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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JavaScript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>JavaScript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JavaScript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOM_tree_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOM_tree_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>DOM tree structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-DOM_tree_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle DOM tree structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-DOM_tree_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elements_as_nodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_as_nodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Elements as nodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_as_nodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_nodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_nodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Text nodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_nodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributes_as_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributes_as_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Attributes as properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributes_as_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manipulating_the_DOM_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipulating_the_DOM_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manipulating the DOM tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipulating_the_DOM_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layout_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Layout engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Document Object Model</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نموذج كائن المستند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج كائن المستند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Документен обектен модел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Документен обектен модел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_d%27Objectes_del_Document" title="Model d'Objectes del Document – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model d'Objectes del Document" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumendi_objektimudel" title="Dokumendi objektimudel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dokumendi objektimudel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF" title="مدل شیءگرای سند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل شیءگرای سند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8" title="문서 객체 모델 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문서 객체 모델" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOM" title="DOM – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="DOM" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD" title="ഡോക്യുമെന്റ് ഒബ്ജക്റ്റ് മോഡൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡോക്യുമെന്റ് ഒബ്ജക്റ്റ് മോഡൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOM" title="DOM – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="DOM" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiektowy_model_dokumentu" title="Obiektowy model dokumentu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obiektowy model dokumentu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_de_Objeto_de_Documentos" title="Modelo de Objeto de Documentos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelo de Objeto de Documentos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86" title="بەڵگەنامەی مۆدێلی تەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەڵگەنامەی مۆدێلی تەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objektni_model_dokumenta" title="Objektni model dokumenta – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Objektni model dokumenta" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆவணப் பொருளாக்க மாதிரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆவணப் பொருளாக்க மாதிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="แบบจำลองอ็อบเจกต์เอกสาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบบจำลองอ็อบเจกต์เอกสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belge_Nesne_Modeli" title="Belge Nesne Modeli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belge Nesne Modeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOM" title="DOM – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="DOM" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Об'єктна модель документа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Об'єктна модель документа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Document Object Model" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="文档对象模型 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文档对象模型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Convention for representing and interacting with objects in HTML, XHTML, and XML documents</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Document Object Model (DOM)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DOM-model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/DOM-model.svg/220px-DOM-model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/DOM-model.svg/330px-DOM-model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/DOM-model.svg/440px-DOM-model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Example of DOM hierarchy in an HTML document</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">DOM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data">DOM4<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />November 19, 2015<span class="noprint">; 9 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2015-11-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>, <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Base standards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/">WHATWG DOM Living Standard</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/dom/">W3C DOM4</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">Dynamic HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_element" title="Article element">article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_video" title="HTML video">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Basic" title="XHTML Basic">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">Mobile Profile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_element" title="Meta element">meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div_and_span" title="Div and span">div and span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blink_element" title="Blink element">blink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_element" title="Marquee element">marquee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_attribute" title="HTML attribute">HTML attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt_attribute" title="Alt attribute">alt attribute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(World_Wide_Web)" title="Frame (World Wide Web)">HTML frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">named characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_code" title="Language code">Language code</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Document Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Object_Model" title="Browser Object Model">Browser Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Style sheets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_family_(HTML)" title="Font family (HTML)">Font family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTMX" class="mw-redirect" title="HTMX">HTMX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3D" title="Web3D">Web3D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Validator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">Quirks mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">Rendering engine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Comparisons</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_document_markup_languages" title="Comparison of document markup languages">Document markup languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_browser_engines" title="Comparison of browser engines">Comparison of browser engines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HTML" title="Template:HTML"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HTML" title="Template talk:HTML"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HTML" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HTML"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Document Object Model</b> (<b>DOM</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language-independent_specification" title="Language-independent specification">language-independent</a> interface that treats an <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> or <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> document as a <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structure</a> wherein each <a href="/wiki/Node_(computer_science)" title="Node (computer science)">node</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a> representing a part of the document. The DOM represents a document with a logical tree. Each branch of the tree ends in a node, and each node contains objects. DOM methods allow programmatic access to the tree; with them one can change the structure, style or content of a document.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nodes can have <a href="/wiki/Event_handler" class="mw-redirect" title="Event handler">event handlers</a> (also known as event listeners) attached to them. Once an event is triggered, the event handlers get executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal standardization of the DOM was handled by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), which last developed a recommendation in 2004. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a> took over the development of the standard, publishing it as a <a href="/wiki/Living_document" title="Living document">living document</a>. The W3C now publishes stable snapshots of the WHATWG standard. </p><p>In HTML DOM (Document Object Model), every element is a node:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A document is a document node.</li> <li>All HTML elements are element nodes.</li> <li>All HTML attributes are attribute nodes.</li> <li>Text inserted into HTML elements are text nodes.</li> <li>Comments are comment nodes.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the Document Object Model is intertwined with the history of the "<a href="/wiki/Browser_wars" title="Browser wars">browser wars</a>" of the late 1990s between <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Internet_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Internet Explorer">Microsoft Internet Explorer</a>, as well as with that of <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a> to be widely <a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">implemented</a> in the <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>. </p><p>JavaScript was released by <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications">Netscape Communications</a> in 1995 within Netscape Navigator 2.0. Netscape's competitor, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, released <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3" title="Internet Explorer 3">Internet Explorer 3.0</a> the following year with a reimplementation of JavaScript called JScript. JavaScript and JScript let <a href="/wiki/Web_developer" title="Web developer">web developers</a> create web pages with <a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">client-side</a> interactivity. The limited facilities for detecting user-generated <a href="/wiki/Event_(computing)" title="Event (computing)">events</a> and modifying the HTML document in the first generation of these languages eventually became known as "DOM Level 0" or "Legacy DOM." No independent standard was developed for DOM Level 0, but it was partly described in the specifications for <a href="/wiki/HTML4" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML4">HTML 4</a>. </p><p>Legacy DOM was limited in the kinds of <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">elements</a> that could be accessed. <a href="/wiki/Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">Form</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">link</a> and image elements could be referenced with a hierarchical name that began with the root document object. A hierarchical name could make use of either the names or the <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequential index</a> of the traversed elements. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Text_box" title="Text box">form input element</a> could be accessed as either <code>document.myForm.myInput</code> or <code>document.forms[0].elements[0]</code>. </p><p>The Legacy DOM enabled client-side form validation and simple interface interactivity like creating <a href="/wiki/Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltips</a>. </p><p>In 1997, Netscape and Microsoft released version 4.0 of Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer respectively, adding support for <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">Dynamic HTML</a> (DHTML) functionality enabling changes to a loaded HTML document. DHTML required extensions to the rudimentary document object that was available in the Legacy DOM implementations. Although the Legacy DOM implementations were largely compatible since JScript was based on JavaScript, the DHTML DOM extensions were developed in parallel by each browser maker and remained incompatible. These versions of the DOM became known as the "Intermediate DOM". </p><p>After the standardization of <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> DOM Working Group began drafting a standard DOM specification. The completed specification, known as "DOM Level 1", became a W3C Recommendation in late 1998. By 2005, large parts of W3C DOM were well-supported by common ECMAScript-enabled browsers, including <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">Internet Explorer 6</a> (from 2001), <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gecko_(layout_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecko (layout engine)">Gecko</a>-based browsers (like <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Firefox</a>, <a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WHATWG_DOM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/WHATWG_DOM.png/220px-WHATWG_DOM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/WHATWG_DOM.png/330px-WHATWG_DOM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/WHATWG_DOM.png/440px-WHATWG_DOM.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>WHATWG DOM</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> DOM Working Group published its final recommendation and subsequently disbanded in 2004. Development efforts migrated to the <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>, which continues to maintain a living standard.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Web Applications group reorganized DOM activities at the W3C.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, due to a lack of progress and the impending release of <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, the DOM Level 4 specification was reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML Working Group</a> to expedite its completion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in 2015, the Web Applications group was disbanded and DOM stewardship passed to the Web Platform group.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with the publication of DOM Level 4 in 2015, the W3C creates new recommendations based on snapshots of the WHATWG standard. </p> <ul><li>DOM Level 1 provided a complete model for an entire HTML or <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> document, including the means to change any portion of the document.</li> <li>DOM Level 2 was published in late 2000. It introduced the <code>getElementById</code> function as well as an <a href="/wiki/DOM_Events" class="mw-redirect" title="DOM Events">event model</a> and support for <a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">XML namespaces</a> and CSS.</li> <li>DOM Level 3, published in April 2004, added support for <a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> and keyboard <a href="/wiki/Event_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Event handling">event handling</a>, as well as an interface for <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serializing</a> documents as XML.</li> <li>HTML5 was published in October 2014. Part of HTML5 had replaced DOM Level 2 HTML module.</li> <li>DOM Level 4 was published in 2015 and retired in November 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/review-drafts/2020-06/">DOM 2020-06</a> was published in September 2021 as a W3C Recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a snapshot of the WHATWG living standard.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_browsers">Web browsers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Web browsers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To <a href="/wiki/Web_browser_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browser engine">render</a> a document such as a HTML page, most web browsers use an internal model similar to the DOM. The nodes of every document are organized in a <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structure</a>, called the <i>DOM tree</i>, with the topmost node named as "Document object". When an HTML page is rendered in browsers, the browser downloads the HTML into local memory and automatically parses it to display the page on screen. However, the DOM does not necessarily need to be represented as a tree,<sup id="cite_ref-Level3-Introduction_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Level3-Introduction-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some browsers have used other internal models.<sup id="cite_ref-Modernizing-Dom_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modernizing-Dom-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JavaScript">JavaScript</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: JavaScript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a web page is loaded, the browser creates a Document Object Model of the page, which is an object oriented representation of an HTML document that acts as an interface between JavaScript and the document itself. This allows the creation of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web pages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because within a page JavaScript can: </p> <ul><li>add, change, and remove any of the HTML elements and attributes</li> <li>change any of the CSS styles</li> <li>react to all the existing events</li> <li>create new events</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DOM_tree_structure">DOM tree structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: DOM tree structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Document Object Model (DOM) tree is a hierarchical representation of an HTML or <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> document. It consists of a root node, which is the document itself, and a series of child nodes that represent the elements, attributes, and text content of the document. Each node in the tree has a parent node, except for the root node, and can have multiple child nodes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements_as_nodes">Elements as nodes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elements as nodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Elements in an HTML or XML document are represented as nodes in the DOM tree. Each element node has a tag name and attributes, and can contain other element nodes or text nodes as children. For example, an HTML document with the following structure:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span>My Website<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">></span>Welcome to DOM<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>This is my website.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div><p>will be represented in the DOM tree as:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>- Document (root) - html - head - title - "My Website" - body - h1 - "Welcome" - p - "This is my website." </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_nodes">Text nodes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Text nodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Text content within an element is represented as a text node in the DOM tree. Text nodes do not have attributes or child nodes, and are always leaf nodes in the tree. For example, the text content "My Website" in the title element and "Welcome" in the h1 element in the above example are both represented as text nodes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attributes_as_properties">Attributes as properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attributes as properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Attributes of an element are represented as properties of the element node in the DOM tree. For example, an element with the following HTML:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://example.com"</span><span class="p">></span>Link<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div><p>will be represented in the DOM tree as:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>- a - href: "https://example.com" - "Link" </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manipulating_the_DOM_tree">Manipulating the DOM tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Manipulating the DOM tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The DOM tree can be manipulated using JavaScript or other programming languages. Common tasks include navigating the tree, adding, removing, and modifying nodes, and getting and setting the properties of nodes. The DOM API provides a set of methods and properties to perform these operations, such as <code>getElementById</code>, <code>createElement</code>, <code>appendChild</code>, and <code>innerHTML</code>.</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Create the root element</span> <span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">root</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"root"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Create a child element</span> <span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">child</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"child"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Add the child element to the root element</span> <span class="nx">root</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">child</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div><p>Another way to create a DOM structure is using the innerHTML property to insert HTML code as a string, creating the elements and children in the process. For example:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"root"</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">innerHTML</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"<child></child>"</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div><p>Another method is to use a JavaScript library or framework such as <a href="/wiki/JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a>, <a href="/wiki/AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a>, <a href="/wiki/React_(JavaScript_library)" class="mw-redirect" title="React (JavaScript library)">React</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vue.js" title="Vue.js">Vue.js</a>, etc. These libraries provide a more convenient, eloquent and efficient way to create, manipulate and interact with the DOM. </p><p>It is also possible to create a DOM structure from an XML or JSON data, using JavaScript methods to parse the data and create the nodes accordingly. </p><p>Creating a DOM structure does not necessarily mean that it will be displayed in the web page, it only exists in memory and should be appended to the document body or a specific container to be rendered. </p><p>In summary, creating a DOM structure involves creating individual nodes and organizing them in a hierarchical structure using JavaScript or other programming languages, and it can be done using several methods depending on the use case and the developer's preference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the DOM supports navigation in any direction (e.g., parent and previous sibling) and allows for arbitrary modifications, implementations typically buffer the document.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a DOM need not originate in a serialized document at all, but can be created in place with the DOM API. And even before the idea of the DOM originated, there were implementations of equivalent structure with persistent disk representation and rapid access, for example <a href="/wiki/DynaText" class="mw-redirect" title="DynaText">DynaText</a>'s model disclosed in <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various database approaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout_engines">Layout engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Layout engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web browsers rely on <a href="/wiki/Web_browser_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browser engine">layout engines</a> to parse HTML into a DOM. Some layout engines, such as <a href="/wiki/Trident_(layout_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trident (layout engine)">Trident/MSHTML</a>, are associated primarily or exclusively with a particular browser, such as Internet Explorer. Others, including <a href="/wiki/Blink_(layout_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blink (layout engine)">Blink</a>, <a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gecko_(layout_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecko (layout engine)">Gecko</a>, are shared by a number of browsers, such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>. The different layout engines implement the DOM standards to varying degrees of compliance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DOM implementations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libxml2" title="Libxml2">libxml2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Xerces" title="Apache Xerces">Xerces</a> is a collection of DOM implementations written in C++, Java and Perl</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/xml.dom.html">xml.dom</a> for <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li>XML for <SCRIPT> is a JavaScript-based DOM implementation<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/PhpGt/Dom">PHP.Gt DOM</a> is a server-side DOM implementation based on <a href="/wiki/Libxml2" title="Libxml2">libxml2</a> and brings DOM level 4 compatibility<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> programming language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/fgnass/domino/">Domino</a> is a Server-side (Node.js) DOM implementation based on Mozilla's dom.js. Domino is used in the <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> stack with Visual Editor.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/wooly905/SimpleHtmlDom/">SimpleHtmlDom</a> is a simple HTML document object model in C#, which can generate HTML string programmatically.</li></ul> <p>APIs that expose DOM implementations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_API_for_XML_Processing" title="Java API for XML Processing">JAXP</a> (Java API for XML Processing) is an API for accessing DOM providers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(IDE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus (IDE)">Lazarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> IDE) contains two variants of the DOM - with UTF-8 and ANSI format</li></ul> <p>Inspection tools: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOM_Inspector" title="DOM Inspector">DOM Inspector</a> is a web developer tool</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_DOM" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow DOM">Shadow DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOM" title="Virtual DOM">Virtual DOM</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All versioning refers to W3C DOM only.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/websites/web-development/an-introduction-to-the-document-object-model-dom/">"Document Object Model (DOM): definition, structure and example"</a>. <i>IONOS Digitalguide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IONOS+Digitalguide&rft.atitle=Document+Object+Model+%28DOM%29%3A+definition%2C+structure+and+example&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ionos.com%2Fdigitalguide%2Fwebsites%2Fweb-development%2Fan-introduction-to-the-document-object-model-dom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocument+Object+Model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introduction-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/DOM/#what">"Document Object Model (DOM)"</a>. W3C<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-12</span></span>. <q>The Document Object Model is a platform- and language-neutral interface that will allow programs and scripts to dynamically access and update the content, structure and style of documents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Document+Object+Model+%28DOM%29&rft.pub=W3C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FDOM%2F%23what&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocument+Object+Model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_htmldom.asp">"JavaScript HTML DOM"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JavaScript+HTML+DOM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3schools.com%2Fjs%2Fjs_htmldom.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocument+Object+Model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/">"DOM Standard"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-12</span></span>. <q>However, the DOM does not specify that documents must be implemented as a tree or a grove, nor does it specify how the relationships among objects be implemented. 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Dreamtech Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8177228380" title="Special:BookSources/978-8177228380"><bdi>978-8177228380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ajax+Black+Book%2C+New+Edition+%28With+Cd%29&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Dreamtech+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8177228380&rft.au=Kogent+Solutions+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHuSQGrRY7F4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocument+Object+Model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFSteven_DeRoseJeffrey_Vogel1996"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=USA5557722A">USA Expired 5557722A</a>, Steven DeRose & Jeffrey Vogel, "Data processing system and method for representing, generating a representation of and random access rendering of electronic documents", published 1996-09-17</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5557722A&rft.cc=USA&rft.title=Data+processing+system+and+method+for+representing%2C+generating+a+representation+of+and+random+access+rendering+of+electronic+documents&rft.inventor=Steven+DeRose&rft.pubdate=1996-09-17"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xmljs.sourceforge.net/">"XML for <SCRIPT> Cross Platform XML Parser in JavaScript"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XML+for+%3CSCRIPT%3E+Cross+Platform+XML+Parser+in+JavaScript&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxmljs.sourceforge.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocument+Object+Model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://php.gt/dom#features-at-a-glance">"The modern DOM API for PHP 7 projects"</a>. 5 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+modern+DOM+API+for+PHP+7+projects&rft.date=2021-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphp.gt%2Fdom%23features-at-a-glance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocument+Object+Model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2006" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, David (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/javascript00libg_297"><i>JavaScript: The Definitive Guide</i></a></span>. O'Reilly & Associates. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/javascript00libg_297/page/n310">312</a>–313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-10199-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-10199-6"><bdi>0-596-10199-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JavaScript%3A+The+Definitive+Guide&rft.pages=312-313&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-596-10199-6&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjavascript00libg_297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocument+Object+Model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2001" class="citation web cs1">Koch, Peter-Paul (May 14, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427220310/http://www.digital-web.com/articles/the_document_object_model/">"The Document Object Model: an Introduction"</a>. <i>Digital Web Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digital-web.com/articles/the_document_object_model/">the original</a> on April 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Web+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Document+Object+Model%3A+an+Introduction&rft.date=2001-05-14&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Peter-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digital-web.com%2Farticles%2Fthe_document_object_model%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocument+Object+Model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Hégaret2002" class="citation web cs1">Le Hégaret, Philippe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/26-dom-article.html">"The W3C Document Object Model (DOM)"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+W3C+Document+Object+Model+%28DOM%29&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Le+H%C3%A9garet&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2002%2F07%2F26-dom-article.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocument+Object+Model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuisset" class="citation web cs1">Guisset, Fabian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302191641/https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/DOM_Levels">"What does each DOM Level bring?"</a>. <i>Mozilla Developer Center</i>. Mozilla Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/DOM_Levels">the original</a> on March 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Developer+Center&rft.atitle=What+does+each+DOM+Level+bring%3F&rft.aulast=Guisset&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen%2Fdocs%2FDOM_Levels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocument+Object+Model" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Object_Model&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Closure_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Closure Compiler">Google Closure Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)" title="Opa (programming language)">Opa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_syntax" title="JavaScript syntax">JavaScript syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debuggers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome (browser)">Chrome DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox Inspector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari Web Inspector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Documentation_generator" title="Documentation generator">Doc generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors <span style="font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_source_code_editors" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based source code editors">comparison</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_(editor)" title="Ace (editor)">Ace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CodeMirror" title="CodeMirror">CodeMirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">Light Table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eclipse_projects#Top-level_sub-projects" title="List of Eclipse projects">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio#Azure_DevOps_Services" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Team Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ECMAScript_engines" title="List of ECMAScript engines">List of ECMAScript engines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">Comparison of JavaScript frameworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">List of JavaScript libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Document Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnpm" title="Pnpm">pnpm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn_(package_manager)" title="Yarn (package manager)">yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Module bundlers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webpack" title="Webpack">Webpack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vite_(software)" title="Vite (software)">Vite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbuild" title="Esbuild">esbuild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side JavaScript">Server-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bun_(software)" title="Bun (software)">Bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_(software)" title="Deno (software)">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSGI" title="JSGI">JSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a> frameworks <span style="font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#JavaScript" title="List of unit testing frameworks">list</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_(JavaScript_testing_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasmine (JavaScript testing framework)">Jasmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocha_(JavaScript_framework)" title="Mocha (JavaScript framework)">Mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUnit" title="QUnit">QUnit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Dahl" title="Ryan Dahl">Ryan Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Resig" title="John Resig">John Resig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_browsers182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_browsers" title="Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_browsers" title="Template talk:Web browsers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_browsers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_browsers182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Features</li> <li>standards</li> <li>protocols</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark_(digital)" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">v5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol" title="Online Certificate Status Protocol">OCSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(web_browser)" title="Arc (web browser)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91c_C%E1%BB%91c" title="Cốc Cốc">Coc Coc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_(web_browser)" title="Epic (web browser)">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mobile_Services" title="Huawei Mobile Services">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QQ_Browser" title="QQ Browser">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Silk" title="Amazon Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Browser" title="UC Browser">UC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Open Source">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Browser" title="Zen Browser">Zen</a></li> <li>Gecko <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon" title="Pale Moon">Pale Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICab" title="ICab">iCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360_Secure_Browser" title="360 Secure Browser">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(web_browser)" title="Flow (web browser)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3m" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylo_(web_browser)" title="Kylo (web browser)">Kylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Pogo" title="AT&T Pogo">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Explorer" title="AOL Explorer">AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceTime_(software)#SpaceTime_Browser" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(web_browser)" title="Bolt (web browser)">BOLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Browser" title="Iris Browser">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_(web_browser)" title="Surf (web browser)">surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbl" title="Uzbl">Uzbl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_Browser" title="Cake Browser">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(web_browser)" title="Charon (web browser)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM_Browser" title="CM Browser">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELinks" title="ELinks">ELinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Home_Page_Reader" title="IBM Home Page Reader">IBM Home Page Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebExplorer" title="IBM WebExplorer">IBM WebExplorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBrowse" title="IBrowse">IBrowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer for Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KidZui" title="KidZui">KidZui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">MSN TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="NetPositive">NetPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweezer" title="Skweezer">Skweezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyfire_(company)" title="Skyfire (company)">Skyfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThunderHawk" title="ThunderHawk">ThunderHawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Mobile_Browser" title="Vision Mobile Browser">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinWAP" title="WinWAP">WinWAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Web_browsers" title="Category:Web browsers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_browsers" title="List of web browsers">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:W3C_standards" title="Template:W3C standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:W3C_standards" title="Template talk:W3C standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:W3C_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:W3C standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products and<br />standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Recommendations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Streams_(format)" title="Activity Streams (format)">Activity Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAI-ARIA" title="WAI-ARIA">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_XML" title="Canonical XML">Canonical XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_Document_Format" title="Compound Document Format">CDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout" title="CSS Flexible Box Layout">Flexbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_grid_layout" title="CSS grid layout">Grid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_XML_Interchange" title="Efficient XML Interchange">EXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">EmotionML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_Tag_Set" title="Internationalization Tag Set">ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_Data_Notifications" title="Linked Data Notifications">Linked Data Notifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_Lexicon_Specification" title="Pronunciation Lexicon Specification">PLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Interpretation_for_Speech_Recognition" title="Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition">SISR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_Grammar_Specification" title="Speech Recognition Grammar Specification">SRGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subresource_Integrity" title="Subresource Integrity">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Synthesis_Markup_Language" title="Speech Synthesis Markup Language">SSML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SVG_filter_effects" title="SVG filter effects">Filter Effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCXML" title="SCXML">SCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timed_text" title="Timed text">Timed text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">WoT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thing_Description" title="Thing Description">TD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BRDFa" title="XHTML+RDFa">+RDFa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML-binary_Optimized_Packaging" title="XML-binary Optimized Packaging">XOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XPath_2.0" title="XPath 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath_3" title="XPath 3">3.x</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">XSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" title="XSL Formatting Objects">XSL-FO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_User_Interface_Protocol" title="Extensible User Interface Protocol">XUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">RIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SXBL" title="SXBL">sXBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Forms_Description_Language" title="Extensible Forms Description Language">XFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_Device_Markup_Language" title="Handheld Device Markup Language">HDML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language">PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language">VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P3P" title="P3P">P3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li> <li>Defunct: <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Advisory Board (page does not exist)">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Board (page does not exist)">Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Architecture_Group" title="Technical Architecture Group">TAG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Working_Group" title="CSS Working Group">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_Working_Group" title="SVG Working Group">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community & business groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> CG</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–98)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(web_browser)" title="Argo (web browser)">Argo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(browser/editor, 1996–2012)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conferences_Steering_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_interfaces26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_interfaces" title="Template:Web interfaces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_interfaces" title="Template talk:Web interfaces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_interfaces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web interfaces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_interfaces26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_API" title="Web API">Web interfaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Server-side154"><a href="/wiki/Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">Server-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">v2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">v3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Simple Common Gateway Interface">SCGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastCGI" title="FastCGI">FCGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_JServ_Protocol" title="Apache JServ Protocol">AJP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_for_Remote_Portlets" title="Web Services for Remote Portlets">WSRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_application_programming_interface" title="Server application programming interface">Server APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Netscape Server Application Programming Interface">C NSAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview" title="Apache HTTP Server">C ASAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Internet Server Application Programming Interface">C ISAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">COM ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Jakarta Servlet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_container" title="Web container">container</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Interface_for_.NET" title="Open Web Interface for .NET">CLI OWIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_handler" title="HTTP handler">ASP.NET Handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Python WSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">Python ASGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_(web_server_interface)" title="Rack (web server interface)">Ruby Rack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSGI" title="JSGI">JavaScript JSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plack_(software)#PSGI" title="Plack (software)">Perl PSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">Portlet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">container</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apache_modules" title="List of Apache modules">Apache modules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">mod_include</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_jk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod jk">mod_jk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_lisp" title="Mod lisp">mod_lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod parrot">mod_parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_perl" title="Mod perl">mod_perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">mod_php</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_proxy" title="Mod proxy">mod_proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_python" title="Mod python">mod_python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">mod_wsgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_ruby" title="Mod ruby">mod_ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phusion_Passenger" title="Phusion Passenger">Phusion Passenger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web-oriented_architecture" title="Web-oriented architecture">WOA</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Resource-oriented_architecture" title="Resource-oriented architecture">ROA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_API" title="Open API">Open API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_application_servers" title="List of application servers">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">Scripting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Client-side89"><a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">Client-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Browser APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI" title="NPAPI">C NPAPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#LiveConnect" title="NPAPI">LiveConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#NPRuntime" title="NPAPI">C NPRuntime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client#Pepper" title="Google Native Client">C PPAPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">NaCl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">BHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAML_Browser_Applications" title="XAML Browser Applications">XBAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_API#Client_side" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-sent_events" title="Server-sent events">SSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_video" title="HTML video">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Messaging" title="Web Messaging">Web messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_worker" title="Web worker">Web worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOM_event" title="DOM event">DOM events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML5_File_API" title="HTML5 File API">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_SQL_Database" title="Web SQL Database">Web SQL Database</a> (formerly W3C)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebUSB" title="WebUSB">WebUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remote_scripting" title="Remote scripting">Remote scripting</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">DHTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Browser extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-origin_resource_sharing" title="Cross-origin resource sharing">CORS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydration_(web_development)" title="Hydration (web development)">Hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client-side_persistent_data" title="Client-side persistent data">Persistent data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_IDL" title="Web IDL">Web IDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page#Client-side_scripting" title="Dynamic web page">Scripting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics14">Related topics</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontend_and_backend" 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