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id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ancestry and early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nebuchadnezzar_as_crown_prince" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nebuchadnezzar_as_crown_prince"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Nebuchadnezzar as crown prince </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nebuchadnezzar_as_crown_prince-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Accession to the throne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_military_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_military_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early military campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Destruction of Jerusalem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_military_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_military_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Later military campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_military_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Building projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Death and succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Family and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assessment_by_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_by_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Assessment by historians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_by_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Jewish_and_biblical_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jewish_and_biblical_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 In Jewish and biblical tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Jewish_and_biblical_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Web sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nebuchadnezzar II</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" > 88 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnesar_II" title="Nebukadnesar II – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nebukadnesar II" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnezar_II." title="Nebukadnezar II. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nebukadnezar II." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_%E1%8A%93%E1%89%A1%E1%8A%A8%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%BE%E1%88%AD" title="2 ናቡከደነጾር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="2 ናቡከደነጾር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B0_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="نبوخذ نصر الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبوخذ نصر الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%92%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%A8%DC%AA" title="ܢܒܘܟܕܢܨܪ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܒܘܟܕܢܨܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucodonosor_II" title="Nabucodonosor II – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nabucodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Navuxodonosor" title="II Navuxodonosor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Navuxodonosor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="ایکینجی نبوکدنصر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی نبوکدنصر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0" title="বখতে নসর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বখতে নসর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_2-s%C3%A8" title="Nebuchadnezzar 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nebuchadnezzar 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_II" title="Навухаданосар II – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навухаданосар II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_II" title="Навухаданосар II – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Навухаданосар II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80_II" title="Навуходоносор II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Навуходоносор II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboukadnesar_II" title="Naboukadnesar II – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Naboukadnesar II" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucodonosor_II" title="Nabucodonosor II – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nabucodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80_II" title="Навуходоносор II – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Навуходоносор II" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnesar_II." title="Nebukadnesar II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nebukadnesar II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnesar_II" title="Nebuchadnesar II – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nebuchadnesar II" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnesar_2." title="Nebukadnesar 2. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nebukadnesar 2." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nab%C5%AB-kudurr%C4%AB-u%E1%B9%A3ur_II." title="Nabū-kudurrī-uṣur II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nabū-kudurrī-uṣur II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnetsar_II" title="Nebukadnetsar II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nebukadnetsar II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%84" title="Ναβουχοδονόσορ Β΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναβουχοδονόσορ Β΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucodonosor_II" title="Nabucodonosor II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nabucodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnecar_la_2-a" title="Nebukadnecar la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nebukadnecar la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabukodonosor_II.a" title="Nabukodonosor II.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nabukodonosor II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="نبوکدنصر دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبوکدنصر دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabuchodonosor_II" title="Nabuchodonosor II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nabuchodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neb%C3%BBkadn%C3%AAzer_II" title="Nebûkadnêzer II – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nebûkadnêzer II" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucodonosor_II" title="Nabucodonosor II – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nabucodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_2-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Nebuchadnezzar 2-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nebuchadnezzar 2-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%B6%80%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%84%A4%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%B4_2%EC%84%B8" title="네부카드네자르 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네부카드네자르 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80_II" title="Նաբուգոդոնոսոր II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նաբուգոդոնոսոր II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabukodonosor_II." title="Nabukodonosor II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nabukodonosor II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnezar_II" title="Nebukadnezar II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nebukadnezar II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neb%C3%BAkadnesar_2." title="Nebúkadnesar 2. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nebúkadnesar 2." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucodonosor_II" title="Nabucodonosor II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nabucodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="נבוכדנצר השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נבוכדנצר השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_II" title="ნაბუქოდონოსორ II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაბუქოდონოსორ II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadreza_II" title="Nebukadreza II – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nebukadreza II" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabuchodonosor_II" title="Nabuchodonosor II – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nabuchodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnecars_II" title="Nebukadnecars II – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nebukadnecars II" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabuchodonosaras_II" title="Nabuchodonosaras II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nabuchodonosaras II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnesar" title="Nebukadnesar – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nebukadnesar" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Nab%C3%BA-kudurri-uszur" title="II. Nabú-kudurri-uszur – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Nabú-kudurri-uszur" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80_II" title="Навуходонозор II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Навуходонозор II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebokadnetsara_II" title="Nebokadnetsara II – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nebokadnetsara II" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_II" title="ნაბუქოდონოსორ II – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნაბუქოდონოსორ II" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B0_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="نبوخذ نصر التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نبوخذ نصر التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nebuchadnezzar II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_II" title="Небухаднезар II – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Небухаднезар II" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnezar_II" title="Nebukadnezar II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nebukadnezar II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%96%E3%82%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B6%E3%83%AB2%E4%B8%96" title="ネブカドネザル2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネブカドネザル2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnesar_II" title="Nebukadnesar II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nebukadnesar II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnesar_II_av_Babylon" title="Nebukadnesar II av Babylon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nebukadnesar II av Babylon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabugodounosor_II" title="Nabugodounosor II – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Nabugodounosor II" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucodonos%C3%B2r_II" title="Nabucodonosòr II – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nabucodonosòr II" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navuxodonosor_II" title="Navuxodonosor II – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Navuxodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="بخت نصر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بخت نصر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="بخت نصر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بخت نصر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabuchodonozor_II" title="Nabuchodonozor II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nabuchodonozor II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucodonosor_II" title="Nabucodonosor II – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nabucodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucodonosor_al_II-lea" title="Nabucodonosor al II-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nabucodonosor al II-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80_II" title="Навуходоносор II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Навуходоносор II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="بخت نصر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بخت نصر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nebuchadnezzar II" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_II" title="නෙබුකැඩ්නෙසර් II – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නෙබුකැඩ්නෙසර් II" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nebuchadnezzar II" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="بخت نصر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بخت نصر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnesar_II." title="Nebukadnesar II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nebukadnesar II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnezar_II." title="Nebukadnezar II. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nebukadnezar II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85" title="نەبووخەد نەسر دووەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەبووخەد نەسر دووەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_II" title="Набухаднезар II – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Набухаднезар II" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabukodonosor_II" title="Nabukodonosor II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nabukodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadressar_II" title="Nebukadressar II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nebukadressar II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebukadnessar_II" title="Nebukadnessar II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nebukadnessar II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucodonosor_II" title="Nabucodonosor II – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nabucodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இரண்டாம் நெபுகாத்நேசர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் நெபுகாத்நேசர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navuxodonosor_II" title="Navuxodonosor II – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Navuxodonosor II" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="พระเจ้าเนบูคัดเนสซาร์ที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเนบูคัดเนสซาร์ที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Nebukadnezar" title="II. Nebukadnezar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. 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For the other kings of Babylon of the same name or other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nebuchadnezzar (disambiguation)">Nebuchadnezzar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Nebuchadnezzar II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">King of Babylon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">King of Sumer and Akkad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">King of the Universe</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebuchadnezzar_II_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone tablet with image of Nebuchadnezzar and a temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nebuchadnezzar_II_crop.png/220px-Nebuchadnezzar_II_crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nebuchadnezzar_II_crop.png/330px-Nebuchadnezzar_II_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Nebuchadnezzar_II_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="319" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">A portion of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> stele", depicting Nebuchadnezzar II on the right and featuring a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>'s great <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Etemenanki" title="Etemenanki">Etemenanki</a>) on the left<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">King of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">August 605 BC – 7 October 562 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 642 BC<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 October 562 BC (aged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 80) <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amytis_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amytis of Babylon">Amytis of Babylon</a> (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Family_and_children">Among others</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%A1%C5%A1aya" title="Kaššaya">Kaššaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nitocris_of_Babylon" title="Nitocris of Babylon">Nitocris</a> (?)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nabû-kudurri-uṣur</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian dynasty">Babylonian dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Nebuchadnezzar II (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌnɛbjʊkədˈnɛzər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NEB-yuu-kəd-NEZ-ər</a>; <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian cuneiform">Babylonian cuneiform</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/105px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/158px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/210px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="97" /></a> Nabû-kudurri-uṣur,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20041-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortenZadokPearce20164-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>, watch over my heir";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaggs1998-11">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר, romanized: Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar),<a href="#cite_note-12">[d]</a> also spelled Nebuchadrezzar II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaggs1998-11">[8]</a> was the second king of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>, ruling from the death of his father <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> in 605 BC to his own death in 562 BC. Historically known as Nebuchadnezzar the Great,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallis_Budge1884116-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack200441-14">[10]</a> he is typically regarded as the empire's greatest king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaggs1998-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2018-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190-16">[12]</a> Nebuchadnezzar remains famous for his military campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, for his construction projects in his capital, <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a>, and for the role he plays in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaggs1998-11">[8]</a> Ruling for 43 years, Nebuchadnezzar was the longest-reigning king of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian dynasty">Babylonian dynasty</a>. By the time of his death, he was among the most powerful rulers in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2018-15">[11]</a> Possibly named after <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_(governor_of_Uruk)" title="Nebuchadnezzar (governor of Uruk)">his grandfather of the same name</a>, or after <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1125–1104 BC), one of Babylon's greatest ancient warrior-kings, Nebuchadnezzar II already secured renown for himself during his father's reign, leading armies in the <a href="/wiki/Medo-Babylonian_conquest_of_the_Assyrian_Empire" title="Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire">Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">Battle of Carchemish</a> in 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar inflicted a crushing defeat on an <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Egyptian</a> army led by Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a>, and ensured that the Neo-Babylonian Empire would succeed the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> as the dominant power in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>. Shortly after this victory, <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> died and Nebuchadnezzar became king. Despite his successful military career during his father's reign, the first third or so of Nebuchadnezzar's reign saw little to no major military achievements, and notably a disastrous failure in an attempted invasion of Egypt. These years of lackluster military performance saw some of Babylon's vassals, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, beginning to doubt Babylon's power, viewing the Neo-Babylonian Empire as a "<a href="/wiki/Paper_tiger" title="Paper tiger">paper tiger</a>" rather than a power truly on the level of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The situation grew so severe that people in Babylonia itself began disobeying the king, some going as far as to revolt against Nebuchadnezzar's rule. After this disappointing early period as king, Nebuchadnezzar's luck turned. In the 580s BC, Nebuchadnezzar engaged in a successful string of military actions in the Levant against the vassal states in rebellion there, likely with the ultimate intent of curbing Egyptian influence in the region. In 587 BC, Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, and its capital, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">destruction of Jerusalem</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> as the city's population, and people from the surrounding lands, were deported to Babylonia. The Jews thereafter referred to Nebuchadnezzar, the greatest enemy they had faced until that point, as a "destroyer of nations" (משחית גוים, Jer. 4:7). The biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> paints Nebuchadnezzar as a cruel enemy, but also as <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>'s appointed ruler of the world and a divine instrument to punish disobedience. Through the destruction of Jerusalem, the capture of the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, and other campaigns in the Levant, Nebuchadnezzar completed the Neo-Babylonian Empire's transformation into the new great power of the ancient Near East. In addition to his military campaigns, Nebuchadnezzar is remembered as a great builder king. The prosperity ensured by his wars allowed Nebuchadnezzar to conduct great building projects in Babylon, and elsewhere in Mesopotamia. The modern image of Babylon is largely of the city as it was after Nebuchadnezzar's projects, during which he, among other work, rebuilt many of the city's religious buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etemenanki" title="Etemenanki">Etemenanki</a>, renovated its existing palace, constructed a brand new palace, and beautified its ceremonial centre through renovations to the city's Processional Street and the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>. As most of Nebuchadnezzar's inscriptions deal with his building projects, rather than military accomplishments, he was for a time seen by historians mostly as a builder, rather than a warrior. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> There are very few <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> sources for the period between 594 BC and 557 BC, covering much of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, and the reigns of his three immediate successors; <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack1978129-17">[13]</a> This lack of sources has the unfortunate effect that even though Nebuchadnezzar had the longest reign of all of them, less is confidently known of Nebuchadnezzar's reign than of the reigns of almost all the other Neo-Babylonian kings. Though the handful of cuneiform sources recovered, notably the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicle</a>, confirm some events of his reign, such as conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, other events, such as the 586 BC destruction of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> and other military campaigns Nebuchadnezzar possibly conducted, are not covered in any known cuneiform documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20049-18">[14]</a> As a result, historical reconstructions of this period generally follow secondary sources in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> to determine what events transpired at the time, in addition to contract tablets from Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack1978129-17">[13]</a> Though use of the sources written by later authors, many of them created several centuries after Nebuchadnezzar's time and often reflecting their own cultural attitudes to the events and figures discussed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack2004x-19">[15]</a> presents problems in and of itself, blurring the line between history and tradition, it is the only possible approach to gain insight into Nebuchadnezzar's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20049-18">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail._Fire_mudbrick,_stamped._The_cuneiform_inscription_mentions_the_name_and_titles_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II,_king_of_Babylon,_r._604-561_BCE._From_Babylon,_Iraq._British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mudbrick stamped with Nebuchadnezzar's name" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Detail._Fire_mudbrick%2C_stamped._The_cuneiform_inscription_mentions_the_name_and_titles_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II%2C_king_of_Babylon%2C_r._604-561_BCE._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq._British_Museum.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Detail._Fire_mudbrick%2C_stamped._The_cuneiform_inscription_mentions_the_name_and_titles_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II%2C_king_of_Babylon%2C_r._604-561_BCE._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq._British_Museum.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Detail._Fire_mudbrick%2C_stamped._The_cuneiform_inscription_mentions_the_name_and_titles_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II%2C_king_of_Babylon%2C_r._604-561_BCE._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq._British_Museum.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>A fired mudbrick from <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, stamped with the name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar</figcaption></figure> Nebuchadnezzar II's name in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> was Nabû-kudurri-uṣur,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20041-8">[6]</a> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>, watch over my heir".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaggs1998-11">[8]</a> The name was often interpreted in earlier scholarship as "Nabu, protect the boundary", given that the word kudurru can also mean 'boundary' or 'line'. Modern historians support the 'heir' interpretation over the 'boundary' interpretation in terms of this name. There is no reason to believe that the Babylonians intended the name to be difficult to interpret or to have a double meaning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19833-20">[16]</a> Nabû-kudurri-uṣur is typically <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> to 'Nebuchadnezzar', following how the name is most commonly rendered in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, particularly in most of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. In Hebrew, the name was rendered as נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר (Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar) and in Greek it was rendered as Ναβουχοδονόσορ (Nabouchodonosor). Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">Donald Wiseman</a>, prefer the anglicisation "Nebuchadrezzar", with an "r" rather than an "n", following the assumption that "Nebuchadnezzar" is a later, corrupted form of the contemporary Nabû-kudurri-uṣur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19832–3-21">[17]</a> The alternate anglicisation "Nebuchadrezzar" derives from how the name is rendered in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, נְבוּכַדְרֶאצַּר (Nəḇūḵaḏreʾṣṣar), a more faithful transliteration of the original Akkadian name. The <a href="/wiki/Assyriologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyriologist">Assyriologist</a> Adrianus van Selms suggested in 1974 that the variant with an "n" rather than an "r" was a rude nickname, deriving from an Akkadian rendition like Nabû-kūdanu-uṣur, which means 'Nabu, protect the <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a>', though there is no concrete evidence for this idea. Van Selms believed that a nickname like that could derive from Nebuchadnezzar's early reign, which was plagued by political instability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19832–3-21">[17]</a> Nebuchadnezzar II's name, Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, was identical to the name of his distant predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1125–1104 BC), who ruled more than five centuries before Nebuchadnezzar II's time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20041-8">[6]</a> Like Nebuchadnezzar II, Nebuchadnezzar I was a renowned warrior-king, who appeared in a time of political upheaval and defeated the forces of Babylon's enemies, in Nebuchadnezzar I's case the <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20042-22">[18]</a> Although theophoric names using the god Nabu are common in texts from the early Neo-Babylonian Empire, the name Nebuchadnezzar is relatively rare, only being mentioned four times with certainty. Though there is no evidence that Nabopolassar named his son after Nebuchadnezzar I, Nabopolassar was knowledgeable in history and actively worked to connect his rule to the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, which preceded him by nearly two thousand years. The significance of his son and heir bearing the name of one of Babylon's greatest kings would not have been lost on Nabopolassar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen201561–62-23">[19]</a> If Jursa's theory concerning Nabopolassar's origin is correct, it is alternatively possible that Nebuchadnezzar II was named after his grandfather of the same name, as the Babylonians employed <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymics</a>, rather than after the previous king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen201561–62-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–133-24">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_early_life">Ancestry and early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancestry and early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Preserved portions of a ruined temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/220px-Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/330px-Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/440px-Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>A preserved portion of the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> temple at <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. Nebuchadnezzar was the high priest of the Eanna temple from 626/625 BC to 617 BC.</figcaption></figure> Nebuchadnezzar was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 626–605 BC), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>. This is confirmed by Nabopolassar's inscriptions, which explicitly name Nebuchadnezzar as his "eldest son", as well as inscriptions from Nebuchadnezzar's reign, which refer to him as the "first" or "chief son" of Nabopolassar, and as Nabopolassar's "true" or "legitimate heir".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19835-25">[21]</a> The Neo-Babylonian Empire was founded through Nabopolassar's rebellion, and later <a href="/wiki/Medo-Babylonian_conquest_of_the_Assyrian_Empire" title="Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire">war</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, which liberated <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> after nearly a century of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> control. The war resulted in the complete destruction of Assyria,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20048-26">[22]</a> and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which rose in its place, was powerful, but hastily built and politically unstable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1989xiii-27">[23]</a> As Nabopolassar never clarified his ancestry in lineage in any of his inscriptions, his origin is not entirely clear. Subsequent historians have variously identified Nabopolassar as a <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu20164-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston190120-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedford201656-30">[26]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_British_Museum190810-31">[27]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville201116-32">[28]</a> Although no evidence conclusively confirms him as being of Chaldean origin, the term "<a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">Chaldean dynasty</a>" is frequently used by modern historians for the royal family he founded, and the term "Chaldean Empire" remains in use as an alternate <a href="/wiki/Historiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographical">historiographical</a> name for the Neo-Babylonian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu20164-28">[24]</a> Nabopolassar appears to, regardless of his ethnic origin, have been strongly connected to the city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedford201656-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201778-33">[29]</a> located south of Babylon. It is possible that he was a member of its ruling elite before becoming king<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedford201656-30">[26]</a> and there is a growing body of evidence that Nabopolassar's family originated in Uruk, for instance that Nebuchadnezzar's daughters lived in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198-34">[30]</a> In 2007, Michael Jursa advanced the theory that Nabopolassar was a member of a prominent <a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">political family</a> in Uruk, whose members are attested since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 681–669 BC). To support his theory, Jursa pointed to how documents describe how the grave and body of "Kudurru", a deceased governor of Uruk, was desecrated due to the anti-Assyrian activities of Kudurru's two sons, Nabu-shumu-ukin and a son whose name is mostly missing. The desecration went so far as to drag Kudurru's body through the streets of Uruk. Kudurru can be identified with <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_(governor_of_Uruk)" title="Nebuchadnezzar (governor of Uruk)">Nebuchadnezzar</a> (Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, "Kudurru" simply being a common and shortened nickname), a prominent official in Uruk who served as its governor under the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 669–631 BC) in the 640s BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134-3">[2]</a> In Assyrian tradition, the desecration of a dead body showed that the deceased individual and their surviving family were traitors and enemies of the state, and that they had to be completely eradicated, serving to punish them even after death. The name of the son whose name is unpreserved in the letter ended with either ahi, nâsir or uṣur, and the remaining traces can fit with the name Nabû-apla-uṣur, meaning that Nabopolassar could be the other son mentioned in the letter and thus a son of Kudurru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134-3">[2]</a> Strengthening this connection is that Nebuchadnezzar II is attested very early during his father's reign, from 626/625 to 617 BC, as high priest of the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> temple in Uruk, where he is often attested under the nickname "Kudurru".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopova2015402-4">[3]</a> Nebuchadnezzar must have been made high priest at a very young age, considering that his year of death, 562 BC, is 64 years after 626 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopova2015403-5">[4]</a> The original Kudurru's second son, Nabu-shumu-ukin, also appears to be attested as a prominent general under Nabopolassar, and the name was also used by Nebuchadnezzar II for one of his sons, possibly honoring his dead uncle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nebuchadnezzar_as_crown_prince">Nebuchadnezzar as crown prince</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nebuchadnezzar as crown prince">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Carchemish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Depiction of the Battle of Carchemish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Battle_of_Carchemish.png/220px-Battle_of_Carchemish.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Battle_of_Carchemish.png/330px-Battle_of_Carchemish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Battle_of_Carchemish.png/440px-Battle_of_Carchemish.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">Battle of Carchemish</a>, as depicted in Hutchinson's Story of the Nations, 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_so-called_%22Chronicle_of_Nabopolassar%22._The_cuneiform_inscriptions_on_this_clay_tablet_narrate_the_chronicle_of_the_years_608-605_BCE._550-400_BCE._From_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_so-called_%22Chronicle_of_Nabopolassar%22._The_cuneiform_inscriptions_on_this_clay_tablet_narrate_the_chronicle_of_the_years_608-605_BCE._550-400_BCE._From_Iraq.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_so-called_%22Chronicle_of_Nabopolassar%22._The_cuneiform_inscriptions_on_this_clay_tablet_narrate_the_chronicle_of_the_years_608-605_BCE._550-400_BCE._From_Iraq.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_so-called_%22Chronicle_of_Nabopolassar%22._The_cuneiform_inscriptions_on_this_clay_tablet_narrate_the_chronicle_of_the_years_608-605_BCE._550-400_BCE._From_Iraq.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>The so-called "Chronicle of Nabopolassar". The cuneiform inscriptions on this clay tablet narrate the chronicle of the years 608-605 BC. After the fall of Nineveh, Naboplolassar vied with Egypt to control Assyria's western territories. His death stopped the campaign and sent his son Nebuchadnezzar II back to Babylon to claim the throne.</figcaption></figure> Nebuchadnezzar's military career began in the reign of his father, though little information survives. Based on a letter sent to the temple administration of the Eanna temple, it appears that Nebuchadnezzar participated in his father's campaign to take the city of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> in 610 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179-35">[31]</a> Harran was the seat of <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a>, who had rallied what remained of the Assyrian army and ruled the Neo-Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville201120-36">[32]</a> The Babylonian victory in the Harran campaign and the defeat of Ashur-uballit in 609 BCE marked the end of the ancient Assyrian monarchy, which would never be restored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2019141-37">[33]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a>, Nebuchadnezzar also commanded an army in an unspecified mountainous region for several months in 607 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179-35">[31]</a> In the war against the Babylonians and Medes, Assyria had allied with Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a>, who had been interested in ensuring Assyria's survival so that Assyria could remain as a buffer state between his own kingdom and the Babylonian and Median kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipschits200516-38">[34]</a> After the fall of Harran, Psamtik's successor, Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a>, personally led a large army into former Assyrian lands to turn the tide of the war and restore the Neo-Assyrian Empire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowton1951128-39">[35]</a> even though it was more or less a lost cause as Assyria had already collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20047-40">[36]</a> As Nabopolassar was occupied with fighting <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> in the north, the Egyptians took control of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> largely unopposed, capturing territories as far north as the city of <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> in Syria, where Necho established his base of operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991182-41">[37]</a> Nebuchadnezzar's greatest victory from his time as crown prince came at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">Battle of Carchemish</a> in 605 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179-35">[31]</a> which put an end to Necho's campaign in the Levant by inflicting a crushing defeat on the Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipschits200520-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20047-40">[36]</a> Nebuchadnezzar had been the sole commander of the Babylonian army at this battle as his father had chosen to stay in Babylon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20048-26">[22]</a> perhaps on account of illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991182-41">[37]</a> Necho's forces were completely annihilated by Nebuchadnezzar's army, with Babylonian sources claiming that not a single Egyptian escaped alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991230-43">[39]</a> The account of the battle in the Babylonian Chronicle reads as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179-35">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The king of Akkad<a href="#cite_note-45">[e]</a> stayed home (while) Nebuchadnezzar, his eldest son (and) crown prince mustered [the army of Akkad]. He took his army's lead and marched to Carchemish, which is on the bank of the Euphrates. He crossed the river at Carchemish. [...] They did battle together. The army of Egypt retreated before him. He inflicted a [defeat] upon them (and) finished them off completely. In the district of Hamath the army of Akkad overtook the remainder of the army of [Egypt which] managed to escape [from] the defeat and which was not overcome. They inflicted a defeat upon them (so that) a single (Egyptian) man [did not return] home. At that time Nebuchadnezzar conquered all of Ha[ma]th.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179-35">[31]</a></blockquote> The story of Nebuchadnezzar's victory at Carchemish reverberated through history, appearing in many later ancient accounts, including in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> in the Bible. It is possible to conclude, based on subsequent geopolitics, that the victory resulted in all of Syria and Israel coming under the control of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, a feat which the Assyrians under <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 745–727 BC) only accomplished after five years of protracted military campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179-35">[31]</a> The defeat of Egypt at Carchemish ensured that the Neo-Babylonian Empire would grow to become the major power of the ancient Near East, and the uncontested successor of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20048-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991183-46">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_to_the_throne">Accession to the throne</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Accession to the throne">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_of_Nabopolassar_from_Babylon,_Mesopotamia..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Babylonian clay cylinder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cylinder_of_Nabopolassar_from_Babylon%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/220px-Cylinder_of_Nabopolassar_from_Babylon%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cylinder_of_Nabopolassar_from_Babylon%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/330px-Cylinder_of_Nabopolassar_from_Babylon%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cylinder_of_Nabopolassar_from_Babylon%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/440px-Cylinder_of_Nabopolassar_from_Babylon%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A clay cylinder of <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a>, Nebuchadnezzar's father and predecessor, from <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebuchadnezzar_King_of_Justice._Once_in_power,_Nebuchadnezzar_was_presented_as_a_typical_Babylonian_monarch;_wise,_pious,_just,_and_strong._Texts_such_as_this_clay_tablet,_extol_his_greatness_as_a_man_and_ruler._From_Babylon,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Nebuchadnezzar_King_of_Justice._Once_in_power%2C_Nebuchadnezzar_was_presented_as_a_typical_Babylonian_monarch%3B_wise%2C_pious%2C_just%2C_and_strong._Texts_such_as_this_clay_tablet%2C_extol_his_greatness_as_a_man_and_ruler._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Nebuchadnezzar_King_of_Justice._Once_in_power%2C_Nebuchadnezzar_was_presented_as_a_typical_Babylonian_monarch%3B_wise%2C_pious%2C_just%2C_and_strong._Texts_such_as_this_clay_tablet%2C_extol_his_greatness_as_a_man_and_ruler._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Nebuchadnezzar_King_of_Justice._Once_in_power%2C_Nebuchadnezzar_was_presented_as_a_typical_Babylonian_monarch%3B_wise%2C_pious%2C_just%2C_and_strong._Texts_such_as_this_clay_tablet%2C_extol_his_greatness_as_a_man_and_ruler._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4786" data-file-height="3720" /></a><figcaption>"Nebuchadnezzar, King of Justice". Once in power, Nebuchadnezzar was presented as a typical Babylonian monarch, wise, pious, just, and strong. Texts such as this clay tablet, extol his greatness as a man and ruler. From Babylon, Iraq.</figcaption></figure> Nabopolassar died just a few weeks after Nebuchadnezzar's victory at Carchemish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179-35">[31]</a> At this point in time, Nebuchadnezzar was still away on his campaign against the Egyptians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991230-43">[39]</a> having chased the retreating Egyptian forces to the region around the city of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180-47">[42]</a> The news of Nabopolassar's death reached Nebuchadnezzar's camp on 8 <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Abu</a> (late July),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerDubberstein19429-48">[43]</a> and Nebuchadnezzar quickly arranged affairs with the Egyptians and rushed back to Babylon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991230-43">[39]</a> where he was proclaimed king on 1 Ulūlu (mid-August).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180-47">[42]</a> The speed in which Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon might be due to the threat that one of his brothers (two are known by name: <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-lishir" title="Nabu-shum-lishir">Nabu-shum-lishir</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19837-50">[45]</a> and Nabu-zer-ushabshi)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19838-51">[46]</a> could claim the throne in his absence. Though Nebuchadnezzar had been recognised as the eldest son and heir by Nabopolassar, Nabu-shum-lishir,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535-49">[44]</a> Nabopolassar's second-born son,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19837-50">[45]</a> had been recognised as "his equal brother", a dangerously vague title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[f]</a> Despite these possible fears, there were no attempts made at usurping his throne at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535-49">[44]</a> One of Nebuchadnezzar's first acts as king was to bury his father. Nabopolassar was laid in a huge coffin, adorned with ornamented gold plates and fine dresses with golden beads, which was then placed within a small palace he had constructed in Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535-49">[44]</a> Shortly thereafter, before the end of the month in which he had been crowned, Nebuchadnezzar returned to Syria to resume his campaign. The Babylonian Chronicle records that "he marched about victoriously", meaning that he faced little to no resistance, returning to Babylon after several months of campaigning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180-47">[42]</a> The Syrian campaign, though it resulted in a certain amount of plunder, was not a complete success in that it did not ensure Nebuchadnezzar's grasp on the region. He had seemingly failed to inspire fear, given that none of the westernmost states in the Levant swore fealty to him and paid tribute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190-16">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_military_campaigns">Early military campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early military campaigns">edit</a>]</div> Though little information survives concerning them, the Babylonian Chronicle preserves brief accounts of Nebuchadnezzar's military activities in his first eleven years as king. In 604 BC, Nebuchadnezzar campaigned in the Levant once again, conquering the city of <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180-47">[42]</a> According to the Babylonian Chronicle, Ascalon's king was captured and taken to Babylon, and the city was plundered and levelled to the ground. Modern excavations at Ascalon have confirmed that the city was more or less destroyed at this point in time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a> The Ascalon campaign was preceded by a campaign in Syria, which was more successful than Nebuchadnezzar's first, resulting in oaths of fealty from the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190-16">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Nebuchadnezzar's empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png/220px-Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png/330px-Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png/440px-Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> under Nebuchadnezzar</figcaption></figure> In 603 BC, Nebuchadnezzar campaigned in a land whose name is not preserved in the surviving copy of the chronicle. The chronicle records that this campaign was extensive, given that the account mentions the construction of large siege towers and a siege of a city, the name of which does not survive either. <a href="/wiki/Anson_Rainey" title="Anson Rainey">Anson Rainey</a> speculated in 1975 that the city taken was Gaza, whereas Nadav Na'aman thought in 1992 that it was <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a> in south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. In the second half of the 5th century BC, some documents mentioned the towns Isqalanu (the name derived from Ascalon) and Hazzatu (the name possibly derived from Gaza) near the city of Nippur, indicating that deportees from both of these cities lived near Nippur, and as such possibly that they had been captured at around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180-47">[42]</a> In both 602 BC and 601 BC, Nebuchadnezzar campaigned in the Levant, though little information survives beyond that a "vast" amount of booty was brought from the Levant to Babylonia in 602 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180-47">[42]</a> On account of the entry for 602 BC also referring to Nabu-shum-lishir, Nebuchadnezzar's younger brother, in a fragmentary and unclear context, it is possible that Nabu-shum-lishir led a revolt against his brother in an attempt to usurp the throne in that year, especially since he is no longer mentioned in any sources after 602 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva2013198-55">[49]</a> The damage to the text however makes this idea speculative and conjectural.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180-47">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue probably depicting Pharaoh Necho II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum_c.jpg/130px-Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum_c.jpg/195px-Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum_c.jpg/260px-Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption>A statue probably depicting Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> of Egypt, who was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">defeated at Carchemish</a> by Nebuchadnezzar in 605 BC, but fought off Nebuchadnezzar's invasion of Egypt in 601 BC</figcaption></figure> In the 601 BC campaign, Nebuchadnezzar departed from the Levant and then marched into Egypt. Despite the defeat at Carchemish in 605 BC, Egypt still had a great amount of influence in the Levant, even though the region was ostensibly under Babylonian rule. Thus, a campaign against Egypt was logical in order to assert Babylonian dominance, and also carried enormous economic and propagandistic benefits, but it was also risky and ambitious. The path into Egypt was difficult, and the lack of secure control of either side of the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Desert">Sinai Desert</a> could spell disaster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180–181-56">[50]</a> Nebuchadnezzar's invasion of Egypt failed – the Babylonian Chronicle states that both the Egyptian and Babylonian armies suffered a huge number of casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180–181-56">[50]</a> Though Egypt was not conquered, the campaign did result in momentarily curbing Egyptian interest in the Levant, given that Necho II gave up his ambitions in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018191-57">[51]</a> In 599 BC, Nebuchadnezzar marched his army into the Levant and then attacked and raided the Arabs in the Syrian desert. Though apparently successful, it is unclear what the achievements gained in this campaign were.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180–181-56">[50]</a> In 598 BC, Nebuchadnezzar campaigned against the Kingdom of Judah, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">succeeding in capturing</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003181-58">[52]</a> Judah represented a prime target of Babylonian attention given that it was at the epicenter of competition between Babylon and Egypt. By 601 BC, Judah's king, <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>, had begun to openly challenge Babylonian authority, counting on that Egypt would lend support to his cause. Nebuchadnezzar's first, 598–597 BC, assault on Jerusalem is recorded in the Bible, but also in the Babylonian Chronicle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a> which describes it as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The seventh year [of Nebuchadnezzar], in the month of Kislimu, the king of Akkad mustered his troops, marched to the Levant, and set up quarters facing the city of Judah [Jerusalem]. In the month of Addaru [early in 597 BC], the second day, he took the city and captured the king. He installed there a king of his choice. He colle[cted] its massive tribute and went back to Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a></blockquote> Jehoiakim had died during Nebuchadnezzar's siege and been replaced by his son, <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a>, who was captured and taken to Babylon, with his uncle <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a> installed in his place as king of Judah. Jeconiah is recorded as being alive in Babylonia thereafter, with records as late as 592 or 591 BC listing him among the recipients of food at Nebuchadnezzar's palace and still referring to him as the 'king of the land of Judah'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a> In 597 BC, the Babylonian army departed for the Levant again, but appears to not have engaged in any military activities as they turned back immediately after reaching the Euphrates. The following year, Nebuchadnezzar marched his army along the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> river to do battle with the Elamites, but no actual battle happened as the Elamites retreated out of fear once Nebuchadnezzar was a day's march away. In 595 BC, Nebuchadnezzar stayed at home in Babylon but soon had to face a rebellion against his rule there, though he defeated the rebels, with the chronicle stating that the king "put his large army to the sword and conquered his foe." Shortly thereafter, Nebuchadnezzar again campaigned in the Levant and secured large amounts of tribute. In the last year recorded in the chronicle, 594 BC, Nebuchadnezzar campaigned in the Levant yet again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003181-58">[52]</a> There were several years without any noteworthy military activity at all. Notably, Nebuchadnezzar spent all of 600 BC in Babylon, when the chronicle excuses the king by stating that he stayed in Babylon to "refit his numerous horses and chariotry". Some of the years when Nebuchadnezzar was victorious can also hardly be considered real challenges. Raiding the Arabs in 599 BC was not a major military accomplishment and the victory over Judah and the retreat of the Elamites were not secured on the battlefield. It thus appears that Nebuchadnezzar achieved little military success after the failure of his invasion of Egypt. Nebuchadnezzar's poor military record had dangerous geopolitical consequences. According to the Bible, in Zedekiah's fourth year as king of Judah (594 BC), the kings of <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, Sidon and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> met in Jerusalem to deal with the possibility of throwing off Babylonian control.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> Evidence that Babylonian control was beginning to unravel is also clear from contemporary Babylonian records, such as the aforementioned rebellion in Babylonia itself, as well as records of a man being executed in 594 BC at Borspippa for "breaking his oath to the king". The oath-breaking was serious enough that the judge in the trial was Nebuchadnezzar himself. It is also possible that Babylonian–Median relations were becoming strained, with records of a "Median defector" being housed in Nebuchadnezzar's palace and some inscriptions indicating that the Medes were beginning to be seen as "enemies". By 594 BC, the failure of the Egyptian invasion, and the lacklustre state of Nebuchadnezzar's other campaigns, loomed high. According to the Assyriologist Israel Ephʿal, Babylon at this time was seen by its contemporaries more like a "<a href="/wiki/Paper_tiger" title="Paper tiger">paper tiger</a>" (i. e. an ineffectual threat) than a great empire, like Assyria just a few decades prior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003181–183-60">[54]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_Jerusalem">Destruction of Jerusalem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Destruction of Jerusalem">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_The_Chaldees_Destroy_the_Brazen_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of the Babylonians looting Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tissot_The_Chaldees_Destroy_the_Brazen_Sea.jpg/220px-Tissot_The_Chaldees_Destroy_the_Brazen_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tissot_The_Chaldees_Destroy_the_Brazen_Sea.jpg/330px-Tissot_The_Chaldees_Destroy_the_Brazen_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tissot_The_Chaldees_Destroy_the_Brazen_Sea.jpg/440px-Tissot_The_Chaldees_Destroy_the_Brazen_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>19th or 20th century painting by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a> depicting the Babylonian forces destroying <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> From his appointment as king of Judah, Zedekiah waited for the opportune moment to throw off Babylonian control. After Pharaoh Necho II's death in 595 BC, Egyptian intervention in affairs in the Levant increased once again under his successors, <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 595–589 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Apries</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 589–570 BC), who both worked to encourage anti-Babylonian rebellions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a> It is possible that the Babylonian failure to invade Egypt in 601 BC helped inspire revolts against the Babylonian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018192-61">[55]</a> The outcome of these efforts was Zedekiah's open revolt against Nebuchadnezzar's authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a> Unfortunately, no cuneiform sources are preserved from this time and the only known account of the fall of Judah is the biblical account.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183-62">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of the Babylonians destroying Jerusalem and leading captives away" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg/220px-The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg/330px-The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The destruction of Jerusalem and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, as depicted in an early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> illustration</figcaption></figure> In 589 BC, Zedekiah refused to pay tribute to Nebuchadnezzar, and he was closely followed in this by <a href="/wiki/Ithobaal_III" title="Ithobaal III">Ithobaal III</a>, the king of Tyre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018195-63">[57]</a> In 587 BC, Ammon, Edom and Moab likewise rebelled.<a href="#cite_note-chap-iron-64">[58]</a> In response to Zedekiah's uprising,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a> Nebuchadnezzar conquered and destroyed the Kingdom of Judah in 586 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183-62">[56]</a> one of the great achievements of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183-62">[56]</a> The campaign, which probably ended in the summer of 586 BC, resulted in the plunder and destruction of the city of Jerusalem, a permanent end to Judah, and it led to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, as the Jews were captured and deported to Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a> Archaeological excavations confirm that Jerusalem and the surrounding area was destroyed and depopulated. It is possible that the intensity of the destruction carried out by Nebuchadnezzar at Jerusalem and elsewhere in the Levant was due to the implementation of something akin to a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a>-policy, aimed at stopping Egypt from gaining a foothold there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018229-65">[59]</a> Some Jewish administration was allowed to remain in the region under the governor <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah</a>, governing from <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a> under close Babylonian monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">[48]</a> According to the Bible, and the 1st-century AD Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, Zedekiah attempted to flee after resisting the Babylonians, but was captured at <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> and suffered a terrible fate. According to the narrative, Nebuchadnezzar wanted to make an example out of him given that Zedekiah was not an ordinary vassal, but a vassal directly appointed by Nebuchadnezzar. As such, Zedekiah was supposedly taken to <a href="/wiki/Riblah" title="Riblah">Riblah</a> in northern Syria, where he had to watch his sons being executed before having his eyes gouged out and sent to be imprisoned in Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018196-66">[60]</a> Per the Books of Kings in the Bible, the campaign against Judah was longer than typical Mesopotamian wars, with the siege of Jerusalem lasting 18–30 months (depending on the calculation), rather than the typical length of less than a year. Whether the unusual length of the siege indicates that the Babylonian army was weak, unable to break into the city for more than a year, or that Nebuchadnezzar by this time had succeeded in stabilising his rule in Babylonia and could thus wage war patiently without being pressured by time to escalate the siege, is not certain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183-62">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_military_campaigns">Later military campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later military campaigns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(586%E2%80%93573_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (586–573 BC)">Siege of Tyre (586–573 BC)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Tyre_by_Nebuchadnezzar_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artwork depicting Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Tyre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Siege_of_Tyre_by_Nebuchadnezzar_II.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Tyre_by_Nebuchadnezzar_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Siege_of_Tyre_by_Nebuchadnezzar_II.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Tyre_by_Nebuchadnezzar_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Siege_of_Tyre_by_Nebuchadnezzar_II.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Tyre_by_Nebuchadnezzar_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tyre besieged by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, by Stanley Llewellyn Wood, 1915</figcaption></figure> It is possible that the Egyptians took advantage of the Babylonians being preoccupied with besieging Jerusalem. Herodotus describes Pharaoh Apries as campaigning in the Levant, taking the city of Sidon and fighting the Tyrians, which indicates a renewed Egyptian invasion of the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018195-63">[57]</a> Apries is unlikely to have been as successful as Herodotus describes, given that it is unclear how the Egyptian navy would have defeated the superior navies of the Phoenician cities, and even if some cities had been taken, they must have shortly thereafter fallen into Babylonian hands again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018196-66">[60]</a> Tyre had rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar at around the same time as Judah, and Nebuchadnezzar moved to retake the city after his successful subduing of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018196-66">[60]</a> The biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> describes Tyre in 571 BC as if it had been recently captured by the Babylonian army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003184-67">[61]</a> The supposed length of the siege, 13 years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003186-68">[62]</a> is only given by Flavius Josephus, and is subject to debate among modern scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018229-65">[59]</a> Josephus's account of Nebuchadnezzar's reign is obviously not entirely historic, as he describes Nebuchadnezzar as, five years after the destruction of Jerusalem, invading Egypt, capturing the Pharaoh and appointing another Pharaoh in his place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183-62">[56]</a> A stele from <a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a> uncovered in 2011 records that Nebuchadnezzar attempted to invade Egypt in 582 BC, although Apries' forces managed to repel the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn201872–73-69">[63]</a> Josephus states that Nebuchadnezzar besieged Tyre in the seventh year of "his" reign, though it is unclear whether "his" in this context refers to Nebuchadnezzar or to Ithobaal III of Tyre. If it refers to Nebuchadnezzar, a siege begun in 598 BC and lasting for thirteen years, later simultaneously with the siege of Jerusalem, is unlikely to have gone unmentioned in Babylonian records. If the seventh year of Ithobaal is intended, the beginning of the siege may conjecturally be placed after Jerusalem's fall. If the siege lasting 13 years is taken at face value, the siege would then not have ended before 573 or 572 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003186-68">[62]</a> The supposed length of the siege can be ascribed to the difficulty in besieging the city: Tyre was located on an island 800 metres from the coast, and could not be taken without naval support. Though the city withstood numerous sieges, it would not be captured until <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s siege in 332 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003187-70">[64]</a> In the end, the siege was resolved without a need of battle and did not result in the Tyre being conquered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018229-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003187-70">[64]</a> It seems Tyre's king and Nebuchadnezzar came to an agreement for Tyre to continue to be ruled by vassal kings, though probably under heavier Babylonian control than before. Documents from Tyre near the end of Nebuchadnezzar's reign demonstrate that the city had become a centre for Babylonian military affairs in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018229-65">[59]</a> According to later Jewish tradition, it is possible that Ithobaal III was deposed and taken as a prisoner to Babylon, with another king, Baal II, proclaimed by Nebuchadnezzar in his place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018200-71">[65]</a> It is possible that Nebuchadnezzar campaigned against Egypt in 568 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003187–188-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018201-73">[67]</a> given that a fragmentary Babylonian inscription, given the modern designation BM 33041, from that year records the word "Egypt" as well as possibly traces of the name "Amasis" (the name of the then incumbent Pharaoh, <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis II</a>, <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 570–526 BC). A stele of Amasis, also fragmentary, may also describe a combined naval and land attack by the Babylonians. Recent evidence suggests that the Babylonians were initially successful during the invasion and gained a foothold in Egypt, but they were repelled by Amasis' forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn201877-74">[68]</a> If Nebuchadnezzar did campaign against Egypt again, he was unsuccessful again, given that Egypt did not come under Babylonian rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003187–188-72">[66]</a> Nebuchadnezzar's campaigns in the Levant, most notably those directed towards Jerusalem and Tyre, completed the Neo-Babylonian Empire's transformation from a <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> of the Neo-Assyrian Empire to the new dominant power of the ancient Near East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018229-65">[59]</a> Still, Nebuchadnezzar's military accomplishments can be questioned,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190-16">[12]</a> given that the borders of his empire, by the end of his reign, had not noticeably increased in size and that he had not managed to conquer Egypt. Even after a reign of several decades, Nebuchadnezzar's greatest victory remained his victory over the Egyptians at Carchemish in 605 BC, before he even became king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003189-75">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_projects">Building projects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Building projects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the restored Ishtar Gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpg/220px-Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpg/330px-Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpg/440px-Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Babylon's <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum in Berlin</a>, restored and beautified in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar</figcaption></figure> The Babylonian king was traditionally a builder and restorer, and as such large-scale building projects were important as a legitimizing factor for Babylonian rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter199366-76">[70]</a> Nebuchadnezzar extensively expanded and rebuilt his capital city of Babylon and the most modern historical and archaeological interpretations of the city reflect it as it appeared after Nebuchadnezzar's construction projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018229-65">[59]</a> The projects were made possible through the prospering economy during Nebuchadnezzar's reign, sustained by his conquests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018230-77">[71]</a> His building inscriptions record work done to numerous temples, notably the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a>, the main temple of Babylon's national deity <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, and the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Etemenanki" title="Etemenanki">Etemenanki</a>, a great <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> dedicated to Marduk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018229-65">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylon_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City plan of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Babylon_map.png/220px-Babylon_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Babylon_map.png/330px-Babylon_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Babylon_map.png/440px-Babylon_map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>A city plan of Babylon, showing major points of interest. The outer walls and the northern Summer Palace are not shown.</figcaption></figure> Extensive work was also conducted on civil and military structures. Among the most impressive efforts was the work done surrounding the city's northern ceremonial entrance, the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>. These projects included restoration work on the South Palace, inside the city walls, the construction of a completely new North Palace, on the other side of the walls facing the gate, as well as the restoration of Babylon's Processional Street, which led through the gate, and of the gate itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018230-77">[71]</a> The ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's North Palace are poorly preserved and as such its structure and appearance are not entirely understood. Nebuchadnezzar also constructed a third palace, the Summer Palace, built some distance north of the inner city walls in the northernmost corner of the outer walls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2012924-78">[72]</a> The restored Ishtar Gate was decorated with blue and yellow glazed bricks and depictions of bulls (symbols of the god <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a>) and dragons (symbols of the god Marduk). Similar bricks were used for the walls surrounding the Processional Street, which also featured depictions of lions (symbols of the goddess Ishtar).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018230-77">[71]</a> Babylon's Processional Street, the only such street yet excavated in Mesopotamia, ran along the eastern walls of the South Palace and exited the inner city walls at the Ishtar Gate, running past the North Palace. To the south, this street went by the Etemenanki, turning to the west and going over a bridge constructed either under the reign of Nabopolassar or Nebuchadnezzar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2012925-79">[73]</a> Some of the bricks of the Processional Street bear the name of the Neo-Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 705–681 BC) on their underside, perhaps indicating that construction of the street had begun already during his reign, but the fact that the upper side of the bricks all bear the name of Nebuchadnezzar suggests that construction of the street was completed under Nebuchadnezzar's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2012925-79">[73]</a> Glazed bricks such as the ones used in the Procession Street were also used in the throne room of the South Palace, which was decorated with depictions of lions and tall, stylized palm trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018230-77">[71]</a> Nebuchadnezzar also directed building efforts on the city of <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>, with several of his inscriptions recording restoration work on that city's temple, the <a href="/wiki/Ezida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezida">Ezida</a>, dedicated to the god Nabu. Additionally, Nebuchadnezzar also restored the ziggurat of the Ezida, the E-urme-imin-anki, and also worked on the temple of <a href="/wiki/Gula_(goddess)" title="Gula (goddess)">Gula</a>, Etila, as well as numerous other temples and shrines in the city. Nebuchadnezzar also repaired Borsippa's walls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018230–231-80">[74]</a> Other great building projects by Nebuchadnezzar include the Nar-Shamash, a canal to bring water from the Euphrates close to the city of Sippar, and the <a href="/wiki/Median_Wall" title="Median Wall">Median Wall</a>, a large defensive structure built to defend Babylonia against incursions from the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018232-81">[75]</a> The Median Wall was one of two walls built to protect Babylonia's northern border. Further evidence that Nebuchadnezzar believed the north to be the most likely point of attack for his enemies comes from that he fortified the walls of northern cities, such as Babylon, Borsippa and <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, but left the walls of southern cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> and Uruk, as they were.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2012926-82">[76]</a> Nebuchadnezzar also began work on the Royal Canal, also known as Nebuchadnezzar's Canal, a great canal linking the Euphrates to the Tigris which in time completely transformed the agriculture of the region, but the structure was not completed until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>, who ruled as the last king of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> from 556 to 539 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018232-81">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death and succession">edit</a>]</div> Nebuchadnezzar died at Babylon in 562 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2018-15">[11]</a> The last known tablet dated to Nebuchadnezzar's reign, from Uruk, is dated to the same day, 7 October, as the first known tablet of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a>, from Sippar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerDubberstein194210-83">[77]</a> Amel-Marduk's administrative duties probably began before he became king, during the last few weeks or months of his father's reign when Nebuchadnezzar was ill and dying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-84">[78]</a> Having ruled for 43 years, Nebuchadnezzar's reign was the longest of his dynasty<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20042-22">[18]</a> and he would be remembered favourably by the Babylonians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen201563-85">[79]</a> Amel-Marduk's accession does not appear to have gone smoothly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201226-86">[80]</a> Amel-Marduk was not the eldest living son of Nebuchadnezzar and the reason why he was picked as crown prince is not known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124-88">[82]</a> The choice is especially strange given that some sources suggest that the relationship between Nebuchadnezzar and Amel-Marduk was particularly poor, with one surviving text describing both as parties in some form of conspiracy and accusing one of them (the text is too fragmentary to determine which one) of failing in the most important duties of Babylonian kingship through exploiting Babylon's populace and desecrating its temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227-87">[81]</a> Amel-Marduk also at one point appears to have been imprisoned by his father, possibly on account of the Babylonian aristocracy having proclaimed him as king while Nebuchadnezzar was away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-84">[78]</a> It is possible that Nebuchadnezzar intended to replace Amel-Marduk as heir with another son, but died before doing so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201229-89">[83]</a> In one of Nebuchadnezzar's late inscriptions, written more than forty years into his reign, he wrote that he had been chosen for the kingship by the gods before he was even born. Mesopotamian rulers typically only stressed divine legitimacy in this fashion when their actual legitimacy was questionable, a method often employed by usurpers. Given that Nebuchadnezzar at this point had been king for several decades and was the legitimate heir of his predecessor, the inscription is very strange, unless it was intended to help legitimize Nebuchadnezzar's successor, Amel-Marduk, who as a younger son and a former conspirator could be seen as politically problematic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201226-86">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_children">Family and children</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Family and children">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon_by_Ferdinand_Knab_(1886).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon_by_Ferdinand_Knab_%281886%29.png/220px-Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon_by_Ferdinand_Knab_%281886%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon_by_Ferdinand_Knab_%281886%29.png/330px-Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon_by_Ferdinand_Knab_%281886%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon_by_Ferdinand_Knab_%281886%29.png/440px-Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon_by_Ferdinand_Knab_%281886%29.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a> as depicted by Ferdinand Knab in 1886. According to tradition, the gardens were constructed by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife, <a href="/wiki/Amytis_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amytis of Babylon">Amytis of Babylon</a>, so that she would feel less homesick.</figcaption></figure> No surviving contemporary Babylonian documents provide the name of Nebuchadnezzar's wife. According to Berossus, her name was <a href="/wiki/Amytis_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amytis of Babylon">Amytis</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a>, king of the Medes. Berossus writes that '[Nabopolassar] sent troops to the assistance of Astyages, the tribal chieftain and satrap of the Medes in order to obtain a daughter of Astyages, Amyitis, as wife for his son [Nebuchadnezzar]'. Though the ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> instead wrote that Amytis was the name of a daughter of Astyages who had married <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a> of Persia, it seems more likely that a Median princess would marry a member of the Babylonian royal family, considering the good relations established between the two during Nabopolassar's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19838-51">[46]</a> Given that Astyages was still too young during Nabopolassar's reign to already have children, and was not yet king, it seems more probable that Amytis was Astyages's sister, and thus a daughter of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering1995-90">[84]</a> By marrying his son to a daughter of Cyaxares, Nebuchadnezzar's father Nabopolassar likely sought to seal the alliance between the Babylonians and the Medes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991229-91">[85]</a> According to tradition, Nebuchadnezzar constructed the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, featuring exotic shrubs, vines and trees as well as artificial hills, watercourses and knolls, so that Amytis would feel less homesick for the mountains of Media. No archaeological evidence for these gardens has yet been found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolinger_Foster1998322-92">[86]</a> Nebuchadnezzar had six known sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19839–10-93">[87]</a> Most of the sons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200-94">[88]</a> with the exceptions of Marduk-nadin-ahi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124-88">[82]</a> and Eanna-sharra-usur,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198310-95">[89]</a> are attested very late in their father's reign. It is possible that they might have been the product of a second marriage and that they could have been born relatively late in Nebuchadnezzar's reign, possibly after his known daughters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200-94">[88]</a> The known sons of Nebuchadnezzar are: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Crown_Prince,_son_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II,_write_this_anguished_poem_in_jail._Once_freed,_he_attributed_his_rescue_to_god_Marduk_by_changing_his_name_to_Amel-Marduk._From_Borsippa,_near_Babylon,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Crown_Prince%2C_son_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II%2C_write_this_anguished_poem_in_jail._Once_freed%2C_he_attributed_his_rescue_to_god_Marduk_by_changing_his_name_to_Amel-Marduk._From_Borsippa%2C_near_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Crown_Prince%2C_son_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II%2C_write_this_anguished_poem_in_jail._Once_freed%2C_he_attributed_his_rescue_to_god_Marduk_by_changing_his_name_to_Amel-Marduk._From_Borsippa%2C_near_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Crown_Prince%2C_son_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II%2C_write_this_anguished_poem_in_jail._Once_freed%2C_he_attributed_his_rescue_to_god_Marduk_by_changing_his_name_to_Amel-Marduk._From_Borsippa%2C_near_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3361" data-file-height="5199" /></a><figcaption>A prayer to Marduk. The Crown Prince, son of Nebuchadnezzar II, wrote this anguished poem in jail. Once freed, he attributed his rescue to god Marduk by changing his name to Amel-Marduk. From Borsippa, near Babylon, Iraq.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Marduk-nadin-ahi (Akkadian: Marduk-nādin-aḫi)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200-94">[88]</a> – the earliest attested of Nebuchadnezzar's children, attested in a legal document, probably as an adult as he is described as being in charge of his own land, already in Nebuchadnezzar's third year as king (602/601 BC). Presumably Nebuchadnezzar's firstborn son, if not eldest child, and thus his legitimate heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124–125-96">[90]</a> He is also attested very late in Nebuchadnezzar's reign, named as a "royal prince" in a document recording the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a> by Sin-mār-šarri-uṣur, his servant, in 563 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198310-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124-88">[82]</a></li> <li>Eanna-sharra-usur (Akkadian: Eanna-šarra-uṣur)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198310-95">[89]</a> – named as a "royal prince" among sixteen people in a document at Uruk from 587 BC recorded as receiving barley "for the sick".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198310-95">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> (Akkadian: Amēl-Marduk),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-84">[78]</a> originally named Nabu-shum-ukin (Nabû-šum-ukīn)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-84">[78]</a> – succeeded Nebuchadnezzar as king in 562 BC. His reign was marred with intrigues and he only ruled for two years before being murdered and usurped by his brother-in-law, Neriglissar. Later Babylonian sources mostly speak ill of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19839–10-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998199-97">[91]</a> Amel-Marduk is first attested, notably as crown prince, in a document 566 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopova2015405-98">[92]</a> Given that Amel-Marduk had an older brother in Marduk-nadin-ahi, alive as late as 563 BC, why he was named crown prince is not clear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012125-99">[93]</a></li> <li>Marduk-shum-usur (Akkadian: Marduk-šum-uṣur<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200-94">[88]</a> or Marduk-šuma-uṣur)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198310-95">[89]</a> – named as a "royal prince" in documents from Nebuchadnezzar's 564 BC and 562 BC years, recording payments by his scribe to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebabbar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebabbar (page does not exist)">Ebabbar</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198310-95">[89]</a></li> <li>Mushezib-Marduk (Akkadian: Mušēzib-Marduk)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200-94">[88]</a> – named as a "royal prince" once in a contract tablet from 563 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198310-95">[89]</a></li> <li>Marduk-nadin-shumi (Akkadian: Marduk-nādin-šumi)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198310-95">[89]</a> – named as a "royal prince" once in a contract tablet from 563 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198310-95">[89]</a></li></ul> Three of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters are known by name:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198-34">[30]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashshaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashshaya">Kashshaya</a> (Akkadian: Kaššaya)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998173-100">[94]</a> – attested in several economic documents from Nebuchadnezzar's reign as "the king's daughter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998173–174-101">[95]</a> Her name is of unclear origin; it might be derived from the word kaššû (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">kassite</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998181-102">[96]</a> Kashshaya is attested from contemporary texts as a resident of (and landowner in) Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198-34">[30]</a> Kashshaya is typically, although speculatively, identified as the daughter of Nebuchadnezzar who married Neriglissar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200-94">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241-103">[97]</a></li> <li>Innin-etirat (Akkadian: Innin-ēṭirat)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998174-104">[98]</a> – attested as "the king's daughter" in a 564 BC document which records her granting mār-banûtu status<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998174-104">[98]</a> ("status of a free man")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotta200933-105">[99]</a> to a slave by the name Nabû-mukkê-elip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998174-104">[98]</a> The document in question was written at Babylon, but names including the divine prefix <a href="/wiki/Innin" class="mw-redirect" title="Innin">Innin</a> are almost unique to Uruk, suggesting that she was a resident of that city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198-34">[30]</a></li> <li>Ba'u-asitu (Akkadian: Ba'u-asītu)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998174-104">[98]</a> – attested as the owner of a piece of real estate in an economic document. The precise reading and meaning of her name is somewhat unclear. <a href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Paul-Alain Beaulieu</a>, who in 1998 published the translated text which confirms her existence, believes that her name is best interpreted as meaning "<a href="/wiki/Bau_(goddess)" title="Bau (goddess)">Ba'u</a> is a/the physician".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998174–175-106">[100]</a> The document was written at Uruk, where Ba'u-asitu is presumed to have lived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198-34">[30]</a></li></ul> It is possible that one of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters married the high official Nabonidus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198311-107">[101]</a> Marriage to a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar could explain how Nabonidus could become king, and also explain why certain later traditions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> in the Bible, describe Nabonidus's son, Belshazzar, as Nebuchadnezzar's son (descendant).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198311-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991244-108">[102]</a> Alternatively, these later traditions might instead derive from royal propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas2000164-109">[103]</a> The ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> names the "last great queen" of the Babylonian Empire as "<a href="/wiki/Nitocris_of_Babylon" title="Nitocris of Babylon">Nitocris</a>", though that name, nor any other name, is not attested in contemporary Babylonian sources. Herodotus's description of Nitocris contains a wealth of legendary material that makes it difficult to determine whether he uses the name to refer to Nabonidus's wife or mother. In 1982, William H. Shea proposed that Nitocris may tentatively be identified as the name of Nabonidus's wife and Belshazzar's mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShea1982137–138-110">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment_by_historians">Assessment by historians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Assessment by historians">edit</a>]</div> Because of the scarcity of sources, assessment by historians of Nebuchadnezzar's character and the nature of his reign have differed considerably over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003178-111">[105]</a> He has typically been regarded as the greatest and most prestigious king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaggs1998-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2018-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190-16">[12]</a> Since military activity was not a major issue described in the inscriptions of any Neo-Babylonian king regardless of their actual military accomplishments, in sharp contrast to the inscriptions of their Neo-Assyrian predecessors, Nebuchadnezzar's own inscriptions record very little about his wars. Out of the fifty or so known inscriptions by the king, only a single one deals with military action, and in this case only small-scale conflicts in the Lebanon region. Many Assyriologists, such as <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Soden" title="Wolfram von Soden">Wolfram von Soden</a> in 1954, thus initially assumed that Nebuchadnezzar had mainly been a builder-king, devoting his energy and efforts to building and restoring his country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003178-111">[105]</a> A major change in evaluations of Nebuchadnezzar came with the publication of the tablets of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Chronicle">Babylonian Chronicle</a> by Donald Wiseman in 1956, which cover the geopolitical events of Nebuchadnezzar's first eleven years as king. From the publication of these tablets and onwards, historians have shifted to perceiving Nebuchadnezzar as a great warrior, devoting special attention to the military achievements of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003178-111">[105]</a> According to the historian Josette Elayi, writing in 2018, Nebuchadnezzar is somewhat difficult to characterise on account of the scarcity of Babylonian source material. Elayi wrote, about Nebuchadnezzar, that "[h]e was a conqueror, even though reservations can be had about his military capabilities. There was no lack of statesmanlike qualities, given his success in building the Babylonian Empire. He was a great builder, who restored a country that for a long time had been devastated by war. That is roughly all we know about him because the Babylonian Chronicles and other texts say little about his personality."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190-16">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Jewish_and_biblical_tradition">In Jewish and biblical tradition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In Jewish and biblical tradition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Nebuchadnezzar_-_1923.397_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woodcut of Nebuchadnezzar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Nebuchadnezzar_-_1923.397_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Nebuchadnezzar_-_1923.397_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Nebuchadnezzar_-_1923.397_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Nebuchadnezzar_-_1923.397_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Nebuchadnezzar_-_1923.397_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Nebuchadnezzar_-_1923.397_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> depicting Nebuchadnezzar II, by the 16th-century German engraver, painter and printmaker <a href="/wiki/Georg_Pencz" title="Georg Pencz">Georg Pencz</a>, from a series of woodcuts titled Tyrants of the Old Testament</figcaption></figure> The Babylonian captivity initiated by Nebuchadnezzar came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">fall of Babylon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire"> Achaemenid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> in 539 BC. Within a year of their liberation, some exiled Jews returned to their homeland. Their liberation did little to erase the memory of five decades of imprisonment and oppression. Instead, Jewish literary accounts ensured that accounts of the hardship endured by the Jews, as well as of the monarch responsible for it, would be remembered for all time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20041-8">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> calls Nebuchadnezzar a "lion" and a "destroyer of nations".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiro1982328-112">[106]</a> Nebuchadnezzar's story thus found its way into the Old Testament of the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20041-8">[6]</a> The Bible narrates how Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the Kingdom of Judah, besieged, plundered and destroyed Jerusalem, and how he took away the Jews in captivity, portraying him as a cruel enemy of the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelik2014110-113">[107]</a> The Bible also portrays Nebuchadnezzar as the legitimate ruler of all the nations of the world, appointed to rule the world by God. As such, Judah, through divine ruling, should have obeyed Nebuchadnezzar and should not have rebelled. Nebuchadnezzar is also depicted as carrying out death sentences pronounced by God, slaying two false prophets. Nebuchadnezzar's campaigns of conquest against other nations are portrayed as being in-line with God's will for Nebuchadnezzar's dominance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelik2014123–124-114">[108]</a> Despite Nebuchadnezzar's negative portrayal, the Book of Jeremiah notably refers to him using the epithet 'my servant' (i.e. God's servant) in three passages: <ul><li>Nebuchadnezzar's attack on the Kingdom of Judah is theologically justified in the Book of Jeremiah on account of Judah's populace's disobedience of God, and the king is called "Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant".</li> <li>The Book of Jeremiah also states that God has made all the Earth and given it to whom it seemed proper to give it to, deciding upon giving all of the lands of the world to "Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant".</li> <li>The Book of Jeremiah also prophesies Nebuchadnezzar's victory over Egypt, stating that "Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant" will invade Egypt and "deliver to death those appointed for death, and to captivity those appointed for captivity, and to the sword those appointed for the sword".</li></ul> Given that Nebuchadnezzar was the enemy of what the Bible proclaims as God's <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a>, possibly the worst enemy they had faced until this point, there must be a special reason for referring to him with the epithet "my servant". Other uses of this epithet are usually limited to some of the most positively portrayed figures, such as the various prophets, <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> (the symbol of the chosen people) and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> (the chosen king). Klaas A. D. Smelik noted in 2004 that "in the Hebrew Bible, there is no better company conceivable than these; at the same time, there is no candidate less likely for this title of honour than the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelik2014110–12-115">[109]</a> It is possible that the epithet is a later addition, as it is missing in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> version of the Old Testament, perhaps added after Nebuchadnezzar began to be seen in a slightly more favourable light than immediately after Jerusalem's destruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelik2014118–20-116">[110]</a> Alternatively, possible theological explanations include Nebuchadnezzar being seen, despite his cruelty, as an instrument in fulfilling God's universal plan; or perhaps that designating him as a "servant" of God was to show that readers should not fear Nebuchadnezzar, but his true master, God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelik2014133-117">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Interpreting_Nebuchadnezzar%27s_Dream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of the biblical story of Daniel interpreting Nebuchadnezzar's dream" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Daniel_Interpreting_Nebuchadnezzar%27s_Dream.jpg/220px-Daniel_Interpreting_Nebuchadnezzar%27s_Dream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Daniel_Interpreting_Nebuchadnezzar%27s_Dream.jpg/330px-Daniel_Interpreting_Nebuchadnezzar%27s_Dream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Daniel_Interpreting_Nebuchadnezzar%27s_Dream.jpg/440px-Daniel_Interpreting_Nebuchadnezzar%27s_Dream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>A 1917 illustration of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> interpreting Nebuchadnezzar's dreams</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>, considered by some scholars to be a work of <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical fiction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughlin199095-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20034–6-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20022-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008180-121">[115]</a> the figure of Nebuchadnezzar differs considerably from his portrayal in the Book of Jeremiah. He is for the most part depicted as a merciless and despotic ruler. The king has a nightmare, and asks his wise men, including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> and his three companions <a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach_and_Abednego" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego">Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego</a>, to interpret the dream, but refuses to state the dream's contents. When the servants protest, Nebuchadnezzar sentences all of them, including Daniel and his companions, to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelik2014127–29-122">[116]</a> By the end of the story, when Daniel has successfully interpreted the dream, Nebuchadnezzar shows much gratitude, showering Daniel with gifts, appointing him the governor of the "province of Babylon" and making him the chief of the kingdom's wise men. A second story again casts Nebuchadnezzar as a tyrannical and pagan king, who, after Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego refuse to worship a newly erected golden statue, sentences them to death through being thrown into a <a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">fiery furnace</a>. They are miraculously delivered, and Nebuchadnezzar then acknowledges God as the "lord of kings" and "god of gods".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelik2014127–29-122">[116]</a> Though Nebuchadnezzar is also mentioned as acknowledging the Hebrews' God as the true god in other passages of the Book of Daniel, it is apparent that his supposed conversion to Judaism does not change his violent character, given that he proclaims that anyone who speaks amiss of God "shall be cut in pieces and their houses shall be made a dunghill". In a third story, Daniel interprets another dream as meaning that Nebuchadnezzar will lose his mind and live like an animal for seven years before being restored to his normal state (Daniel 1-4).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelik2014127–29-122">[116]</a> The Nebuchadnezzar in the Book of Daniel, a fickle tyrant who is not particularly consistent in his faith, contrasts with the typical "servant of God" in other books of the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelik2014129-123">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B_Urgell_209d%C3%A9t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medieval French depiction of Nebuchadnezzar's army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/B_Urgell_209d%C3%A9t.jpg/220px-B_Urgell_209d%C3%A9t.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/B_Urgell_209d%C3%A9t.jpg/330px-B_Urgell_209d%C3%A9t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/B_Urgell_209d%C3%A9t.jpg/440px-B_Urgell_209d%C3%A9t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Nebuchadnezzar's forces at the siege of Jerusalem, as depicted in a 10th-century Catalan manuscript</figcaption></figure> Given that Nebuchadnezzar is referred to as the father of <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a> in the Book of Daniel, it is probable that this portrayal of Nebuchadnezzar, especially the story of his madness, was actually based on Belshazzar's actual father, <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 556–539 BC). Separate Jewish and Hellenistic traditions exist concerning Nabonidus having been mad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack198363-124">[118]</a> and it is likely that this madness was simply reattributed to Nebuchadnezzar in the Book of Daniel through <a href="/wiki/Conflation" title="Conflation">conflation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2007137-125">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenze199963-126">[120]</a> Some later traditions conflated Nebuchadnezzar with other rulers as well, such as the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 669–631 BC), the Persian <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 358–338 BC), the Seleucids <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 175–164 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–150 BC) and the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 95–55 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoccaccini201256-127">[121]</a> The apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a>, which probably applies the name "Nebuchadnezzar" to Tigranes the Great of Armenia, refers to Nebuchadnezzar as a "king of the Assyrians", rather than of the Babylonians, and demonstrates that Nebuchadnezzar was still viewed as an evil king, responsible for destroying Jerusalem, looting its temple, taking the Jews hostage in Babylon, and for the various misdeeds ascribed to him in later Jewish writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoccaccini201263–65-128">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> Nebuchadnezzar is referred to as Buḫt Nuṣṣur (بخت نصر) in works of the mediaeval scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Ṭabarī</a>, where he is credited with conquering Egypt, Syria, Phoenicia and Arabia. The historical Nebuchadnezzar never conquered Egypt, and it appears that al-Ṭabarī transferred to him the achievements of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 681–669).<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> In similar fashion <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, citing <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, mentioned in a list of mythical and semi-legendary conquerors, a Nabocodrosor as having led an army to the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a> and being revered by the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea"> Chaldaeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Titles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Akkadian royal titulary</a></div> In most of his inscriptions, Nebuchadnezzar is typically only titled as "Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, son of Nabopolassar, king of Babylon" or "Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the one who provides for Esagil and Ezida, son of Nabopolassar, king of Babylon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabylonian_royal_inscriptions-131">[125]</a> In economic documents, Nebuchadnezzar is also ascribed the ancient title "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the Universe</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-132">[126]</a> and he sometimes also used the title "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">king of Sumer and Akkad</a>", used by all the Neo-Babylonian kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-133">[127]</a> Some inscriptions accord Nebuchadnezzar more elaborate version of his titles, including the following variant, attested in an inscription from Babylon:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabylonian_royal_inscriptions-131">[125]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, pious prince, the favorite of the god Marduk, exalted ruler who is the beloved of the god Nabû, the one who deliberates (and) acquires wisdom, the one who constantly seeks out the ways of their divinity (and) reveres their dominion, the indefatigable governor who is mindful of provisioning Esagil and Ezida daily and (who) constantly seeks out good things for Babylon and Borsippa, the wise (and) pious one who provides for Esagil and Ezida, foremost heir of Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, am I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabylonian_royal_inscriptions-131">[125]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_(Blake)" title="Nebuchadnezzar (Blake)">Nebuchadnezzar (Blake)</a> – famous 19th-century painting depicting the biblical story of Nebuchadnezzar's madness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a> – 19th-century opera by Giuseppe Verdi based loosely on the biblical story of Nebuchadnezzar</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> As the inscriptions on the stele were written by Nebuchadnezzar, he is also unquestionably the king depicted. The stele is one of only four known certain contemporary depictions of Nebuchadnezzar, with the other three being carved depictions on cliff-faces in Lebanon, in much poorer condition than the depiction in the stele. The Etemenanki ziggurat was presumably the inspiration for the Biblical Tower of Babel, hence the name 'Tower of Babel stele'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2011153–154-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Nebuchadnezzar was made high priest of the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> by his father in 626/625 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopova2015402-4">[3]</a> It is assumed that he was made high priest at a very young age, considering his death taking place more than sixty years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopova2015403-5">[4]</a> It is not known at what age Babylonians became eligible for priesthood, but there are records of freshly initiated Babylonian priests aged 15 or 16.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersJursa20089-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The cuneiform signs are AG.NÍG.DU-ÙRU </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> This is the Hebrew spelling in 13 cases; in 13 other cases, the Hebrew spelling is one of the following: <ul><li>נְבֻכַדְנֶאצַּר, Nəḇuḵaḏneʾṣṣar − with בֻ ḇu instead of בוּ ḇū, in 2 Kings 24:1, 24:10, 25:1, 25:8, 1 Chronicles 5:41 (a.k.a. 6:15), and Jeremiah 28:11 and 28:14;</li> <li>נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר, Nəḇūḵaḏneṣṣar – without א ʾ (like the usual Aramaic spelling), in Ezra 1:7 and Nehemiah 7:6;</li> <li>נְבֻכַדְנֶצַּר, Nəḇuḵaḏneṣṣar – with בֻ instead of בוּ and without א (like the Aramaic spelling used in Daniel 3:14, 5:11, and 5:18), in Daniel 1:18 and 2:1;</li> <li>נְבוּכַדְנֶצּוֹר, Nəḇūḵaḏneṣṣōr – without א and with צּוֹ (ṣ)ṣō instead of צַּ (ṣ)ṣa, in Ezra 2:1;</li> <li>נְבוּכַדנֶאצַּר, Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar – without the <a href="/wiki/Shva#Shva_Naḥ" title="Shva">shva quiescens</a>, in Jeremiah 28:3, and Ester 2:6.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> "Akkad" here refers to Babylonia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201777-44">[40]</a> and derives from the city <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a>, the capital of the ancient Akkadian Empire that Nabopolassar worked to connect himself to.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen201561–62-23">[19]</a> The "king of Akkad" referred to here is thus Nabopolassar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179-35">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The word translated as 'equal brother', talīmu, has also been alternatively translated as 'chosen brother', 'close brother' or 'beloved brother'. Regardless of the correct interpretation, the epithet clearly illustrates Nabopolassar's great affection for his second son. Such public affection bestowed upon the brother of the heir to the throne many times led to later conflicts and usurpations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201226–27-52">[47]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2011153–154-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2011153–154_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2011">George 2011</a>, pp. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–134_3-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJursa2007">Jursa 2007</a>, pp. 127–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopova2015402-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopova2015402_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopova2015402_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopova2015">Popova 2015</a>, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopova2015403-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopova2015403_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopova2015403_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopova2015">Popova 2015</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersJursa20089-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersJursa20089_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaerzeggersJursa2008">Waerzeggers & Jursa 2008</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20041-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20041_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20041_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20041_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20041_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20041_8-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSack2004">Sack 2004</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortenZadokPearce20164-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortenZadokPearce20164_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPortenZadokPearce2016">Porten, Zadok & Pearce 2016</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaggs1998-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaggs1998_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaggs1998_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaggs1998_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaggs1998_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaggs1998_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaggs1998_11-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaggs1998">Saggs 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallis_Budge1884116-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallis_Budge1884116_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWallis_Budge1884">Wallis Budge 1884</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack200441-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack200441_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSack2004">Sack 2004</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2018-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2018_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2018_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2018_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2018_15-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMark2018">Mark 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi2018190_16-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack1978129-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack1978129_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack1978129_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSack1978">Sack 1978</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20049-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20049_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20049_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSack2004">Sack 2004</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack2004x-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack2004x_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSack2004">Sack 2004</a>, p. x. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19833-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman19833_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman1983">Wiseman 1983</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19832–3-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman19832–3_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman19832–3_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman1983">Wiseman 1983</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20042-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20042_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20042_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSack2004">Sack 2004</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen201561–62-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsen201561–62_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsen201561–62_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsen201561–62_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNielsen2015">Nielsen 2015</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–133-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJursa2007127–133_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJursa2007">Jursa 2007</a>, pp. 127–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19835-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman19835_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman1983">Wiseman 1983</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20048-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20048_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20048_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20048_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSack2004">Sack 2004</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1989xiii-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1989xiii_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu1989">Beaulieu 1989</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu20164-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu20164_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu20164_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2016">Beaulieu 2016</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston190120-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston190120_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston1901">Johnston 1901</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedford201656-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedford201656_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedford201656_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedford201656_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBedford2016">Bedford 2016</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_British_Museum190810-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_British_Museum190810_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_British_Museum1908">The British Museum 1908</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville201116-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville201116_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelville2011">Melville 2011</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201778-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201778_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDa_Riva2017">Da Riva 2017</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998198_34-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu1998">Beaulieu 1998</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179_35-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179_35-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003179_35-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFEphʿal2003">Ephʿal 2003</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville201120-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville201120_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelville2011">Melville 2011</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2019141-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2019141_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadner2019">Radner 2019</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipschits200516-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipschits200516_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipschits2005">Lipschits 2005</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowton1951128-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowton1951128_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowton1951">Rowton 1951</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack20047-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20047_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack20047_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSack2004">Sack 2004</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991182-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991182_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991182_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman1991">Wiseman 1991</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipschits200520-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipschits200520_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipschits2005">Lipschits 2005</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991230-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991230_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991230_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991230_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman1991">Wiseman 1991</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201777-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201777_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDa_Riva2017">Da Riva 2017</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991183-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991183_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman1991">Wiseman 1991</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180_47-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180_47-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFEphʿal2003">Ephʿal 2003</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerDubberstein19429-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkerDubberstein19429_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParkerDubberstein1942">Parker & Dubberstein 1942</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmstead192535_49-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlmstead1925">Olmstead 1925</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19837-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman19837_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman19837_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman1983">Wiseman 1983</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman19838-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman19838_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman19838_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman1983">Wiseman 1983</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201226–27-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201226–27_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyali-Darshan2012">Ayali-Darshan 2012</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018228_54-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva2013198-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva2013198_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDa_Riva2013">Da Riva 2013</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180–181-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180–181_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180–181_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003180–181_56-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEphʿal2003">Ephʿal 2003</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018191-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi2018191_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003181-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003181_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003181_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEphʿal2003">Ephʿal 2003</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah%2027%3A1-7&version=NIV">"Bible Gateway passage: Jeremiah 27:1-7 - New International Version"</a>. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 16 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Jeremiah+27%3A1-7+-+New+International+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DJeremiah%252027%253A1-7%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003181–183-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003181–183_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEphʿal2003">Ephʿal 2003</a>, pp. 181–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018192-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi2018192_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphʿal2003183_62-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEphʿal2003">Ephʿal 2003</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018195-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi2018195_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi2018195_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-chap-iron-64"><a href="#cite_ref-chap-iron_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nahar2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Nahar, Maysoun (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5075">"The Iron Age and the Persian Period (1200–332 BC)"</a>. In Ababsa, Myriam (ed.). Atlas of Jordan. Contemporain publications. Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 126–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617051103/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5075">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Antiquity%3A+Their+History+from+the+Assyrians+to+the+Umayyads&rft.place=London%2C+UK%3B+New+York+City%2C+US&rft.pages=187-89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87289-1&rft.aulast=Rets%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-arabs-in-antiquity-their-history-from-the-assyrians-to-the-umayyads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Strabo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography (Strabo)">Geography</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A1*.html">15.1.6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabylonian_royal_inscriptions-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabylonian_royal_inscriptions_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabylonian_royal_inscriptions_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabylonian_royal_inscriptions_131-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabylonian_royal_inscriptions">Babylonian royal inscriptions</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens2014">Stevens 2014</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDa_Riva2013">Da Riva 2013</a>, p. 72. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2012" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Kathleen (2012). "A Unique Bilingual and Biliteral Artifact from the Time of Nebuchadnezzar II in the Moussaieff Private Collection". In Lubetski, Meir; Lubetski, Edith (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqiEktf1IwEC">New Inscriptions and Seals Relating to the Biblical World</a>. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589835566" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589835566"><bdi>978-1589835566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Unique+Bilingual+and+Biliteral+Artifact+from+the+Time+of+Nebuchadnezzar+II+in+the+Moussaieff+Private+Collection&rft.btitle=New+Inscriptions+and+Seals+Relating+to+the+Biblical+World&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1589835566&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqiEktf1IwEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyali-Darshan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44458674">"A Redundancy in Nebuchadnezzar 15 and Its Literary Historical Significance"</a>. JANES. 32: 21–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JANES&rft.atitle=A+Redundancy+in+Nebuchadnezzar+15+and+Its+Literary+Historical+Significance&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=21-29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ayali-Darshan&rft.aufirst=Noga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44458674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2012" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Heather D. (2012). "The Neo-Babylonian Empire". In Potts, D. T. (ed.). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 914–930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444360790.ch49">10.1002/9781444360790.ch49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405189880" title="Special:BookSources/9781405189880"><bdi>9781405189880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Neo-Babylonian+Empire&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=914-930&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444360790.ch49&rft.isbn=9781405189880&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Heather+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2250wnt">Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon (556-539 BC)</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt2250wnt">10.2307/j.ctt2250wnt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300043143" title="Special:BookSources/9780300043143"><bdi>9780300043143</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2250wnt">j.ctt2250wnt</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20391775">20391775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reign+of+Nabonidus%2C+King+of+Babylon+%28556-539+BC%29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20391775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt2250wnt%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt2250wnt&rft.isbn=9780300043143&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt2250wnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1827029">"Ba'u-asītu and Kaššaya, Daughters of Nebuchadnezzar II"</a>. Orientalia. 67 (2): 173–201. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43076387">43076387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=Ba%27u-as%C4%ABtu+and+Ka%C5%A1%C5%A1aya%2C+Daughters+of+Nebuchadnezzar+II&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-201&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43076387%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1827029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1584341">"Nabonidus the Mad King: A Reconsideration of His Steles from Harran and Babylon"</a>. 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Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575061351" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575061351"><bdi>978-1575061351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nabonidus+the+Mad+King%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+His+Steles+from+Harran+and+Babylon&rft.btitle=Representations+of+Political+Power%3A+Case+Histories+from+Times+of+Change+and+Dissolving+Order+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1575061351&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1584341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe220">"Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire"</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe220">10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118455074" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118455074"><bdi>978-1118455074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neo-Babylonian+%28Chaldean%29+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Empire&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe220&rft.isbn=978-1118455074&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMhQDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Dynasty+of+E%22&pg=PA12">A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75</a>. Pondicherry: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405188999" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405188999"><bdi>978-1405188999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Babylon%2C+2200+BC+-+AD+75&rft.place=Pondicherry&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1405188999&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMhQDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Dynasty%2Bof%2BE%2522%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedford2016" class="citation book cs1">Bedford, Peter R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004330184/B9789004330184_005.xml">"Assyria's Demise as Recompense: A Note on Narratives of Resistance in Babylonia and Judah"</a>. In Collins, John J.; Manning, J. G. (eds.). Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire. Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004330184" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004330184"><bdi>978-9004330184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyria%27s+Demise+as+Recompense%3A+A+Note+on+Narratives+of+Resistance+in+Babylonia+and+Judah&rft.btitle=Revolt+and+Resistance+in+the+Ancient+Classical+World+and+the+Near+East%3A+In+the+Crucible+of+Empire&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9004330184&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004330184%2FB9789004330184_005.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoccaccini2012" class="citation book cs1">Boccaccini, Gabriele (2012). "Tigranes the Great as "Nebuchadnezzar" in the Book of Judith". In Xeravits, Géza G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=koTrKxWIgvIC">A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith</a>. Göttingen: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110279986" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110279986"><bdi>978-3110279986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tigranes+the+Great+as+%22Nebuchadnezzar%22+in+the+Book+of+Judith&rft.btitle=A+Pious+Seductress%3A+Studies+in+the+Book+of+Judith&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3110279986&rft.aulast=Boccaccini&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkoTrKxWIgvIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotta2009" class="citation book cs1">Botta, Alejandro F. 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The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 134: 66–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0075426914000068">10.1017/S0075426914000068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43286072">43286072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Antiochus+Cylinder%2C+Babylonian+Scholarship+and+Seleucid+Imperial+Ideology.&rft.volume=134&rft.pages=66-88&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0075426914000068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43286072%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Kahtryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F15105%2F1%2F15105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_British_Museum1908" class="citation book cs1">The British Museum (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babylonianassyri00britiala">A Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities</a>. London: British Museum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70331064">70331064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Babylonian+and+Assyrian+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70331064&rft.au=The+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbabylonianassyri00britiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaerzeggersJursa2008" class="citation journal cs1">Waerzeggers, Caroline; Jursa, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/439154">"On the Initiation of Babylonian Priests"</a>. Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte. 14: 1–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Altorientalische+und+Biblische+Rechtsgeschichte&rft.atitle=On+the+Initiation+of+Babylonian+Priests&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Waerzeggers&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Jursa%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F439154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis_Budge1884" class="citation book cs1">Wallis Budge, Ernest Alfred (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babylonianlifea03budggoog/page/n8/mode/2up">Babylonian Life and History</a>. London: Religious Tract Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3165864">3165864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babylonian+Life+and+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1884&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3165864&rft.aulast=Wallis+Budge&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbabylonianlifea03budggoog%2Fpage%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiershäuserNovotny2020" class="citation book cs1">Weiershäuser, Frauke; Novotny, Jamie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/73674/1/RINBE2_OAPDF.pdf">The Royal Inscriptions of Amēl-Marduk (561–560 BC), Neriglissar (559–556 BC), and Nabonidus (555–539 BC), Kings of Babylon</a> (PDF). Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1646021079" title="Special:BookSources/978-1646021079"><bdi>978-1646021079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Inscriptions+of+Am%C4%93l-Marduk+%28561%E2%80%93560+BC%29%2C+Neriglissar+%28559%E2%80%93556+BC%29%2C+and+Nabonidus+%28555%E2%80%93539+BC%29%2C+Kings+of+Babylon&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1646021079&rft.aulast=Weiersh%C3%A4user&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rft.au=Novotny%2C+Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepub.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F73674%2F1%2FRINBE2_OAPDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">Wiseman, Donald J.</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KGMl3B78cgC">Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon: The Schweich Letters</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197261002" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197261002"><bdi>978-0197261002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nebuchadrezzar+and+Babylon%3A+The+Schweich+Letters&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0197261002&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KGMl3B78cgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">Wiseman, Donald J.</a> (2003) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OGBGauNBK8kC&q=Neriglissar">"Babylonia 605–539 B.C."</a>. In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E.; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: III Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8"><bdi>0-521-22717-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babylonia+605%E2%80%93539+B.C.&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+III+Part+2%3A+The+Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Empires+and+Other+States+of+the+Near+East%2C+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Sixth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-22717-8&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOGBGauNBK8kC%26q%3DNeriglissar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_sources">Web sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Web sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabylonian_royal_inscriptions" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/pager">"Inscriptions by Babylonian kings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527214723/http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/pager">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Richly+Annotated+Cuneiform+Corpus&rft.atitle=Inscriptions+by+Babylonian+kings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Fribo%2Fpager&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering1995" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jona_Lendering" title="Jona Lendering">Lendering, Jona</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/cyaxares/">"Cyaxares"</a>. Livius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527214725/https://www.livius.org/articles/person/cyaxares/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius&rft.atitle=Cyaxares&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fperson%2Fcyaxares%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2018" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Nebuchadnezzar_II/">"Nebuchadnezzar II"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527214720/https://www.worldhistory.org/Nebuchadnezzar_II/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Nebuchadnezzar+II&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FNebuchadnezzar_II%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaggs1998" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._F._Saggs" title="H. W. F. Saggs">Saggs, Henry W. F.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nebuchadnezzar-II">"Nebuchadnezzar II"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118172208/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nebuchadnezzar-II">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Nebuchadnezzar+II&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Saggs&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNebuchadnezzar-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Nebuchadnezzar II </div><div><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">Chaldean dynasty</a> </div>Born: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 642 BC Died: 562 BC </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a> 605 – 562 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Babylon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Babylonian_kings" title="Template talk:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Babylon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Babylon</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  (foreign ruler</li><li>vassal king</li><li>female♀)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a> (1894–1595 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a></li> <li>Unknown king (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a></li> <li>mDIŠ+U-EN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a> (1729–1157 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="III" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a></li> <li>Kadashman-Sah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a> (1157–732 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sealand_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sealand dynasty">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bazi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi dynasty">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of E">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian period</a> (732–626 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="IX" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_dynasty_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian dynasty of Babylon">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (626–539 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="X" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:1.0em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule_(539_BC_–_AD_224)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian period</a> (539–331 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (331–141 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></li> <li>Seleucus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III Megas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Seleucus_IV)" title="Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian period</a> (141 BC – AD 224)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></li> <li>Ubulna♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></li> <li>Asi'abatar♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a></li> <li>Ispubarza♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a></li> <li>Piriustana♀</li> <li>Teleuniqe♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Babylon" title="Category:Kings of Babylon">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Daniel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template talk:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Daniel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Daniel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_1" title="Daniel 1">Daniel 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_2" title="Daniel 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_4" title="Daniel 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 12">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna and the Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">Darius the Mede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmoni" title="Palmoni">Palmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Angels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">Belshazzar's feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_kingdoms_of_Daniel" title="Four kingdoms of Daniel">Four kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">Lion's den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">Son of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_spirit" title="Territorial spirit">Territorial spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher (angel)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian interpretations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Daniel" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Daniel">Historicist interpretations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_967" title="Papyrus 967">Papyrus 967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">Papyrus 62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Chisianus_45" title="Codex Chisianus 45">Codex Chisianus 45</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:דניאל ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AE%CE%BB" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Δανιήλ">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Daniel">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Daniel">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Daniel">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Daniel">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Judith" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Judith" title="Template:Book of Judith"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Judith" title="Template talk:Book of Judith"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Judith" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Judith"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Judith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holofernes" title="Holofernes">Holofernes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nebuchadnezzar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Judith_-_August_Riedel_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Judith_-_August_Riedel_1840.jpg/150px-Judith_-_August_Riedel_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Judith_-_August_Riedel_1840.jpg/225px-Judith_-_August_Riedel_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Judith_-_August_Riedel_1840.jpg/300px-Judith_-_August_Riedel_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="3418" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethulia" title="Bethulia">Bethulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betomasthem" title="Betomasthem">Betomasthem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_beheading_Holofernes" title="Judith beheading Holofernes">Judith beheading Holofernes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals in media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(poem)" title="Judith (poem)">Judith (poem)</a> (Old English, c. 975–1025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(homily)" title="Judith (homily)">Judith (homily)</a> (Ælfric of Eynsham, c. 1000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(Hebbel)" title="Judith (Hebbel)">Judith</a> (Hebbel, 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(Giraudoux)" title="Judith (Giraudoux)">Judith</a> (Giraudoux, 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith:_A_Parting_from_the_Body" title="Judith: A Parting from the Body">Judith: A Parting from the Body</a> (Howard Barker, 1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bethulia" title="Judith of Bethulia">Judith of Bethulia</a> (American, 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_and_Holofernes_(1929_film)" title="Judith and Holofernes (1929 film)">Judith and Holofernes</a> (Italian, 1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_a_Tyrant" title="Head of a Tyrant">Head of a Tyrant</a> (Italian-French, 1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Giuditta" title="La Giuditta">La Giuditta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juditha_triumphans" title="Juditha triumphans">Juditha triumphans</a> (Vivaldi, 1716)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulia_liberata" title="Betulia liberata">Betulia liberata</a> (Metastasio, 1734)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(oratorio)" title="Judith (oratorio)">Judith</a> (Arne, 1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(Serov)" title="Judith (Serov)">Judith</a> (Serov, 1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(Matthus)" title="Judith (Matthus)">Judith</a> (Matthus, 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(ballet)" title="Judith (ballet)">Judith (ballet)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Painting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Judith with the Head of Holofernes <ul><li>Mantegna, <a href="/wiki/Judith_with_the_Head_of_Holofernes_(Mantegna,_Dublin)" title="Judith with the Head of Holofernes (Mantegna, Dublin)">Dublin</a>, c. 1495</li> <li>Mantegna, <a href="/wiki/Judith_with_the_Head_of_Holofernes_(Mantegna,_Washington)" title="Judith with the Head of Holofernes (Mantegna, Washington)">Washington</a>, c. 1495/1500</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(Giorgione)" title="Judith (Giorgione)">Judith</a> (Giorgione, 1504)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_with_the_Head_of_Holofernes_(Titian)" title="Judith with the Head of Holofernes (Titian)">Judith with the Head of Holofernes</a> (Titian, c. 1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Beheading_Holofernes_(Caravaggio)" title="Judith Beheading Holofernes (Caravaggio)">Judith Beheading Holofernes</a> (Caravaggio, c. 1598–1599)</li> <li>Judith Slaying Holofernes <ul><li>Gentileschi, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Slaying_Holofernes_(Artemisia_Gentileschi,_Naples)" title="Judith Slaying Holofernes (Artemisia Gentileschi, Naples)">Naples</a>, 1612–1613</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Slaying_Holofernes_(Artemisia_Gentileschi,_Florence)" title="Judith Slaying Holofernes (Artemisia Gentileschi, Florence)">Florence</a>, 1620–1621</li></ul></li> <li>Judith and Her Maidservant <ul><li>Gentileschi, <a href="/wiki/Judith_and_her_Maidservant_(Gentileschi,_Florence)" title="Judith and her Maidservant (Gentileschi, Florence)">Florence</a>, c. 1615</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_and_Her_Maidservant_(Detroit)" title="Judith and Her Maidservant (Detroit)">Detroit</a>, c. 1623–1625</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_and_her_Maidservant_(Gentileschi,_Cannes)" title="Judith and her Maidservant (Gentileschi, Cannes)">Cannes</a>, c. 1640–1645</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_and_her_Maidservant_(Gentileschi,_Naples)" title="Judith and her Maidservant (Gentileschi, Naples)">Naples</a>, c. 1645–1650</li></ul></li> <li>Judith <ul><li>Vouet, <a href="/wiki/Judith_(Vouet,_Vienna)" title="Judith (Vouet, Vienna)">Vienna</a>, 1620–1622</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(Vouet,_Munich)" title="Judith (Vouet, Munich)">Munich</a>, 1620–1625</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_and_Holofernes_(Boulogne)" title="Judith and Holofernes (Boulogne)">Judith and Holofernes</a> (Boulogne, 1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_and_Holofernes_(Goya)" title="Judith and Holofernes (Goya)">Judith and Holofernes</a> (Goya, 1819–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_at_the_Gates_of_Bethulia" title="Judith at the Gates of Bethulia">Judith at the Gates of Bethulia</a> (Ziegler, 1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_and_the_Head_of_Holofernes" title="Judith and the Head of Holofernes">Judith and the Head of Holofernes</a> (Klimt, 1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_and_Holofernes_(Donatello)" title="Judith and Holofernes (Donatello)">Judith and Holofernes</a> (Donatello, c. 1457)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B8" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Ιουδίθ">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Vulgata_Clementina/Liber_Judith" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Vulgata Clementina/Liber Judith">Vulgata Clementina</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Judith" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Judith">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Judith" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Judith">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Amos" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Amos">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Judith" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Judith">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/ dates <a href="#cite_note-134">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[5]</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/50px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/75px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/100px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (4000–3100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/100px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/150px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/200px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a> (Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/35px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/53px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/70px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a> (Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>) Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a> Animal <a href="/wiki/Stork_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stork (Pharaoh)">Stork</a> <a href="/wiki/Canide_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canide (Pharaoh)">Canide</a> <a href="/wiki/Bull_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (Pharaoh)">Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a> <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> (3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>) (3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a> <a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a> <a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/30px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/45px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>, <a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a> <a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a> <a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Mesh-ki-ang-gasher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a> <a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<a href="#cite_note-SKL-139">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/22px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/33px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/44px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a> (2700–1500 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> (First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty (5 kings) <a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a> <a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> <a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal- shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a> <a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/30px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/45px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mes-he" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes-he">Mes-he</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamanna">Melamanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> <a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/50px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/75px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/100px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a> "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500-539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a> <a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/30px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/45px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a> <a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3">Kish III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha- kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/30px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/45px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a> <a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a> <a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a> <a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions (3 kings)<a href="#cite_note-SKL-139">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun- tarana</a> <a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/30px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/45px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a> (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a> <a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a> <a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a> <a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a> <a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a> <a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a> <a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a> <a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty Nanni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kiku-siwe-tempti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannemundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalannemundu">Lugalannemundu</a> "King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<a href="#cite_note-SKL-139">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a> (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3">Akkadian Governors: <a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a> (vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6">Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a> dynasty) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a> (Vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"> <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years) <a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-Ratep" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishep-Ratep">Hishep-Ratep</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/25px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/38px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/50px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a> (21 kings) <a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a> <a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a> (vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty <a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a> (Vassals of Ur III)<a href="#cite_note-140">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a> "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025-1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a> Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/30px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/45px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a> (...) Lim Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Eshtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Eshtar">Lipit-Eshtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a> Dynasty of Larsa: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a> Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>) (Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a> 1700–722 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a> ("Old Babylonian Period") (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-eshuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-eshuh">Abi-eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-ditana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-ditana">Ammi-ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-saduqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-saduqa">Ammi-saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"> Second Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>") <a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">mDIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a> <a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth</a> Dynasty </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>") <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a> <a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (1600–1260 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Agum-Kakrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum-Kakrime">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-harbe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-harbe I">Kadashman-harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliashu_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliashu IV">Kashtiliashu IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> (1500–1100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Kidinuid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Igehalkid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a> <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>") <a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") <a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Eight Babylonian Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a> <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Urtak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammaritu (son of Urtak)">Tammaritu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>") <a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a>† <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetis</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra IV of Egypt">Cleopatra IV</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI of Egypt">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11">Hellenistic Period <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahralanyozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahralanyozan">Sahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/10px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/15px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia">Rulers of Ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, W.</a> (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14">Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</a>. Getty Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534">Ancient Iraq</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_139-2">c</a> Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANebuchadnezzar+II" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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