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Let them not feed or drink water, <a href="/bsb/jonah/3.htm">Berean Standard Bible</a> Then he issued a proclamation in Nineveh: “By the decree of the king and his nobles: Let no man or beast, herd or flock, taste anything at all. They must not eat or drink. <a href="/kjv/jonah/3.htm">King James Bible</a> And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water: <a href="/nkjv/jonah/3.htm">New King James Version</a> And he caused it to be proclaimed and published throughout Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste anything; do not let them eat, or drink water. <a href="/nasb_/jonah/3.htm">New American Standard Bible</a> And he issued a proclamation, and it said, “In Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles: No person, animal, herd, or flock is to taste anything. They are not to eat, or drink water. <a href="/nasb/jonah/3.htm">NASB 1995</a> He issued a proclamation and it said, &#8220In Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles: Do not let man, beast, herd, or flock taste a thing. Do not let them eat or drink water. <a href="/nasb77/jonah/3.htm">NASB 1977 </a> And he issued a proclamation and it said, “In Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles: Do not let man, beast, herd, or flock taste a thing. Do not let them eat or drink water. <a href="/lsb/jonah/3.htm">Legacy Standard Bible </a> And he cried out and said, “In Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles: Do not let man, animal, herd, or flock taste a thing. Do not let them eat, and do not let them drink water. <a href="/amp/jonah/3.htm">Amplified Bible</a> He issued a proclamation and it said, “In Nineveh, by the decree of the king and his nobles: No man, animal, herd, or flock is to taste anything. They are not to eat or drink water. <a href="/csb/jonah/3.htm">Christian Standard Bible</a> Then he issued a decree in Nineveh: By order of the king and his nobles: No person or animal, herd or flock, is to taste anything at all. They must not eat or drink water. <a href="/hcsb/jonah/3.htm">Holman Christian Standard Bible</a> Then he issued a decree in Nineveh: By order of the king and his nobles: No man or beast, herd or flock, is to taste anything at all. They must not eat or drink water. <a href="/asv/jonah/3.htm">American Standard Version</a> And he made proclamation and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste anything; let them not feed, nor drink water; <a href="/erv/jonah/3.htm">English Revised Version</a> And he made proclamation and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water: <a href="/gwt/jonah/3.htm">GOD'S WORD® Translation</a> Then he made this announcement and sent it throughout the city: "This is an order from the king and his nobles: No one is to eat or drink anything. This includes all people, animals, cattle, and sheep. <a href="/gnt/jonah/3.htm">Good News Translation</a> He sent out a proclamation to the people of Nineveh: "This is an order from the king and his officials: No one is to eat anything; all persons, cattle, and sheep are forbidden to eat or drink. <a href="/isv/jonah/3.htm">International Standard Version</a> Then he had this proclamation published throughout Nineveh: "By decree of the king and his nobles: No man or animal, herd or flock, is to taste anything, graze, or drink water. <a href="/msb/jonah/3.htm">Majority Standard Bible</a> Then he issued a proclamation in Nineveh: ?By the decree of the king and his nobles: Let no man or beast, herd or flock, taste anything at all. They must not eat or drink. <a href="/net/jonah/3.htm">NET Bible</a> He issued a proclamation and said, "In Nineveh, by the decree of the king and his nobles: No human or animal, cattle or sheep, is to taste anything; they must not eat and they must not drink water. <a href="/nheb/jonah/3.htm">New Heart English Bible</a> He made a proclamation and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, "Let neither man nor animal, herd nor flock, taste anything; let them not feed, nor drink water; <a href="/wbt/jonah/3.htm">Webster's Bible Translation</a> And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water: <a href="/web/jonah/3.htm">World English Bible</a> He made a proclamation and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, “Let neither man nor animal, herd nor flock, taste anything; let them not feed, nor drink water; <div class="vheading2">Literal Translations</div><a href="/lsv/jonah/3.htm">Literal Standard Version</a> and he cries and says in Nineveh by a decree of the king and his great ones, saying, “Man and beast, herd and flock—do not let them taste anything, do not let them feed, do not even let them drink water; <a href="/ylt/jonah/3.htm">Young's Literal Translation</a> and he crieth and saith in Nineveh by a decree of the king and his great ones, saying, 'Man and beast, herd and flock -- let them not taste anything, let them not feed, even water let them not drink; <a href="/slt/jonah/3.htm">Smith's Literal Translation</a> And he will cry out and say in Nineveh from the edict of the king and of his great ones, saying, The man and beast, the herd and flock shall not taste of anything; they shall not feed and they shall not drink water.<div class="vheading2">Catholic Translations</div><a href="/drb/jonah/3.htm">Douay-Rheims Bible</a> And he caused it to be proclaimed and published in Ninive from the mouth of the king and of his princes, saying: Let neither men nor beasts, oxen nor sheep, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water. <a href="/cpdv/jonah/3.htm">Catholic Public Domain Version</a> And he cried out and spoke: “In Nineveh, from the mouth of the king and of his princes, let it be said: Men and beasts and oxen and sheep may not taste anything. Neither shall they feed or drink water. <a href="/nabre/jonah/3.htm">New American Bible</a> Then he had this proclaimed throughout Nineveh: “By decree of the king and his nobles, no man or beast, no cattle or sheep, shall taste anything; they shall not eat, nor shall they drink water. <a href="/nrsvce/jonah/3.htm">New Revised Standard Version</a> Then he had a proclamation made in Nineveh: “By the decree of the king and his nobles: No human being or animal, no herd or flock, shall taste anything. They shall not feed, nor shall they drink water.<div class="vheading2">Translations from Aramaic</div><a href="/lamsa/jonah/3.htm">Lamsa Bible</a> And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither men nor beast, herd nor flock, taste anything; let them not feed nor drink water; <a href="/hpbt/jonah/3.htm">Peshitta Holy Bible Translated</a> And he proclaimed and said to the Ninevites from the commandment of the King and of his Princes: ”Children of man and beasts and oxen and flocks shall not taste a thing and they shall not feed, neither shall they drink water<div class="vheading2">OT Translations</div><a href="/jps/jonah/3.htm">JPS Tanakh 1917</a> And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying: 'Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing; let them not feed, nor drink water; <a href="/sep/jonah/3.htm">Brenton Septuagint Translation</a> And proclamation was made, and it was commanded in Nineve by the king an by his great men, saying, Let not men, or cattle, or oxen, or sheep, taste any thing, nor feed, nor drink water. <a href="/parallel/jonah/3-7.htm">Additional Translations ...</a></div></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><a name="audio" id="audio"></a><div class="vheadingv">Audio Bible</div><iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lfTdDqEKJXA?start=342" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="vheadingv">Context</div><a href="/bsb/jonah/3.htm">Nineveh Repents</a> …6When word reached the king of Nineveh, he got up from his throne, took off his royal robe, covered himself with sackcloth, and sat in ashes. 7<a href="/hebrew/2199.htm" title="2199: way·yaz·‘êq (Conj-w:: V-Hifil-ConsecImperf-3ms) -- To cry, cry out, call. A primitive root; to shriek; by analogy, to announce or convene publicly.">Then he issued a proclamation</a> <a href="/hebrew/559.htm" title="559: way·yō·mer (Conj-w:: V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms) -- To utter, say. A primitive root; to say."></a> <a href="/hebrew/5210.htm" title="5210: bə·nî·nə·wêh (Prep-b:: N-proper-fs) -- Capital of Assyr. Of foreign origin; Nineveh, the capital of Assyria.">in Nineveh:</a> <a href="/hebrew/2940.htm" title="2940: miṭ·ṭa·‘am (Prep-m:: N-msc) -- Taste, judgment. From ta'am; properly, a taste, i.e. perception; by implication, intelligence; transitively, a mandate.">“By the decree</a> <a href="/hebrew/4428.htm" title="4428: ham·me·leḵ (Art:: N-ms) -- King. From malak; a king.">of the king</a> <a href="/hebrew/1419.htm" title="1419: ū·ḡə·ḏō·lāw (Conj-w:: Adj-mpc:: 3ms) -- Great. Or gadol; from gadal; great; hence, older; also insolent.">and his nobles:</a> <a href="/hebrew/559.htm" title="559: lê·mōr (Prep-l:: V-Qal-Inf) -- To utter, say. A primitive root; to say."></a> <a href="/hebrew/408.htm" title="408: ’al- (Adv) -- Not (a subjective neg.). A negative particle; not; once as a noun, nothing.">Let no</a> <a href="/hebrew/120.htm" title="120: hā·’ā·ḏām (Art:: N-ms) -- Man, mankind. From 'adam; ruddy i.e. A human being.">man</a> <a href="/hebrew/929.htm" title="929: wə·hab·bə·hê·māh (Conj-w, Art:: N-fs) -- A beast, animal, cattle. From an unused root; properly, a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal.">or beast,</a> <a href="/hebrew/1241.htm" title="1241: hab·bā·qār (Art:: N-ms) -- Cattle, herd, an ox. From baqar; beef cattle or an animal of the ox family of either gender; collectively, a herd.">herd</a> <a href="/hebrew/6629.htm" title="6629: wə·haṣ·ṣōn (Conj-w, Art:: N-cs) -- Small cattle, sheep and goats, flock. Or tsaown; from an unused root meaning to migrate; a collective name for a flock; also figuratively.">or flock,</a> <a href="/hebrew/2938.htm" title="2938: yiṭ·‘ă·mū (V-Qal-Imperf-3mp) -- To taste, perceive. A primitive root; to taste; figuratively, to perceive.">taste</a> <a href="/hebrew/3972.htm" title="3972: mə·’ū·māh (N-ms) -- Anything. Apparently a form of m'uwm; properly, a speck or point, i.e. something; with negative, nothing.">anything at all.</a> <a href="/hebrew/408.htm" title="408: ’al- (Adv) -- Not (a subjective neg.). A negative particle; not; once as a noun, nothing.">They must not</a> <a href="/hebrew/7462.htm" title="7462: yir·‘ū (V-Qal-Imperf-3mp) -- A primitive root; to tend a flock; i.e. Pasture it; intransitively, to graze; generally to rule; by extension, to associate with.">eat</a> <a href="/hebrew/8354.htm" title="8354: yiš·tū (V-Qal-Imperf-3mp) -- To drink. A primitive root; to imbibe.">or drink.</a> <a href="/hebrew/4325.htm" title="4325: ū·ma·yim (Conj-w:: N-mp) -- Waters, water. Dual of a primitive noun; water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen."></a> <a href="/hebrew/408.htm" title="408: ’al- (Adv) -- Not (a subjective neg.). A negative particle; not; once as a noun, nothing."></a> 8Furthermore, let both man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and have everyone call out earnestly to God. Let each one turn from his evil ways and from the violence in his hands.…<div class="cred"><a href="//berean.bible">Berean Standard Bible</a> · <a href="//berean.bible/downloads.htm">Download</a></div> <a name="crossref" id="crossref"></a><div class="vheading">Cross References</div><div id="crf"><a href="/daniel/6-26.htm">Daniel 6:26</a> I hereby decree that in every part of my kingdom, men are to tremble in fear before the God of Daniel: For He is the living God, and He endures forever; His kingdom will never be destroyed, and His dominion will never end. <a href="/esther/4-16.htm">Esther 4:16</a> “Go and assemble all the Jews who can be found in Susa, and fast for me. Do not eat or drink for three days, night or day, and I and my maidens will fast as you do. After that, I will go to the king, even though it is against the law. And if I perish, I perish!” <a href="/joel/1-14.htm">Joel 1:14</a> Consecrate a fast; proclaim a solemn assembly! Gather the elders and all the residents of the land to the house of the LORD your God, and cry out to the LORD. <a href="/joel/2-15.htm">Joel 2:15-16</a> Blow the ram’s horn in Zion, consecrate a fast, proclaim a sacred assembly. / Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the aged, gather the children, even those nursing at the breast. Let the bridegroom leave his room, and the bride her chamber. <a href="/2_chronicles/20-3.htm">2 Chronicles 20:3</a> Jehoshaphat was alarmed and set his face to seek the LORD. And he proclaimed a fast throughout Judah. <a href="/ezra/8-21.htm">Ezra 8:21</a> And there by the Ahava Canal I proclaimed a fast, so that we might humble ourselves before our God and ask Him for a safe journey for us and our children, with all our possessions. <a href="/jeremiah/36-9.htm">Jeremiah 36:9</a> Now in the ninth month of the fifth year of Jehoiakim son of Josiah king of Judah, a fast before the LORD was proclaimed to all the people of Jerusalem and all who had come there from the cities of Judah. <a href="/nehemiah/9-1.htm">Nehemiah 9:1</a> On the twenty-fourth day of the same month, the Israelites gathered together, fasting and wearing sackcloth, with dust on their heads. <a href="/1_kings/21-9.htm">1 Kings 21:9</a> In the letters she wrote: “Proclaim a fast and give Naboth a seat of honor among the people. <a href="/1_kings/21-27.htm">1 Kings 21:27</a> When Ahab heard these words, he tore his clothes, put on sackcloth, and fasted. He lay down in sackcloth and walked around meekly. <a href="/matthew/12-41.htm">Matthew 12:41</a> The men of Nineveh will stand at the judgment with this generation and condemn it; for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and now One greater than Jonah is here. <a href="/luke/11-32.htm">Luke 11:32</a> The men of Nineveh will stand at the judgment with this generation and condemn it; for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and now One greater than Jonah is here. <a href="/acts/27-33.htm">Acts 27:33-34</a> Right up to daybreak, Paul kept urging them all to eat: “Today is your fourteenth day in constant suspense, without taking any food. / So for your own preservation, I urge you to eat something, because not a single hair of your head will be lost.” <a href="/matthew/6-16.htm">Matthew 6:16-18</a> When you fast, do not be somber like the hypocrites, for they disfigure their faces to show men they are fasting. Truly I tell you, they already have their full reward. / But when you fast, anoint your head and wash your face, / so that your fasting will not be obvious to men, but only to your Father, who is unseen. And your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will reward you. <a href="/mark/2-18.htm">Mark 2:18-20</a> Now John’s disciples and the Pharisees were often fasting. So people came to Jesus and asked, “Why don’t Your disciples fast like John’s disciples and those of the Pharisees?” / Jesus replied, “How can the guests of the bridegroom fast while He is with them? As long as He is with them, they cannot fast. / But the time will come when the bridegroom will be taken from them; then they will fast.</div> <a name="tsk" id="tsk"><div class="vheading">Treasury of Scripture</div>And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water:caused.<a href="/jonah/3-5.htm">Jonah 3:5</a> So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them.<a href="/2_chronicles/20-3.htm">2 Chronicles 20:3</a> And Jehoshaphat feared, and set himself to seek the LORD, and proclaimed a fast throughout all Judah.<a href="/ezra/8-21.htm">Ezra 8:21</a> Then I proclaimed a fast there, at the river of Ahava, that we might afflict ourselves before our God, to seek of him a right way for us, and for our little ones, and for all our substance.published.<a href="/joel/1-18.htm">Joel 1:18</a> How do the beasts groan! the herds of cattle are perplexed, because they have no pasture; yea, the flocks of sheep are made desolate.<a href="/romans/8-20.htm">Romans 8:20-22</a> For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope, … <div class="vheading">Jump to Previous</div><a href="/hosea/13-8.htm">Animal</a> <a href="/hosea/13-9.htm">Beast</a> <a href="/amos/8-9.htm">Caused</a> <a href="/daniel/6-26.htm">Decree</a> <a href="/obadiah/1-16.htm">Drink</a> <a href="/hosea/11-4.htm">Feed</a> <a href="/amos/7-15.htm">Flock</a> <a href="/hosea/5-6.htm">Herd</a> <a href="/daniel/9-23.htm">Issued</a> <a href="/jonah/3-6.htm">Nineveh</a> <a href="/daniel/6-17.htm">Nobles</a> <a href="/jonah/3-5.htm">Proclaimed</a> <a href="/jonah/3-2.htm">Proclamation</a> <a href="/psalms/68-11.htm">Published</a> <a href="/jeremiah/48-11.htm">Taste</a> <a href="/jonah/2-5.htm">Water</a><div class="vheading2">Jump to Next</div><a href="/jonah/3-8.htm">Animal</a> <a href="/jonah/3-8.htm">Beast</a> <a href="/zechariah/3-4.htm">Caused</a> <a href="/micah/7-11.htm">Decree</a> <a href="/micah/2-11.htm">Drink</a> <a href="/micah/3-5.htm">Feed</a> <a href="/micah/2-12.htm">Flock</a> <a href="/habakkuk/3-17.htm">Herd</a> <a href="/nahum/1-14.htm">Issued</a> <a href="/jonah/4-11.htm">Nineveh</a> <a href="/nahum/2-5.htm">Nobles</a> <a href="/zechariah/1-4.htm">Proclaimed</a> <a href="/mark/13-10.htm">Proclamation</a> <a href="/matthew/9-31.htm">Published</a> <a href="/matthew/16-28.htm">Taste</a> <a href="/micah/1-4.htm">Water</a><div class="vheading2">Jonah 3</div>1. <a href="/jonah/3-1.htm">Jonah, sent again, preaches to the Ninevites.</a> 5. <a href="/jonah/3-5.htm">Upon their repentance,</a> 10. <a href="/jonah/3-10.htm">God relents.</a> </div></div><div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"> <script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script> <script id="b817b7107f1d4a7997da1b3c33457e03"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=cb0edd8b-b416-47eb-8c6d-3cc96561f7e8&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-2'> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-0' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-3'> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-1' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div>  <div align="center" id='div-gpt-ad-1531425649696-0'> </div> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:200px;height:200px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3753401421161123" data-ad-slot="3592799687"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </td></tr></table></div></div></div><div id="combox"><div class="padcom"><a name="study" id="study"></a><div class="vheading"><table width="100%"><tr><td width="99%" valign="top"><a href="/study/jonah/3.htm">Study Bible</a></td><td width="1%" valign="top"><a href="/study/jonah/" title="Book Summary and Study">Book ◦</a> <a href="/study/chapters/jonah/3.htm" title="Chapter summary and Study">Chapter </a></tr></table></div>Then he issued a proclamation in Nineveh: The king of Nineveh, upon hearing Jonah's message, takes immediate action by issuing a proclamation. Nineveh was the capital of the Assyrian Empire, known for its power and cruelty. The king's response indicates a significant shift from the city's previous behavior. This act of issuing a proclamation shows the seriousness with which the message was received, highlighting the power of God's word to bring about repentance.By the decree of the king and his nobles: The involvement of both the king and his nobles suggests a unified leadership response. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, decrees from the king were binding and carried significant weight. The inclusion of the nobles indicates that this was a collective decision, emphasizing the gravity of the situation and the widespread acknowledgment of the need for repentance.Let no man or beast, herd or flock, taste anything at all: The call for a fast extended beyond humans to include animals, which is unusual in biblical accounts. This comprehensive fast underscores the depth of repentance and the desire for divine mercy. It reflects the belief that the entire community, including livestock, was under judgment and needed to participate in the act of contrition. This mirrors the seriousness of the situation and the totality of the city's repentance.They must not eat or drink: The prohibition of both food and water signifies an extreme form of fasting, indicating the urgency and desperation of the Ninevites' plea for forgiveness. Fasting in the Bible is often associated with mourning, repentance, and seeking God's favor. This aligns with other instances in Scripture where fasting is used as a means to humble oneself before God, such as in the cases of Esther (<a href="/esther/4-16.htm">Esther 4:16</a>) and the Day of Atonement (<a href="/leviticus/16-29.htm">Leviticus 16:29-31</a>). The Ninevites' fast is a physical manifestation of their spiritual repentance.<div class="vheading2">Persons / Places / Events</div>1. <a href="/topical/t/the_king_of_nineveh.htm">The King of Nineveh</a> The ruler of the Assyrian city of Nineveh, who responds to Jonah's message by leading the city in repentance. 2. <a href="/topical/n/nineveh.htm">Nineveh</a> A major city in the Assyrian Empire, known for its wickedness, which God calls to repentance through Jonah. 3. <a href="/topical/j/jonah.htm">Jonah</a> A prophet of God who initially runs from God's command but eventually delivers God's message to Nineveh. 4. <a href="/topical/t/the_proclamation.htm">The Proclamation</a> An official decree made by the king and his nobles, calling for a city-wide fast and repentance. 5. <a href="/topical/t/the_nobles.htm">The Nobles</a> The leaders and officials of Nineveh who support the king's decree and participate in the call to repentance.<div class="vheading2">Teaching Points</div><a href="/topical/t/the_power_of_leadership_in_repentance.htm">The Power of Leadership in Repentance</a> The king's response to Jonah's message demonstrates the influence leaders have in guiding others toward repentance and change. <a href="/topical/t/the_universality_of_repentance.htm">The Universality of Repentance</a> The decree includes both man and beast, symbolizing the comprehensive nature of repentance that involves all aspects of life. <a href="/topical/f/fasting_as_a_sign_of_sincerity.htm">Fasting as a Sign of Sincerity</a> The call to fast reflects a deep sincerity in seeking God's mercy, showing that true repentance often involves tangible actions. <a href="/topical/c/collective_responsibility.htm">Collective Responsibility</a> The entire city of Nineveh participates in the fast, illustrating the importance of community-wide accountability and action in seeking God's forgiveness. <a href="/topical/g/god's_mercy_in_response_to_repentance.htm">God's Mercy in Response to Repentance</a> The account of Nineveh highlights God's willingness to relent from judgment when people genuinely turn from their sins.<div class="vheading2">Lists and Questions</div><a href="/top10/lessons_from_jonah_3.htm">Top 10 Lessons from Jonah 3</a> <a href="/q/why_do_bible_prophecies_often_fail.htm">If the Bible is historically accurate, why do its prophecies often fail or require vague reinterpretation?</a> <a href="/q/why_no_record_of_nineveh's_repentance.htm">If Nineveh repented as Jonah claims, why is there no historical or cultural record of this mass conversion?</a> <a href="/q/bible's_view__mercy_vs._justice.htm">What does the Bible say about mercy versus justice?</a> <a href="/q/why_did_the_king_heed_jonah's_message.htm">Jonah 3:6 – Why would the king of such a powerful city immediately accept Jonah’s message and call for fasting and repentance? </a><a name="commentary" id="commentary"></a><div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/ellicott/jonah/3.htm">Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers</a></div>(7) And he caused . . .--The fact that the word rendered "decree" in this verse was a technical name for the edicts of Assyrian and Babylonian kings (see <a href="/daniel/3-10.htm" title="You, O king, have made a decree, that every man that shall hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer, and all kinds of music, shall fall down and worship the golden image:">Daniel 3:10</a>; <a href="/daniel/3-29.htm" title="Therefore I make a decree, That every people, nation, and language, which speak any thing amiss against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, shall be cut in pieces, and their houses shall be made a dunghill: because there is no other God that can deliver after this sort.">Daniel 3:29</a>) would alone vouch for the accurate acquaintance of the author with the customs he describes. But the very form of the royal edict is here preserved. The verse should probably run: And he caused to be proclaimed, and be published in Nineveh "According to the decree of the king and his magnates be it proclaimed that," &c. The word "saying" is apparently formal like our "thus saith," &c.And his nobles.--For this association of the great men with the autocrat, comp. <a href="/daniel/6-17.htm" title="And a stone was brought, and laid on the mouth of the den; and the king sealed it with his own signet, and with the signet of his lords; that the purpose might not be changed concerning Daniel.">Daniel 6:17</a>. Traces of the custom can also be discovered in Assyrian inscriptions, e.g., "I am Assurbanipal king of nations, king of Assyria, Nabu-damiq and Umbadara the great men," &c. (G. Smith, Assyrian Discoveries, p. 413). Ewald thinks the formal "saying" in the edict marks the omission of the names, which in the original would be given.Beast.--The Hebrew word is general, and might include all the domestic animals, but from the addition of "herd nor flock" we must doubtless here confine it to the horses and mules, &c., which even, according to our ideas, might have their usual gay housings changed to those suited to a time of mourning. "Men think it strange that the horses at Nineveh were covered with sackcloth, and forget how, at the funerals of the rich, black horses are chosen, and are clothed with black velvet" (Pusey). Herodotus (9:24) and Plutarch (Alexander), have both preserved instances in which horses and mules were associated with human beings in the signs of public mourning. The instinct which underlies the custom is a true one. Not only are the destinies of the animals which minister to man's wants often identical with his own; but there is a bond of sympathy between them naturally; and one remarkable feature of this book is the prominence given to this truth. (See <a href="/jonah/4-11.htm" title="And should not I spare Nineveh, that great city, wherein are more then six score thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand; and also much cattle?">Jonah 4:11</a>.)Let them not feed. . . .--Poetically, the beasts are said by Virgil to fast at the death of Daphnis (Eclog., v. 24-28), and in <a href="/joel/1-20.htm" title="The beasts of the field cry also to you: for the rivers of waters are dried up, and the fire has devoured the pastures of the wilderness.">Joel 1:20</a> their mute appeal against suffering is represented as audible to God. In the horror of the impending ruin of Nineveh, superstition exaggerated the true feeling underlying such representations, and to the belief in the sympathy of the lower animals with man was added the hope that their sufferings would help to appease the wrath of God. . . . <div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/pulpit/jonah/3.htm">Pulpit Commentary</a></div>Verse 7. - He caused it, etc.; literally, he caused proclamation to be made, and said, i.e. by the heralds. The decree. The word used here (taam) is an Accadian term, which had become naturalized in Assyria, Persia, and Babylonia, and was applied to a mandate issued with royal authority. It is found in <a href="/daniel/3-10.htm">Daniel 3:10, 29</a>; <a href="/daniel/4-6.htm">Daniel 4:6</a>; <a href="/ezra/4-8.htm">Ezra 4:8</a>, etc. Jonah introduces it here as being the very word employed in describing the proclamation. And his nobles. The monarchs of Assyria were absolute; and if the king in the present case associated the magnates with himself, he did it in an humility occasioned by alarm, and because he saw that they were of the same mind as himself (comp. <a href="/daniel/6-17.htm">Daniel 6:17</a>). Saying. The decree extends from here to the end of ver. 9. Man nor beast; i.e. domestic animals, horses, mules, distinct from herd and flock. These great cities contained in their area immense open spaces, like our parks, where cattle were kept. The dumb animals were made to share in their masters' fast and sorrow, as they shared their joy and feasting; their bleating and bellowing were so many appeals to Heaven for mercy; the punishment of these innocent creatures was a kind of atonement for the guilt of their lords (comp. <a href="/hosea/4-3.htm">Hosea 4:3</a>; <a href="/joel/1-20.htm">Joel 1:20</a>; and note how the brute creation is said to sham in the happiness of paradise regained, <a href="/isaiah/11.htm">Isaiah 11</a>.). The commentators quote Virgil, 'Ecl.,' 5:24, etc., where, however, the point is that the grief of the shepherds hinders them from attending to the wants of their flocks. Herodotus (9:24) mentions an instance of the Persians cutting the manes and tails of their horses and mules in a case of general mourning (comp. Eurip., 'Alcest.,' 428, etc.; Plut., 'Alex.,' 72). <a href="/commentaries/jonah/3-7.htm">Parallel Commentaries ...</a> <a name="lexicon" id="lexicon"></a><div class="vheading">Hebrew</div>Then he issued a proclamation וַיַּזְעֵ֗ק (way·yaz·‘êq) Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hifil - Consecutive imperfect - third person masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_2199.htm">Strong's 2199: </a> To shriek, to announce, convene publicly in Nineveh: בְּנִֽינְוֵ֔ה (bə·nî·nə·wêh) Preposition-b | Noun - proper - feminine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_5210.htm">Strong's 5210: </a> Nineveh -- capital of Assyr “By the decree מִטַּ֧עַם (miṭ·ṭa·‘am) Preposition-m | Noun - masculine singular construct <a href="/hebrew/strongs_2940.htm">Strong's 2940: </a> A taste, perception, intelligence, a mandate of the king הַמֶּ֛לֶךְ (ham·me·leḵ) Article | Noun - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_4428.htm">Strong's 4428: </a> A king and his nobles: וּגְדֹלָ֖יו (ū·ḡə·ḏō·lāw) Conjunctive waw | Adjective - masculine plural construct | third person masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_1419.htm">Strong's 1419: </a> Great, older, insolent Let no אַֽל־ (’al-) Adverb <a href="/hebrew/strongs_408.htm">Strong's 408: </a> Not man הָאָדָ֨ם (hā·’ā·ḏām) Article | Noun - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_120.htm">Strong's 120: </a> Ruddy, a human being or beast, וְהַבְּהֵמָ֜ה (wə·hab·bə·hê·māh) Conjunctive waw, Article | Noun - feminine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_929.htm">Strong's 929: </a> A dumb beast, any large quadruped, animal herd הַבָּקָ֣ר (hab·bā·qār) Article | Noun - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_1241.htm">Strong's 1241: </a> Beef cattle, ox, a herd or flock, וְהַצֹּ֗אן (wə·haṣ·ṣōn) Conjunctive waw, Article | Noun - common singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_6629.htm">Strong's 6629: </a> Small cattle, sheep and goats, flock taste יִטְעֲמוּ֙ (yiṭ·‘ă·mū) Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural <a href="/hebrew/strongs_2938.htm">Strong's 2938: </a> To taste, to perceive anything at all. מְא֔וּמָה (mə·’ū·māh) Noun - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_3972.htm">Strong's 3972: </a> A speck, point, nothing They must not אַ֨ל־ (’al-) Adverb <a href="/hebrew/strongs_408.htm">Strong's 408: </a> Not eat יִרְע֔וּ (yir·‘ū) Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural <a href="/hebrew/strongs_7462.htm">Strong's 7462: </a> To tend a, flock, pasture it, in, to graze, to rule, to associate with or drink. יִשְׁתּֽוּ׃ (yiš·tū) Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural <a href="/hebrew/strongs_8354.htm">Strong's 8354: </a> To imbibe <div class="vheading">Links</div><a href="/niv/jonah/3-7.htm">Jonah 3:7 NIV</a> <a href="/nlt/jonah/3-7.htm">Jonah 3:7 NLT</a> <a href="/esv/jonah/3-7.htm">Jonah 3:7 ESV</a> <a href="/nasb/jonah/3-7.htm">Jonah 3:7 NASB</a> <a href="/kjv/jonah/3-7.htm">Jonah 3:7 KJV</a> <a href="//bibleapps.com/jonah/3-7.htm">Jonah 3:7 BibleApps.com</a> <a href="//bibliaparalela.com/jonah/3-7.htm">Jonah 3:7 Biblia Paralela</a> <a href="//holybible.com.cn/jonah/3-7.htm">Jonah 3:7 Chinese Bible</a> <a href="//saintebible.com/jonah/3-7.htm">Jonah 3:7 French Bible</a> <a href="/catholic/jonah/3-7.htm">Jonah 3:7 Catholic Bible</a> <a href="/jonah/3-7.htm">OT Prophets: Jonah 3:7 He made a proclamation and published through (Jon. Jh) </a></div></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="left"><a href="/jonah/3-6.htm" onmouseover='lft.src="/leftgif.png"' onmouseout='lft.src="/left.png"' title="Jonah 3:6"><img src="/left.png" name="lft" border="0" alt="Jonah 3:6" /></a></div><div id="right"><a href="/jonah/3-8.htm" onmouseover='rght.src="/rightgif.png"' onmouseout='rght.src="/right.png"' title="Jonah 3:8"><img src="/right.png" name="rght" border="0" alt="Jonah 3:8" /></a></div><div id="botleft"><a href="#" onmouseover='botleft.src="/botleftgif.png"' onmouseout='botleft.src="/botleft.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botleft.png" name="botleft" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="botright"><a href="#" onmouseover='botright.src="/botrightgif.png"' onmouseout='botright.src="/botright.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botright.png" name="botright" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="bot"><iframe width="100%" height="1500" scrolling="no" src="/botmenubhnew2.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></div></td></tr></table></div></body></html>