonda (<i>comarcas</i>), kus enamuse moodustavad põlisrahvad. Põliselanike piirkondadest neli on provintsitaseme haldusüksused ning kaks, Madugandí ja Wargandí piirkond, kuuluvad provintside koosseisu. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Col%C3%B3n,_Panama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Col%C3%B3n%2C_Panama.jpg/220px-Col%C3%B3n%2C_Panama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Col%C3%B3n%2C_Panama.jpg/330px-Col%C3%B3n%2C_Panama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Col%C3%B3n%2C_Panama.jpg/440px-Col%C3%B3n%2C_Panama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colón (pole veel kirjutatud)">Colón</a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%B3ni_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colóni provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Colóni provintsi</a> keskus ja riigi suuruselt teine linn</figcaption></figure> <p>Provintsid: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bocas_del_Toro_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bocas del Toro provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Bocas del Toro provints</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiriqu%C3%AD_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiriquí provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Chiriquí provints</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocl%C3%A9_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coclé provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Coclé provints</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%B3ni_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colóni provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Colóni provints</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari%C3%A9ni_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dariéni provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Dariéni provints</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrera_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herrera provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Herrera provints</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Santose_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Santose provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Los Santose provints</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panam%C3%A1_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panamá provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Panamá provints</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panam%C3%A1_Oeste_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panamá Oeste provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Panamá Oeste provints</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veraguase_provints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veraguase provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Veraguase provints</a></li></ul> <p>Põliselanike piirkonnad (<i>comarcas</i>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guna_Yala_piirkond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guna Yala piirkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Guna Yala piirkond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ember%C3%A1_piirkond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emberá piirkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Emberá piirkond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naso_Tj%C3%ABr_Di_piirkond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naso Tjër Di piirkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Naso Tjër Di piirkond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%A4be-Bugl%C3%A9_piirkond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngäbe-Buglé piirkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ngäbe-Buglé piirkond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madugand%C3%AD_piirkond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madugandí piirkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Madugandí piirkond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wargand%C3%AD_piirkond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wargandí piirkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Wargandí piirkond</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rahvastik">Rahvastik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Rahvastik"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Rahvastik" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Panama_Casco_Antiguo_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Panama_Casco_Antiguo_panorama.jpg/300px-Panama_Casco_Antiguo_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Panama_Casco_Antiguo_panorama.jpg/450px-Panama_Casco_Antiguo_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Panama_Casco_Antiguo_panorama.jpg/600px-Panama_Casco_Antiguo_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13683" data-file-height="3989" /></a><figcaption>Panamá vanalinna panoraam</figcaption></figure> <p>Panama elanikkond oli 2017. aastal 4 098 587. </p><p>Panama etniline koosseis on järgmine: </p> <ul><li>50,1% segarassilist (euroopa, aafrika, põlisameerika) päritolu</li> <li>22,0% aafrika päritolu</li> <li>6,7% indiaanipäritolu</li> <li>8,6% euroopa päritolu (nendest hispaania-kanaari päritolu 74%, saksa 13%, itaalia jt 13%)</li> <li>5,5% aasia päritolu</li> <li>7,1% muud päritolu</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Majandus_ja_infrastruktuur">Majandus ja infrastruktuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Majandus ja infrastruktuur"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Majandus ja infrastruktuur" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panama oli 2019. aastal <a href="/wiki/Maailmapank" title="Maailmapank">Maailmapanga</a> hinnangul <a href="/wiki/Inimarengu_indeks" title="Inimarengu indeks">inimarengu indeksi</a> edetabelis väga kõrge inimarenguga riikide hulgas 57. kohal. <a href="/wiki/Gini_indeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gini indeks">Gini indeks</a> oli 2019. aastal 49,8 ja sellega oli Panama maailmas 168. kohal. <a href="/wiki/SKT_elaniku_kohta" title="SKT elaniku kohta">SKT elaniku kohta</a> oli 2021. aastal 29 000 USD ja sellega oli Panama maailmas 73. kohal. </p><p>28. aprillil 2022 kiitsid Panama seadusandjad heaks seaduseelnõu, mis legaliseerib <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">bitcoini</a> ja muud <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%BCptoraha" title="Krüptoraha">krüptovaluutad</a>. Eelnõu lubab krüptovaluutat kasutada ja sellega kaubelda, aga ka muid sellega seonduvaid teemasid. Samuti võimaldab see kodanikel kasutada oma krüptovaluutat maksude tasumiseks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Viitamine" title="Vikipeedia:Viitamine"><span title="See väide vajab viidet.">viide?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Majandus">Majandus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Majandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Majandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Miraflores_Locks,_Panama_-_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_05.jpg/220px-Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_05.jpg/330px-Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_05.jpg/440px-Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panama_kanal" title="Panama kanal">Panama kanali</a> lüüsid</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Miraflores_Locks,_Panama_-_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_08.jpg/220px-Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_08.jpg/330px-Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_08.jpg/440px-Miraflores_Locks%2C_Panama_-_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Panama kanalit läbivad laevad</figcaption></figure> <p>2000. aastatel on Panama majandus olnud üks kiiremini kasvavaid majandusi maailmas. Aastatel 2001–2013 on riigi majandus kasvanud keskmiselt 7,2 protsenti aastas. <a href="/wiki/Maailmapank" title="Maailmapank">Maailmapanga</a> hinnangul jätkub kasv lähiaastatel kiiremini kui mujal <a href="/wiki/Ladina-Ameerika" title="Ladina-Ameerika">Ladina-Ameerikas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wboverview_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wboverview-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 21. sajandil on Panama majandust turgutanud eelkõige <a href="/wiki/Panama_kanal" title="Panama kanal">Panama kanali</a> laienemine. Pärast laiendustööde lõpetamist 2016. aastal oli majanduskasv vaid 4,9 protsenti.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panama majanduses domineerib teenindussektor, mis on Ladina-Ameerika suurim. Selle suurimad valdkonnad on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Offshore-pangandus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offshore-pangandus (pole veel kirjutatud)"><i>offshore</i>-pangandusoperatsioonid</a> ja kanaliliiklus.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alates 1999. aastast on Panama valitsus kanalit, selle tuluvooge ning hooldus- ja arendustegevust hallanud iseseisvalt, ilma et Ameerika Ühendriigid oleks vahendaja rollis.<sup id="cite_ref-MUS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanal võimaldab oluliselt säästa aega <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merenduse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merenduse (pole veel kirjutatud)">laevanduses</a>. Mitmed maailmas ehitatavad ookeanilaevad on mõõdetud nn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panamax (pole veel kirjutatud)">Panamax</a> suurusele, et nad suudaksid läbida kanali lüüse ja väravaid.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keskmine makse Panama valitsusele on 54 000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=USD_dollar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USD dollar (pole veel kirjutatud)">USD dollarit</a> laeva kohta ja aastas läbib kanalit 14 000 laeva.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panama majanduspoliitika on selgelt keskendunud <a href="/wiki/Vabakaubandus" title="Vabakaubandus">vabakaubandusele</a>. Maailmapanga 2015. aasta statistika järgi on Panama piiriülese kaubanduse lihtsuselt maailmas üheksandal kohal. Panamal on kümmekond vabakaubanduslepingut Ladina-Ameerika riikidega ja vabakaubandusleping Ameerika Ühendriikidega.<sup id="cite_ref-report14_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ameerika Ühendriigid on tema suurim kaubanduspartner. Olulisemad eksporditooted on banaanid, krevetid, kohv ja riided. Panama kanali põhjapoolses otsas asuv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%B3ni_vabakaubandustsoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colóni vabakaubandustsoon (pole veel kirjutatud)">Colóni vabakaubandustsoon</a> toimib samamoodi nagu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maquiladora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maquiladora (pole veel kirjutatud)">maquiladorad</a> paljudes teistes Kesk-Ameerika riikides. Seal on sadu tehaseid, mis toodavad toorainest või pooltoodetest valmistooteid.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panama <a href="/wiki/Inimarengu_indeks" title="Inimarengu indeks">inimarengu indeks</a> on Ladina-Ameerika riigi kohta kõrge, kuid riik on sellest hoolimata väga tugevalt lõhestatud. Rikkus on koondunud enamasti pealinna Panamásse, kuid paljud maapiirkonnad elavad vaesuses.<sup id="cite_ref-report14_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linnapiirkondades elab äärmises vaesuses alla 4 protsendi elanikkonnast. Maapiirkondades on see näitaja umbes 27 protsenti. Rohkem kui 70 protsenti elanikest elab vaesuses ja põlisrahvaste eripiirkondades elab üle 40 protsendi elanikest äärmises vaesuses. Lisaks puuduvad nendes piirkondades paljud põhiteenused.<sup id="cite_ref-wboverview_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wboverview-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Transport"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Transport" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:12_de_Octubre_metro_station,_Panama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/12_de_Octubre_metro_station%2C_Panama.jpg/220px-12_de_Octubre_metro_station%2C_Panama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/12_de_Octubre_metro_station%2C_Panama.jpg/330px-12_de_Octubre_metro_station%2C_Panama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/12_de_Octubre_metro_station%2C_Panama.jpg/440px-12_de_Octubre_metro_station%2C_Panama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panam%C3%A1_metroo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panamá metroo (pole veel kirjutatud)">Panamá metroo</a> alustas tegevust 2014. aastal. Pildil on 12. oktoobri metroojaam</figcaption></figure> <p>Panamas on umbes 11 000 kilomeetrit teid. Peamised kiirteed on kiirtee, mis kulgeb üle maakitsuse Panamást <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colón (pole veel kirjutatud)">Colónisse</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamericana_maantee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panamericana maantee (pole veel kirjutatud)">Panamericana maantee</a>, mis kulgeb üle riigi Costa Rica piirilt ja lõpeb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaviza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaviza (pole veel kirjutatud)">Yaviza</a> linnas, mis asub 40 kilomeetri kaugusel <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombiast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riigi ainus raudteeliin kulgeb Panamást Colónisse.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panamas on neli rahvusvahelist lennujaama. Suurim neist on <a href="/wiki/Tocumeni_rahvusvaheline_lennujaam" title="Tocumeni rahvusvaheline lennujaam">Tocumeni rahvusvaheline lennujaam</a>, mis asub Panamá kesklinnast 35 kilomeetri kaugusel.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panama on üks laevandusmaailma suurimaid <a href="/wiki/Mugavuslipp" title="Mugavuslipp">mugavuslipu</a> riike.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2010. aastal sõitis Panama lipu all 6379 laeva, mis on kõige rohkem maailmas.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esimesed_asukad">Esimesed asukad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Esimesed asukad"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Esimesed asukad" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panama piirkond on olnud asustatud vähemalt 12 000 aastat. Enne eurooplaste saabumist selles piirkonnas elanud rahvastiku kohta on väga erinevaid hinnanguid. Kolm suurt rahvast olid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunad (pole veel kirjutatud)">gunad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%A4bered&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngäbered (pole veel kirjutatud)">ngäbered</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embera (pole veel kirjutatud)">emberad</a>. Nad kasvatasid maisi, puuvilla, kakaod, juur- ja puuvilju. Elasid õlgkatusega majakestes ja magasid võrkkiikedes. Nad olid osavad keraamika, kivi ja kullaga töötamisel ning kandsid palju kuldehteid, mis toetasid müüti kuldsest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldorado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eldorado (pole veel kirjutatud)">Eldorado</a> linnast.<sup id="cite_ref-aja_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispaania_periood">Hispaania periood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Hispaania periood"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Hispaania periood" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Diorama_of_Panam%C3%A1_Viejo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diorama_of_Panam%C3%A1_Viejo.jpg/220px-Diorama_of_Panam%C3%A1_Viejo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diorama_of_Panam%C3%A1_Viejo.jpg/330px-Diorama_of_Panam%C3%A1_Viejo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diorama_of_Panam%C3%A1_Viejo.jpg/440px-Diorama_of_Panam%C3%A1_Viejo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Minatuurne mudel vanast Panamá linnast enne selle hävingut 1671. aastal</figcaption></figure> <p>Esimene eurooplane, kes Panama maakitsust uuris, oli hispaanlane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_de_Bastidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo de Bastidas (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rodrigo de Bastidas</a>, kes otsis piirkonnast kulda aastal 1501. Järgmisena uuris seda <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> oli esimene eurooplane, kes ületas Panama maakitsuse ja jõudis välja Vaikse ookeani rannikule aastal 1513.<sup id="cite_ref-aja_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hispaanlased alistasid peagi maad asustanud <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C5%A1ibt%C5%A1ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tšibtšad (pole veel kirjutatud)">tšibtšad</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emberad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emberad (pole veel kirjutatud)">emberad</a> ning hävitasid suures osas nende kultuurist. </p><p>1519. aastal asutasid hispaanlased linna nimega <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá">Panamá</a>, millest sai esimene Euroopa asula Vaikse ookeani rannikul. Sellest sai ka <a href="/wiki/Peruu" title="Peruu">Peruu</a> vallutamise märkimisväärne vaheetapp. Panamá ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portobelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portobelo (pole veel kirjutatud)">Portobelo</a> Kariibi mere rannikul olid tähtsad kaubanduskeskused. Need tõmbasid ligi ka Inglise piraate: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a> hävitas Panamá 1671. aastal ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Vernon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Vernon (pole veel kirjutatud)">Edward Vernon</a> Portobelo 1739. aastal. Samal aastal anti piirkond üle <a href="/wiki/Uus-Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Uus-Granada">Uus-Granada asekuningriigile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Fort_San_Lorenzo_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fort_San_Lorenzo_05.jpg/220px-Fort_San_Lorenzo_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fort_San_Lorenzo_05.jpg/330px-Fort_San_Lorenzo_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fort_San_Lorenzo_05.jpg/440px-Fort_San_Lorenzo_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagresi_j%C3%B5gi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chagresi jõgi (pole veel kirjutatud)">Chagresi jõe</a> suuet kaitsev <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%BCha_Laurentiuse_kindlus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Püha Laurentiuse kindlus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Püha Laurentiuse kindlus</a> on arvatud <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_maailmap%C3%A4rand_Panamas" title="UNESCO maailmapärand Panamas">UNESCO maailmapärandi</a> nimekirja</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia_osa">Colombia osa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Colombia osa"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Colombia osa" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riik oli <a href="/wiki/Hispaania" title="Hispaania">Hispaania</a> <a href="/wiki/Koloonia" title="Koloonia">koloonia</a> kuni aastani 1821, mil sellest sai <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívari</a> juhtimisel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suur-Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suur-Columbia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Suur-Columbia</a> osa.<sup id="cite_ref-aja2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panamal oli mõnda aega oma kuberner, kuid 1843. aasta põhiseadusega anti võim üle <a href="/wiki/Bogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogota">Bogotasse</a>. Varsti pärast seda sai Panamast Colombia osariik.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Panama_Canal_Railway_in_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Panama_Canal_Railway_in_2015.jpg/220px-Panama_Canal_Railway_in_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Panama_Canal_Railway_in_2015.jpg/330px-Panama_Canal_Railway_in_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Panama_Canal_Railway_in_2015.jpg/440px-Panama_Canal_Railway_in_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_kanali_raudtee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panama kanali raudtee (pole veel kirjutatud)">Panama kanali raudtee</a> avati 1855. aastal</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Panama_kanal" title="Panama kanal">Panama kanalit</a> hakati esimest korda kavandama juba 16. sajandil ning aastatel 1880–1889 tegi kanali rajamiseks esimese katse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prantsuse_kanalikompanii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prantsuse kanalikompanii (pole veel kirjutatud)">Prantsuse kanalikompanii</a> eesotsas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_de_Lesseps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ferdinand de Lessepsiga</a>. Pärast projekti kokkuvarisemist kanalifirma pankroti tõttu taaskäivitas USA president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> selle aastal 1902. USA valitsus pidas aga <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> seatud tingimusi liiga nõudlikuks ja käivitas plaani Panama eraldamiseks Colombiast. Ameerika Ühendriikide toetusel sai Panama iseseisvaks 3. novembril 1903, andes Panama kanali tsooni USA-le rendile peaaegu sajaks aastaks.<sup id="cite_ref-aja3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iseseisvuse_esimesed_kuus_aastakümmet_(1903–1968)"><span id="Iseseisvuse_esimesed_kuus_aastak.C3.BCmmet_.281903.E2.80.931968.29"></span>Iseseisvuse esimesed kuus aastakümmet (1903–1968)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Iseseisvuse esimesed kuus aastakümmet (1903–1968)"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Iseseisvuse esimesed kuus aastakümmet (1903–1968)" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Plaza_de_Francia,_Panam%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Plaza_de_Francia%2C_Panam%C3%A1.jpg/170px-Plaza_de_Francia%2C_Panam%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Plaza_de_Francia%2C_Panam%C3%A1.jpg/255px-Plaza_de_Francia%2C_Panam%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Plaza_de_Francia%2C_Panam%C3%A1.jpg/340px-Plaza_de_Francia%2C_Panam%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Prantsusmaa väljak rajati aastatel 1921–1922 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_de_Lesseps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ferdinand de Lessepsi</a> ja Prantsuse kanalikompanii auks</figcaption></figure> <p>Panama esimene põhiseadus lubas USA-l sekkuda sõjaliselt Panama siseasjadesse, kui riigis tekivad rahutused. USA kasutas oma õigust aastatel 1908, 1912, 1918 ja 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panama oli konstitutsiooniline demokraatia, mida valitses 1903–1968 jõukas oligarhia. Panama kanal avati liikluseks 1914. aastal, kuid see oli USA kontrolli all kuni 1999. aastani.<sup id="cite_ref-ind_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teise maailmasõja ajal, pärast seda, kui <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCnnak_Pearl_Harborile" title="Rünnak Pearl Harborile">Jaapan ründas Pearl Harbori</a> detsembris 1941, paigutati Panamasse kümned tuhanded Ameerika sõdurid, kes vastutasid Panama kanali turvalisuse eest.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnulfo_Arias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnulfo Arias (pole veel kirjutatud)">Arnulfo Arias</a> oli Panama president kolm korda (1940–1941, 1949–1951 ja põgusalt oktoobris 1968 enne sõjaväelist riigipööret). Ta oli aastatel 1932–1936 Panama president olnud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmodio_Arias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harmodio Arias (pole veel kirjutatud)">Harmodio Ariase</a> noorem vend.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama_sõjaline_diktatuur_(1968–1989)"><span id="Panama_s.C3.B5jaline_diktatuur_.281968.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Panama sõjaline diktatuur (1968–1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Panama sõjaline diktatuur (1968–1989)"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Panama sõjaline diktatuur (1968–1989)" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Omar_Torrijos_(1968–1981)"><span id="Omar_Torrijos_.281968.E2.80.931981.29"></span>Omar Torrijos (1968–1981)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Omar Torrijos (1968–1981)"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Omar Torrijos (1968–1981)" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1968. aastal kukutasid Panama relvajõud ametist äsja valitud presidendi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnulfo_Ariase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnulfo Ariase (pole veel kirjutatud)">Arnulfo Ariase</a>. Riigipööret juhtisid major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Martinez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Martinez (pole veel kirjutatud)">Boris Martinez</a> ja kolonelleitnant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omar Torrijos (pole veel kirjutatud)">Omar Torrijos</a>, kellest sai uue sõjaväevalitsuse juht. Sõjaline valitsus kestis üle kahe aastakümne. Sõjalise režiimi ajal oli selle tegevus vägivaldsem kahes faasis: esmalt režiimi algusaegadel, mil ta võitles Ariase-meelsete sisside vastu, ning kannatas mingil määral ka sisemiste võimuvõitluste all. Teist korda tõmbusid ohjad pingule režiimi lõppfaasis pärast 1980. aastate keskpaika Noriega ajal. Nende episoodide vahel oli 1970. aastad üsna rahulik aeg. Paljud on pidanud Torrijose aega omamoodi "progressiivse juhtimise" (<i>caudillismo</i>) ajastuks. 1970. aastatel saavutas sõjaväevalitsus populaarsuse nii finantseliidi kui ka lihtrahva seas, sest poliitika oli ühelt poolt ärisõbralik, kuigi rõhutati riigi rolli majanduses – ja teisalt parandasid valitsuse projektid ka inimeste elutingimusi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demokraatlik_Revolutsiooniline_Partei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demokraatlik Revolutsiooniline Partei (pole veel kirjutatud)">Demokraatlik Revolutsiooniline Partei</a> (PRD), mille sõjaväeline režiim asutas 1978. aastal oma valitsemise toetamiseks, on endiselt üks Panama juhtivaid poliitilisi liikumisi, kuigi partei on püüdnud oma Noriega-aegsest ajaloost distantseeruda.<sup id="cite_ref-aja4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omar Torrijose ajalooline saavutus oli 1977. aastal USA presidendi <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carteriga</a> sõlmitud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_kanali_leping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panama kanali leping (pole veel kirjutatud)">Panama kanali leping</a> ehk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torrijos-Carteri_leping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torrijos-Carteri leping (pole veel kirjutatud)">Torrijos-Carteri leping</a>. USA senati 1978. aastal ratifitseeritud lepingu kohaselt lakkas Panama kanali tsoon olema eraldatud 1. oktoobriks 1979 ja Panama kanal ise läks Panama kontrolli alla 31. detsembriks 1999. USA kontrollis piirkonda peaaegu kogu 20. sajandi. 1903. aastal Panama valitsusega sõlmitud lepingu alusel said Ameerika Ühendriigid kontrolli piirkonna üle, kuhu pidi kanal rajama ning 1914. aastal avatud Panama kanal oli siis USA kontrolli all.<sup id="cite_ref-aja5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omar Torrijos suri 52-aastaselt 1981. aasta augustis, kui teda vedanud Panama õhujõudude lennuk kukkus halva ilmaga Panama lääneosas džunglisse. Kõik viis pardal olnud inimest said surma.<sup id="cite_ref-aja6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torrijose ideoloogia (torrijoism) oli omapärane ja paradoksaalne segu sotsialismist ja vabaturumajandusest. Torrijose aeg oli diktatuuri aeg, kuid keskseks jõuks oli Omar Torrijose karismaatiline isiksus, mis koos tema vaieldamatute saavutustega oli tema autokraatlikkusele ja ebademokraatlikkusele vaatamata populaarsuse peamiseks põhjuseks.<sup id="cite_ref-aja7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manuel_Noriega_(1981–1989)"><span id="Manuel_Noriega_.281981.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Manuel Noriega (1981–1989)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Manuel Noriega (1981–1989)"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Manuel Noriega (1981–1989)" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Omar Torrijose peamiste liitlaste hulgas oli <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Antonio Noriega</a>, kelle toetust premeeriti ametikõrgendustega ja määramisega sõjaväeluure juhiks. Pärast seda, kui Torrijos 1981. aastal salapärases lennuõnnetuses hukkus, tõusis julgeolekuasutuste juht <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a> kulisside taha riigi mõjukaimaks meheks.<sup id="cite_ref-aja8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noriegal puudus Torrijose karisma ja Noriega eelistas valitseda kulisside tagant, samas kui karismaatiline Torrijos oli hiilanud masside ees.<sup id="cite_ref-aja9_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja9-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noriega juhtimisel sai Panamast USA oluline piirkondlik liitlane, kes toetas Nicaragua parempoolseid mässulisi (<i>contras</i>) <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> vasakpoolse režiimi vastu ja <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvadori</a> valitsust võitluses vasakpoolsete FMLN-i sisside vastu. 1983. aastal sai Noriegast relvajõudude juhataja ja tema positsioon Panama liidrina sai veelgi selgemaks. USA aga hakkas Noriega usaldusväärsuses üha enam kahtlema – ilmnes, et Noriega müüs oma teenuseid ka teistele luureorganisatsioonidele ning tegi koostööd ka narkokartellidega. 1988. aastal tulid vastuolud avalikuks, kui Noriega sai USA-s süüdistuse uimastikaubanduses.<sup id="cite_ref-aja8_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="USA_sissetung_Panamasse_(1989)"><span id="USA_sissetung_Panamasse_.281989.29"></span>USA sissetung Panamasse (1989)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Muuda alaosa "USA sissetung Panamasse (1989)"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=16" title="Muuda alaosa "USA sissetung Panamasse (1989)" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG/220px-Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG/330px-Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG/440px-Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Rahutused USA sissetungi ajal Panamasse 1989. aastal</figcaption></figure> <p>USA president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> andis 20. detsembril 1989 korralduse sõjaliseks operatsiooniks Panamas, mille eesmärk oli kukutada Panama sõjaline diktaator Manuel Noriega ja toimetada ta USA-sse kohtu ette, süüdistatuna uimastikaubanduses. Sõjaline invasioon algas rünnakutega strateegiliste sihtmärkide vastu. Võitlused kestsid 2 nädalat. Noriega põgenes <a href="/wiki/Vatikan" title="Vatikan">Vatikani</a> saatkonda ja alistus seejärel 3. jaanuaril 1990 ameeriklastele, misjärel lennutati ta kohe USA-sse. Sõjalises operatsioonis hukkus 23 ameeriklast ja 516 panamalast. <a href="/wiki/%C3%9CRO_Peaassamblee" title="ÜRO Peaassamblee">ÜRO Peaassamblee</a> mõistis hukka USA sõjalise sissetungi Panamasse. USA sõjaline operatsioon kandis nime "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Just_Cause&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Just Cause (pole veel kirjutatud)">Operation Just Cause</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-aja10_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aja10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panamat aastatel 1981–1989 valitsenud sõjaväediktaator Manuel Noriega mõisteti USA-s uimastite salakaubaveo ja rahapesu eest pikaks ajaks vangi, misjärel viidi ta 2010. aasta aprillis üle Prantsusmaale, kus teda süüdistati narkoraha pesemises Prantsusmaa pankades tema valitsusajal. 2017. aasta mais suri Noriega Panamas, kuhu ta viidi 2011. aastal Prantsusmaalt üle, sest teda süüdistati poliitiliste vastaste röövimises oma valitsemisajal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demokraatia_naasmine_(1990)"><span id="Demokraatia_naasmine_.281990.29"></span>Demokraatia naasmine (1990)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Muuda alaosa "Demokraatia naasmine (1990)"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=17" title="Muuda alaosa "Demokraatia naasmine (1990)" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Buildings_in_Panama_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Buildings_in_Panama_City.jpg/220px-Buildings_in_Panama_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Buildings_in_Panama_City.jpg/330px-Buildings_in_Panama_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Buildings_in_Panama_City.jpg/440px-Buildings_in_Panama_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Kõrghooned <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá">Panamás</a> 2015. aastal</figcaption></figure> <p>Pärast Noriega režiimi langemist taastati Panamas demokraatia ja presidendiks sai opositsiooniline <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_Endara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillermo Endara (pole veel kirjutatud)">Guillermo Endara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1994. aasta presidendivalimistel võitis aga taas Torrijost ja Noriegat toetanud PRD parteisse kuuluv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernesto_P%C3%A9rez_Balladares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernesto Pérez Balladares (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ernesto Pérez Balladares</a>, kes alistas napilt 1988. aastal surnud endise presidendi Arnulfo Ariase lese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mireya_Moscoso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mireya Moscoso (pole veel kirjutatud)">Mireya Moscoso</a>, kes oli endise presidendi järgi nime saanud Partido Arnulfista (PA) kandidaat. President Perez Balladares kaotas hiljem põhiseaduse referendumil, kas president võiks kandideerida teiseks ametiajaks. 1999. aastal kaotas PRD kandidaat (Omar Torrijose poeg) <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Torrijos" title="Martín Torrijos">Martín Torrijos</a> presidendivalimised Mireya Moscosole, kellest sai esimene naispresident Panama ajaloos. Moscoso oli president aastatuhande vahetusel, kui USA andis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torrijose-Carteri_kokkulepe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torrijose-Carteri kokkulepe (pole veel kirjutatud)">Torrijose-Carteri kokkuleppe</a> kohaselt Panama kanali üle kontrolli Panamale.<sup id="cite_ref-moscoso_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moscoso-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pärast Moscoso ametiaega 1999–2004 võitis 2004. aasta mais toimunud presidendivalimistel taas PRD kandidaadiks olnud Omar Torrijose poeg Martín Torrijos.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2009. aastal valiti presidendiks konservatiivide liidu kandidaat <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli" title="Ricardo Martinelli">Ricardo Martinelli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2014. aasta presidendivalimised võitis El Pueblo Primero kandidaat <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Varela" title="Juan Carlos Varela">Juan Carlos Varela</a>. 2016. aasta aprillis pälvis Panama rahvusvahelist tähelepanu, kui niinimetatud <a href="/wiki/Panama_dokumendid" title="Panama dokumendid">Panama dokumendid</a> paljastasid, et paljud poliitikud, ametnikud ja avaliku elu tegelased kasutavad Panamat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maksuparadiis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maksuparadiis (pole veel kirjutatud)">maksuparadiisina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_brit_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2019. aasta mais toimunud presidendivalimistel võitis napilt vasaktsentrist PRD kandidaadi <a href="/wiki/Laurentino_Cortizo" title="Laurentino Cortizo">Laurentino Cortizo</a>, kes on olnud Panama president alates 2019. aasta juuli algusest.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panama asepresident on praegu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Gabriel_Carrizo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Gabriel Carrizo (pole veel kirjutatud)">José Gabriel Carrizo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=18" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panama_kanal" title="Panama kanal">Panama kanal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=19" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL">Maailmapanga andmebaas</a>, vaadatud 8.04.2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=PA">Maailmapanga andmebaas</a>, vaadatud 21.10.2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD">Maailmapanga andmebaas</a>, vaadatud 27.05.2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enc_brit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-0">4,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-1">4,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-2">4,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-3">4,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-4">4,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-5">4,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-6">4,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-7">4,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-8">4,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-9">4,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-10">4,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-11">4,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit_4-12">4,12</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Panama">Panama <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geo-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-geo_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-geo_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-geo_5-2">5,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/panama/24.htm">Geography (Meditz & Hanratty)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linnud-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-linnud_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birdingpanama.com/panama_endemic_birds.html">Panama Endemic Birds</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipu-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ipu_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/Parline/reports/2245_B.htm">INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wboverview-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wboverview_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wboverview_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/panama/overview">Panama: Ülevaade</a> Maailmapank, 10. oktoober 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaton, Kimberly & Hadzi-Vaskov, Metodij (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/WP/2017/wp17150.ashx">Panama’s Growth Prospects: Determinants and Sectoral Perspectives</a> Rahvusvaheline Valuutafond (PDF).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MUS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MUS_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208191451/http://panamacanalmuseum.org/index.php/timeline/detail/The_american_era_ends_-_treaty_and_transition/">Ameerika ajastu lõpp: leping ja üleminek</a> Panama kanali muuseum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/111/lang/English/Panamax.wshtml">Panamax</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (juuni 2023)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup> Mereühendus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227222253/http://www.jura24.lt/en/news/oversea/flooding-forced-the-closure-of-the-panama-shipping-canal-321366">Üleujutus sundis sulgema Panama laevanduskanali</a>Jura 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report14-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-report14_13-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-report14_13-1">13,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2022_PAN.pdf">Country Report Panama</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230220700/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/panama/practical-information/transport/getting-around/a/nar/2ff46094-5973-4e96-96be-508a57b5e64a/358509">Liikumine</a>Lonely Planet (vaadatud 17.01.2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118011043/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/panama/practical-information/transport/flights-and-getting-there/a/nar/bb531e61-c3d0-4094-8ef6-7db48a81dc88/358509">Lennud ja kohalejõudmine</a>Lonely Planet (vaadatud 17.01.2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040221132011/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/martin_paul/flagsofconvenience.html">Mugavuslipud</a> CBC News 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029225356/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2108rank.html?countryName=Bahamas,%20The&countryCode=bf&regionCode=cam&rank=10#bf">Riikide võrdlus: Merchant Marine</a> CIA faktiraamat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aja-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aja_18-0">18,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aja_18-1">18,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/panama/3.htm">History (Meditz & Hanratty)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aja2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aja2_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/panama/4.htm">Independence from Spain (Meditz & Hanratty)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aja3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aja3_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm">The 1903 Treaty and Qualified Independence (Meditz & Hanratty)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ind_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/panama-declares-independence">Panama declares independence from Colombia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enc_brit3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-enc_brit3_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arnulfo-Arias">Arnulfo-Arias <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aja4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aja4_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/how-panama-almost-forgot-its-decades-of-military-dictatorship-57931">How Panama almost forgot its decades of military dictatorship</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aja5-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aja5_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/panama-canal">MILESTONES: 1977–1980</a> The Panama Canal and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aja6-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aja6_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/02/obituaries/panama-leader-killed-in-crash-in-bad-weather.html">The New York Times</a> PANAMA LEADER KILLED IN CRASH IN BAD WEATHER</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aja7-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aja7_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/142944/growing-pains-panama">Growing Pains in Panama</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aja8-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aja8_27-0">27,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aja8_27-1">27,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-16966007">Obituary: General Manuel Noriega</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aja9-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aja9_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/manuel-noriega-4766576">Biography of Manuel Noriega, Panamanian Dictator</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aja10-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aja10_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/united-states-invades-panama-1989-1067072">Politico</a> United States invades Panama, Dec. 20, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19889251">Panama profile</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moscoso-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-moscoso_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peoplepill.com/people/mireya-moscoso/">Mireya Moscoso: Panama's first female president</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bbc1_32-0">32,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bbc1_32-1">32,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229333.stm">Timeline:Panama</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48174497">Panama election: Cortizo wins unexpectedly close race</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&section=20" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6724296">.mw-parser-output table.side-box{margin:4px 0;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output th.side-box-text,.mw-parser-output td.side-box-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.side-box a>img{max-width:none!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-left{margin-right:1em;border-collapse:collapse}}</style><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text">Pildid, videod ja helifailid Commonsis: <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Panama?uselang=et">Panama</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6724296"><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text">Vikisõnastiku artikkel: <b><a href="https://et.wiktionary.org/wiki/Panama" class="extiw" title="wikt:Panama">Panama</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coolpanama.com/">CoolPanama.com</a> (<i>inglise keeles</i>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5502657">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:2px;background-color:#fdfdfd;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{font-weight:bold;background-color:#ccccff}.mw-parser-output .mw-collapsed .navbox-titleimage{display:none}.mw-parser-output .navbox-titleimage{margin:0;padding:2px;float:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-content .hlist{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox a{white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="navbox-titleimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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