Paywalled Research Hinders Science | New Open Access Policy

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <title>Paywalled Research Hinders Science | New Open Access Policy</title> <meta charset="UTF-8" /><script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info = {"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"eb64bef4dd","applicationID":"1052810313","transactionName":"YANRMUNWW0dQBkRQXllJfjNyGGZdRQBTVkNSJVwLRUVaWF0AQhZ4WQJWHQ==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":332,"agent":"","atts":""}</script><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:[]},session_trace:{sampling_rate:0.0,mode:"FIXED_RATE",enabled:true,error_sampling_rate:0.0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1133821996",accountID:"1457659",trustKey:"1457659",xpid:"VQICVlBWARABVFRQDwAHVVUC",licenseKey:"eb64bef4dd",applicationID:"1052810313"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>p,gD:()=>m,xN:()=>g});var n=r(3333),i=r(993);const o=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var a=r(2614),s=r(944),c=r(384),u=r(8122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",l=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:i.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:a.wk,inactiveMs:a.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){o(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,s.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){o(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,s.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,s.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},f={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function p(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);f[e]=(0,u.a)(t,l());const r=(0,c.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=f[e])}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=p(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>c,Qu:()=>u,TZ:()=>s,ih:()=>d,pP:()=>a,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit","popstate"],o="api",a="initialPageLoad",s=n.K7.softNav,c={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},u={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},d={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>T,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>A,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>E,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",E="cb"+R,T="jsTime",A="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);const E=new Map;function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[x.Jt]||t[r];return E.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>E.get(c))),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const S={};var N=r(9417),_=r(5603),O=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:E,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();E||(x=L.init,E=L.info,j=L.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,_.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),E.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(E.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,E);const H=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),M=[E.beacon,E.errorBeacon];P||(H.proxy.assets&&(I(H.proxy.assets),M.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&M.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?M:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");S[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{S[e]=t}));var E="api-",A=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function _(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(E,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.recordCustomEvent=I(E,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new _).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const O=_.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(A+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{O[e]=I(A,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(A,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!S[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),P=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.281.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-jmvAlmjCn64ans8tLueqHRlBI/iWekylsDWb94A77CG0ukSriVDvgD3dThx+XjUSBBBMYhFn8B1a18fViyBPEQ==",249:"sha512-ICY/ZrcytM/86t5KFy+9OAWVYmNNJy10EBtxoSUGjQWuZx53p/eLo+L8HfrGjvHuRHRnutqLTGSnvNttffJkaA==",212:"sha512-pQSn+X/RfBOvx/49HvlghaiXMLhhDQXTi13n1N2XMpDquWJgs9U0pbqE3RbAnYC9nsdaTu/RVGvneEPv1fpCxA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),E=i(2843),T=i(3878),A=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=A.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,A.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,T.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var _=i(3969);class O extends b{static featureName=_.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class M extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var D=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,D.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===p.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,T.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function E(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(_.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Ee,Lc:Te,uP:Ae,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Ee;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ee,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Te,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var _e=i(2614);class Oe extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(_e.H3,"_").concat(_e.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee,agentRef:this.#o}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(_e.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=_e.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=_e.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,T.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var je=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function Me(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const De={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(De[t.debugId]++)return t;De[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:$e,e5:Je,tH:Qe,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=je;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=Me(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Je]=~~this[Je]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on($e,m),o.on($e,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([Qe+Ze,Qe+"-done",Qe+Xe+Ze,Qe+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,$e,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,Qe+Ze),v(d,Qe+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(p.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>{const t=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),500,{leading:!0});(0,T.sp)(e,t)}))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&p.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,x.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,Oe,O,M,ot,ct,Pe,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, minimum-scale=1, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/-/media/cc7894d090e54e9eb65bb680c9ad4f69.ashx"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/articles/research-paywall-open-access" /> <meta name="servername" content="gfo-prd-cd01" /> <meta name="description" content="Announcing our expanded policy for open access to scientific research, after a decade of experiences and learnings. " /> <meta name="title" content="Paywalled Research Hinders Science | New Open Access Policy" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Dr. Estee Torok, scientific research, paywall, Emmanuel Mugisha, PATH, scientific journals, health-related research, scholarly publishing, Open Access, refreshed policy, Open Access policy, grantees, reprints, Heather Joseph, SPARC, accessible research, high-impact journals, article processing charges, gates foundation open access, open access, open access publishing, paywalled, free research papers, behind the paywall, free scientific articles, open access research" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/articles/research-paywall-open-access" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Who loses when scientific research is locked behind paywalls? " /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Announcing our expanded policy for open access to scientific research, after a decade of experiences and learnings. " /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/hero_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=87df079b381546d3a857d6c589da5cda" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/hero_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=87df079b381546d3a857d6c589da5cda" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/hero_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=87df079b381546d3a857d6c589da5cda" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1600" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="""" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Who loses when scientific research is locked behind paywalls? " /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@gatesfoundation" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Announcing our expanded policy for open access to scientific research, after a decade of experiences and learnings. " /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/hero_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=87df079b381546d3a857d6c589da5cda" /> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="""" /> <link href="/Areas/GFO/assets/css/index-generated.css?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74" media="all" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/assets/css/sticky-sidebar-container-generated.css?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74" media="all" rel="stylesheet" /><link href="/assets/css/email-signup-generated.css?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />  <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="b9bb8ffb-2901-447e-a378-7fbe2eae92c7"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() {} </script>   <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('consent', 'default', { // Deny consent for ad_storage 'ad_storage': 'denied', 'functionality_storage': 'denied', 'personalization_storage': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'denied', // Grant consent for analytics_storage 'security_storage': 'granted' }); window.dataLayer.push({"ContentType":"Article","value":"Article","ga_value":"Article"}); window.dataLayer.push({"event":"Personalized Component Impression","Personalization Impressions Data":[]}); window.dataLayer.push({"event":"article_pubdate","articlepubdate":["3/27/2024"]}); window.dataLayer.push({"event":"Programs","Programs":[]}); </script>  <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TK28RTV'); </script>   <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@type":"WebPage","name":"Who loses when scientific research is locked behind paywalls? ","description":"Announcing our expanded policy for open access to scientific research, after a decade of experiences and learnings. ","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Gates Foundation"},"breadcrumb":"Home > Ideas","primaryImageOfPage":"https://www.gatesfoundation.org/-/media/57213ec4bd5242ed984ddccfb21534cd.ashx?rev=6913b7bcd0e744e1be7d29498d6cd2b9","datePublished":"2024-03-27","@context":"https://schema.org"} </script> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/articles/research-paywall-open-access"},"headline":"Paywalled Research Hinders Science | New Open Access Policy","description":"Announcing our expanded policy for open access to scientific research, after a decade of experiences and learnings. ","image":"https://www.gatesfoundation.org/-/media/57213ec4bd5242ed984ddccfb21534cd.ashx?rev=6913b7bcd0e744e1be7d29498d6cd2b9","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Estee Torok","url":""}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Gates Foundation","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.gatesfoundation.org/-/media/logos/logolg.svg"}},"datePublished":"2024-03-27","dateModified":null,"@context":"https://schema.org"} </script> </head> <body>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TK28RTV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="js-page-content-wrapper text-heavy-page"> <header class="site-header-wrapper"> <div class="js-old-browser-modal modal-container"> <div class="modal js-modal old-browser-modal__modal" id="old-browser-modal"> <div class="modal__box-holder"> <div class="modal__overlay"></div> <div class="modal__box"> <div class="modal__title"> <button type="button" class="modal__close js-modal-close" aria-label="Close modal"> <svg class="icon icon--close" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M17.6569 7.75792L16.2427 6.3437L6.34318 16.2432L7.75739 17.6574L17.6569 7.75792Z" fill="currentColor" /> <path d="M16.242 17.6568L17.6562 16.2426L7.75676 6.34314L6.34254 7.75735L16.242 17.6568Z" fill="currentColor" /> <path d="M14 14V10H10V14H14Z" fill="currentColor" /> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="modal__content"> <section class="rich-text component"> <h3>Unsupported browser detected</h3> <p> Your browser appears to be unsupported. Because of this, portions of the site may not function as intended. </p> <p> Please install a current version of <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/">Chrome</a>, <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/">Firefox</a>, <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/edge">Edge</a>, or <a href="https://www.apple.com/safari/">Safari</a> for a better experience. </p> <br class="t-last-br" /> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="site-header js-site-header__mount" data-model='{"skipNavigation":{"href":"#main-content","text":"Skip to main content","title":null,"type":null,"lang":null,"icon":null},"logo":{"title":"Gates Foundation","logoSm":"/-/media/logos/gf-primary-weathered-slate-logo_4by1-ratio-fixed.svg?rev=54c470b2c54e4e7bbf1226f068638fdc&hash=E1C952E05758ECAF4B094E8CD03449FE","logoLg":"/-/media/logos/gf-primary-weathered-slate-logo_4by1-ratio-fixed.svg?rev=54c470b2c54e4e7bbf1226f068638fdc&hash=E1C952E05758ECAF4B094E8CD03449FE"},"theme":"base","siteName":null,"sticky":false,"primaryNav":[{"title":"About us","subtitle":"Learn about our origins, how we work, committed grants, careers, and our role in fighting inequities.","link":{"href":"/about","text":"Learn more about us","title":null,"type":null,"lang":"en","icon":null},"submenu":[{"header":"","numberOfColumns":1,"link":{"href":"","text":"","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},"links":[{"href":"/about/our-story","text":"Our story","title":"Our story","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/our-role","text":"Our role","title":"Our role","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/foundation-faq","text":"Foundation FAQ","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/foundation-fact-sheet","text":"Foundation Fact Sheet","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/leadership","text":"Leadership","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/financials","text":"Financials","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/ideas/media-center","text":"Media Center","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null}]},{"header":"","numberOfColumns":1,"link":{"href":"","text":"","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},"links":[{"href":"/about/how-we-work","text":"How we work","title":"How we work","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/committed-grants","text":"Committed grants","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/diversity-equity-inclusion","text":"Diversity, equity, and inclusion","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/careers","text":"Careers","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/supporting-our-work","text":"Ways to give","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/offices","text":"Offices","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/about/contact","text":"Contact","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null}]}],"feature":{"type":"person","data":{"header":"Leader spotlight","name":"Jennifer Gardy","title":"Deputy Director, Special Initiatives, Gates Foundation","image":{"srcSet":"/-/media/gfo/3about/3people/ga11631211_jennifer_gardy_20190314_0002.jpg?rev=0001bedd014e4ab580c29796ec2ef086&w=100&hash=EAD8AC19E96C5DEB1F6F16A206F47D49 100w,/-/media/gfo/3about/3people/ga11631211_jennifer_gardy_20190314_0002.jpg?rev=0001bedd014e4ab580c29796ec2ef086&w=200&hash=9934D66C73B617C94EDA4D969329CE82 200w,/-/media/gfo/3about/3people/ga11631211_jennifer_gardy_20190314_0002.jpg?rev=0001bedd014e4ab580c29796ec2ef086&w=3000&hash=14567BDF33DED55F519EA7B2282B71BE 3000w","alt":"Jennifer Gardy","sizes":null,"height":"2400","width":"3000"},"link":{"href":"https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/jennifer-gardy","text":"Jennifer Gardy","title":"Jennifer Gardy","type":"internal","lang":null,"icon":null}}}},{"title":"Our work","subtitle":"Learn how our seven divisions collaborate with partners in over 130 countries to address the issues we care about and drive change.","link":{"href":"/our-work","text":"Explore our work","title":null,"type":null,"lang":"en","icon":null},"submenu":[{"header":"Places","numberOfColumns":1,"link":{"href":"","text":"","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},"links":[{"href":"/our-work/places/africa","text":"Africa","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/places/china","text":"China","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/places/east-asia","text":"East Asia","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/places/europe","text":"Europe","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/places/india","text":"India","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/places/middle-east","text":"Middle East","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/places/north-america","text":"North America","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work#places","text":"View all","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null}]},{"header":"Program strategies","numberOfColumns":1,"link":{"href":"","text":"","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},"links":[{"href":"/our-work/programs/global-growth-and-opportunity/agricultural-development","text":"Agricultural Development","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/programs/gender-equality/family-planning","text":"Family Planning","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/programs/global-growth-and-opportunity/inclusive-financial-systems","text":"Inclusive Financial Systems","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/programs/global-development/polio","text":"Polio","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/programs/global-growth-and-opportunity/water-sanitation-and-hygiene","text":"Water, Sanitation & Hygiene","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work/programs/gender-equality/women-in-leadership","text":"Women in Leadership","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/our-work#program_strategies","text":"View all","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null}]}],"feature":{"type":"promo","data":{"description":"Our goal is to enable the widespread use of safely managed, sustainable sanitation services that contribute to health, economic, and gender equality outcomes.","link":{"href":"https://www.gatesfoundation.org/our-work/programs/global-growth-and-opportunity/water-sanitation-and-hygiene","text":"Water, Sanitation & Hygiene","title":null,"type":null,"lang":null,"icon":null},"image":{"srcSet":"/-/media/gfo/4our-work/programs/global-growth-and-dev/ga11111399_sr560039_1600x1000.jpg?rev=4d361707f23847d9ae9d24472223d03b&w=270&hash=6BE3449813638928BA5A545966512CF7 270w,/-/media/gfo/4our-work/programs/global-growth-and-dev/ga11111399_sr560039_1600x1000.jpg?rev=4d361707f23847d9ae9d24472223d03b&w=540&hash=0EE8D565B4F3C63C31C93E88E1CF8F07 540w,/-/media/gfo/4our-work/programs/global-growth-and-dev/ga11111399_sr560039_1600x1000.jpg?rev=4d361707f23847d9ae9d24472223d03b&w=1600&hash=7345E8F5C7F0619D2C1676E7F3B2629D 1600w","alt":"A view of a public toilet at Gugulethu Primary School in KwaMashu outside of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa on September 19, 2018.","sizes":null,"height":"1000","width":"1600"}}}},{"title":"Ideas","subtitle":"Read the latest stories, research, interviews, and news from across the Gates Foundation.","link":{"href":"/ideas","text":"Discover our ideas","title":null,"type":null,"lang":"en","icon":null},"submenu":[{"header":"Featured","numberOfColumns":1,"link":{"href":"","text":"","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},"links":[{"href":"/ideas/partners-human-potential","text":"Partners of Human Potential","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/ideas/science-innovation-technology","text":"Power of Science and Innovation","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/ideas/womens-economic-power","text":"Women’s Economic Power","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/video","text":"Explore video","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/ideas/speeches","text":"Speeches","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null}]},{"header":"Popular topics","numberOfColumns":1,"link":{"href":"","text":"","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},"links":[{"href":"/ideas/climate-adaptation","text":"Climate adaptation","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/ideas/digital-public-infrastructure","text":"Digital Public Infrastructure","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/ideas/science-innovation-technology/future-womens-health-technology","text":"Women’s health innovations","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/ideas/science-innovation-technology/artificial-intelligence","text":"AI for health equity","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null},{"href":"/ideas/science-innovation-technology/healthcare-timeline","text":"20 years of innovation","title":"","type":"internal","lang":"en","icon":null}]}],"feature":{"type":"promo","data":{"description":"Explore five inspiring stories of women leveraging economic power to strengthen their homes and inspire positive change in their communities.","link":{"href":"https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/womens-economic-power/greater","text":"Greater Than the Sum","title":null,"type":null,"lang":null,"icon":null},"image":{"srcSet":"/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/wep/greater-than-the-sum_1600x1000.jpg?rev=3747e336e73d40bc85de4bcd1a3bbb38&w=270&hash=72EEA4AD5EFFD23C7E3401A5B8B5AB60 270w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/wep/greater-than-the-sum_1600x1000.jpg?rev=3747e336e73d40bc85de4bcd1a3bbb38&w=540&hash=ABA1F2847E796CB13AC6A2395CE42755 540w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/wep/greater-than-the-sum_1600x1000.jpg?rev=3747e336e73d40bc85de4bcd1a3bbb38&w=1152&hash=4FF9F72B8518BEA90AF73025E2D1F1D0 1152w","alt":"Greater Than the Sum","sizes":null,"height":"720","width":"1152"}}}}],"search":{"label":"Search","searchUrl":"/search","placeholder":"Search","buttonText":"Search"}}' data-dictionary='{"subMenuBack":"Back","openMenuText":"","closeMenuText":""}' lang="en" dir="ltr"></section> </header> <main class="main-content"> <div id="main-content"></div> <div class="main-content-wrapper"> <section class="component container container--bleed " id="Container-b2c9aa81-a618-4726-a70e-db6dd790f969" style=" "> <section class="breadcrumb js-breadcrumb" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="breadcrumb__nav container"> <nav class="secondary-nav js-secondary-nav secondary-nav--tier2" aria-label="Site Sub navigation"> <div class="secondary-nav__controls"> <div class="secondary-nav__button-label">Who loses when scientific research is locked behind paywalls? </div> <button type="buttton" class="btn secondary-nav__toggle js-nav-toggle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> More in this section <svg class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/Areas/GFO/assets/img/svg-sprite.svg?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74#chevron-down"> </use> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="secondary-nav__menu js-menu"> <div class="secondary-nav__back-link" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a href="/ideas" class="arrow-link arrow-link--arrow arrow-link--reversed"> <svg class="icon icon--arrow-left" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/Areas/GFO/assets/img/svg-sprite.svg?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74#arrow-left"> </use> </svg> <span>Ideas</span> </a> </div> <h2 class="secondary-nav__title" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Who loses when scientific research is locked behind paywalls? </h2> </div> </nav> </div> <nav class="breadcrumb__wrapper" aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ul class="breadcrumb__items container"> <li class="breadcrumb__item" lang="en"> <a class="breadcrumb__link" href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item" lang="en"> <a class="breadcrumb__link" href="/ideas">Ideas</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item" lang="en"> <span class="breadcrumb__current-page" aria-current="page"> Who loses when scientific research is locked behind paywalls? </span> </li> </ul> </nav> </section> <section class="page-banner component page-banner--image page-banner--stacked page-banner--above " lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="page-banner__container container"> <div class="page-banner__content page-banner__content--top page-banner__content--above"> <h1 class="page-banner__title"> Who loses when scientific research is locked behind paywalls? </h1> <div class="page-banner__subtitle"> Announcing our expanded policy for open access to scientific research, after a decade of experiences and learnings. </div> </div> </div> <figure class="page-banner__media page-banner__media--bottom page-banner__media--above"> <img alt="""" srcset="/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/hero_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=87df079b381546d3a857d6c589da5cda&w=1600&hash=62133C755F63BF5D24AB76CBDDDC07F6 1600w, /-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/hero_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=87df079b381546d3a857d6c589da5cda&w=1200&hash=80437B04AD3E36764015E96BD8F22DFA 1200w, /-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/hero_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=87df079b381546d3a857d6c589da5cda&w=800&hash=CD7552C4E35C8B4D43E5F8F5176F185F 800w, /-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/hero_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=87df079b381546d3a857d6c589da5cda&w=400&hash=3EBCF1B73BA928D93A867F6D5BF2E094 400w" loading="eager" height="1000" width="1600" sizes="(min-width: 1230px) 1170px, 100vw" class="image-element" style="--image-height:1000; --image-width:1600"> <figcaption class="page-banner__caption-wrapper"> <span class="page-banner__credit">Credit: Joe Garber</span> </figcaption> </figure> </section> <section class="component component--sticky-nav jump-navigation js-jump-nav-mount " data-label="Sections" lang="en" dir="ltr"></section> </section> <section class="component sticky-sidebar-container"> <div class="sticky-sidebar-container__sticky-object"> <div data-model='{"dictionaryText":"Share","orientation":"vertical","enableCopy":true,"copyText":"Copy","shares":[{"icon":"social-email","name":"Email","type":"email"},{"icon":"social-twitter","name":"X","type":"twitter"},{"icon":"social-facebook","name":"Facebook","type":"facebook"},{"icon":"social-linkedin","name":"LinkedIn","type":"linkedin"},{"icon":"social-whatsapp","name":"WhatsApp","type":"whatsapp"}],"shareCopy":"Announcing our expanded policy for open access to scientific research, after a decade of experiences and learnings. ","shareTitle":"Who loses when scientific research is locked behind paywalls? "}' class="js-share-bar-mount" lang="en" dir="ltr"></div> </div> <section class="component container container--100"> <div class="container__col container__col--100"> <section class="component container container--15-70 "> <div class="container__col container__col--15 "> <div class="article-metadata js-article-metadata"> <div class="article-metadata__author-info"> <div class="article-metadata__cards"> <div class="article-metadata__card" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="article-metadata-card"> <div class="article-metadata-card__author-metadata"> <div class="article-metadata-card__image"> <img src="/-/media/gfo/3about/3people/headshot_estee-torok.jpg?h=2400&iar=0&w=3000&rev=395281a6669b482ab4c88f868cd3c379&hash=2FA0D8A076D4B00BF5B0B633FE7D354D" alt="Estee Torok" srcset="/-/media/gfo/3about/3people/headshot_estee-torok.jpg?rev=395281a6669b482ab4c88f868cd3c379&w=1500&hash=4FD732DB0FD7316055E46694B5893568 1x, /-/media/gfo/3about/3people/headshot_estee-torok.jpg?rev=395281a6669b482ab4c88f868cd3c379&w=3000&hash=B448EB5566C5147369264BE5A0C69A21 2x" disablewebedit="True"> </div> <div class="article-metadata-card__name"> By Estee Torok </div> <div class="article-metadata-card__occupation"> Senior Program Officer, Malaria, Gates Foundation </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-metadata__dates" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="article-metadata__date">Mar 27, 2024</div> </div> <div class="article-metadata__read-time" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <span class="js-am-read-time"></span> <span>min read</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container__col container__col--70"> <section class="rich-text js-rich-text component" style="--max-width:700px" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <p>Imagine you’re a scientist doing research you hope will improve the health of people in your region. Working on a particular question—maybe having to do with <a href="/ideas/articles/innovation-in-tuberculosis-and-tb-vaccines-video">tuberculosis</a> (TB), or <a href="/ideas/articles/maternal-newborn-health-innovation-policy-imnhc-2023">maternal mortality</a>, or <a href="/ideas/articles/malaria-threat-climate-change">malaria</a>—you come across the title of a scientific research paper that you think may have some answers. But that paper is locked behind the science journal’s paywall, and the price for access is much too high for your lab.</p> <section class="rich-text__embed l-pull-right"><section class="component inline-promo inline-promo--background " style="--background-color:#F5F3ED" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="inline-promo__wrapper"> <div class="inline-promo__content-area"> <div class="inline-promo__description rich-text"><p>Read about the foundation's refreshed Open Access Policy in support of our grantees.</p></div> <div class="inline-promo__cta"> <a class="arrow-link arrow-link--external" data-gtm-element="promo cta" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://openaccess.gatesfoundation.org/" data-gtm-text="Learn more" data-gtm-link="https://openaccess.gatesfoundation.org/"> <span>Learn more</span> <svg class="icon icon--external" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/Areas/GFO/assets/img/svg-sprite.svg?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74#external"> </use> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> <p>When I was doing HIV/TB research many years ago in Vietnam, I frequently encountered this issue, and it continues to be a problem today. <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.path.org/who-we-are/leadership/emmanuel-mugisha/" target="_blank">Emmanuel Mugisha</a>, director of PATH’s work for the <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.path.org/our-impact/articles/reaching-9-million-children-with-vaccines-in-malawi/" target="_blank">Typhoid Vaccine</a> Acceleration Consortium project and advisor on vaccines and immunizations, based in Uganda, says researchers in low- and middle-income countries face these kinds of roadblocks daily. </p> <p>We face a similar problem when it comes to publication of research supported by our foundation. After funding years of research that we hope can one day save lives, we’re excited to share the results widely. But many scientific journals, particularly the so-called “high-impact journals,” will publish outside of their paywall only if you pay a hefty fee. “That’s a big hindrance,” Mugisha says. </p> <p>Journal subscriptions can cost hundreds to thousands of dollars a year for individual access and multiple millions of dollars for institutional access. Fees for publishing outside a paywall, known as <em>article processing charges</em> (APCs), can be as much as US$12,000 for a single article. Even the most privileged institutions struggle to afford both access to and publication in the large number of journals globally. </p> <p>It’s even more frustrating because governments and foundations fund much of the world’s health-related research and journal articles are peer-reviewed by scientists for free, yet many journals continue to limit access to research findings through restrictive policies. It is small wonder that academic publishing is one of the most profitable industries in the world!</p> <section class="rich-text__embed l-rte-full"> <section class="pull-quote component "> <figure class="pull-quote__figure"> <blockquote id="acb29508da4a43d1a5ff115981e3b2ab" class="pull-quote__blockquote"> When researchers can see what others have learned, they can build on it. That’s how scientific advances are made, and that’s how the world can solve its health challenges most quickly. </blockquote> <figcaption class="pull-quote__caption"> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="pull-quote__share-container"> </div> </section> </section> <p>“Everybody benefits quite a lot when access is freely available,” Mugisha says. As someone who has worked for over 20 years on malaria, TB, HIV, viral hepatitis, antimicrobial resistance, and COVID-19, I couldn’t agree more. </p> <h2>Our foundation’s refreshed Open Access Policy </h2> <p>For over a decade, our foundation has championed transparency, access, and equity in scholarly publishing <a href="/about/policies-and-resources/open-access-policy">by working with publishers and journals to develop</a> more open and accessible research publishing practices. But our quest for a truly equitable and inclusive scholarly publishing ecosystem remains incomplete. Today, we’re announcing <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://openaccess.gatesfoundation.org/" target="_blank">a refreshed policy for our grantees</a> that we hope will help foundation-supported breakthroughs reach the field in the fastest and fairest way possible. </p> <p>At its core, the policy will: </p> <ul> <li style="padding-bottom: 1em;">End the foundation’s payment of individual article publishing fees such as APCs—paving the way for more equitable publishing models </li> <li>Require grantees to share preprints of their articles—breaking free from journal constraints while prioritizing access to research and preserving grantee publishing choices </li> </ul> <section class="rich-text__embed l-rte-full"> <section class="component image-block" style="" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="image-block__media"> <img alt="""" sizes="(min-width: 781px) 770px, 100vw" srcset="/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/image_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=eb47883e5de04b45bceb6d1c8481f8fa&w=1600&hash=05A7C93981F1CE64DCE8E9FAF24A9914 1600w, /-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/image_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=eb47883e5de04b45bceb6d1c8481f8fa&w=1200&hash=3EA2F6B525E33DC03F1B79DFC9303B23 1200w, /-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/image_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=eb47883e5de04b45bceb6d1c8481f8fa&w=800&hash=3C6F16AC2CC9C665C31540713F70E066 800w, /-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20240326-research-paywall-open-access/image_ideas_open-access_03272024.png?rev=eb47883e5de04b45bceb6d1c8481f8fa&w=400&hash=36DE7B5FDBD42ABC0C3F58D70276E045 400w" height="1000" width="1600" loading="lazy" class="image-element" style="--image-height:1000; --image-width:1600"> </figure> </section> </section> <p>Preprints, which are full drafts of research papers that are shared publicly prior to peer review, aren’t a new concept. Some fields, such as astronomy, are built around a culture of open access, including preprints. During the <a href="/ideas/campaigns/covid-19">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, preprints flourished as researchers, governments, and others raced to develop vaccines and therapeutics. </p> <section class="rich-text__embed l-pull-right"><section class="component inline-promo inline-promo--background " style="--background-color:#F5F3ED" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="inline-promo__wrapper"> <div class="inline-promo__content-area"> <div class="inline-promo__description rich-text"><p>Stories, research, and insights from across the foundation.</p></div> <div class="inline-promo__cta"> <a class="arrow-link" data-gtm-element="promo cta" href="/ideas" data-gtm-text="Read more ideas" data-gtm-link="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas"> <span>Read more ideas</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> <p><a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sparcopen.org/people/heather-joseph/" target="_blank">Heather Joseph</a>, executive director of an open access advocacy organization called <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sparcopen.org/" target="_blank">SPARC</a>, says the extraordinarily fast development of COVID vaccines and therapeutics “is one of the single most visible and visceral expressions of how openness works.” Yet, as she points out, as the crisis began to wane so did the number of preprints. </p> <p>Joseph’s organization argues that the current model of scientific communication, which focuses on publication in what are perceived as “prestigious” journals, despite their limits on access, doesn’t help anyone but the journals. </p> <h2>Accelerating the trend toward accessible research </h2> <p>Consider this: Each year since we implemented our original Open Access Policy in 2015, we have paid around US$6 million in APCs to ensure that our grantees’ research is published outside of paywalls. We’ve become convinced that this money could be better spent elsewhere to accelerate progress for people. </p> <p>We realize that this policy change won’t remove all hurdles to open access. But after conducting considerable research into this issue, including discussions with our grantees and with other scientists and advocates, we believe it’s one more step in the right direction. </p> <p>As Joseph says, “Knowledge sharing is a human right.” </p> <p>Our hope is that this refreshed policy, which will take effect in January 2025, will help accelerate the trend toward true open access, and that even more organizations will join us in this effort. </p> </section> </div> </section> <section class="component container container--100 "> <div class="container__col container__col--100"> <div class="article-metadata component article-metadata--full" id="bottomAuthors" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="article-metadata__article-info"> <div class="article-metadata__info-block"> <span class="article-metadata__label">More in:</span> <span class="article-metadata__text article-metadata__text--stacked"> <a class="link" href="/search?q=Research & Development">Research & Development</a> </span> </div> <div class="article-metadata__info-block"> <span class="article-metadata__label">Published:</span> <span class="article-metadata__text">Mar 27, 2024</span> </div> </div> <div class="article-metadata__author-info"> <div class="article-metadata__eyebrow">Author</div> <div class="article-metadata__cards"> <div class="article-metadata__card"> <div class="article-metadata-card component"> <div class="article-metadata-card__author-metadata"> <div class="article-metadata-card__image"> <img src="/-/media/gfo/3about/3people/headshot_estee-torok.jpg?h=2400&iar=0&w=3000&rev=395281a6669b482ab4c88f868cd3c379&hash=2FA0D8A076D4B00BF5B0B633FE7D354D" alt="Estee Torok" srcset="/-/media/gfo/3about/3people/headshot_estee-torok.jpg?rev=395281a6669b482ab4c88f868cd3c379&w=1500&hash=4FD732DB0FD7316055E46694B5893568 1x, /-/media/gfo/3about/3people/headshot_estee-torok.jpg?rev=395281a6669b482ab4c88f868cd3c379&w=3000&hash=B448EB5566C5147369264BE5A0C69A21 2x" disablewebedit="True"> </div> <div class="article-metadata-card__name"> Estee Torok </div> <div class="article-metadata-card__occupation"> Senior Program Officer, Malaria, Gates Foundation </div> <div class="article-metadata-card__description"> Dr. Estee Torok leads the malaria molecular surveillance portfolio, working to detect biological threats to malaria control in endemic countries and to inform response strategies. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-metadata__article-info"> <div class="article-metadata__info-block"> <span class="article-metadata__label">More in:</span> <span class="article-metadata__text article-metadata__text--stacked"> <a class="link" href="/search?q=Research & Development">Research & Development</a> </span> </div> <div class="article-metadata__info-block"> <span class="article-metadata__label">Published:</span> <span class="article-metadata__text">Mar 27, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </section> </section> <section class="component container container--bleed " id="Container-576d8eb4-06ce-49cf-851e-ba6c517ba34c" style=" "> <section class="section-headline component component--headline container " lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 class="section-headline__title">Read next</h2> <div class="section-headline__cta"> <a class="arrow-link arrow-link--arrow" href="/ideas"> <span>View all ideas</span> <svg class="icon icon--arrow-right" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/Areas/GFO/assets/img/svg-sprite.svg?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74#arrow-right"> </use> </svg> </a> </div> </section> <section class="component container container--30-30-30 "> <div class="container__col container__col--30"> <section class="article-promo component" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="article-promo__media" > <a href="/ideas/articles/grand-challenges-grants-twenty-years" title="How to solve tough global health problems? Build community." data-gtm-element="promo image" data-gtm-link="/ideas/articles/grand-challenges-grants-twenty-years"> <img srcset="/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20231003-grand-challenges-grants-twenty-years/ga12225867_ma600429_1600x1000.jpg?rev=1e64ae1fbf164b15a5a9c2fa75ff57a8&w=400&hash=1EA17F021445346BC3037C7A0803839D 400w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20231003-grand-challenges-grants-twenty-years/ga12225867_ma600429_1600x1000.jpg?rev=1e64ae1fbf164b15a5a9c2fa75ff57a8&w=800&hash=354A9C8F04E8299615C2820F16661D53 800w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20231003-grand-challenges-grants-twenty-years/ga12225867_ma600429_1600x1000.jpg?rev=1e64ae1fbf164b15a5a9c2fa75ff57a8&w=1200&hash=913142C2D03844F1417EA23C35993567 1200w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20231003-grand-challenges-grants-twenty-years/ga12225867_ma600429_1600x1000.jpg?rev=1e64ae1fbf164b15a5a9c2fa75ff57a8&w=1600&hash=E73B6FC58AB374C8A275C3FBDE7F01EE 1600w" alt="Kedest Tesfagiorgis Deputy Director, Global Partnerships & Grand Challenges, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation delivers opening remarks at Grand Challenges Annual Meeting 2019 at the United Nations Conference Centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on October 28, 2019." sizes="(min-width: 770px) 770px, 100vw" loading="lazy"/> </a> </figure> <div class="article-promo__content"> <div class="article-promo__eyebrow" > </div> <h2 class="article-promo__title"> <a class="link" href="/ideas/articles/grand-challenges-grants-twenty-years" data-gtm-element="promo header" data-gtm-link="/ideas/articles/grand-challenges-grants-twenty-years" data-gtm-text="How to solve tough global health problems? Build community.">How to solve tough global health problems? Build community.</a> </h2> <div class="article-promo__description"> The leader of Grand Challenges shares how the initiative funds 4,000 research teams to advance some of the coolest science happening today. </div> <div class="article-promo__author"> <span class="article-promo__author-text"> By Kedest Tesfagiorgis </span> <span class="article-promo__location"> Deputy Director, Global Partnerships and Grand Challenges, Gates Foundation </span> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="container__col container__col--30"> <section class="article-promo component" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="article-promo__media" > <a href="/ideas/articles/how-cemas-epidemiological-modeling-impacts-health-in-kenya" title="Meet the innovators training the next generation of African data experts" data-gtm-element="promo image" data-gtm-link="/ideas/articles/how-cemas-epidemiological-modeling-impacts-health-in-kenya"> <img srcset="/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20230222-how-cemas-epidemiological-modeling-impacts-health-in-kenya/hero_ideas_cema-oral-history_kf_20230203-9_02222023_1600x1000.jpg?rev=ddd45f2dcbb444aeb628ef7b2b517f4a&w=400&hash=F45FF5026B679BA8ED36B612A551AAD9 400w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20230222-how-cemas-epidemiological-modeling-impacts-health-in-kenya/hero_ideas_cema-oral-history_kf_20230203-9_02222023_1600x1000.jpg?rev=ddd45f2dcbb444aeb628ef7b2b517f4a&w=800&hash=87715300897D0E45612B169422E2D92E 800w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20230222-how-cemas-epidemiological-modeling-impacts-health-in-kenya/hero_ideas_cema-oral-history_kf_20230203-9_02222023_1600x1000.jpg?rev=ddd45f2dcbb444aeb628ef7b2b517f4a&w=1200&hash=7ADC76C3035B9D27D8A82C4C6FB917FC 1200w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20230222-how-cemas-epidemiological-modeling-impacts-health-in-kenya/hero_ideas_cema-oral-history_kf_20230203-9_02222023_1600x1000.jpg?rev=ddd45f2dcbb444aeb628ef7b2b517f4a&w=1600&hash=FA2226B0D1A30299E7B9ED5BF288B594 1600w" alt="Dr. Loice Achieng Ombajo, Dr. Shikoh Gitau, and Dr. Thumbi Mwangi discuss an upcoming meeting at The Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (CEMA) at the University of Nairobi in Nairobi, Kenya. " sizes="(min-width: 770px) 770px, 100vw" loading="lazy"/> </a> </figure> <div class="article-promo__content"> <div class="article-promo__eyebrow" > </div> <h2 class="article-promo__title"> <a class="link" href="/ideas/articles/how-cemas-epidemiological-modeling-impacts-health-in-kenya" data-gtm-element="promo header" data-gtm-link="/ideas/articles/how-cemas-epidemiological-modeling-impacts-health-in-kenya" data-gtm-text="Meet the innovators training the next generation of African data experts">Meet the innovators training the next generation of African data experts</a> </h2> <div class="article-promo__description"> When the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, Kenya needed to slow the spread of the disease and understand its impact to essential health services. Three Kenyans teamed up to help. </div> <div class="article-promo__author"> <span class="article-promo__author-text"> </span> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="container__col container__col--30"> <section class="article-promo component" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="article-promo__media" > <a href="/ideas/articles/deworm3-clinical-trials-show-the-value-of-informed-research" title="“Uninformative research” is the global health crisis you’ve never heard of" data-gtm-element="promo image" data-gtm-link="/ideas/articles/deworm3-clinical-trials-show-the-value-of-informed-research"> <img srcset="/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20230111-deworm3-clinical-trials-show-the-value-of-informed-research/hero_ideas_dac_mm636354_01112023_1600x1000.jpg?rev=d305d4cbff664d30be4a83b2c3fa65b1&w=400&hash=8A52D0B5E8ECE0A4DD26C09F149C979F 400w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20230111-deworm3-clinical-trials-show-the-value-of-informed-research/hero_ideas_dac_mm636354_01112023_1600x1000.jpg?rev=d305d4cbff664d30be4a83b2c3fa65b1&w=800&hash=228A87CE641A5F2E5ECCF015D8443289 800w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20230111-deworm3-clinical-trials-show-the-value-of-informed-research/hero_ideas_dac_mm636354_01112023_1600x1000.jpg?rev=d305d4cbff664d30be4a83b2c3fa65b1&w=1200&hash=D5FD47FFDA8DEABF1644560994188B31 1200w,/-/media/gfo/5ideas_articles/articles/20230111-deworm3-clinical-trials-show-the-value-of-informed-research/hero_ideas_dac_mm636354_01112023_1600x1000.jpg?rev=d305d4cbff664d30be4a83b2c3fa65b1&w=1600&hash=1289C91E4A7CDE51E5D062A7E5FF3C15 1600w" alt="Deworm3 field workers travel on foot to collect soil and stool samples, and distribute deworming medication to villagers as a part of Dr. Ajjampur’s study in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India on November 29, 2022." sizes="(min-width: 770px) 770px, 100vw" loading="lazy"/> </a> </figure> <div class="article-promo__content"> <div class="article-promo__eyebrow" > </div> <h2 class="article-promo__title"> <a class="link" href="/ideas/articles/deworm3-clinical-trials-show-the-value-of-informed-research" data-gtm-element="promo header" data-gtm-link="/ideas/articles/deworm3-clinical-trials-show-the-value-of-informed-research" data-gtm-text="“Uninformative research” is the global health crisis you’ve never heard of">“Uninformative research” is the global health crisis you’ve never heard of</a> </h2> <div class="article-promo__description"> Clinical trials are essential for making progress in global health, but many fail to yield results. A foundation program is working to change the status quo. </div> <div class="article-promo__author"> <span class="article-promo__author-text"> </span> </div> </div> </section> </div> </section> </section> <section class="component js-email-signup email-signup js-email-signup-modal email-signup--modal" style="" data-scroll-depth="50" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="email-signup__inner email-signup__inner--interstitial"> <div class="email-signup__details"> <span class="email-signup__title">Sign up for <em>The Optimist</em> newsletter</span> <div class="email-signup__description rich-text"> Subscribe to The Optimist to get weekly updates on the latest in global health, gender equality, education, and more. </div> </div> <form class="sc-form js-form email-signup__form js-sc-email-signup1" action="https://go.communications.gatesfoundation.org/l/701613/2020-10-13/d1rjv" data-newsletter-signup-component="true" data-newsletter-signup-component-name=Interstitial method="get" novalidate data-goal={18E5A89E-58DE-4DF5-967C-CE9FBDC7E201}> <label class="sc-form-item js-form-required"> <span class="sc-form-item__label">Email address</span> <input type="email" class="sc-form-item__field js-email-signup-input" id="c148efcd-1ec6-4b94-8aed-33eb834ca88c" data-type="email" aria-required="true" autocomplete="email" placeholder="" name="email" value="" /> <span role="alert" class="sc-form-item__error-msg"> Please enter a valid email address </span> </label> <div class="sc-form__button-row email-signup__button-row"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn--primary email-signup__submit-button"> Subscribe </button> </div> <div class="email-signup__terms"> <p>By submitting your email to subscribe, you agree to the Gates Foundation's <a class="link" href="/privacy-and-cookies-notice">Privacy & Cookies Notice</a></p> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section class="component container container--100 "> <div class="container__col container__col--100"> <section class="component js-email-signup email-signup email-signup--top-border" style="" data-scroll-depth="" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="email-signup__inner "> <div class="email-signup__details"> <span class="email-signup__title">Sign up for <em>The Optimist</em> newsletter</span> <div class="email-signup__description rich-text"> Subscribe to The Optimist to get weekly updates on the latest in global health, gender equality, education, and more. </div> </div> <form class="sc-form js-form email-signup__form js-sc-email-signup1" action="https://go.communications.gatesfoundation.org/l/701613/2020-10-13/d1rjv" data-newsletter-signup-component="true" data-newsletter-signup-component-name=Normal method="get" novalidate data-goal={BCE81E6A-A111-480F-A7DC-5AEEA2EE14AF}> <label class="sc-form-item js-form-required"> <span class="sc-form-item__label">Email address</span> <input type="email" class="sc-form-item__field js-email-signup-input" id="27de0bba-9a06-48c5-8b1c-c3cb122b6bbd" data-type="email" aria-required="true" autocomplete="email" placeholder="" name="email" value="" /> <span role="alert" class="sc-form-item__error-msg"> Please enter a valid email address </span> </label> <div class="sc-form__button-row email-signup__button-row"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn--primary email-signup__submit-button"> Subscribe </button> </div> <div class="email-signup__terms"> <p>By submitting your email to subscribe, you agree to the Gates Foundation's <a class="link" href="/privacy-and-cookies-notice">Privacy & Cookies Notice</a></p> </div> </form> </div> </section> </div> </section> </div> </main> <footer> <section class="global-footer global-footer--dark" dir="ltr"> <div class="global-footer__container container"> <div class="global-footer__logo" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a href="/" class="global-footer__logo-link"> <img src="/-/media/logos/gf-primary-parchment-logo_4by1-ratio-fixed.svg?iar=0&rev=79f9fb8b87054287a7d402227073bf82&hash=408156F3B5360D65B04AA0E8B51938A9" class="global-footer__logo-image" alt="Gates Foundation" srcset="/-/media/logos/gf-primary-parchment-logo_4by1-ratio-fixed.svg?rev=79f9fb8b87054287a7d402227073bf82&hash=BCC2CF4976EFC24C7E544C43301728A2"> </a> </div> <div class="global-footer__main-content"> <div class="global-footer__description" lang="en"> We are a nonprofit fighting poverty, disease, and inequity around the world. </div> <nav class="global-footer__main-links global-footer__main-links--mobile" aria-label="Main areas"> <ul class="global-footer__items"> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/about">About</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/our-work">Our work</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/ideas">Ideas</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="global-footer__social-icons"> <div class="social-connect-icons"> <div class="social-connect-icons__icons"> <a class="social-connect-icons__button js-social-follow" aria-label="Follow Gates Foundation on X" target="_blank" title="Follow Gates Foundation on X" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/gatesfoundation"><svg class="icon icon--social-twitter icon--32x32" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/Areas/GFO/assets/img/svg-sprite.svg?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74#social-twitter"> </use> </svg></a><a class="social-connect-icons__button js-social-follow" aria-label="Follow Gates Foundation on Facebook" target="_blank" title="Follow Gates Foundation on Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/gatesfoundation/"><svg class="icon icon--social-facebook icon--32x32" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/Areas/GFO/assets/img/svg-sprite.svg?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74#social-facebook"> </use> </svg></a><a class="social-connect-icons__button js-social-follow" aria-label="Follow Gates Foundation on LinkedIn" target="_blank" title="Follow Gates Foundation on LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/gates-foundation"><svg class="icon icon--social-linkedin icon--32x32" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/Areas/GFO/assets/img/svg-sprite.svg?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74#social-linkedin"> </use> </svg></a><a class="social-connect-icons__button js-social-follow" aria-label="Follow Gates Foundation on Instagram" target="_blank" title="Follow Gates Foundation on Instagram" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.instagram.com/gatesfoundation/"><svg class="icon icon--social-instagram icon--32x32" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/Areas/GFO/assets/img/svg-sprite.svg?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74#social-instagram"> </use> </svg></a><a class="social-connect-icons__button js-social-follow" aria-label="Follow Gates Foundation on YouTube" target="_blank" title="Follow Gates Foundation on YouTube" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/GatesFoundation/"><svg class="icon icon--social-youtube icon--32x32" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/Areas/GFO/assets/img/svg-sprite.svg?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74#social-youtube"> </use> </svg></a><a class="social-connect-icons__button js-social-follow" aria-label="Follow Gates Foundation on Threads" target="_blank" title="Follow Gates Foundation on Threads" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.threads.net/@gatesfoundation"><svg class="icon icon--social-threads icon--32x32" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/Areas/GFO/assets/img/svg-sprite.svg?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74#social-threads"> </use> </svg></a> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="global-footer__main-links global-footer__main-links--desktop" aria-label="Main areas"> <ul class="global-footer__items"> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/about">About</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/our-work">Our work</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/ideas">Ideas</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="global-footer__contact-links" aria-label="Contact Us"> <ul class="global-footer__items"> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/about/contact">Contact</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/ideas/media-center">Media Center</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/about/careers">Careers</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.discovergates.org/">Discovery Center</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.gatesphilanthropypartners.org/">Give with us</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/goalkeepers/">Goalkeepers</a> </li> </ul> </nav><nav class="global-footer__legal-links" aria-label="Legal Information"> <ul class="global-footer__items"> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/about/contact/reporting-scams">Reporting scams</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://secure.ethicspoint.com/domain/media/en/gui/7589/index.html ">Ethics reporting</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/privacy-and-cookies-notice">Privacy & Cookies Notice</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" href="/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li class="global-footer__link-item" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a class="global-footer__link link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/brandguidelines">Brand guidelines</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="global-footer__copyright"> <div class="footer-copyright" lang="en" >2025 Gates Foundation. All rights reserved.</div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </footer> </div> <script src="/assets/js/oldBrowser.js"></script> <script src="/Areas/GFO/assets/js/libraries-generated.js?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74"></script><script src="/Areas/GFO/assets/js/index-generated.js?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74"></script><script src="/assets/js/email-signup-generated.js?v=5b17a77b3a5a2c420ab62b2dcee114121b660e74"></script> </body></html>

CINXE.COM

Paywalled Research Hinders Science | New Open Access Policy